[Link to
GCH-0015](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0015LOPS.doc)

[Link to
GCH-0016](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0016LOPS.doc)

[Link to
GCH-0017](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0017LOPS.doc)

[Link to
GCH-0018](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0018LOPS.doc)

[Link to
GCH-0020](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0020LOPS.doc)

[Link to
GCH-0021](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/lops/GCH-0021LOPS.doc)

Legal Opinion: GCH-0060

Index: 2.245

Subject: PH Due Process Determination: Vermont

June 22, 1992

DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION

for the

STATE OF VERMONT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Jurisdiction.

II\. Elements of Due Process.

III\. Overview of Vermont Eviction Procedures.

IV\. Analysis of Vermont Eviction Procedures for

Each of the Regulatory Due Process Elements.

V. Conclusion.

ANALYSIS

I. Jurisdiction: Vermont.

II\. Elements of Due Process

Section 6(k) of the United States Housing Act of l937

(42 U.S.C. 1437d(k), as amended by section 503(a) of the National

Affordable Housing Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101-625, approved

November 28, 1990), provides that:

For any grievance concerning an eviction or termination of

tenancy that involves any criminal activity that threatens

the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of the

premises of other tenants or employees of the public housing

agency or any drug-related criminal activity on or near such

premises, the agency may . . . exclude from its grievance

procedure any such grievance, in any jurisdiction which

requires that prior to eviction, a tenant be given a hearing

in court which the Secretary determines provides the basic

elements of due process . . . .

The statutory phrase, \"elements of due process,\" is defined

by HUD at 24 CFR § 966.53(c) as:

. . . an eviction action or a termination of tenancy in a

State or local court in which the following procedural

safeguards are required:

\(l\) Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for

terminating the tenancy and for eviction;

\(2\) Right of the tenant to be represented by counsel;

VERMONT DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION

\(3\) Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence

presented by the PHA including the right to confront

and cross-examine witnesses and to present any

affirmative legal or equitable defense which the tenant

may have; and

\(4\) A decision on the merits.

HUD\'s determination that a State\'s eviction procedures

satisfy this regulatory definition is called a \"due process

determination.\"

The present due process determination is based upon HUD\'s

analysis of the laws of the State of Vermont to determine if

eviction procedures under those laws require a hearing with all

of the regulatory \"elements of due process,\" as defined in

966.53(c).

HUD finds that the requirements of Vermont law for a

Superior Court ejectment action pursuant to Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9,

4451-4468 and Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 12, 4851 et seq. include all

of the elements of due process as defined at 24 C.F.R.

966.53(c). This conclusion is based on the legal requirements

established by Vermont statutes, case law, and court rules.

III\. Overview of Vermont Eviction Procedures

Vermont law (1985 Vt. Acts No. 175 (Adj. Sess.), 8)

provides that Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9, 4451-4468, apply to rental

agreements entered into, extended, or renewed on or after July 1,

1986\. Obligations imposed on landlords and tenants pursuant to

Chapter 137 are implied in all rental agreements (Vt.Stat.Ann.

tit. 9, 4453), and may not be waived or circumvented

(Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9, 4454).

Tenant\'s obligations, including but not limited to restraint

from conduct which disturbs other tenants\' peaceful enjoyment of

the premises, are set forth at Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9, 4456.

The landlord may terminate the tenancy if the tenant fails

to comply with a material term of the rental agreement, or with

obligations imposed under Chapter 137 of Vermont Statutes

Annotated. Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9, 4467(b). If the tenant remains

in possession after the rental agreement is terminated, without

consent of the landlord, the landlord may prosecute a claim for

the possession of property occupied by the tenant. The landlord

may commence an action under the Superior Court ejectment

procedures. Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 12, 4851 et seq.. The Superior

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VERMONT DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION

Court has jurisdiction to hear ejectment cases and issue a writ

of possession to restore a plaintiff-landlord to the possession

of property. Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 12, 4851.

The Vermont Rules of Evidence (V.R.E) govern proceedings in

the courts of the State. V.R.E. 101. Such proceedings are also

subject to the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure (V.R.C.P.).

V.R.C.P. 1.

Rules of Evidence pertinent to this determination include:

V.R.E. 402-3 (admission and exclusion of relevant evidence);

V.R.E. 601 (witness competency); V.R.E. 602 (matters appropriate

for witness testimony); V.R.E. 607-9 (witness credibility); and

V.R.E. 611 (cross-examination).

Rules of Procedure pertinent to this determination include:

V.R.C.P. 11, 26, 43, and 51 (attorneys\' activities); V.R.C.P. 4

(service of summons and complaint); V.R.C.P. 8 (pleading

requirements); V.R.C.P. 32 (use of depositions at trial); and

V.R.C.P. 54 (final judgments).

IV\. Analysis of Vermont Eviction Procedures for Each of the

Regulatory Due Process Elements

A. Adequate notice to the tenant of the grounds for

terminating the tenancy and for eviction

(24 CFR 966.53(c)(l))

Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9, 4467 states procedures which must be

followed to give a tenant proper notice of lease termination. The

landlord must give written notice of the termination of the

tenancy. The notice may be served either by hand-delivery or by

mailing to the tenant\'s last-known address. Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9,

4467(b), 4451(1). It does not appear that this notice must

specify the grounds for termination. When a landlord terminates

a tenancy \"in accordance with the terms of a written rental

agreement,\" the notice to terminate must be at least 30 days,

when rent is payable on a monthly basis. Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9,

4467(e).

Under Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 12, 4852, process in a Superior

Court ejectment action:

may issue as a summons . . . requiring the defendant to

appear and answer to the complaint of the plaintiff

which shall state that the defendant is in the

possession of the lands or tenements in question

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VERMONT DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION

(describing them), which he holds unlawfully and

against the right of the plaintiff . . . .

Process must \"be served and notice given as in other civil

actions.\" Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 12, 4853.

The summons must notify the defendant of \"the time within

which these rules require the defendant to appear and defend.\"

V.R.C.P. 4(b).

V.R.C.P. 8 requires that all pleadings which set forth a

claim for relief must contain \"a short and plain statement of the

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.\" V.R.C.P.

8 also requires that such pleadings contain \"a demand for

judgment for the relief which the pleader seeks.\"

Consequently, a tenant-defendant in a Superior Court

ejectment action must be informed of the grounds for eviction as

required by HUD\'s due process definition at 24 C.F.R.

966.53(c).

B. Right to be represented by counsel

(24 CFR 966.53(c)(2))

A tenant-defendant\'s right to be represented by counsel is

implied by various provisions of the Vermont Rules of Civil

Procedure. These rules include: V.R.C.P. 11, which refers to

the role of counsel in signing pleadings; V.R.C.P. 26(g), which

requires the signing of discovery requests or responses by

parties or their attorneys; V.R.C.P. 43(g), which refers to the

role of counsel during the examination and cross-examination of

witnesses; and V.R.C.P. 51, which governs the role of counsel for

each party in closing argument.

C. Opportunity for the tenant to refute the evidence

presented by the PHA, including the right to confront

and cross-examine witnesses (24 CFR 966.53(c)(3))

Proceedings in Vermont courts are subject to the Vermont

Rules of Evidence (V.R.E.). V.R.E. Rule 101. The V.R.E are

intended to promote the development of the law of evidence in

order to attain the truth in a judicial proceeding. V.R.E. 102.

Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible unless

limited by constitutional requirements or by statute or by rules

of the courts in the state. V.R.E. 402. Relevant evidence may

only be excluded if probative value of the evidence is

substantially outweighed on grounds of prejudice, confusion, or

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VERMONT DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION

waste of time. V.R.E. 403. The court must determine the

qualifications of a witness and the admissibility of evidence

based on the court\'s determination of relevance. V.R.E. 104(a);

cf. V.R.E. 104(e).

The testimony of witnesses must be taken orally in open

court (unless otherwise provided by V.R.C.P., or the V.R.E., or

other rules adopted by the Supreme Court). V.R.C.P. 43(a).

Generally, every person is deemed competent to be a witness

(unless specifically disqualified due to prescribed

incapacities). V.R.E. 601(a), (b). However, a witness must

generally have personal knowledge of the matter (other than

opinion testimony by expert witnesses). V.R.E. 602.

The defendant-tenant may refute the credibility of the

plaintiff\'s witness. The credibility of a witness may be

impeached by any party. V.R.E. 607. Evidence in the form of

opinion or reputation may be used to attack the credibility of a

witness. V.R.E. 608(a). Such evidence, however, may only refer

to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness. V.R.E. 608(a).

Credibility of a witness may also be attacked by evidence of a

prior conviction of a crime which involved dishonesty, or was

punishable by death or imprisonment for a year or more. V.R.E.

609\. A prior statement of a witness is also subject to

examination. V.R.E. 613.

The V.R.C.P. grants a tenant-defendant the right to impeach

or contradict the plaintiff\'s case through cross-examination of

plaintiff\'s witnesses. V.R.C.P. 43(g). A witness may be cross-

examined on any matter relevant to the case, including

credibility. V.R.E. 611(b). Ordinarily, leading questions are

permitted on cross examinations of an adverse witness.

V.R.E. 611(c).

At trial, a pretrial deposition may only be used against a

party who had the opportunity to be present at the taking of the

deposition. V.R.C.P. 32(a). At the taking of a deposition, the

witness may be cross-examined in the same manner as permitted at

trial. V.R.C.P. 30(c). A deposition may only be used at trial

in specific and restrictive circumstances stated in the rules.

V.R.C.P. 32(a). Provisions which allow the use of a deposition

at trial under \"exceptional circumstances\" note the importance of

presenting the testimony of witnesses orally in open court.

V.R.C.P. 32(a)(3).

A party has a right to inspect writings or recorded

statements utilized in court by the adverse party. V.R.E. 106.

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VERMONT DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION

A defendant tenant has the right to present evidence and

witnesses to refute the case presented by the PHA, subject to

reasonable judicial control as to the method of interrogating

witnesses and of presenting evidence on direct and cross

examination. V.R.E. 611(a).

The Vermont rules of evidence and civil procedure give a

defendant-tenant a full opportunity to refute the PHA\'s evidence,

including the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses as

required by HUD\'s due process definition at 24 C.F.R.

966.53(c).

D. Opportunity to present any affirmative legal or

equitable defense which the tenant may have

(24 CFR 966.53(c)(3))

V.R.C.P. 8(b) states that a party \"shall state in short and

plain terms the party\'s defenses to each claim asserted.\" This

rule places no restrictions on a tenant-defendant\'s right to

raise any defenses the tenant may have under law.

In the absence of any statutes or rules abridging a tenant\'s

right to raise available defenses, a tenant-defendant in an

ejectment action may present any affirmative legal or equitable

defenses to which the tenant is entitled as required by HUD\'s due

process definition at 24 C.F.R. 966.53(c).

E. A decision on the merits (24 CFR 966.53(c)(4))

The overall structure of the trial and hearing requirements

of an ejectment action pursuant to Vt.Stat.Ann. tit. 9, 4468

imply that the Superior Court\'s decision is to be based on

evidence presented which bears upon the legal and factual issues

framed by the complaint and answer. V.R.C.P. 38, 39, and 41-54.

V.R.C.P. 52 also expressly provides that in all actions

tried upon the facts, the Superior Court must, \"upon the request

of a party made as a motion within 5 days after notice of the

decision\" or \"upon its own initiative, find the facts specially

and state separately its conclusions of law thereon.\" There is no

exception to this rule requiring that the Superior Court may be

requested to find the facts specially and state its conclusions

of law after notice of the decision. Finally, V.R.C.P. 54(c)

requires that every final judgment, except those entered against

a party as a result of default, must \"grant the relief to which

the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled.\"

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VERMONT DUE PROCESS DETERMINATION

Under Vermont law, the decision in a Superior Court

ejectment action must be rendered on the merits as required by

HUD\'s due process definition at 24 C.F.R. 966.53(c).

V. Conclusion.

Vermont law governing Title 9 4451-4468 and Title 12

4851 et seq. ejectment proceedings in the Superior Court requires

that the tenant have the opportunity for a pre-eviction hearing

in court which provides the basic elements of due process as

defined in 24 CFR 966.53(c) of the HUD regulations.

By virtue of HUD\'s due process determination under section

6(k) of the U.S. Housing Act of l937, a PHA in Vermont may evict

a public housing tenant pursuant to a Superior Court decision in

a Superior Court ejectment proceeding for any criminal activity

that threatens the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment

of the premises of other tenants or employees of the PHA or any

drug related criminal activity on or near the premises. The PHA

is not required to first afford the tenant the opportunity for an

administrative hearing on the eviction.

7