NM -1 -- Nutrient Management and IWM Planning

![](media/image1.png){width="11.0in" height="0.10416666666666667in"}

**Irrigation water management is an integral part of a conservation
management system to support one or more of the following:**

-   **[Manage soil moisture to promote desired crop response]{.mark}**

-   **[Optimize use of available water supplies]{.mark}**

-   **[Minimize irrigation induced soil erosion]{.mark}**

-   **[Decrease non-point source pollution of surface and groundwater
    resources]{.mark}**

-   **[Manage salts in the crop root zone]{.mark}**

-   **[Manage air, soil, or plant microclimate]{.mark}**

> []{.mark}

**All irrigated cropland must have, at a minimum, the following
essential practices as part of their conservation management system:
Irrigation Water Management, Nutrient Management, Pest Management, and
Conservation Crop Rotation. For nutrient management, in addition to a
soil test to be taken, in order to evaluate risks due to nutrients, the
phosphorus index (Section NM-9) and nitrogen index (this section), also
located at <http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/tech-notes/agro.html>,
need to be run. These help in evaluating the type of risk to surface and
groundwater and choosing an alternative conservation practice or
management practice to reduce the risk, such as leaching and runoff
reduction practices. Nutrient management plans are developed to specify
the source, amount, timing and method of application of nutrients on
each field to achieve realistic yield goals, while minimizing movement
of nutrients out of the root zone or off the field.**

**Nutrient applications associated with irrigation systems need to be
applied according to Irrigation Water Management practice standard and
Nutrient Management standards,
<http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/fotg/section-4/std-specs.html> .
The application rate (in/hr) for material applied through irrigation
shall not exceed the water holding capacity of the soil root zone.
Application amounts must be adjusted to match the soil intake rate.**

**When applying manure with irrigation equipment, modifying the
equipment can reduce the potential for volatilization of nitrogen from
the time the manure leaves the application equipment until it reaches
the surface of the soil (e.g. reduced pressure, drop down tubes for
center pivots). Nitrogen volatilization from manure in a surface
irrigation system will be reduced when applied under a crop canopy.
Schedule salt leaching events to coincide with lower residual soil
nutrients and pesticides.**

**Nitrogen Index -- Page 1 of 2**

+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| > *    | ** | **  | **    | **Med | **     | *     | **Su  | **Le |
| *Index | Fa | Non | Low** | ium** | High** | *Very | rface | achi |
| > I    | ct | e** |       |       |        | H     | L     | ng** |
| tems** | or |     | **    | **    | *      | igh** | oss** |      |
| >      | ** | *   | (1)** | (2)** | *(4)** |       |       | **Lo |
| >      |    | *(0 |       |       |        | **    | **Rat | ss** |
|  **Tra | ** | )** |       |       |        | (8)** | ing** |      |
| nsport | We |     |       |       |        |       |       | **   |
| > Fac  | ig |     |       |       |        |       | **(Co | Rati |
| tors** | ht |     |       |       |        |       | l\*** | ng** |
|        | ** |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       | **fac | **   |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       | tor** | (Col |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       | \*** |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       | *     |      |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       | *weig | **   |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       | ht)** | fact |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       | or** |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       | **w  |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       | eigh |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       | t)** |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| > **   | *  | **N | **    | **Med | **     | *     |       | [    |
| Runoff | *1 | egl | Low** | ium** | High** | *Very |       | ]{.m |
| > C    | .0 | igi |       |       |        | H     |       | ark} |
| lass** | ** | ble | **    | **    | *      | igh** |       |      |
|        |    | &   | (1)** | (2)** | *(4)** |       |       |      |
|        |    | V   |       |       |        | **    |       |      |
|        |    | ery |       |       |        | (8)** |       |      |
|        |    | Lo  |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | w** |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *   |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *(0 |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | )** |       |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| > **   | *  | *   | *     | **    | **Mode | *     |       |      |
| Permea | *1 | *Im | *Slow | Moder | rately | *Very |       |      |
| bility | .0 | per | to    | ate** | Rapid  | Ra    |       |      |
| > C    | ** | mea | Moder |       | to     | pid** |       |      |
| lass** |    | ble | ately | *     | R      |       |       |      |
|        |    | to  | S     | *(0.6 | apid** | **    |       |      |
|        |    | V   | low** | to 2  |        | (\>20 |       |      |
|        |    | ery |       | in/   | *      | in/   |       |      |
|        |    | Slo | **    | hr)** | *(2-20 | hr)** |       |      |
|        |    | w** | (0.06 |       | in     |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | to    | **    | /hr)** | **    |       |      |
|        |    | **  | 0.6   | (2)** |        | (8)** |       |      |
|        |    | (\< | in/   |       | *      |       |       |      |
|        |    | 0.0 | hr)** |       | *(4)** |       |       |      |
|        |    | 015 |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | to  | **    |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | 0   | (1)** |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | .06 |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | in  |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | /hr |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | )** |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *   |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *(0 |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | )** |       |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| > **   | *  | **  | **8-  | **16- | **23   | **\>  |       |      |
| Annual | *1 | \<8 | 15"** | 22"** | -30"** | 30"** |       |      |
| > Pre  | .0 | "** |       |       |        |       |       |      |
| cipita | ** |     | **    | **    | *      | **    |       |      |
| tion** |    | *   | (1)** | (2)** | *(4)** | (8)** |       |      |
|        |    | *(0 |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | )** |       |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| >      | *  | **  | **Ins | **L   | **Some | **S   |       |      |
| **Irri | *1 | Non | ignif | ittle | runoff | ignif |       |      |
| gation | .0 | e** | icant | r     | and/or | icant |       |      |
| > w    | ** |     | r     | unoff | deep   | r     |       |      |
| ater** |    | *   | unoff | a     | perco  | unoff |       |      |
| >      |    | *(0 | a     | nd/or | lation | a     |       |      |
| > **   |    | )** | nd/or | deep  | --     | nd/or |       |      |
| Manage |    |     | deep  | p     | total  | deep  |       |      |
| ment** |    |     | p     | ercol | amount | p     |       |      |
|        |    |     | ercol | ation | a      | ercol |       |      |
|        |    |     | ation | --    | pplied | ation |       |      |
|        |    |     | --    | total | does   | --    |       |      |
|        |    |     | total | a     | not    | total |       |      |
|        |    |     | a     | mount | exceed | a     |       |      |
|        |    |     | mount | ap    | 125%   | mount |       |      |
|        |    |     | ap    | plied | of     | ap    |       |      |
|        |    |     | plied | does  | consu  | plied |       |      |
|        |    |     | =     | not   | mptive | ex    |       |      |
|        |    |     | c     | e     | use**  | ceeds |       |      |
|        |    |     | onsum | xceed |        | 125%  |       |      |
|        |    |     | ptive | 110%  | *      | of**  |       |      |
|        |    |     | use;  | of    | *(4)** |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | fo    | c     |        | **c   |       |      |
|        |    |     | llows | onsum |        | onsum |       |      |
|        |    |     | 449   | ptive |        | ptive |       |      |
|        |    |     | stand | use** |        | use** |       |      |
|        |    |     | ard** |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     |       | **    |        | **    |       |      |
|        |    |     | **    | (2)** |        | (8)** |       |      |
|        |    |     | (1)** |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| > *    | *  | *   | **No  | **Re  | **Co   | **F   |       |      |
| *Water | *1 | *Gr | -till | sidue | nventi | allow |       |      |
| >      | .0 | ass | a     | manag | onal** | condi |       |      |
| runoff | ** | es, | nd/or | ement |        | tion, |       |      |
| >      |    | per | stri  | (     | **Ti   | no    |       |      |
| manage |    | enn | ps/** | \>30% | llage, | resi  |       |      |
| ment** |    | ial |       | at    | some   | due** |       |      |
|        |    | v   | **Ter | p     | res    |       |       |      |
|        |    | ege | races | lanti | idue** | **    |       |      |
|        |    | tat | plus  | ng)** |        | (8)** |       |      |
|        |    | ion | buf   |       | *      |       |       |      |
|        |    | CR  | fers, | **a   | *(4)** |       |       |      |
|        |    | P** | f     | nd/or |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | ilter | st    |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *   | s     | rips/ |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *(0 | trips | terra |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | )** | or    | ces** |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | tail  |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | water | **    |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | recov | (2)** |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | ery** |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | **    |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | (1)** |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| >      | *  | **  | *     | **Q   | **     | **    |       |      |
| **Irri | *1 | Not | *Tail | S\>10 | QS\>10 | QS\>6 |       |      |
| gation | .0 | Irr | water | for   | for    | for   |       |      |
| >      | ** | iga | rec   | er    | er     | very  |       |      |
| Erosio |    | ted | overy | osion | odible | ero   |       |      |
| n^1^** |    | or  | or    | resi  | s      | dible |       |      |
|        |    | No  | QS\>6 | stant | oils** | so    |       |      |
|        |    | Fur | for   | so    |        | ils** |       |      |
|        |    | row | very  | ils** | *      |       |       |      |
|        |    | Irr | ero   |       | *(4)** | **    |       |      |
|        |    | iga | dible | **    |        | (8)** |       |      |
|        |    | tio | soils | (2)** |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | n** | or    |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | Q     |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *   | S\<10 |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | *(0 | for   |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | )** | other |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | so    |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | ils** |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | **    |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    |     | (1)** |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| > *    | *  | **  | **500 | *     | **30'  | **\<  |       |      |
| *Dista | *1 | \>1 | to    | *200' | to     | 30'** |       |      |
| nce^2^ | .0 | 000 | 10    | to    | 200'** |       |       |      |
| > to   | ** | '** | 00'** | 5     |        | **    |       |      |
| > sur  |    |     |       | 00'** | *      | (8)** |       |      |
| face** |    | *   | **    |       | *(4)** |       |       |      |
| >      |    | *(0 | (1)** | **    |        |       |       |      |
| > *    |    | )** |       | (2)** |        |       |       |      |
| *Water |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
| body** |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| > *    | *  | *   | **99' | **20' | **10'  | **\<  |       |      |
| *Dista | *1 | *\> | to    | to    | to     | 10'** |       |      |
| nce^2^ | .0 | 150 | 1     | 99'** | 19'**  |       |       |      |
| > to   | ** | '** | 50'** |       |        | **    |       |      |
| > aqu  |    |     |       | **    | *      | (8)** |       |      |
| ifer** |    | *   | **    | (2)** | *(4)** |       |       |      |
|        |    | *(0 | (1)** |       |        |       |       |      |
|        |    | )** |       |       |        |       |       |      |
+--------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+

**^1^ QS Note: Q = flow rate of water introduced into the furrow (in
gallons per min). S = furrow slope (in ft/100 ft, percent). Q is
multiplied by S. For example, 5 gpm x 2% = 10.**

**^2^Distance measured from edge of field to surface waterbody or bottom
of root zone to an aquifer (usable water supply not to a seasonal high
water table)**

**Nitrogen Index -- Page 2 of 2**

+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| **    | ** | **  | **    | **Med | **     | *     | **Su  | **   |
| Index | Fa | Non | Low** | ium** | High** | *Very | rface | Leac |
| It    | ct | e** |       |       |        | H     | L     | hing |
| ems** | or |     | **    | **    | *      | igh** | oss** | Lo   |
|       | ** | *   | (1)** | (2)** | *(4)** |       |       | ss** |
| **S   |    | *(0 |       |       |        | **    | **Rat |      |
| ource | ** | )** |       |       |        | (8)** | ing** | **   |
| Fact  | We |     |       |       |        |       |       | Rati |
| ors** | ig |     |       |       |        |       | **(Co | ng** |
|       | ht |     |       |       |        |       | l\*** |      |
|       | ** |     |       |       |        |       |       | **(C |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       | **fac | ol\* |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       | tor** | fact |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       | or** |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       | *     |      |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       | *weig | **w  |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       | ht)** | eigh |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       | t)** |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| **A   | *  | **N | **Nit | **Nit | **Ni   | **No  |       |      |
| pplic | *1 | one | rogen | rogen | trogen | soil  |       |      |
| ation | .5 | app | ap    | ap    | a      | t     |       |      |
| R     | ** | lie | plied | plied | pplied | est** |       |      |
| ate** |    | d** | at    | at    | at     |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | agro  | rates | rates  | **(   |       |      |
|       |    | *   | nomic | gr    | over   | 12)** |       |      |
|       |    | *(0 | rates | eater | 150%   |       |       |      |
|       |    | )** | with  | than  | of     |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | soil  | 100   | agr    |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | test; | to    | onomic |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | fo    | 150%  | rates; |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | llows | of    | with   |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | 590   | agro  | soil   |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | stand | nomic | test** |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | ard** | r     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ates; | *      |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | **(1  | with  | *(6)** |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | .5)** | soil  |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | t     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | est** |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | **    |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | (3)** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| **A   | *  | **N | **    | **    | **O    | **Or  |       |      |
| pplic | *1 | one | Comme | Comme | rganic | ganic |       |      |
| ation | .0 | app | rcial | rcial | w/ma   | w/o   |       |      |
| F     | ** | lie | ferti | ferti | nure** | m     |       |      |
| orm** |    | d** | lizer | lizer |        | anure |       |      |
|       |    |     | w/    | but   | **Test | test  |       |      |
|       |    | *   | calib | w/o   | but    | or    |       |      |
|       |    | *(0 | rated | c     | w/o    | c     |       |      |
|       |    | )** | a     | alibr | cali   | alibr |       |      |
|       |    |     | pplic | ation | brated | ation |       |      |
|       |    |     | ation | of    | appli  | of    |       |      |
|       |    |     | e     | a     | cation | a     |       |      |
|       |    |     | quipm | pplic | equip  | pplic |       |      |
|       |    |     | ent** | ation | ment** | ation |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | e     |        | e     |       |      |
|       |    |     | **    | quipm | *      | quipm |       |      |
|       |    |     | (1)** | ent** | *(4)** | ent** |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | **Or  |        | **    |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | Or    |        | (8)** |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ganic |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | w/    |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | m     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | anure |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | test  |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | &     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | calib |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | rated |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | app   |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | licat |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ion** |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | **    |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | (2)** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| **    | *  | **N | *     | **S   | *      | **A   |       |      |
| Comme | *1 | one | *Grid | pring | *Split | pplic |       |      |
| rcial | .0 | app | or    | Ap    | applic | ation |       |      |
| Ferti | ** | lie | zone  | plic. | ations | more  |       |      |
| lizer |    | d** | samp  | a     | on     | than  |       |      |
| Tim   |    |     | ling; | nd/or | fall   | 1     |       |      |
| ing** |    | *   | prec  | top   | seeded | month |       |      |
|       |    | *(0 | ision | dr    | crops  | ahead |       |      |
| **    |    | )** | app   | essed | (s     | of    |       |      |
| (and/ |    |     | licat | d     | tarter | plant |       |      |
| or)** |    |     | ion** | uring | in     | ing** |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | gr    | fa     |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | **    | owing | ll/top | **    |       |      |
|       |    |     | (1)** | sea   | d      | (8)** |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | son** | ressed |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       | spri   |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | **    | ng/sum |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | (2)** | mer)** |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       | *      |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       | *(4)** |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| **Or  | *  | **N | **I   | **All | *      | **A   |       |      |
| ganic | *1 | one | ncrem | m     | *Appli | pplic |       |      |
| Ferti | .0 | app | ental | anure | cation | ation |       |      |
| lizer | ** | lie | a     | ap    | more   | in    |       |      |
| Tim   |    | d** | pplic | plied | than 1 | w     |       |      |
| ing** |    |     | ation | less  | month  | inter |       |      |
|       |    | *   | ap    | than  | ahead  | m     |       |      |
|       |    | *(0 | plied | 1     | of     | onths |       |      |
|       |    | )** | as    | month | plan   | (Dec  |       |      |
|       |    |     | crop  | b     | ting** | ember |       |      |
|       |    |     | uses  | efore |        | and   |       |      |
|       |    |     | N     | plant | *      | Janua |       |      |
|       |    |     | throu | ing** | *(4)** | ry)** |       |      |
|       |    |     | ghout |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | y     | **    |        | **    |       |      |
|       |    |     | ear** | (2)** |        | (8)** |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | **    |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | (1)** |       |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
| **A   | *  | **N | *     | **Br  | *      | **Su  |       |      |
| pplic | *1 | one | *Band | oadca | *Broad | rface |       |      |
| ation | .0 | app | ed/** | st/** | cast/s | app   |       |      |
| Met   | ** | lie |       |       | urface | lied, |       |      |
| hod** |    | d** | **inj | **su  | ap     | not   |       |      |
|       |    |     | ected | rface | plied, | inco  |       |      |
|       |    | *   | or    | app   | incorp | rpora |       |      |
|       |    | *(0 | prec  | lied, | orated | ted** |       |      |
|       |    | )** | ision | in    | more   |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | appl  | corpo | than 5 | **    |       |      |
|       |    |     | ied** | rated | days** | (8)** |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | w     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | **    | ithin | *      |       |       |      |
|       |    |     | (1)** | 5     | *(4)** |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | d     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ays** |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | **    |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | (2)** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
|       |    |     |       | **    |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | Total |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | Wei   |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ghted |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | R     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ating |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | (Sum  |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | of    |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | Colum |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ns)** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
|       |    |     |       | **Rat |        |       | **Su  | **Gr |
|       |    |     |       | ing** |        |       | rface | ound |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       | Wa    | Wat  |
|       |    |     |       |       |        |       | ter** | er** |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
|       |    |     |       | **Low |        |       | **\   | **\< |
|       |    |     |       | P     |        |       | <17** | 14** |
|       |    |     |       | otent |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ial** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
|       |    |     |       | **M   |        |       | **17  | **14 |
|       |    |     |       | edium |        |       | to    | to   |
|       |    |     |       | P     |        |       | 34**  | 28** |
|       |    |     |       | otent |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ial** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
|       |    |     |       | *     |        |       | **34  | **28 |
|       |    |     |       | *High |        |       | to    | to   |
|       |    |     |       | P     |        |       | 68**  | 58** |
|       |    |     |       | otent |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ial** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+
|       |    |     |       | *     |        |       | **\   | **\> |
|       |    |     |       | *Very |        |       | >68** | 58** |
|       |    |     |       | High  |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | P     |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | otent |        |       |       |      |
|       |    |     |       | ial** |        |       |       |      |
+-------+----+-----+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+