![](media/image1.bmp)

**Treatment Program for Light Brown Apple Moth in Santa Cruz and
Northern Monterey Counties,
California**![](media/image2.jpeg){width="0.45902777777777776in"
height="0.5083333333333333in"}

**Environmental Assessment,**

**September 2007**

**Treatment Program for Light Brown Apple Moth in Santa Cruz and
Northern Monterey Counties, California**

**Environmental Assessment,**

**September 2007**

**Agency Contact:**

Osama El-Lissy

Director, Emergency Management

Emergency and Domestic Programs

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Animal Plant Health Inspection Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

4700 River Rd. Unit 134

Riverdale, MD 20737

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(202) 720--2600 (voice and TDD).

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Civil Rights, Room 326--W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue,
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USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Mention of companies or commercial products in this report does not
imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture over others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees nor
warrants the standard of any product mentioned. Product names are
mentioned solely to report factually on available data and to provide
specific information.

This publication reports research involving pesticides. All uses of
pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal
agencies before they can be recommended.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals,

desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife---if they are not handled
or applied

properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow
recommended

practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide
containers.

**Table of Contents**

[**I. Introduction 1**](#i.-introduction)

[**A. Biology of Light Brown Apple Moth
1**](#a.-biology-of-light-brown-apple-moth)

[**B. History of Infestation in California
1**](#b.-history-of-infestation-in-california)

[**C. Purpose and Need 3**](#c.-purpose-and-need)

[**D. Affected Environment 4**](#d.-affected-environment)

[II. Alternatives 7](#ii.-alternatives)

[**A. No Action 7**](#a.-no-action)

[**B. Treatment Alternative 7**](#b.-treatment-alternative)

[III. Environmental Impacts 9](#iii.-environmental-impacts)

[**A. No Action 9**](#a.-no-action-1)

[**B. Treatment Alternative 9**](#b.-treatment-alternative-1)

[**C. Cumulative Effects 12**](#cumulative-effects)

[**D. Threatened and Endangered Species
13**](#threatened-and-endangered-species)

[**E. Other Considerations 14**](#e.-other-considerations)

[IV. Listing of Agencies and Persons Consulted
16](#iv.-listing-of-agencies-and-persons-consulted)

[V. References 17](#v.-references)

> **Appendices**

**Appendix A: Light Brown Apple Moth Host List**

> **Appendix B: Proposed Treatment Area**
>
> **Appendix C: Ecological Risk Assessment**

# I. Introduction

## 

## A. Biology of Light Brown Apple Moth

The light brown apple moth (LBAM) (*Epiphyas postvittana*) is native to
Australia where it is an economically important pest on many fruit
crops. The LBAM attacks a wide variety of plants. A recently compiled
LBAM host list (USDA, 2007a; see appendix A) indicates there are at
least 2,042 different plants that are reported to be hosts of LBAM. The
list includes numerous native plants, forest species, and over
200 agronomically important crops (appendix A). In addition to
Australia, LBAM has also been found in New Zealand, New Caledonia,
Hawaii, and the British Isles.

The moth lays eggs in overlapping masses, preferably on leaves, but also
on fruit and stems of the host plant. The larvae hatch and then pass
through six stages of growth reaching approximately 18 millimeters (mm)
in length before pupation. Young larvae are pale yellow while the mature
larvae are pale green (Mo, 2006). Larvae will feed on leaves and fruit
from susceptible host plants. In all stages, larvae will construct
silken shelters at the feeding site which is where pupation occurs. Both
female and male adults are light brown in color. The females are
distinguished by a dark spot in the center of the front wings when
folded. The number of LBAM generations produced in a growing season
varies from one to over four, depending on environmental conditions
(Danthanarayana, 1983; Mo et al., 2006), although the climate in
California may allow four to five generations to occur in the infested
counties. In cases where multiple generations occur in a season, the
population can build to economically important thresholds quickly.

## B. History of Infestation in California

The California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) was notified on
February 6, 2007, that LBAM had been found in 2006 and subsequently
identified by an Australian expert from a site near Berkeley in Alameda
County, California. This initiated CDFA trapping which resulted in the
finding of additional moths beginning February 27. On March 16, 2007,
the Agriculture Research Service Systematic Entomology Laboratory in
Washington, DC confirmed that the original find was positive for LBAM.
In response, pheromone-baited traps were placed in Alameda and Contra
Costa Counties to determine where LBAM populations existed in the area.
On April 20, 2007, CDFA issued a quarantine of at least 182-square miles
in Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, Marin, and Santa Clara
Counties.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS) issued a Federal quarantine order on
May 2, 2007, requiring trapping, inspection, and certification of all
nursery stock and host commodities from quarantine areas. The original
quarantine area consisted of only eight counties. Today the quarantine
area includes the following counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, Los
Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara,
Santa Cruz, and Solano. The quarantine area will continue to expand if
LBAM is identified in new counties.

Since March 2007, more than 41,000 traps have been placed throughout
California and approximately 8,000 moths have been confirmed as LBAM
(CDFA, 2007a). Most of the captures (99 percent), however, are from
traps located in two specific geographical areas. The first area,
representing 87 percent of all LBAM captures, encompasses southern Santa
Cruz and northern Monterey Counties. The second area, which represents
approximately 12 percent of captures, includes contiguous portions of
northwest Alameda, western Contra Costa, and northern San Francisco
Counties. The remaining 1 percent came from mostly single trap captures
in Los Angeles, Marin, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Solano
Counties.

In May, 2007, APHIS convened a group of international scientific experts
(the Technical Working Group or TWG) to provide recommendations on
short- and long-term plans to contain, control, and eradicate LBAM in
California. The TWG toured the infested region on May 16 and concluded
with a 2-day meeting in San Jose, California. They evaluated the
distribution of LBAM and suggested treatment options for isolated areas
and the main population areas. The recommendation of TWG was to prevent
LBAM from spreading by first containing and eradicating LBAM from the
outer edges of its range, and then eliminating the core population
centers.

CDFA and APHIS started treatment of isolated populations in June 2007.
To date, isolated populations in Napa, Oakley, Danville, Dublin, Sherman
Oaks, San Jose, and Vallejo have been treated with pheromone twist ties,
a mating disruption technique. The areas of Napa and Oakley also were
treated with three ground applications of *Bacillus thuringiensis
kurstaki* (Btk), a biologically based pesticide that is effective
against early larval stages of most lepidopterans prior to the use of
the pheromone twist ties.

Trapping results indicated that populations in the area from the Salinas
River south to the Monterey Peninsula were growing and, if left
unchecked, could become an extension of the more heavily populated area
around Soquel and southern Santa Cruz. In an effort to constrict this
growth, the area from Marina and Seaside southward to and including most
of the Monterey Peninsula was aerially treated on four consecutive
nights beginning on the night of September 9 and ending in the early
morning hours of September 13, 2007, with microencapsulated pheromone to
disrupt LBAM mating. The total treatment area was approximately 36,500
acres. A second treatment of this area is anticipated after 30 days (the
effective life of the microencapsulated pheromone once it has been
applied). This treatment is currently scheduled to begin on or about
October 9. Pheromone traps are in place and will remain throughout the
treatment period and beyond to measure LBAM populations. This
information will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments
and for determining what additional treatments will be made to complete
eradication efforts in this area.

## C. Purpose and Need

APHIS is responsible for taking actions to exclude, eradicate, and/or
control plant pests under the Plant Protection Act (7 United States Code
(U.S.C.) 7701 et seq.). Therefore, it is important that APHIS take the
steps necessary to eradicate LBAM from areas in California to prevent
its spread to susceptible host plants throughout the United States.

Since LBAM is a new pest to the North American Continent, there is
little information about how the moths will respond to treatment. The
lack of experience with LBAM has made it difficult to determine the best
eradication approach to take in California: therefore, the
recommendations of TWG, several of whose members have direct experience
with control of LBAM in Australia and New Zealand, has been especially
welcomed. Based upon their recommendations, the current eradication
efforts have mainly relied on mating disruption with different types of
pheromone treatments.

The Santa Cruz-northern Monterey County population of LBAM is the
largest in the State. Trapping results from here account for
approximately 87 percent of all LBAM trapped to date (CDFA, 2007a).
These moths are expected to remain active into November, and perhaps
beyond, depending upon the weather conditions at local sites. A delay in
treating this population is likely to result in an increased number of
moths overwintering; therefore, it is desirable to begin treatments as
early as possible since the pheromone is most efficacious when
populations are low. The timing of applications to maximize efficacy
based on the biology of LBAM is consistent with integrated pest
management strategies for controlling pests. It is expected that at the
sometime around the end of October or beginning of November, the
supplies of the pheromone will be sufficient to treat approximately
60,000 acres (see appendix B). Rather than waiting until next year,
being able to provide a mating disruption treatment to the most populous
LBAM center this year is expected to be more advantageous to the overall
eradication efforts.

The remaining population center near San Francisco is less dense and,
therefore, of less immediate concern. Treatment in this area will likely
begin in spring 2008, after an assessment of this year's treatments has
been completed.

Three environmental assessments (EAs) have been completed as areas have
been designated for treatment. Those EAs include: Eradication of
Isolated Populations of Light Brown Apple Moth in California, June
2007(USDA, 2007b); Eradication of Isolated Populations of Light Brown
Apple Moth in California, Revised Environmental Assessment, July 2007
(USDA, 2007c); and, Treatment of Light Brown Apple Moth in the Seaside
Area in California, Environmental Assessment, July 2007 (USDA, 2007d).
These EAs are incorporated into this EA by reference.

This EA will analyze the environmental impacts anticipated from the
proposed pheromone treatment of LBAM in Santa Cruz and northern Monterey
Counties (see appendix B).

This EA has been prepared consistent with the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)(42 U.S.C. 4321, et seq) and APHIS' NEPA
implementing procedures (7 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 372)
for the purpose of evaluating how the proposed action, if implemented,
may affect the quality of the human environment. We are providing a
30-day public comment period for response to this EA. (Please send any
comments to Carole Johnson, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,
Plant Protection and Quarantine, 4700 River Road, Unit 134, Riverdale,
MD 20737.)

## D. Affected Environment

The proposed treatment area consists of Santa Cruz County and northern
Monterey County (see appendix B). LBAM has been found throughout much of
this area. In fact, this area has approximately 87 percent of all LBAM
captures in the State trapping program (CDFA, 2007a). As such, the
entire area would be subject to the proposed pheromone treatments for
mating disruption. This section provides a general overview of the
proposed treatment area, focusing on land use and host susceptibility.

Santa Cruz and northern Monterey Counties lie within three major land
resource areas in California (USDA, 2006)---the Coastal Redwood Belt,
the Central Coast Valley, and the Central Coast Range. The extreme
northwest portion of Santa Cruz County lies within the Coastal Redwood
Belt major land resource area. This area has a wide elevation range,
extending from sea level along the Pacific coast to approximately 3,900
feet for some coastal range peaks. The average annual rainfall ranges
from 23 to 98 inches, with an average annual temperature range of 49 to
59 ^o^F.

Land use is dominated by forests followed by grassland and, to a lesser
extent, farming and urban development. Vegetables and fruits are grown
in areas that have favorable weather and soils. Several State parks
exist within this major resource land area including Henry Cowell
Redwoods, Fall Creek, Natural Bridges, Twin Lakes, New Brighton and
Wilder Ranch. These parks contain a diverse population of plants, some
of which are considered hosts for LBAM. For example, parks such as Henry
Cowell Redwoods State Park contain Douglas fir, oak, and pine species,
as well as the redwood and madrone, which are all occasional or common
hosts for LBAM (appendix A). In another example, using the Wilder Ranch
State Park plant inventory, the previously listed species as well as
other plants such as California sagebrush, coyote brush, California bay
and brome grasses are additional plants that have known susceptibility
to LBAM (Wilder State Park 2002).

The above list of host species is not inclusive and does not include all
known host plants for LBAM that may occur in the park, nor does it
account for those plant species that have an unknown host susceptibility
to LBAM. Several LBAM-susceptible native coastal plants and other
susceptible host plants also exist in State parks that occupy the
coastal areas. Urban development is minor as compared to the rest of the
county with towns such as Boulder Creek, Felton, and Ben Loman being the
major towns within the eastern edge of the Coastal Redwood area. Based
on the presence of LBAM in other residential areas and the availability
of hosts in the surrounding area, it is anticipated that susceptible
host plants could be present in these towns.

The Central Coastal Valley region comprises the second area of the
affected environment in Santa Cruz and northern Monterey Counties.
Within the coastal valley area, the average precipitation ranges from 11
to 66 inches with most of the precipitation occurring as low or moderate
frontal storms during winter.

Land use is divided primarily between cropland, grassland, and urban
development, and, to a lesser extent, forests. Agriculture within the
valley is principally truck crops, wine grapes, strawberries, and other
fruits, cut flowers, small grains, hay, and pasture grown under
irrigation. Several crops grown in this area, for example, strawberries
and grapes, are common hosts for LBAM. Small grains are also grown under
non-irrigated conditions (USDA, 2006). Urban development within the area
includes Santa Cruz, Soquel, Rio Del Mar, and Watsonville, as well as
other smaller towns. The coastal valley area extends as a small strip
down to and including the town of Salinas, which is part of the
agriculturally important Salinas Valley.

Santa Cruz, as well as the surrounding towns, currently have LBAM
infestations that are expected to expand if left untreated, based on the
number of susceptible hosts in urban and open areas. This area also has
several State parks and beaches, such as Sunset State Beach, Manresa
State Beach, and New Brighton State Beach, that occur along the coast.
Several of the State beach parks have diverse plant life that includes
multiple host plants for LBAM; for example, the coastal scrub and
woodland habitats contain species such as coyote brush and Monterey
pine, as well as other plants that are common host plants for LBAM.

The Central California Coast Range occupies the remainder of the
potential area of pheromone treatment within southwestern Santa Cruz and
northern Monterey County. This area has an average annual precipitation
of 6 to 20 inches with most of the precipitation evenly distributed
between the fall, winter, and spring, with low amounts in the summer
(USDA, 2006).

Greater than half of the land use is in grassland followed by forest,
cropland, and urban development. Agriculture in the area is limited to
grains, with some fruit and vegetable production. Urban development
consists of towns such as Prunedale and Castroville, as well as several
other smaller towns in the area. Similar to areas identified in Santa
Cruz and Monterey Counties, multiple native and agricultural species are
present that are considered to be common hosts for LBAM. Natural areas,
such as Royal Oaks State Park and the Salinas River National Refuge,
include plants that are known hosts for LBAM.

Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) extends along both Santa
Cruz and Monterey Counties. The sanctuary is a federally protected
marine area offshore of California\'s central coast. It stretches from
Marin to Cambria, and encompasses a shoreline length of 276 miles and
5,322 square miles of ocean. It supports a diverse marine ecosystem and
is home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates, and
plants.

# II. Alternatives

## 

This EA analyzes the potential environmental consequences of the
proposed action to eradicate populations of LBAM from Santa Cruz and
northern Monterey Counties, California, where LBAM have been detected.
Two alternatives are being considered: (1) no action by APHIS to
eliminate LBAM, and (2) treatment of LBAM using applications of a
pheromone for mating disruption.

## A. No Action

The no action alternative consists of maintaining the current Federal
order without further action by APHIS. Private landowners would manage
LBAM infestations, as appropriate.

Pursuant to the Federal order, the following regulated articles would
not be moved interstate from a quarantine area except in accordance with
this order:

-   Nursery stock;

-   Cut flowers, garlands, wreaths, or greenery of any plants;

-   Trees and bushes, including cut Christmas trees;

-   Greenwaste;

-   Fruits and vegetables;

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-   Hay, straw, fodder, and plant litter;

-   Bulk herbs and spices;

-   Any other products, articles, or means of conveyance of any
    character whatsoever, when it is determined by an inspector that
    they present a hazard of spread of LBAM.

## B. Treatment Alternative

The treatment alternative consists of maintaining the Federal quarantine
order to prevent the artificial spread of LBAM, as well as using an
insect pheromone to treat areas within Santa Cruz and northern Monterey
Counties where LBAM has been detected.

Insect sex pheromones are compounds that are naturally produced by
members of one sex for the purpose of attracting the opposite sex of the
same species. Distribution of pheromone throughout an area makes it
difficult for the male to locate the female, thus disrupting mating for
the species. For several lepidopteran pest species, including LBAM, the
pheromone has been isolated and synthetically reproduced in order to be
used to attract moths and, therefore, disrupt reproduction. There are
two formulations of pheromone available to treat LBAM---a general
tortricid pheromone that is attractive to species of the family
Tortricidae (leafrollers), of which LBAM is a member, and an
LBAM-specific pheromone. The LBAM-specific pheromone will be used when
available.

Pheromone can be applied via a dispenser suspended from the ground, or
applied by ground or aerial application equipment in microencapsulated
capsules or flakes. When used at efficacious levels, the pheromone
reduces the ability of male LBAM to locate and mate with females.

The dispensers are used at a rate of 250 dispensers per acre and are
effective for 90 days before they need to be replaced.

The microencapsulated pheromone is effective for 30 days. Therefore,
several applications may be needed per year. Applications of the
LBAM-specific pheromone would be at the rate of 15 grams of active
ingredient per acre (gai/A) and 20 gai/A for the general tortricid
pheromone.

Due to the size of the proposed treatment area, aerial application of
the microencapsulated pheromone will be the predominant treatment
method. Aerial pheromone applications are planned to be conducted
overnight, thus minimizing exposure of people. As infested areas are
reduced in size over time, the use of dispensers may become more
practical and, therefore, may increase in use. The initial treatment
area is anticipated to consist of three blocks totalling approximately
60,000 acres located in the Soquel, Prunedale and north Salinas areas
(see appendix B). Over time, however, the entire infested area within
the Santa Cruz--northern Monterey population center will receive
treatment. Any one area within this population center is likely to
receive at least two and probably several treatments until it is
determined that LBAM has been eradicated from the site. Complete
eradication within the Santa Cruz and northern Monterey area is expected
to take several years.

# III. Environmental Impacts

## A. No Action

Under the no action alternative, the current Federal order would remain
in place without the application of pheromone. The host list for LBAM
contains numerous species (trees, shrubs, and crops) that are common
throughout the treatment area (see appendix A). Without treatment, LBAM
would be allowed to flourish in the existing area and, consequently,
continue to spread into surrounding areas. LBAM has the potential to
severely damage residential landscapes, orchards, and agricultural
crops.

Private individuals may utilize insecticides to control LBAM. However,
without a coordinated treatment plan, reinfestation from adjacent
untreated, infested sites will occur and would require additional
applications, thus increasing pesticide loading to the environment.
Alternative pesticides may have higher use rates and increased risks to
human health and the environment. While several pesticides can be used
against LBAM larvae, the only pesticide currently known to be
efficacious against both eggs and larvae of LBAM is chlorpyrifos.

In addition to environmental impacts, LBAM could cause an estimated
\$160 to \$640 million annually in crop damage and control costs if it
spreads to agricultural production areas in the 11 affected counties
(CDFA, 2007a). These estimated values were derived from the agricultural
impacts in Australia and New Zealand from LBAM. If LBAM were to spread
throughout the entire State of California damage and costs could reach
up to \$2.4 billion annually. The presence of LBAM in the quarantine
counties has caused restrictions on domestic and foreign trade. In 2003,
California shipped over \$7.2 billion in food and agricultural
commodities around the world (CASS, 2004). The loss of revenue from
these restrictions is currently unknown; however this loss could be
significant if LBAM becomes established throughout the State of
California.

## B. Treatment Alternative

As mentioned previously, there are two types of synthetic pheromones
available to treat LBAM. The leafroller pheromone contains a compound
that female leafrollers emit naturally to attract male moths. The
LBAM-specific compound contains both the general female leafroller
chemical as well as a chemical produced solely by the LBAM female. The
LBAM-specific pheromone consists of, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and
(E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate. Both compounds have been
identified in extracts of female LBAM and are active as a coalitive pair
when combined (Bellas et al., 1983). The pheromone can be applied in
individual dispensers, or, for larger areas, ground or aerial equipment
can be used to broadcast spray the material.

The dispensers utilize the LBAM-specific pheromone that is contained
within a sealed polyethylene tube containing 163.25 milligrams (mg) of
(E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and 6.74 mg of
(E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate. A wire is fused inside the
plastic so that the dispenser can be twisted around a branch. The
pheromone is released into the surrounding area and disrupts the ability
of male LBAM to locate females. This treatment method has been shown to
be an effective means of LBAM control in citrus, grapes, apple, and
apricot orchards when adequate numbers of dispensers are used (Mo et
al., 2006).

Over larger areas, pheromone can be applied in a biodegradable 80 to

150 micrometers (µm) microencapsulated polymer which has been shown to
be an effective method of application when applied appropriately
(Wilkins, 1990; Knight and Larsen, 2004; Mihou et al., 2007). The
microencapsulated pheromone can be applied either by ground or aerial
equipment and can consist of either the leafroller pheromone (at a rate
of 20 gai/A) or the LBAM-specific pheromone (at a rate of 15 gai/A).

Based on available toxicity data, both pheromones have low acute oral
and dermal toxicity in rats with median lethal dose (LD~50;~ i.e. the
dose required to kill 50 percent of a test population) values of greater
than 5,000 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) and 2,000 mg/kg, respectively.
Acute inhalation toxicity is also low based on the acute inhalation
median lethal concentration (LC~50;~ i.e. the concentration required to
kill 50 percent of a population) value of greater than 5.25 (grams per
liter) g/L. These values are consistent with the toxicity profile for
other lepidopteran pheromones that have been tested (OECD, 2002;
Weatherston and Stewart, 2002). Available data suggests that
lepidopteran pheromones have very low chronic toxicity to mammals (OECD,
2002; EPA, 1996). The pheromone is considered a slight to moderate
dermal irritant and is not considered to be carcinogenic or mutagenic
(Pacific Biocontrol Corporation, 2007).

Data for structurally similar pheromones indicate there is very low
acute toxicity to birds with LD~50~ values greater than 2,000 mg/kg
(Weatherston and Stewart, 2002). Toxicity to aquatic organisms is
unknown for these two pheromones specifically; however, data for other
pheromones suggest that fish LC~50~ values greater than 100 parts per
million (ppm), and aquatic invertebrate toxicity values range in the
upper parts per billion (ppb) to low ppm range (Weatherston and Stewart,
2002; PMRA, 1994; Inscoe and Ridgway, 1992). Toxicity values for aquatic
invertebrates may be misleading. Since the pheromone is hydrophobic,
large amounts of pheromone must be added to the test chamber in order to
obtain detectable amounts of pheromone in the water or else a solvent
must be used. In the proposed application no solvent will be used and
application rates are low at 15 to 20 grams a.i./acre. In addition, the
pheromone is considered insoluble and it would not be possible for a
body of water to achieve levels of dissolved pheromone that could
approach toxic levels for aquatic invertebrates.

In summary, there are no reported adverse effects to humans, domestic or
other nontarget animals, or the environment from the use of these
pheromones.

Lepidopteran pheromones are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation and
oxidation where they breakdown rapidly in terrestrial and aquatic
environments. The rapid breakdown and volatilization of lepidopteran
pheromones and their mammalian toxicological profile have resulted in
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) waiving the requirement of a
food tolerance when applications do not exceed 150 grams of active
ingredient per acre per year (g active ingredient/ac/year) (EPA, 2007).
In addition to rapid degradation, lepidopteran pheromones have very low
solubility or are insoluble in water suggesting low aquatic residues
(OECD, 2002). This specific pheromone is reported to be insoluble in
water (Pacific Biocontrol Corporation, 2007).

Exposure to humans, domestic and other nontarget animals, and the
environment is expected to be minimal. In the case of the dispenser
application, the pheromone is inside a plastic tube that is suspended in
a tree; therefore, no human-related exposure from residues or drinking
water is expected. The same would also be true for terrestrial nontarget
organisms where exposure would be expected to be minimal. Exposure to
aquatic organisms would not be expected when dispensers are used because
label language prohibits discarding dispensers in surface water.

Pheromone that would be applied as a microencapsulated material in open
and residential areas would not pose a risk to human health due to the
known mammalian toxicity profile for lepidopteran pheromones and their
environmental fate. Based on the known toxicology data for the
pheromone, as well as similar types of compounds, acute and chronic
effects do not occur at the highest concentrations tested; none of the
pheromones, to date, have shown any potential mutagenic or carcinogenic
activity (Touhey, 1990; EPA, 1996; OECD, 2002). In addition to the lack
of known toxicological effects, the exposure potential for humans is
very low. No dietary exposure from food is expected due to the
volatility of the pheromone. Incidental exposure through drinking water
sources or swimming pools is expected to be minimal since the pheromone
is insoluble in water and would remain at the surface volatilizing into
the atmosphere. Both the low toxicity and lack of significant exposure
result in minimal risk to human health from pheromone applications.

The only nontarget species that may be impacted by the use of pheromones
could be native (or exotic) leafrollers that may be present and that
could have their mating disrupted by the use of leafroller pheromone.
Any impact to leafrollers would be minimal and temporary as populations
would quickly recover due to immigration of leafrollers from adjacent,
untreated areas. The use of LBAM-specific pheromone would only affect
LBAM and perhaps a few other leafrollers. No other nontarget species are
expected to be impacted. LBAM-specific pheromone is planned to be used
in the initial application at Santa Cruz, and will be the preferred
pheromone for all treatments based on available supplies.

The microencapsulated pheromone will also pose minimal risk to
terrestrial wildlife and aquatic organisms. This is based on the known
toxicity data for these types of pheromones, as well as the low exposure
that would occur from ground or aerial pheromone applications. In
addition, the pheromone will not be applied directly to open water per
label instructions. As a means to quantify these conclusions, a
screening level ecological risk assessment was prepared to address
potential risk to nontarget fish and wildlife (see appendix C).

##  Cumulative Effects

## 

Cumulative effects from potential pheromone use over several years is
not expected to occur based on the known toxicity data, specificity of
the pheromones to LBAM and leafrollers, and minimal risk to human health
and the environment. Cumulative impacts to nontarget butterflies and
moths, except for tortricids, from the use of pheromones are not
anticipated because the pheromones are selective for LBAM and
leafrollers. The cumulative impacts to leafrollers will be minimized
because LBAM-specific pheromone will be used when available.

Treatments of isolated populations of LBAM have begun in a number of
sites including Napa, Oakley, Danville, Dublin, Sherman Oaks, San Jose
and Vallejo. Approximately 35 to 40 isolated populations have been
identified; there is potential for additional sites to be identified in
the future. Treatments in the isolated areas have primarily consisted of
application of pheromone dispensers that are removed after 90 days.
These areas are small in nature and occur outside of any aerially
treated areas.

Recently, the Marina--Seaside--Monterey Peninsula area was treated with
aerial application of microencapsulated pheromone. A second aerial
application is anticipated in the near future. This area is adjacent to
but not overlapping the proposed treatment area. Due to the nature of
the pheromone, the minimal environmental effects, and the fact that the
treatment areas do not overlap, it is unlikely that there will be any
cumulative impacts with the use of this pheromone in isolated treatment
areas of the Marina--Seaside--Monterey Peninsula and the Santa Cruz and
Monterey County areas.

Future treatments for LBAM will be evaluated under subsequent EAs. The
environmental impacts from these treatments will be evaluated in
combination with treatments already underway.

## 

##  Threatened and Endangered Species

Section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and its implementing
regulations require all Federal agencies to ensure their actions are not
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened
species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. CDFA and APHIS are working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to insure
that treatment activities considered in this EA do not affect listed
species or their designated or proposed critical habitats. No treatments
will occur in the treatment area until CDFA and APHIS have completed a
determination of effects on listed species and their habitats and, if
necessary, Section 7 consultation with FWS and/or NMFS has been
concluded.

APHIS has designated CDFA as its non-Federal representative for the
purpose of conducting informal consultation with FWS and NMFS on APHIS
activities associated with the LBAM eradication program in California
and will work with CDFA to develop all necessary consultation documents.
Legally, APHIS retains ultimate responsibility for compliance with
Section 7 of the ESA.

CDFA and APHIS will continue to work in close cooperation with NMFS and
FWS during implementation any LBAM eradication efforts to insure that
potential impacts to listed species and their designated critical
habitats are avoided or minimized to the extent possible, and are
consistent with the statutory and regulatory requirements of Section 7
of ESA.

## E. Other Considerations

Executive Order (EO) 12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-income Populations," focuses
Federal attention on the environmental and human health conditions of
minority and low-income communities and promotes community access to
public information and public participation in matters relating to human
health or the environment. This EO requires Federal agencies to conduct
their programs, policies, and activities that substantially affect human
health or the environment in a manner so as not to exclude persons and
populations from participation in or benefiting from such programs. It
also enforces existing statutes to prevent minority and low-income
communities from being subjected to disproportionately high or adverse
human health or environmental effects. APHIS has determined that the
environmental and human health effects from the proposed applications
for treatment of LBAM in California are minimal and are not expected to
have disproportionate adverse effects to any minority or low-income
populations.

EO 13045, "Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and
Safety Risks," acknowledges that children, as compared to adults, may
suffer disproportionately from environmental health and safety risks
because of developmental stage, greater metabolic activity levels, and
behavior patterns. This EO (to the extent permitted by law and
consistent with the agency's mission) requires each Federal agency to
identify, assess, and address environmental health risks and safety
risks that may disproportionately affect children. Aerial pheromone
applications are planned to be conducted overnight, thus minimizing
exposure of people, and especially children; however the low toxicity of
the pheromone minimizes any potential risk to children.

The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (sanctuary) is adjacent to
the proposed treatment area. This is a federally protected marine area
offshore of California\'s central coast. It stretches from Marin County
to Cambria; it encompasses a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322
square miles of ocean. This area supports a diverse marine ecosystem and
is home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fish, invertebrates, and plants
in a remarkably productive coastal environment. The sanctuary was
established for the purposes of resource protection, research,
education, and public use. Any discharge or deposit of foreign materials
in the sanctuary that would be injurious requires a permit from the
sanctuary.

Consultations with the marine sanctuary staff, prior to the recent
treatment in the Marina--Seaside--Monterey Peninsula, identified areas
of concern to the sanctuary. These concerns centered around the
potential for aerially applied material to drift from the intended
target and the risk that would be posed to marine resources, should that
occur. APHIS and CDFA provided the sanctuary with additional information
regarding the procedures and protocols of the aerial application of
pheromone in the area, including transect maps. APHIS also provided
additional risk assessment documentation (appendix C) that demonstrated
that, even if some pheromone material were to enter water, there is
little likelihood that it could result in any negative impacts on marine
life. Testing indicates that toxicity thresholds are many times higher
than the environmental concentrations that would be expected even if the
pheromone were directly applied to the water. In addition, the pheromone
is not soluble in water and quickly volatilizes or breaks down due to
ultraviolet light and, therefore, would not affect aquatic organisms.

APHIS continues to consult with the sanctuary staff to ensure that their
concerns are addressed with regard to the proposed treatment in Santa
Cruz and northern Monterey Counties.

CDFA has consulted with the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control
Board to ensure that water quality standards are not jeopardized by the
proposed program. The Water Quality Control Board indicated that as long
as the applications are done as they were in the recent
Marina--Seaside--Monterey Peninsula application (that is, material is
applied in accordance with the restrictions of the Section 18 pesticide
label and direct applications to open water are avoided), they have no
objections to the proposal and will not require a permit.

# IV. Listing of Agencies and Persons Consulted

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Ventura Fish & Wildlife Office

2493 Portola Road, Suite B

Ventura, CA 93003

National Marine Fisheries Service

Southwest Regional Office

501 West Ocean Blvd, Suite 4200

Long Beach, CA 90802--4213

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Animal Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Emergency and Domestic Programs

4700 River Rd. Unit 134

Riverdale, MD 20737

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Policy and Program Development

Environmental Services

4700 River Road, Unit 149

Riverdale, MD 20737

California Department of Food and Agriculture

Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services

1220 N Street

Sacramento, CA 95814--5607

California Environmental Protection Agency

Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board

895 Aerovista Place, Suite 101

San Luis Obispo, CA 93401

# V. References

Bellas, T.E., Bartell, R.J., and Hill, A. 1983. Identification of two
components of the sex pheromone of the moth, *Epiphyas postvittana*
(Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). J. Chem. Ecology. 9(4):503--512.

CASS---See California Agricultural Statistics Service

California Agricultural Statistics Service, 2004. California Agriculture
Statistics Service. Sacramento, CA. 92pp.

CDFA---See California Department of Food and Agriculture

California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2007a. Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service and California Department of Food and
Agriculture (CDFA) Daily Situation Report: Light Brown Apple Moth.
September 20, 2007. 4 pp.

California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2007b. Light Brown Apple
Moth Project: Light Brown Apple Moth Pest Profile. Accessed June 8, 2007
at: <http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/pdep/LBAM_profile.htm>

Danthanarayana, W., 1983. Population ecology of the light brown apple
moth, *Epiphyas postvittana* (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Animal
Ecology. 52:1--33.

EPA---See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Inscoe, M.N., and Ridgway, R.L., 1992. Non-target effects of
lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones. BCPC Monograph No. 51,
Pheromones and Behavior-Modifying Chemicals. 49--59.

Knight, A.L. and Larsen, T.E., 2004. Improved deposition and performance
of a microencapsulated sex pheromone formulation for codling moth
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a low volume application. J. Entomol.
Soc. Brit. Columbia. 101: 79--86.

Mihou, A.P., Michaelakis, A., Krokos, F.D., Mazomenos, B.E., and
Couladourus, E.A., 2007. Prolonged slow release of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl
acetate employing polyurea microcapsules. J. Appl. Entomol.
131(2):128--133.

Mo, J., Glover, M., Munro, S., and Beattie, G.A., 2006a. Evaluation of
mating disruption for control of light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae) in citrus. J. Economic Entomol. 99(2):421--426.

Mo, J., Glover, M., Munro, S., and Beattie, G.A., 2006b. Development of
*Epiphyas postvittana* (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on leaves and fruit of
orange trees. J. Economic Entomol. 99(2):1321--1326.

Mo, J. 2006. Fact Sheet: Light brown apple moth in citrus. New South
Wales Primary Industries. Primefact 216. 4 pp.

OECD. 2002. OECD Series on Pesticides: Number 12: Guidance for
Registration Requirements for Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals Used
for Arthropod Pest Control. 25 pp.

Pacific Biocontrol Corporation, 2007. Material Safety Data Sheet:
Isomate LBAM Plus. 2 pp.

PMRA---See Pest Management Regulatory Agency

Pest Management Regulatory Agency, 1994. Isomate-C (Codling Moth)
Pheromone: Decision Document. E94--01. 11 pp.

Touhey, J.G., 1990. A review of the current bases for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's policies for the regulation of
pheromones and other semiochemicals, together with a review of the
available relevant data which may impact the assessment for these
classes of chemicals. Part No. 1, Straight Chain Alcohols, Acetate
Esters and Aldehydes. Unpublished report, 474 pp.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United
States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of
Agriculture Handbook 296. Available on-line:
<http://soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/mlra/index.html>

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007a. Preliminary 2007 *Epiphyas
postvittana* (Walker) genus species match host list with host prevalence
reference category, July 2007. PPQ, Center for Plant Health, Science and
Technology, Plant Epidemology and Risk Assessment Laboratory, Raleigh,
NC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007b. Eradication of Isolated
Populations of Light Brown Apple Moth in California, Environmental
Assessment, June, 2007. PPQ, EDP, Riverdale, MD

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007c. Eradication of Isolated
Populations of Light Brown Apple Moth in California, Revised
Environmental Assessment, July, 2007. PPQ, EDP, Riverdale, MD

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007d. Treatment of Light Brown Apple
Moth in the Seaside Area in California, Environmental Assessment, July
2007. PPQ, EDP, Riverdale, MD

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Office of Prevention
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Reregistration Eligibility Decision:
Tridecenyl acetates. EPA 738-R-96-021. 51 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. Biopesticide Registration
Document. Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones (SCLP). Office of
Pesticide Programs. Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division. 57
pp.

Weatherston, I. and Stewart, R., 2002. Regulatory issues in the
commercial development of pheromones and other semiochemicals. Use of
pheromones and other semiochemicals in integrated production. IOBS wprs
Bulletin Vol. 25: 1--10.

Wilder Ranch State Park. 2002. Wilder Ranch State Park Vegetation Map
Prepared by Inventory, Monitoring, and Assessment Program, Natural
Resources Division. 18 pp.

Wilkins, R.M., 1990. Biodegradeable polymer methods. *In:* Controlled
Delivery of Crop Protection Agents. Ed. R.M. Wilkins. Taylor and Francis
Publishing.

> **Appendix A. Light Brown Apple Moth Host List**

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Genus Species**       **Common Name**               **Genus Match Host
                                                        Prevalence**
  ----------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------
  *Abelia* spp.           (abelia)                      Occasional

  *Abies*                 fir                           Common

  *Abies ×shastensis*     Shasta red fir                Common

  *Abies amabilis*        Pacific silver fir            Common

  *Abies bracteata*       bristlecone fir               Common

  *Abies concolor*        white fir                     Common

  *Abies concolor*        white fir                     Common

  *Abies grandis*         grand fir                     Common

  *Abies lasiocarpa*      subalpine fir                 Common

  *Abies lowiana*                                       Common

  *Abies magnifica*       California red fir            Common

  *Abies procera*         noble fir                     Common

  *Abies* spp*.*          (fir)                         Common

  *Acacia*                acacia                        Common

  *Acacia baileyana*      cootamundra wattle            Common

  *Acacia cyclops*        cyclops acacia                Common

  *Acacia dealbata*       silver wattle                 Common

  *Acacia decurrens*      green wattle                  Common

  *Acacia elata*          cedar wattle                  Common

  *Acacia farnesiana*     sweet acacia                  Common

  *Acacia greggii*        catclaw acacia                Common

  *Acacia longifolia*                                   Common

  *Acacia mearnsii*       black wattle                  Common

  *Acacia melanoxylon*    blackwood                     Common

  *Acacia paradoxa*       paradox acacia                Common

  *Acacia podalyriifolia* pearl wattle                  Common

  *Acacia pycnantha*      golden wattle                 Common

  *Acacia redolens*       bank catclaw                  Common

  *Acacia retinodes*      water wattle                  Common

  *Acacia saligna*        orange wattle                 Common

  *Acacia* spp.           (acacias)                     Common

  *Acacia verticillata*   prickly Moses                 Common

  *Acer*                  maple                         

  *Acer campestre*        hedge maple                   

  *Acer circinatum*       vine maple                    

  *Acer glabrum*          Douglas maple                 

  *Acer glabrum*          Greene\'s maple               

  *Acer glabrum*          Rocky Mountain maple          

  *Acer glabrum*          Torrey maple                  

  *Acer macrophyllum*     bigleaf maple                 

  *Acer negundo*          boxelder                      

  *Acer negundo*          California boxelder           

  *Acer saccharinum*      silver maple                  

  *Acer* spp.             (maple)                       

  *Achillea*              yarrow                        Common

  *Achillea               fernleaf yarrow               Common
  filipendulina*                                        

  *Achillea millefolium*  California yarrow             Common

  *Achillea millefolium*  common yarrow                 Common

  *Achillea millefolium*  giant yarrow                  Common

  *Achillea millefolium*  Pacific yarrow                Common

  *Achillea millefolium*  western yarrow                Common

  *Achillea* spp*.*       (yarrow)                      Common

  *Acmena* spp*.*         (lilly-pily tree)             Occasional

  *Actinidia* spp*.*      (Chinese gooseberry, kiwi,    Primary
                          kiwifruit)                    

  *Adiantum*              maidenhair fern               Occasional

  *Adiantum ×tracyi*                                    Occasional

  *Adiantum aleuticum*    Aleutian maidenhair           Occasional

  *Adiantum               common maidenhair             Occasional
  capillus-veneris*                                     

  *Adiantum jordanii*     California maidenhair         Occasional

  *Adiantum* spp*.*       (maidenhair ferns)            Occasional

  *Aesculus*              buckeye                       Occasional

  *Aesculus californica*  California buckeye            Occasional

  *Aesculus* spp*.*       (horse chestnut, buckeye)     Occasional

  *Alnus*                 alder                         

  *Alnus cordata*         Italian alder                 

  *Alnus incana*          gray alder                    

  *Alnus incana*          thinleaf alder                

  *Alnus rhombifolia*     White Alder                   

  *Alnus rhombifolia*     White Alder                   

  *Alnus rubra*           red alder                     

  *Alnus* spp*.*          (alder)                       

  *Alnus viridis*         green alder                   

  *Alnus viridis*         Siberian alder                

  *Alnus viridis*         Sitka alder                   

  *Amaranthus*            pigweed                       Occasional

  *Amaranthus albus*      prostrate pigweed             Occasional

  *Amaranthus arenicola*  sandhill amaranth             Occasional

  *Amaranthus blitoides*  mat amaranth                  Occasional

  *Amaranthus blitum*                                   Occasional

  *Amaranthus blitum*     purple amaranth               Occasional

  *Amaranthus             California amaranth           Occasional
  californicus*                                         

  *Amaranthus caudatus*   love-lies-bleeding            Occasional

  *Amaranthus cruentus*   red amaranth                  Occasional

  *Amaranthus deflexus*   largefruit amaranth           Occasional

  *Amaranthus fimbriatus* fringed amaranth              Occasional

  *Amaranthus hybridus*   slim amaranth                 Occasional

  *Amaranthus             Prince-of-Wales feather       Occasional
  hypochondriacus*                                      

  *Amaranthus palmeri*    carelessweed                  Occasional

  *Amaranthus powellii*                                 Occasional

  *Amaranthus powellii*   Powell\'s amaranth            Occasional

  *Amaranthus             redroot amaranth              Occasional
  retroflexus*                                          

  *Amaranthus spinosus*   spiny amaranth                Occasional

  *Amaranthus* spp*.*                                   Occasional

  *Amaranthus torreyi*    Torrey\'s amaranthus          Occasional

  *Amaranthus             roughfruit amaranth           Occasional
  tuberculatus*                                         

  *Amaranthus watsonii*   Watson\'s amaranth            Occasional

  *Antirrhinum*           snapdragon                    Occasional

  *Antirrhinum majus*     garden snapdragon             Occasional

  *Antirrhinum* spp*.*    (snapdragons)                 Occasional

  *Apium*                 celery                        Occasional

  *Apium graveolens*      wild celery                   Occasional

  *Apium nodiflorum*      European marshwort            Occasional

  *Apium* spp*.*          (celery)                      Occasional

  *Aquilegia*             columbine                     Common

  *Aquilegia eximia*      Van Houtte\'s columbine       Common

  *Aquilegia formosa*     western columbine             Common

  *Aquilegia pubescens*   Sierra columbine              Common

  *Aquilegia shockleyi*                                 Common

  *Aquilegia* spp*.*      (columbines)                  Common

  *Arbutus*               madrone                       Common

  *Arbutus menziesii*     Pacific madrone               Common

  *Arbutus* spp*.*        Strawberry Tree               Common

  *Arctostaphylos*        manzanita                     

  *Arctostaphylos                                       
  ×benitoensis*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos                                       
  ×campbelliae*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Waldo manzanita               
  ×cinerea*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos                                       
  ×helleri*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos                                       
  ×jepsonii*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos                                       
  ×laxiflora*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos ×media*                               

  *Arctostaphylos                                       
  ×parvifolia*                                          

  *Arctostaphylos         PMC manzanita                 
  ×repens*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Santa Cruz manzanita          
  andersonii*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Mount Diablo manzanita        
  auriculata*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos bakeri* Baker\'s manzanita            

  *Arctostaphylos bakeri* Baker\'s manzanita            

  *Arctostaphylos bakeri* The Cedars manzanita          

  *Arctostaphylos         hoary manzanita               
  canescens*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Sonoma manzanita              
  canescens*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Santa Catalina Island         
  catalinae*              Manzanita                     

  *Arctostaphylos         hairy manzanita               
  columbiana*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Santa Rosa Island Manzanita   
  confertiflora*                                        

  *Arctostaphylos         La Cruz manzanita             
  cruzensis*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Vine Hill manzanita           
  densiflora*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Little Sur manzanita          
  edmundsii*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         San Gabriel manzanita         
  gabrielensis*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Adams\' manzanita             
  glandulosa*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Del Mar manzanita             
  glandulosa*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Eastwood\'s manzanita         
  glandulosa*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Zaca\'s manzanita             
  glandulosa*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos glauca* bigberry manzanita            

  *Arctostaphylos         Schreiber\'s manzanita        
  glutinosa*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Gasquet manzanita             
  hispidula*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Franciscan manzanita          
  hookeri*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Hearst\'s manzanita           
  hookeri*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Hooker\'s manzanita           
  hookeri*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Mt. Tamalpais manzanita       
  hookeri*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Presidio manzanita            
  hookeri*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Hoover\'s manzanita           
  hooveri*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         San Bruno Mountain Manzanita  
  imbricata*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         island manzanita              
  insularis*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Klamath manzanita             
  klamathensis*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Santa Lucia manzanita         
  luciana*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Mallory\'s manzanita          
  malloryi*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos         Contra Costa manzanita        
  manzanita*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Konocti manzanita             
  manzanita*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Roof\'s manzanita             
  manzanita*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         whiteleaf manzanita           
  manzanita*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Wieslander\'s manzanita       
  manzanita*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         pygmy manzanita               
  mendocinoensis*                                       

  *Arctostaphylos         Indian manzanita              
  mewukka*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         True\'s manzanita             
  mewukka*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Montara manzanita             
  montaraensis*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Monterey manzanita            
  montereyensis*                                        

  *Arctostaphylos         Morro manzanita               
  morroensis*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Ione manzanita                
  myrtifolia*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         pinemat manzanita             
  nevadensis*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Nissenan manzanita            
  nissenana*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Del Norte manzanita           
  nortensis*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         glossyleaf manzanita          
  nummularia*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         serpentine manzanita          
  obispoensis*                                          

  *Arctostaphylos         Oso manzanita                 
  osoensis*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos         Otay manzanita                
  otayensis*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Pacific manzanita             
  pacifica*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos         Pajaro manzanita              
  pajaroensis*                                          

  *Arctostaphylos         Alameda manzanita             
  pallida*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Parry manzanita               
  parryana*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos patula* greenleaf manzanita           

  *Arctostaphylos         Pecho manzanita               
  pechoensis*                                           

  *Arctostaphylos         Peninsular manzanita          
  peninsularis*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         La Panza manzanita            
  pilosula*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos         pinkbracted manzanita         
  pringlei*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos         Pringle manzanita             
  pringlei*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos pumila* sandmat manzanita             

  *Arctostaphylos         pointleaf manzanita           
  pungens*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         La Purissima manzanita        
  purissima*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Rainbow manzanita             
  rainbowensis*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Refugio manzanita             
  refugioensis*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Kings Mountain manzanita      
  regismontana*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos rudis*  shagbark manzanita            

  *Arctostaphylos         Bonny Doon manzanita          
  silvicola*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos* spp*.* Manzanita                     

  *Arctostaphylos         Raiche\'s manzanita           
  stanfordiana*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Rincon manzanita              
  stanfordiana*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         Stanford\'s manzanita         
  stanfordiana*                                         

  *Arctostaphylos         brittleleaf manzanita         
  tomentosa*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         dacite manzanita              
  tomentosa*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         rosy manzanita                
  tomentosa*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         Santa Cruz Island Manzanita   
  tomentosa*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         woollyleaf manzanita          
  tomentosa*                                            

  *Arctostaphylos         kinnikinnick                  
  uva-ursi*                                             

  *Arctostaphylos         Bolinas manzanita             
  virgata*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         whitehair manzanita           
  viridissima*                                          

  *Arctostaphylos         Mariposa manzanita            
  viscida*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         sticky whiteleaf manzanita    
  viscida*                                              

  *Arctostaphylos         Wells\' manzanita             
  wellsii*                                              

  *Arctotheca*            Capeweed                      Common

  *Arctotheca calendula*  Capeweed                      Common

  *Arctotheca* spp*.*     (capeweeds, cape dandelion)   Common

  *Arctotis*              arctotis                      Common

  *Arctotis* spp*.*       (African daisy)               Common

  *Arctotis               African daisy                 Common
  stoechadifolia*                                       

  *Aronia melanocarpa*    Chokeberry                    

  *Artemisia*             sagebrush                     Common

  *Artemisia annua*       sweet sagewort                Common

  *Artemisia arbuscula*   little sagebrush              Common

  *Artemisia arctica*     boreal sagebrush              Common

  *Artemisia biennis*     biennial wormwood             Common

  *Artemisia bigelovii*   Bigelow sage                  Common

  *Artemisia californica* coastal sagebrush             Common

  *Artemisia campestris*  field sagewort                Common

  *Artemisia campestris*  field sagewort                Common

  *Artemisia campestris*  field sagewort                Common

  *Artemisia cana*        silver sagebrush              Common

  *Artemisia douglasiana* Douglas\' sagewort            Common

  *Artemisia dracunculus* tarragon                      Common

  *Artemisia lindleyana*  Columbia River wormwood       Common

  *Artemisia ludoviciana* white sagebrush               Common

  *Artemisia ludoviciana* white sagebrush               Common

  *Artemisia michauxiana* Michaux\'s wormwood           Common

  *Artemisia nesiotica*   island sagebrush              Common

  *Artemisia norvegica*                                 Common

  *Artemisia nova*        black sagebrush               Common

  *Artemisia palmeri*     San Diego sagewort            Common

  *Artemisia              beach wormwood                Common
  pycnocephala*                                         

  *Artemisia rothrockii*  timberline sagebrush          Common

  *Artemisia spinescens*                                Common

  *Artemisia* spp*.*                                    Common

  *Artemisia suksdorfii*  coastal wormwood              Common

  *Artemisia tridentata*  basin big sagebrush           Common

  *Artemisia tridentata*  big sagebrush                 Common

  *Artemisia tridentata*  mountain big sagebrush        Common

  *Artemisia tridentata*  Wyoming big sagebrush         Common

  *Artemisia vulgaris*    common wormwood               Common

  *Asparagus*             asparagus                     Occasional

  *Asparagus              African asparagus fern        Occasional
  asparagoides*                                         

  *Asparagus densiflorus* Sprenger\'s asparagus fern    Occasional

  *Asparagus officinalis* garden asparagus              Occasional

  *Asparagus setaceus*    common asparagus fern         Occasional

  *Asparagus* spp*.*      (asparagus, asparagus fern,   Occasional
                          smilax asparagus)             

  *Astartea* spp*.*                                     

  *Aster intricatus*                                    Common

  *Aster* spp*.*          (asters)                      Common

  *Athyrium*              ladyfern                      

  *Athyrium americanum*   alpine ladyfern               

  *Athyrium                                             
  distentifolium*                                       

  *Athyrium               Lady Fern                     
  filix\'femina*                                        

  *Athyrium filix-femina* common ladyfern               

  *Athyrium filix-femina* subarctic ladyfern            

  *Aucuba* spp*.*         (aucuba, Himalaya laurel,     Occasional
                          Japanese laurel)              

  *Azara microphylla*     Boxleaf Azara                 

  *Baccharis*             baccharis                     Common

  *Baccharis              shortleaf baccharis           Common
  brachyphylla*                                         

  *Baccharis douglasii*   saltmarsh baccharis           Common

  *Baccharis emoryi*      Emory\'s baccharis            Common

  *Baccharis glutinosa*                                 Common

  *Baccharis malibuensis* Malibu baccharis              Common

  *Baccharis pilularis*   coyotebrush                   Common

  *Baccharis plummerae*   Plummer\'s baccharis          Common

  *Baccharis plummerae*   smooth baccharis              Common

  *Baccharis salicifolia* mule\'s fat                   Common

  *Baccharis              desertbroom                   Common
  sarothroides*                                         

  *Baccharis sergiloides* desert baccharis              Common

  *Baccharis* spp*.*      (coyote brush, desert broom)  Common

  *Baccharis vanessae*    Encinitis false willow        Common

  *Banksia* spp*.*        (candle flowers)              Common

  *Begonia* spp*.*        (begonia)                     Occasional

  *Berberis*              barberry                      Occasional

  *Berberis aquifolium*                                 Occasional

  *Berberis darwinii*     Darwin\'s berberis            Occasional

  *Berberis fremontii*                                  Occasional

  *Berberis haematocarpa*                               Occasional

  *Berberis nervosa*                                    Occasional

  *Berberis nevinii*                                    Occasional

  *Berberis pinnata*                                    Occasional

  *Berberis pumila*                                     Occasional

  *Berberis repens*                                     Occasional

  *Berberis* spp*.*       (barberry)                    Occasional

  *Beta*                  beet                          Occasional

  *Beta* spp*.*           (beet)                        Occasional

  *Beta vulgaris*         common beet                   Occasional

  *Betula*                birch                         Occasional

  *Betula glandulosa*     resin birch                   Occasional

  *Betula jacquemontii*   Birch                         Occasional

  *Betula nana*           dwarf birch                   Occasional

  *Betula occidentalis*   water birch                   Occasional

  *Betula pumila*         bog birch                     Occasional

  *Betula pumila*         bog birch                     Occasional

  *Betula* spp*.*         (birch)                       Occasional

  *Blandfordia* spp*.*    (Christmas bells)             

  *Boronia* spp*.*        (boronias)                    Common

  *Brassica*              mustard                       Occasional

  *Brassica fruticulosa*  Mediterranean cabbage         Occasional

  *Brassica juncea*       India mustard                 Occasional

  *Brassica napus*        rape                          Occasional

  *Brassica nigra*        black mustard                 Occasional

  *Brassica oleracea*     cabbage                       Occasional

  *Brassica rapa*         field mustard                 Occasional

  *Brassica* spp*.*       (broccoli, cauliflower,       Occasional
                          cabbage, cress, kale,         
                          mustard, etc.)                

  *Brassica tournefortii* Asian mustard                 Occasional

  *Breynia* spp*.*        (snow bush)                   Occasional

  *Bromus*                brome                         Occasional

  *Bromus alopecuros*     weedy brome                   Occasional

  *Bromus anomalus*                                     Occasional

  *Bromus arenarius*      Australian brome              Occasional

  *Bromus arizonicus*     Arizona brome                 Occasional

  *Bromus arvensis*       field brome                   Occasional

  *Bromus berteroanus*    Chilean chess                 Occasional

  *Bromus briziformis*    rattlesnake brome             Occasional

  *Bromus carinatus*      California brome              Occasional

  *Bromus catharticus*    rescuegrass                   Occasional

  *Bromus ciliatus*       fringed brome                 Occasional

  *Bromus ciliatus*       fringed brome                 Occasional

  *Bromus diandrus*       ripgut brome                  Occasional

  *Bromus erectus*        erect brome                   Occasional

  *Bromus grandis*        tall brome                    Occasional

  *Bromus hordeaceus*     soft brome                    Occasional

  *Bromus inermis*        smooth brome                  Occasional

  *Bromus laevipes*       Chinook brome                 Occasional

  *Bromus marginatus*     mountain brome                Occasional

  *Bromus maritimus*      seaside brome                 Occasional

  *Bromus matritensis*    compact brome                 Occasional

  *Bromus orcuttianus*    Orcutt\'s brome               Occasional

  *Bromus pacificus*                                    Occasional

  *Bromus polyanthus*     Great Basin brome             Occasional

  *Bromus porteri*        Porter brome                  Occasional

  *Bromus pseudolaevipes* coast range brome             Occasional

  *Bromus racemosus*      bald brome                    Occasional

  *Bromus richardsonii*                                 Occasional

  *Bromus rubens*         red brome                     Occasional

  *Bromus scoparius*      broom brome                   Occasional

  *Bromus secalinus*                                    Occasional

  *Bromus secalinus*      rye brome                     Occasional

  *Bromus sitchensis*     Alaska brome                  Occasional

  *Bromus* spp*.*         (brome, bromegrass, chess,    Occasional
                          foxtail, rescuegrass)         

  *Bromus stamineus*      roadside brome                Occasional

  *Bromus sterilis*       poverty brome                 Occasional

  *Bromus subvelutinus*   hoary brome                   Occasional

  *Bromus suksdorfii*     Suksdorf\'s brome             Occasional

  *Bromus tectorum*       cheatgrass                    Occasional

  *Bromus vulgaris*       Columbia brome                Occasional

  *Buddleia* spp*.*       (butterfly bush)              

  *Buddleja*              butterflybush                 Common

  *Buddleja davidii*      orange eye butterflybush      Common

  *Buddleja saligna*      squarestem butterflybush      Common

  *Buddleja utahensis*    Utah butterflybush            Common

  *Bursaria* spp*.*       (black thorns, prickly box)   

  *Calendula*             marigold                      Common

  *Calendula arvensis*    field marigold                Common

  *Calendula officinalis* pot marigold                  Common

  *Calendula* spp*.*      (calendula, marigold)         Common

  *Callistemon* spp*.*                                  Occasional

  *Camellia* spp*.*       (camellia)                    Occasional

  *Campsis*               campsis                       Occasional

  *Campsis radicans*      trumpet creeper               Occasional

  *Campsis* spp*.*        (trumpet creeper, trumpet     Occasional
                          vine)                         

  *Capsella*              capsella                      Occasional

  *Capsella               shepherd\'s purse             Occasional
  bursa-pastoris*                                       

  *Capsella* spp*.*       (shepard's purse)             Occasional

  *Capsicum*              pepper                        Occasional

  *Capsicum annuum*       cayenne pepper                Occasional

  *Capsicum* spp*.*       Pepper                        Occasional

  *Carduus*               plumeless thistle             Common

  *Carduus acanthoides*   spiny plumeless thistle       Common

  *Carduus nutans*        nodding plumeless thistle     Common

  *Carduus pycnocephalus* Italian plumeless thistle     Common

  *Carduus* spp*.*                                      Common

  *Carduus tenuiflorus*   winged plumeless thistle      Common

  *Carmichaelia* spp*.*                                 Very Common

  *Carpobrotus*           carpobrotus                   

  *Carpobrotus chilensis* sea fig                       

  *Carpobrotus edulis*    hottentot fig                 

  *Carpobrotus* spp*.*                                  

  *Cassia* spp*.*         (golden shower, pink shower,  Very Common
                          rainbow shower, gold          
                          medallion tree)               

  *Ceanothus*             ceanothus                     Occasional

  *Ceanothus ×arcuatus*                                 Occasional

  *Ceanothus ×bakeri*                                   Occasional

  *Ceanothus ×flexilis*   flexible ceanothus            Occasional

  *Ceanothus ×lobbianus*                                Occasional

  *Ceanothus ×lorenzenii*                               Occasional

  *Ceanothus              Mendocino ceanothus           Occasional
  ×mendocinensis*                                       

  *Ceanothus ×otayensis*                                Occasional

  *Ceanothus ×rugosus*                                  Occasional

  *Ceanothus ×serrulatus* Cascade Lake ceanothus        Occasional

  Ceanothus                                             Occasional
  ×vanrensselaeri                                       

  Ceanothus ×veitchianus                                Occasional

  *Ceanothus arboreus*    feltleaf ceanothus            Occasional

  *Ceanothus confusus*    Rincon Ridge ceanothus        Occasional

  *Ceanothus connivens*   trailing buckbrush            Occasional

  *Ceanothus cordulatus*  whitethorn ceanothus          Occasional

  *Ceanothus              hoaryleaf ceanothus           Occasional
  crassifolius*                                         

  *Ceanothus cuneatus*    buckbrush                     Occasional

  *Ceanothus cuneatus*    Monterey ceanothus            Occasional

  *Ceanothus cuneatus*    sedgeleaf buckbrush           Occasional

  *Ceanothus cyaneus*     San Diego buckbrush           Occasional

  *Ceanothus dentatus*    sandscrub ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus divergens*   Calistoga ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus              pinemat                       Occasional
  diversifolius*                                        

  *Ceanothus ferrisiae*   Coyote ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus foliosus*    Vine Hill ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus foliosus*    wavyleaf buckbrush            Occasional

  *Ceanothus foliosus*    wavyleaf ceanothus            Occasional

  *Ceanothus fresnensis*  Fresno mat                    Occasional

  *Ceanothus gloriosus*   Mt. Vision ceanothus          Occasional

  *Ceanothus gloriosus*   Point Reyes ceanothus         Occasional

  *Ceanothus greggii*     desert ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus greggii*     Mojave ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus griseus*     Carmel ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus hearstiorum* Hearst Ranch buckbrush        Occasional

  *Ceanothus impressus*   Santa Barbara ceanothus       Occasional

  *Ceanothus incanus*     coast whitethorn              Occasional

  *Ceanothus              deerbrush                     Occasional
  integerrimus*                                         

  *Ceanothus jepsonii*    Jepson ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus lemmonii*    Lemmon\'s ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus leucodermis* chaparral whitethorn          Occasional

  *Ceanothus maritimus*   maritime ceanothus            Occasional

  *Ceanothus masonii*     Mason\'s ceanothus            Occasional

  *Ceanothus megacarpus*  bigpod ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus megacarpus*  island ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus oliganthus*  hairy ceanothus               Occasional

  *Ceanothus ophiochilus* Vail Lake ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus palmeri*     Palmer ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus papillosus*  wartleaf ceanothus            Occasional

  *Ceanothus parryi*      Parry ceanothus               Occasional

  *Ceanothus parvifolius* littleleaf ceanothus          Occasional

  *Ceanothus pinetorum*   Coville ceanothus             Occasional

  *Ceanothus prostratus*  prostrate ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus pumilus*     dwarf ceanothus               Occasional

  *Ceanothus purpureus*   hollyleaf ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus roderickii*  Pine Hill buckbrush           Occasional

  *Ceanothus sanguineus*  redstem ceanothus             Occasional

  *Ceanothus sonomensis*  Sonoma ceanothus              Occasional

  *Ceanothus sorediatus*  jimbrush                      Occasional

  *Ceanothus spinosus*    redheart                      Occasional

  *Ceanothus* spp*.*      (buck brush, wild lilac)      Occasional

  *Ceanothus              blueblossom                   Occasional
  thyrsiflorus*                                         

  *Ceanothus tomentosus*  woolyleaf ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus velutinus*   Hooker\'s ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus velutinus*   snowbrush ceanothus           Occasional

  *Ceanothus verrucosus*  barranca brush                Occasional

  *Cedrus* spp*.*         (cedar)                       

  *Centranthus*           centranthus                   Occasional

  *Centranthus ruber*     red valerian                  Occasional

  *Ceratostigma* spp*.*   (Chinese plumbago)            Occasional

  *Cestrum*               jessamine                     

  *Cestrum elegans*       Cestrum                       

  *Cestrum fasciculatum*  early jessamine               

  *Cestrum nocturnum*     night jessamine               

  *Cestrum parqui*        Chilean jessamine             

  *Chaenomeles* spp*.*    Flowering Quince              Very Common

  *Chamaecyparis*         cedar                         Occasional

  *Chamaecyparis          Port Orford cedar             Occasional
  lawsoniana*                                           

  *Chamaecyparis* spp*.*  (false cypress, Port Orford   Occasional
                          cedar)                        

  *Chenopodium*           goosefoot                     Occasional

  *Chenopodium album*     lambsquarters                 Occasional

  *Chenopodium album*     lateflowering goosefoot       Occasional

  *Chenopodium album*     Missouri lambsquarters        Occasional

  *Chenopodium album*     Stevens\' lambsquarters       Occasional

  *Chenopodium            Mexican tea                   Occasional
  ambrosioides*                                         

  *Chenopodium            pinyon goosefoot              Occasional
  atrovirens*                                           

  *Chenopodium            pitseed goosefoot             Occasional
  berlandieri*                                          

  *Chenopodium            pitseed goosefoot             Occasional
  berlandieri*                                          

  *Chenopodium            Zschack\'s goosefoot          Occasional
  berlandieri*                                          

  *Chenopodium botrys*    Jerusalem oak goosefoot       Occasional

  *Chenopodium            California goosefoot          Occasional
  californicum*                                         

  *Chenopodium capitatum* blite goosefoot               Occasional

  *Chenopodium            ridged goosefoot              Occasional
  carnosulum*                                           

  *Chenopodium            low goosefoot                 Occasional
  chenopodioides*                                       

  *Chenopodium            aridland goosefoot            Occasional
  desiccatum*                                           

  *Chenopodium foliosum*  leafy goosefoot               Occasional

  *Chenopodium fremontii* Fremont\'s goosefoot          Occasional

  *Chenopodium hians*     hians goosefoot               Occasional

  *Chenopodium humile*    marshland goosefoot           Occasional

  *Chenopodium incanum*   mealy goosefoot               Occasional

  *Chenopodium            narrowleaf goosefoot          Occasional
  leptophyllum*                                         

  *Chenopodium            largeseed goosefoot           Occasional
  macrospermum*                                         

  *Chenopodium            saltloving goosefoot          Occasional
  macrospermum*                                         

  *Chenopodium            cutleaf goosefoot             Occasional
  multifidum*                                           

  *Chenopodium murale*    nettleleaf goosefoot          Occasional

  *Chenopodium nevadense* Nevada goosefoot              Occasional

  *Chenopodium            seaport goosefoot             Occasional
  opulifolium*                                          

  *Chenopodium overi*     Over\'s goosefoot             Occasional

  *Chenopodium            manyseed goosefoot            Occasional
  polyspermum*                                          

  *Chenopodium            desert goosefoot              Occasional
  pratericola*                                          

  *Chenopodium pumilio*   clammy goosefoot              Occasional

  *Chenopodium rubrum*    red goosefoot                 Occasional

  *Chenopodium salinum*   Rocky Mountain goosefoot      Occasional

  *Chenopodium simplex*   mapleleaf goosefoot           Occasional

  *Chenopodium* spp*.*    (fat-hen. lamb's quarters)    Occasional

  *Chenopodium vulvaria*  stinking goosefoot            Occasional

  *Chenopodium watsonii*  Watson\'s goosefoot           Occasional

  *Chimonanthus* spp*.*   (Japanese allspice,           Occasional
                          wintersweet)                  

  *Choisya* spp*.*        (Mexican orange)              Common

  *Choisya ternata*       Mexican Orange                Common

  *Chrysanthemum*         daisy                         Common

  *Chrysanthemum          florist\'s daisy              Common
  ×morifolium*                                          

  *Chrysanthemum maxium*  Shasta Daisy                  Common

  *Chrysanthemum* spp*.*  (chrysanthemums)              Common

  *Chrysanthemum x*       morifolium (florist mums)     Common

  *Cirsium*               thistle                       Common

  *Cirsium andersonii*    rose thistle                  Common

  *Cirsium andrewsii*     Franciscan thistle            Common

  *Cirsium arizonicum*    Arizona thistle               Common

  *Cirsium arvense*       Canada thistle                Common

  *Cirsium brevistylum*   clustered thistle             Common

  *Cirsium canescens*                                   Common

  *Cirsium canovirens*    graygreen thistle             Common

  *Cirsium ciliolatum*    Ashland thistle               Common

  *Cirsium crassicaule*   slough thistle                Common

  *Cirsium cymosum*       peregrine thistle             Common

  *Cirsium douglasii*     Douglas\' thistle             Common

  *Cirsium fontinale*     Chorro Creek Bog thistle      Common

  *Cirsium fontinale*     fountain thistle              Common

  *Cirsium fontinale*     Mt Hamilton thistle           Common

  *Cirsium hydrophilum*   Suisun thistle                Common

  *Cirsium hydrophilum*   Suisun thistle                Common

  *Cirsium hydrophilum*   Vasey\'s thistle              Common

  *Cirsium inamoenum*                                   Common

  *Cirsium loncholepis*   la graciosa thistle           Common

  *Cirsium mohavense*     Mojave thistle                Common

  *Cirsium neomexicanum*  New Mexico thistle            Common

  *Cirsium occidentale*   cobwebby thistle              Common

  *Cirsium occidentale*   compact cobwebby thistle      Common

  *Cirsium occidentale*   snowy thistle                 Common

  *Cirsium ochrocentrum*  yellowspine thistle           Common

  *Cirsium praeteriens*   Palo Alto thistle             Common

  *Cirsium quercetorum*   Alameda County thistle        Common

  *Cirsium remotifolium*  fewleaf thistle               Common

  *Cirsium rhothophilum*  surf thistle                  Common

  *Cirsium scabrum*       rough thistle                 Common

  *Cirsium scariosum*     meadow thistle                Common

  *Cirsium* spp*.*        (Arizona thistle, bull        Common
                          thistle, Canada thistle)      

  *Cirsium subniveum*     Jackson Hole thistle          Common

  *Cirsium undulatum*     wavyleaf thistle              Common

  *Cirsium vulgare*       bull thistle                  Common

  *Citrus Limon*          Lemon                         Common

  *Citrus paradisiaca*    Grapfruit                     Common

  *Citrus sinensis*       Washington Navel              Common

  *Citrus* spp*.*         Citrus                        Common

  *Clematis*              leather flower                Common

  *Clematis drummondii*                                 Common

  *Clematis lasiantha*    pipestem clematis             Common

  *Clematis               California clematis           Common
  ligusticifolia*                                       

  *Clematis               western white clematis        Common
  ligusticifolia*                                       

  *Clematis pauciflora*   ropevine clematis             Common

  *Clematis* spp*.*       (clematis, virgin's bower,    Common
                          lather flower, vase vine)     

  *Clematis terniflora*   sweet autumn virginsbower     Common

  *Clematis vitalba*      evergreen clematis            Common

  *Clerodendron* spp*.*                                 

  *Clethra* spp*.*        (white alder, summer-sweet)   Occasional

  *Clianthus* spp*.*      (desert pea, glory pea,       Very Common
                          parrot's-beak)                

  *Convolvulus*           bindweed                      Occasional

  *Convolvulus            mallow bindweed               Occasional
  althaeoides*                                          

  *Convolvulus arvensis*  field bindweed                Occasional

  *Convolvulus equitans*  Texas bindweed                Occasional

  *Convolvulus* spp*.*    (field bindweed, dwarf        Occasional
                          morning-glory)                

  *Convolvulus tricolor*  dwarf morning-glory           Occasional

  *Conyza*                horseweed                     Common

  *Conyza bonariensis*    asthmaweed                    Common

  *Conyza canadensis*     Canadian horseweed            Common

  *Conyza floribunda*     asthmaweed                    Common

  *Conyza* spp*.*         (fleabane, horsethistle)      Common

  *Coprosma*              mirrorplant                   

  *Coprosma repens*       creeping mirrorplant          

  *Coprosma* spp*.*                                     

  *Cordyline*             cordyline                     Occasional

  *Cordyline australis*   cabbage tree                  Occasional

  *Cordyline* spp*.*      (cabbage tree, dracaena,      Occasional
                          good-luck plant)              

  *Coriaria* spp*.*       (tanner's tree)               Occasional

  *Cornus*                dogwood                       

  *Cornus canadensis*                                   

  *Cornus glabrata*       brown dogwood                 

  *Cornus nuttallii*      Pacific dogwood               

  *Cornus sericea*        redosier dogwood              

  *Cornus sericea*        western dogwood               

  *Cornus sessilis*       blackfruit dogwood            

  *Cornus unalaschkensis* western cordilleran           
                          bunchberry                    

  *Correa* spp*.*         Carmine Bells                 Common

  *Cotoneaster*           cotoneaster                   Very Common

  *Cotoneaster            orange cotoneaster            Very Common
  franchetii*                                           

  *Cotoneaster lacteus*   milkflower cotoneaster        Very Common

  *Cotoneaster pannosus*  silverleaf cotoneaster        Very Common

  *Cotoneaster* spp*.*    Cotoneaster                   Very Common

  *Crataegus*             hawthorn                      Very Common

  *Crataegus douglasii*   black hawthorn                Very Common

  *Crataegus monogyna*    oneseed hawthorn              Very Common

  *Crataegus* spp*.*      (hawthorn)                    Very Common

  *Crataegus suksdorfii*  Suksdorf\'s hawthorn          Very Common

  *Crocosmia*             crocosmia                     Common

  *Crocosmia              montbretia                    Common
  ×crocosmiiflora*                                      

  *Crocosmia* spp*.*      (montbretia)                  Common

  *Cryptomeria* spp*.*    (Japanese cedar)              

  *Cryptostemma* spp*.*   (capeweed)                    Common

  *Cucumis*               melon                         

  *Cucumis anguria*       West Indian gherkin           

  *Cucumis melo*          cantaloupe                    

  *Cucumis myriocarpus*   gooseberry gourd              

  *Cucumis* spp*.*        (cantaloupe, cucumber, melon, 
                          muskmelon)                    

  *Cucurbita*             gourd                         Occasional

  *Cucurbita digitata*    fingerleaf gourd              Occasional

  *Cucurbita ficifolia*   figleaf gourd                 Occasional

  *Cucurbita              Missouri gourd                Occasional
  foetidissima*                                         

  *Cucurbita palmata*     coyote gourd                  Occasional

  *Cucurbita pepo*        field pumpkin                 Occasional

  *Cucurbita pepo*                                      Occasional

  *Cucurbita* spp*.*      (gourds, pumpkins, squashes)  Occasional

  *Cupressus*             cypress                       Occasional

  *Cupressus abramsiana*  Santa Cruz Island cypress     Occasional

  *Cupressus arizonica*   Arizona cypress               Occasional

  *Cupressus arizonica*   Arizona cypress               Occasional

  *Cupressus arizonica*   Cuyamaca cypress              Occasional

  *Cupressus arizonica*   Paiute cypress                Occasional

  *Cupressus bakeri*      Modoc cypress                 Occasional

  *Cupressus forbesii*    tecate cypress                Occasional

  *Cupressus goveniana*   Gowen cypress                 Occasional

  *Cupressus goveniana*   Gowen cypress                 Occasional

  *Cupressus goveniana*   pygmy cypress                 Occasional

  *Cupressus                                            Occasional
  guadalupensis*                                        

  *Cupressus macnabiana*  MacNab\'s cypress             Occasional

  *Cupressus macrocarpa*  Monterey cypress              Occasional

  *Cupressus              Alaska cedar                  Occasional
  nootkatensis*                                         

  *Cupressus sargentii*   Sargent\'s cypress            Occasional

  *Cupressus* spp*.*      (cypress)                     Occasional

  *Cydonia*               cydonia                       Very Common

  *Cydonia oblonga*       quince                        Very Common

  *Cydonia* spp*.*        (quince)                      Very Common

  *Cyphomandra* spp*.*    (tamarillo, tree tomato,      
                          tomato tree)                  

  *Cytisus*               broom                         Very Common

  *Cytisus ×dallimorei*                                 Very Common

  *Cytisus multiflorus*   white spanishbroom            Very Common

  *Cytisus scoparius*     Scotch broom                  Very Common

  *Cytisus* spp*.*        (genista, Scotch broom,       Very Common
                          Spanish broom, white Spanish) 

  *Cytisus striatus*      striated broom                Very Common

  *Dahlia* spp*.*         (dahlia)                      Common

  *Datura*                jimsonweed                    Occasional

  *Datura discolor*       desert thorn-apple            Occasional

  *Datura inoxia*         pricklyburr                   Occasional

  *Datura quercifolia*    Chinese thorn-apple           Occasional

  *Datura* spp*.*         (angel's trumpet, Jimson      Occasional
                          weed, thorn apple)            

  *Datura stramonium*     jimsonweed                    Occasional

  *Datura wrightii*       sacred thorn-apple            Occasional

  *Daucus*                wild carrot                   Occasional

  *Daucus carota*         Queen Anne\'s lace            Occasional

  *Daucus pusillus*       American wild carrot          Occasional

  *Daucus* spp*.*         (carrot, Queen Anne's lace)   Occasional

  *Dendromecon*           tree poppy                    

  *Dendromecon            Bush Poppy                    
  californica*                                          

  *Dendromecon harfordii* Harford\'s tree poppy         

  *Dendromecon rigida*    tree poppy                    

  *Deutzia* spp*.*        Deutzia                       Occasional

  *Diospyros*             diospyros                     Occasional

  *Diospyros* spp*.*      (ebony, persimmon)            Occasional

  *Diospyros virginiana*  common persimmon              Occasional

  *Dodonaea*              dodonaea                      Occasional

  *Dodonaea* spp*.*       ((hop bush, hopseed bush)     Occasional

  *Dodonaea viscosa*      Florida hopbush               Occasional

  *Duchesnea*             duchesnea                     Very Common

  *Duchesnea indica*      Indian strawberry             Very Common

  *Elaeagnus*             elaeagnus                     

  *Elaeagnus              Russian olive                 
  angustifolia*                                         

  *Elaeagnus pungens*     Silberberry                   

  *Epilobium*             willowherb                    

  *Epilobium              pimpernel willowherb          
  anagallidifolium*                                     

  *Epilobium              tall annual willowherb        
  brachycarpum*                                         

  *Epilobium canum*       hummingbird trumpet           

  *Epilobium ciliatum*    fringed willowherb            

  *Epilobium ciliatum*    fringed willowherb            

  *Epilobium ciliatum*    fringed willowherb            

  *Epilobium clavatum*    talus willowherb              

  *Epilobium              selfing willowherb            
  cleistogamum*                                         

  *Epilobium densiflorum* denseflower willowherb        

  *Epilobium foliosum*    California willowherb         

  *Epilobium glaberrimum* glaucus willowherb            

  *Epilobium halleanum*   glandular willowherb          

  *Epilobium hornemannii* Hornemann\'s willowherb       

  *Epilobium hornemannii* Hornemann\'s willowherb       

  *Epilobium howellii*    Yuba Pass willowherb          

  *Epilobium lactiflorum* milkflower willowherb         

  *Epilobium              bog willowherb                
  leptophyllum*                                         

  *Epilobium luteum*      yellow willowherb             

  *Epilobium minutum*     chaparral willowherb          

  *Epilobium nivium*      Snow Mountain willowherb      

  *Epilobium obcordatum*  rockfringe                    

  *Epilobium oreganum*    Grants Pass willowherb        

  *Epilobium oregonense*  Oregon willowherb             

  *Epilobium pallidum*    largeflower spike-primrose    

  *Epilobium palustre*    marsh willowherb              

  *Epilobium pygmaeum*    smooth spike-primrose         

  *Epilobium rigidum*     stiff willowherb              

  *Epilobium              Rocky Mountain willowherb     
  saximontanum*                                         

  *Epilobium              northern willowherb           
  septentrionale*                                       

  *Epilobium              Siskiyou willowherb           
  siskiyouense*                                         

  *Epilobium* spp*.*      (fireweed)                    

  *Epilobium torreyi*     Torrey\'s willowherb          

  *Erica*                 heath                         Common

  *Erica lusitanica*      Spanish heath                 Common

  *Erica* spp*.*          (heath, heather)              Common

  *Eriobotrya*            loquat                        Very Common

  *Eriobotrya japonica*   loquat                        Very Common

  *Eriobotrya* spp*.*     (loquat)                      Very Common

  *Eriostemon* spp*.*     (pink star, wax flower)       Common

  *Erodium*               stork\'s bill                 Occasional

  *Erodium botrys*        longbeak stork\'s bill        Occasional

  *Erodium brachycarpum*  shortfruit stork\'s bill      Occasional

  *Erodium cicutarium*    redstem stork\'s bill         Occasional

  *Erodium cygnorum*      Australian stork\'s bill      Occasional

  *Erodium macrophyllum*  California stork\'s bill      Occasional

  *Erodium macrophyllum*  roundleaf stork\'s bill       Occasional

  *Erodium malacoides*    Mediterranean stork\'s bill   Occasional

  *Erodium moschatum*     musky stork\'s bill           Occasional

  *Erodium* spp*.*        (cranesbill, filaree)         Occasional

  *Erodium texanum*       Texas stork\'s bill           Occasional

  *Escallonia*            redclaws                      Occasional

  *Escallonia compacta*   Escallonia                    Occasional

  *Escallonia rubra*      redclaws                      Occasional

  *Escallonia* spp*.*                                   Occasional

  *Eucalyptus*            gum                           Primary

  *Eucalyptus                                           Primary
  ×mortoniana*                                          

  *Eucalyptus             river redgum                  Primary
  camaldulensis*                                        

  *Eucalyptus cladocalyx* sugargum                      Primary

  *Eucalyptus globulus*   Tasmanian bluegum             Primary

  *Eucalyptus             redbox                        Primary
  polyanthemos*                                         

  *Eucalyptus             silverleaf mountain gum       Primary
  pulverulenta*                                         

  *Eucalyptus             red ironbark                  Primary
  sideroxylon*                                          

  *Eucalyptus* spp*.*     (eucalyptus, gum trees)       Primary

  *Eucalyptus             forest redgum                 Primary
  tereticornis*                                         

  *Eucalyptus torquata*   coral gum                     Primary

  *Eucalyptus viminalis*  manna gum                     Primary

  *Eugenia*               stopper                       Occasional

  *Eugenia apiculata*     shortleaf stopper             Occasional

  *Eugenia* spp*.*        (cherry of the Rio Grande,    Occasional
                          Lilly Pilly, Surinam cherry)  

  *Euonymus*              spindletree                   Occasional

  *Euonymus occidentale*  western burning bush          Occasional

  *Euonymus occidentalis*                               Occasional

  *Euonymus* spp*.*       (euonymus, spindle tree)      Occasional

  *Euphorbia*             spurge                        

  *Euphorbia characias*   Albanian spurge               

  *Euphorbia crenulata*   Chinese caps                  

  *Euphorbia cyathophora* fire on the mountain          

  *Euphorbia cyparissias* cypress spurge                

  *Euphorbia davidii*     David\'s spurge               

  *Euphorbia dendroides*  tree spurge                   

  *Euphorbia dentata*     toothed spurge                

  *Euphorbia eriantha*    beetle spurge                 

  *Euphorbia esula*       leafy spurge                  

  *Euphorbia exigua*      dwarf spurge                  

  *Euphorbia exstipulata* squareseed spurge             

  *Euphorbia helioscopia* madwoman\'s milk              

  *Euphorbia              Mexican fireplant             
  heterophylla*                                         

  *Euphorbia lathyris*    moleplant                     

  *Euphorbia marginata*   snow on the mountain          

  *Euphorbia misera*      cliff spurge                  

  *Euphorbia myrsinites*  myrtle spurge                 

  *Euphorbia oblongata*   eggleaf spurge                

  *Euphorbia palmeri*     woodland spurge               

  *Euphorbia peplus*      petty spurge                  

  *Euphorbia rigida*      upright myrtle spurge         

  *Euphorbia schizoloba*  Mojave spurge                 

  *Euphorbia serrata*     serrate spurge                

  *Euphorbia spathulata*  warty spurge                  

  *Euphorbia* spp*.*      (euphorbia, spurges)          

  *Euphorbia terracina*   Geraldton carnation weed      

  *Euphorbia tirucalli*   Indiantree spurge             

  *Fagus* spp*.*          (beech)                       Occasional

  *Feijoa sellowiana*     Pineapple Guava               Primary

  *Feijoa* spp*.*         (feijoa, pineapple guava)     Primary

  *Ficus*                 fig                           Occasional

  *Ficus carica*          edible fig                    Occasional

  *Ficus palmata*         Punjab fig                    Occasional

  *Ficus rubiginosa*      Port Jackson fig              Occasional

  *Ficus* spp*.*          Climbing Fig                  Occasional

  *Forsythia* spp*.*      (forsythias)                  Occasional

  *Fortunella*            kumquat                       Common

  *Fortunella japonica*   round kumquat                 Common

  *Fortunella* spp*.*     (kumquats)                    Common

  *Fragaria*              strawberry                    Very Common

  *Fragaria ×ananassa*                                  Very Common

  *Fragaria                                             Very Common
  ×bringhurstii*                                        

  *Fragaria chiloensis*   beach strawberry              Very Common

  *Fragaria chiloensis*   Pacific beach strawberry      Very Common

  *Fragaria* spp*.*       (strawberry)                  Very Common

  *Fragaria vesca*        California strawberry         Very Common

  *Fragaria vesca*        woodland strawberry           Very Common

  *Fragaria virginiana*   Virginia strawberry           Very Common

  *Fraxinus*              ash                           

  *Fraxinus anomala*      singleleaf ash                

  *Fraxinus dipetala*     California ash                

  *Fraxinus latifolia*    Oregon ash                    

  *Fraxinus* spp*.*       (ash)                         

  *Fraxinus uhdei*        shamel ash                    

  *Fraxinus velutina*     velvet ash                    

  *Fuchsia*               fuchsia                       Occasional

  *Fuchsia boliviana*     Bolivian fuchsia              Occasional

  *Fuchsia hybrida*       hybrid fuchsia                Occasional

  *Fuchsia magellanica*   hardy fuchsia                 Occasional

  *Fuchsia paniculata*    shrubby fuchsia               Occasional

  *Fuchsia* spp*.*        Fuchsia                       Occasional

  *Fumaria*               fumitory                      

  *Fumaria capreolata*    white ramping fumitory        

  *Fumaria officinalis*   drug fumitory                 

  *Fumaria parviflora*    fineleaf fumitory             

  *Fumaria* spp*.*        (fumitory)                    

  *Garrya*                silktassel                    Occasional

  *Garrya buxifolia*      dwarf silktassel              Occasional

  *Garrya congdonii*      chaparral silktassel          Occasional

  *Garrya elliptica*      wavyleaf silktassel           Occasional

  *Garrya flavescens*     ashy silktassel               Occasional

  *Garrya fremontii*      bearbrush                     Occasional

  *Garrya* spp*.*         (silk-tassel)                 Occasional

  *Garrya veatchii*       canyon silktassel             Occasional

  *Gelsemium* spp*.*      (Carolina jessamine)          Occasional

  *Genista*               broom                         Very Common

  *Genista aetnensis*     Mt. Etna broom                Very Common

  *Genista canariensis*   Canary broom                  Very Common

  *Genista linifolia*     Mediterranean broom           Very Common

  *Genista maderensis*    Madeira Dyer\'s greenweed     Very Common

  *Genista monspessulana* French broom                  Very Common

  *Genista* spp*.*        (brooms)                      Very Common

  *Genista stenopetala*   leafy broom                   Very Common

  *Geranium*              geranium                      Occasional

  *Geranium bicknellii*   Bicknell\'s cranesbill        Occasional

  *Geranium californicum* California cranesbill         Occasional

  *Geranium carolinianum* Carolina geranium             Occasional

  *Geranium carolinianum* Carolina geranium             Occasional

  *Geranium carolinianum* Carolina geranium             Occasional

  *Geranium columbinum*   longstalk cranesbill          Occasional

  *Geranium dissectum*    cutleaf geranium              Occasional

  *Geranium homeanum*     Australasian geranium         Occasional

  *Geranium lucidum*      shining geranium              Occasional

  *Geranium molle*        dovefoot geranium             Occasional

  *Geranium nervosum*                                   Occasional

  *Geranium oreganum*     Oregon geranium               Occasional

  *Geranium palmatum*     Canary Island geranium        Occasional

  *Geranium               cinquefoil geranium           Occasional
  potentilloides*                                       

  *Geranium pusillum*     small geranium                Occasional

  *Geranium pyrenaicum*   hedgerow geranium             Occasional

  *Geranium retrorsum*    New Zealand geranium          Occasional

  *Geranium richardsonii* Richardson\'s geranium        Occasional

  *Geranium robertianum*                                Occasional

  *Geranium robertianum*  Robert geranium               Occasional

  *Geranium robertianum*  Robert geranium               Occasional

  *Geranium               roundleaf geranium            Occasional
  rotundifolium*                                        

  *Geranium sibiricum*    Siberian geranium             Occasional

  *Geranium solanderi*    Solander\'s geranium          Occasional

  *Geranium* spp*.*       (cranesbill)                  Occasional

  *Geranium texanum*      Texas geranium                Occasional

  *Geranium               sticky purple geranium        Occasional
  viscosissimum*                                        

  *Gerbera* spp*.*        (Transvaal daisy)             Common

  *Gomphocarpus* spp*.*   (cotton bush, hairy balls,    Occasional
                          wild cotton)                  

  *Grevillea* spp*.*      (hummingbird bush,            Occasional
                          grevilleas, silky-oak)        

  *Gypsophila*            baby\'s-breath                

  *Gypsophila elegans*    showy baby\'s-breath          

  *Gypsophila paniculata* baby\'s breath                

  *Gypsophila             garden baby\'s-breath         
  scorzonerifolia*                                      

  *Gypsophila* spp*.*     (baby's-breath)               

  *Hakea* spp*.*          (pincushion tree)             Occasional

  *Haloragis*             seaberry                      Occasional

  *Haloragis erecta*      erect seaberry                Occasional

  *Haloragis* spp*.*      (erect seaberry, seaberry)    Occasional

  *Hardenbergia* spp*.*   (coral pea, lilac vine)Hebe   Very Common
                          spp. (hebe)                   

  *Hebe*                  hebe                          Occasional

  *Hebe ×franciscana*                                   Occasional

  *Hebe speciosa*         New Zealand hebe              Occasional

  *Hedera*                ivy                           Occasional

  *Hedera canariensis*    Canary ivy                    Occasional

  *Hedera helix*          English ivy                   Occasional

  *Hedera* spp*.*         (ivy)                         Occasional

  *Helianthus*            sunflower                     Common

  *Helianthus annuus*     common sunflower              Common

  *Helianthus bolanderi*  serpentine sunflower          Common

  *Helianthus             California sunflower          Common
  californicus*                                         

  *Helianthus ciliaris*   Texas blueweed                Common

  *Helianthus cusickii*   Cusick\'s sunflower           Common

  *Helianthus             slender sunflower             Common
  gracilentus*                                          

  *Helianthus             Maximilian sunflower          Common
  maximiliani*                                          

  *Helianthus niveus*     Algodones sunflower           Common

  *Helianthus niveus*     showy sunflower               Common

  *Helianthus nuttallii*  Nuttall\'s sunflower          Common

  *Helianthus nuttallii*  Parish\'s sunflower           Common

  *Helianthus petiolaris* prairie sunflower             Common

  *Helianthus* spp*.*     (Jerusalem artichoke,         Common
                          sunflower)                    

  *Helianthus tuberosus*  Jerusalem artichoke           Common

  *Helichrysum*           strawflower                   Common

  *Helichrysum petiolare* licorice-plant                Common

  *Helichrysum* spp*.*    (curry plant, licorice plant, Common
                          straw flower)                 

  *Heteromeles*           toyon                         

  *Heteromeles                                          
  arbutifolia*                                          

  *Heteromeles                                          
  salicifolia*                                          

  *Hibiscus*              rosemallow                    

  *Hibiscus denudatus*    paleface                      

  *Hibiscus lasiocarpos*  rosemallow                    

  *Hibiscus* spp*.*       Hibiscus                      

  *Hibiscus syriacus*     Hibiscus                      

  *Hibiscus trionum*      flower of an hour             

  *Hoheria*                                             Occasional

  *Hoheria populnea*      lacebark                      Occasional

  *Hoheria* spp*.*        (lacebark)                    Occasional

  *Holcus*                velvetgrass                   Occasional

  *Holcus lanatus*        common velvetgrass            Occasional

  *Holcus mollis*         creeping velvetgrass          Occasional

  *Holcus* spp*.*         (velvet grass)                Occasional

  *Humulus*               hop                           Primary

  *Humulus lupulus*       common hop                    Primary

  *Humulus* spp*.*        (hops)                        Primary

  *Hydrangea quercifolia* Oak Leaf Hydrangea            

  *Hypericum*             St. Johnswort                 Common

  *Hypericum              tinker\'s penny               Common
  anagalloides*                                         

  *Hypericum androsaemum* sweet-amber                   Common

  *Hypericum calycinum*   Aaron\'s beard                Common

  *Hypericum canariense*  Canary Island St. Johnswort   Common

  *Hypericum concinnum*   goldwire                      Common

  *Hypericum hookerianum* Hooker\'s St. Johnswort       Common

  *Hypericum mutilum*     dwarf St. Johnswort           Common

  *Hypericum perforatum*  common St. Johnswort          Common

  *Hypericum scouleri*    Scouler\'s St. Johnswort      Common

  *Hypericum* spp*.*      (Aaron's beard, sweet-amber,  Common
                          St John's wort)               

  *Ilex*                  holly                         Occasional

  *Ilex ×attenuata*       topal holly                   Occasional

  *Ilex aquifolium*       English holly                 Occasional

  *Ilex* spp*.*           (holly)                       Occasional

  *Iris*                  iris                          Occasional

  *Iris bracteata*        Siskiyou iris                 Occasional

  *Iris chrysophylla*     yellowleaf iris               Occasional

  *Iris douglasiana*      Douglas iris                  Occasional

  *Iris fernaldii*        Fernald\'s iris               Occasional

  *Iris foetidissima*     stinking iris                 Occasional

  *Iris germanica*        German iris                   Occasional

  *Iris hartwegii*        rainbow iris                  Occasional

  *Iris innominata*       Del Norte County iris         Occasional

  *Iris longipetala*                                    Occasional

  *Iris macrosiphon*      bowltube iris                 Occasional

  *Iris missouriensis*    Rocky Mountain iris           Occasional

  *Iris munzii*           Munz\'s iris                  Occasional

  *Iris orientalis*       yellowband iris               Occasional

  *Iris pseudacorus*      paleyellow iris               Occasional

  *Iris purdyi*           Purdy\'s iris                 Occasional

  *Iris sibirica*         Siberian iris                 Occasional

  *Iris* spp*.*           (iris)                        Occasional

  *Iris spuria*           seashore iris                 Occasional

  *Iris tenax*            Klamath iris                  Occasional

  *Iris tenax*            toughleaf iris                Occasional

  *Iris tenuissima*       longtube iris                 Occasional

  *Iris thompsonii*       Thompson\'s iris              Occasional

  *Jasminum* spp*.*       (jasmine)                     Occasional

  *Juglans*               walnut                        Occasional

  *Juglans californica*   Southern California walnut    Occasional

  *Juglans hindsii*       Northern California walnut    Occasional

  *Juglans regia*         English walnut                Occasional

  *Juglans* spp*.*        (California black walnut,     Occasional
                          butternut, English walnut)    

  *Juncus*                rush                          

  *Juncus acuminatus*     tapertip rush                 

  *Juncus acutus*         Leopold\'s rush               

  *Juncus acutus*         spiny rush                    

  *Juncus ambiguus*       seasice rush                  

  *Juncus arcticus*       Baltic rush                   

  *Juncus articulatus*    jointleaf rush                

  *Juncus balticus*                                     

  *Juncus bolanderi*      Bolander\'s rush              

  *Juncus brachyphyllus*  tuftedstem rush               

  *Juncus breweri*        Brewer\'s rush                

  *Juncus bryoides*       moss rush                     

  *Juncus bufonius*       toad rush                     

  *Juncus capillaris*     hairystem dwarf rush          

  *Juncus capitatus*      leafybract dwarf rush         

  *Juncus chlorocephalus* greenhead rush                

  *Juncus confusus*       Colorado rush                 

  *Juncus cooperi*        Cooper\'s rush                

  *Juncus covillei*       Coville\'s rush               

  *Juncus cyperoides*     Forbestown rush               

  *Juncus diffusissimus*  slimpod rush                  

  *Juncus drummondii*     Drummond\'s rush              

  *Juncus drummondii*     threeflower rush              

  *Juncus dubius*         dubius rush                   

  *Juncus dudleyi*        Dudley\'s rush                

  *Juncus duranii*        Duran\'s rush                 

  *Juncus effusus*        common rush                   

  *Juncus effusus*        lamp rush                     

  *Juncus effusus*        Pacific rush                  

  *Juncus ensifolius*     swordleaf rush                

  *Juncus falcatus*       falcate rush                  

  *Juncus hemiendytus*    Herman\'s dwarf rush          

  *Juncus hemiendytus*    Herman\'s dwarf rush          

  *Juncus howellii*       Howell\'s rush                

  *Juncus kelloggii*      Kellogg\'s dwarf rush         

  *Juncus leiospermus*    Ahart\'s dwarf rush           

  *Juncus leiospermus*    Red Bluff dwarf rush          

  *Juncus lesueurii*      salt rush                     

  *Juncus longistylis*    longstyle rush                

  *Juncus luciensis*      Santa Lucia dwarf rush        

  *Juncus macrandrus*     longanther rush               

  *Juncus macrophyllus*   longleaf rush                 

  *Juncus marginatus*     grassleaf rush                

  *Juncus mertensianus*   Mertens\' rush                

  *Juncus mexicanus*      Mexican rush                  

  *Juncus nevadensis*     Sierra rush                   

  *Juncus nodatus*        stout rush                    

  *Juncus nodosus*        knotted rush                  

  *Juncus occidentalis*   western rush                  

  *Juncus orthophyllus*   straightleaf rush             

  *Juncus oxymeris*       pointed rush                  

  *Juncus parryi*         Parry\'s rush                 

  *Juncus patens*         spreading rush                

  *Juncus phaeocephalus*  brownhead rush                

  *Juncus regelii*        Regel\'s rush                 

  *Juncus rugulosus*      wrinkled rush                 

  *Juncus saximontanus*   Rocky Mountain rush           

  *Juncus* spp*.*         (rush)                        

  *Juncus supiniformis*   hairyleaf rush                

  *Juncus tenuis*         poverty rush                  

  *Juncus textilis*       basket rush                   

  *Juncus tiehmii*        Nevada rush                   

  *Juncus torreyi*        Torrey\'s rush                

  *Juncus triformis*      Yosemite dwarf rush           

  *Juncus uncialis*       twelfth rush                  

  *Juncus xiphioides*     irisleaf rush                 

  *Kerria* spp*.*         (Japanese kerria)             Very Common

  *Kunzea* spp*.*         (Burgan)                      

  *Laburnum*              golden chain tree             Very Common

  *Laburnum anagyroides*  golden chain tree             Very Common

  *Laburnum* spp*.*       (bean treegolden-chain)       Very Common

  *Lagerstroemia indica*  Crape Myrtle                  

  *Lagunaria* spp*.*      (cow itch tree, Hercules'     
                          club, white field gourd)      

  *Lantana*               lantana                       Occasional

  *Lantana camara*        lantana                       Occasional

  *Lantana montevidensis* trailing shrubverbena         Occasional

  *Lantana* spp*.*        Lantana                       Occasional

  *Lantana urticoides*    West Indian shrubverbena      Occasional

  *Lathyrus*              pea                           Very Common

  *Lathyrus angulatus*    angled pea                    Very Common

  *Lathyrus aphaca*       yellow pea                    Very Common

  *Lathyrus biflorus*     twoflower pea                 Very Common

  *Lathyrus bijugatus*    drypark pea                   Very Common

  *Lathyrus cicera*       red pea                       Very Common

  *Lathyrus delnorticus*  Del Norte pea                 Very Common

  *Lathyrus glandulosus*  redwood pea                   Very Common

  *Lathyrus hirsutus*     Caley pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus               Bullfrog Mountain pea         Very Common
  hitchcockianus*                                       

  *Lathyrus japonicus*    beach pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus japonicus*    beach pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus jepsonii*     California pea                Very Common

  *Lathyrus jepsonii*     Delta tule pea                Very Common

  *Lathyrus lanszwertii*  Brown\'s pea                  Very Common

  *Lathyrus lanszwertii*  Lanszwert\'s pea              Very Common

  *Lathyrus lanszwertii*  Nevada pea                    Very Common

  *Lathyrus lanszwertii*  Tracy\'s pea                  Very Common

  *Lathyrus latifolius*   perennial pea                 Very Common

  *Lathyrus littoralis*   silky beach pea               Very Common

  *Lathyrus nevadensis*   Sierra pea                    Very Common

  *Lathyrus odoratus*     sweetpea                      Very Common

  *Lathyrus palustris*    marsh pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus polyphyllus*  leafy pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus rigidus*      stiff pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus sativus*      white pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus sphaericus*   grass pea                     Very Common

  *Lathyrus splendens*    pride of California           Very Common

  *Lathyrus* spp*.*       (sweet pea)                   Very Common

  *Lathyrus sulphureus*   snub pea                      Very Common

  *Lathyrus tingitanus*   Tangier pea                   Very Common

  *Lathyrus torreyi*      Torrey\'s pea                 Very Common

  *Lathyrus vestitus*     Alefeld\'s pea                Very Common

  *Lathyrus vestitus*     Bolander\'s pea               Very Common

  *Lathyrus vestitus*     Pacific pea                   Very Common

  *Laurus*                laurel                        Occasional

  *Laurus nobilis*        Sweet Bay                     Occasional

  *Laurus nobilis*        Sweet Bay                     Occasional

  *Laurus* spp*.*         (Grecian laurel, sweet bay)   Occasional

  *Lavandula*             lavender                      

  *Lavandula* spp*.*                                    

  *Lavandula stoechas*    French lavender               

  *Leptospermum*          teatree                       Occasional

  *Leptospermum           Australian teatree            Occasional
  laevigatum*                                           

  *Leptospermum* spp*.*   (tea trees)                   Occasional

  *Leucadendron* spp*.*                                 

  *Ligustrum*             privet                        Primary

  *Ligustrum lucidum*                                   Primary

  *Ligustrum ovalifolium* California privet             Primary

  *Ligustrum* spp*.*      (privet)                      Primary

  *Lilium*                lily                          Occasional

  *Lilium bolanderi*      Bolander\'s lily              Occasional

  *Lilium columbianum*    Columbia lily                 Occasional

  *Lilium humboldtii*     Humboldt lily                 Occasional

  *Lilium humboldtii*     Humboldt\'s lily              Occasional

  *Lilium kelleyanum*     Kelley\'s lily                Occasional

  *Lilium kelloggii*      Kellogg\'s lily               Occasional

  *Lilium maritimum*      coast lily                    Occasional

  *Lilium occidentale*    western lily                  Occasional

  *Lilium pardalinum*     leopard lily                  Occasional

  *Lilium pardalinum*     Pitkin Marsh lily             Occasional

  *Lilium pardalinum*     Shasta lily                   Occasional

  *Lilium pardalinum*     Vollmer\'s lily               Occasional

  *Lilium pardalinum*     Wiggins\' lily                Occasional

  *Lilium parryi*         lemon lily                    Occasional

  *Lilium parvum*         Sierra tiger lily             Occasional

  *Lilium rubescens*      redwood lily                  Occasional

  *Lilium* spp*.*         (lilies)                      Occasional

  *Lilium                 Cascade lily                  Occasional
  washingtonianum*                                      

  *Lilium                 washington lily               Occasional
  washingtonianum*                                      

  *Lilium                 Washington lily               Occasional
  washingtonianum*                                      

  *Linum*                 flax                          Occasional

  *Linum bienne*          pale flax                     Occasional

  *Linum grandiflorum*    flowering flax                Occasional

  *Linum lewisii*         Lewis flax                    Occasional

  *Linum lewisii*         prairie flax                  Occasional

  *Linum puberulum*       plains flax                   Occasional

  *Linum* spp*.*          (flax)                        Occasional

  *Linum trigynum*        French flax                   Occasional

  *Linum usitatissimum*   common flax                   Occasional

  *Litchi* spp*.*                                       Primary

  *Lomandra* spp*.*       (mat-rush nyalla, tanika)     Common

  *Lonicera*              honeysuckle                   Occasional

  *Lonicera caerulea*     bluefly honeysuckle           Occasional

  *Lonicera caerulea*     sweetberry honeysuckle        Occasional

  *Lonicera ciliosa*      orange honeysuckle            Occasional

  *Lonicera conjugialis*  purpleflower honeysuckle      Occasional

  *Lonicera etrusca*      Etruscan honeysuckle          Occasional

  *Lonicera hispidula*    pink honeysuckle              Occasional

  *Lonicera interrupta*   chaparral honeysuckle         Occasional

  *Lonicera involucrata*  black twinberry               Occasional

  *Lonicera involucrata*  fly honeysuckle               Occasional

  *Lonicera japonica*     Honeysuckle                   Occasional

  *Lonicera japonica*     Honeysuckle                   Occasional

  *Lonicera* spp*.*       (honeysuckles)                Occasional

  *Lonicera subspicata*   Johnston\'s honeysuckle       Occasional

  *Lonicera subspicata*   Santa Barbara honeysuckle     Occasional

  *Lonicera subspicata*   southern honeysuckle          Occasional

  *Lonicera tatarica*     Tatarian honeysuckle          Occasional

  *Loropetalum chinense*  Loropetalum                   

  *Lotus*                 trefoil                       Very Common

  *Lotus aboriginus*      rosy bird\'s-foot trefoil     Very Common

  *Lotus angustissimus*   slender bird\'s-foot trefoil  Very Common

  *Lotus argophyllus*     Fremont\'s birsfoot trefoil   Very Common

  *Lotus argophyllus*     Santa Cruz Island             Very Common
                          silverhosackia                

  *Lotus argophyllus*     Santa Cruz Island             Very Common
                          silverhosackia                

  *Lotus argophyllus*     silver bird\'s-foot trefoil   Very Common

  *Lotus argyraeus*       canyon bird\'s-foot trefoil   Very Common

  *Lotus benthamii*       Bentham\'s broom              Very Common

  *Lotus corniculatus*    bird\'s-foot trefoil          Very Common

  *Lotus crassifolius*    big deervetch                 Very Common

  *Lotus dendroideus*     island broom                  Very Common

  *Lotus dendroideus*     Trask\'s island broom         Very Common

  *Lotus dendroideus*     Veatch\'s island broom        Very Common

  *Lotus denticulatus*    riverbar bird\'s-foot trefoil Very Common

  *Lotus formosissimus*   seaside bird\'s-foot trefoil  Very Common

  *Lotus glaber*          narrow-leaf bird\'s-foot      Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus grandiflorus*    chaparral bird\'s-foot        Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus hamatus*         San Diego bird\'s-foot        Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus haydonii*        rock bird\'s-foot trefoil     Very Common

  *Lotus heermannii*      Heermann\'s bird\'s-foot      Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus humistratus*     foothill deervetch            Very Common

  *Lotus incanus*         woolly bird\'s-foot trefoil   Very Common

  *Lotus junceus*         Biolett\'s rush broom         Very Common

  *Lotus junceus*         rush broom                    Very Common

  *Lotus micranthus*      desert deervetch              Very Common

  *Lotus nevadensis*      Davidson\'s bird\'s-foot      Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus nevadensis*      Douglas\' bird\'s-foot        Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus nevadensis*      Nevada bird\'s-foot trefoil   Very Common

  *Lotus nuttallianus*    wire bird\'s-foot trefoil     Very Common

  *Lotus oblongifolius*   streambank bird\'s-foot       Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus pedunculatus*    big trefoil                   Very Common

  *Lotus pinnatus*        meadow bird\'s-foot trefoil   Very Common

  *Lotus procumbens*      Jepson\'s deerweed            Very Common

  *Lotus procumbens*      silky deerweed                Very Common

  *Lotus rigidus*         shrubby deervetch             Very Common

  *Lotus rubriflorus*     redflower bird\'s-foot        Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus salsuginosus*    coastal bird\'s-foot trefoil  Very Common

  *Lotus scoparius*       common deerweed               Very Common

  *Lotus scoparius*       western bird\'s-foot trefoil  Very Common

  *Lotus* spp*.*          (bird's-foot trefoil,         Very Common
                          parrot's-beak, winged pea)    

  *Lotus stipularis*      balsam bird\'s-foot trefoil   Very Common

  *Lotus stipularis*      Ottley\'s bird\'s-foot        Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Lotus strigosus*       strigose bird\'s-foot trefoil Very Common

  *Lotus unifoliolatus*   American bird\'s-foot trefoil Very Common

  *Lotus wrangelianus*    Chilean bird\'s-foot trefoil  Very Common

  *Lotus yollabolliensis* Yolla Bolly bird\'s-foot      Very Common
                          trefoil                       

  *Luma apiculata*                                      

  *Lupinus*               lupine                        Very Common

  *Lupinus ×alpestris*    Great Basin lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus                                              Very Common
  ×cymba-egressus*                                      

  *Lupinus ×inyoensis*                                  Very Common

  *Lupinus abramsii*      Abrams\' lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus adsurgens*     Drew\'s silky lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus affinis*       fleshy lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus agardhianus*   Agardh lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus albicaulis*    Shasta lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus albicaulis*    sicklekeel lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus albifrons*     Douglas\' silver lupine       Very Common

  *Lupinus albifrons*     silver lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus andersonii*    Anderson\'s lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus angustiflorus* narrowflower lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus antoninus*     Anthony Peak lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus apertus*       summit lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus arboreus*      yellow bush lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus arbustus*      longspur lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus argenteus*     silvery lupine                Very Common

  *Lupinus aridus*        desert lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus arizonicus*    Arizona lupine                Very Common

  *Lupinus benthamii*     spider lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus bicolor*       miniature lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus brevicaulis*   shortstem lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus brevior*       short lupine                  Very Common

  *Lupinus breweri*       Brewer\'s lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus breweri*       matted lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus caespitosus*   stemless dwarf lupine         Very Common

  *Lupinus caespitosus*   Utah lupine                   Very Common

  *Lupinus caudatus*      Kellogg\'s spurred lupine     Very Common

  *Lupinus caudatus*      tailcup lupine                Very Common

  *Lupinus cervinus*      Santa Lucia lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus chamissonis*   chamisso bush lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus citrinus*      orangeflower lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus citrinus*      orangeflower lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus concinnus*     bajada lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus concinnus*     Orcutt\'s lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus confertus*     crowded lupine                Very Common

  *Lupinus congdonii*     Congdon\'s lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus constancei*    lassicus lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus covillei*      shaggy lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus croceus*       Mt. Eddy lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus culbertsonii*  Hoskett Meadows lupine        Very Common

  *Lupinus dalesiae*      Quincy lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus densiflorus*   whitewhorl lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus duranii*       Mono Lake lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus elatus*        tall silky lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus elmeri*        Elmer\'s lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus excubitus*     grape soda lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus excubitus*     Hall\'s bush lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus excubitus*     interior bush lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus excubitus*     mountain bush lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus excubitus*     Mountain Springs bush lupine  Very Common

  *Lupinus eximius*       San Mateo tree lupine         Very Common

  *Lupinus flavoculatus*  yelloweyes                    Very Common

  *Lupinus formosus*      summer lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus fulcratus*     greenstipule lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus gracilentus*   green slender lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus grayi*         Sierra lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus guadalupensis* Guadalupe Island lupine       Very Common

  *Lupinus hirsutissimus* stinging annual lupine        Very Common

  *Lupinus holmgrenianus* Holmgren\'s lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus horizontalis*  sunset lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus hyacinthinus*  San Jacinto lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus lapidicola*    Heller\'s dwarf lupine        Very Common

  *Lupinus latifolius*    broadleaf lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus lepidus*                                     Very Common

  *Lupinus leucophyllus*  velvet lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus littoralis*    seashore lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus longifolius*   longleaf bush lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus ludovicianus*  San Luis lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus luteolus*      pale yellow lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus lyallii*       dwarf mountain lupine         Very Common

  *Lupinus magnificus*    Panamint Mountain lupine      Very Common

  *Lupinus meionanthus*   Lake Tahoe lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus microcarpus*                                 Very Common

  *Lupinus nanus*         Menker\'s lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus nanus*         sky lupine                    Very Common

  *Lupinus nevadensis*    Nevada lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus nipomensis*    Nipomo Mesa lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus obtusilobus*   bluntlobe lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus odoratus*      Mojave royal lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus onustus*       Plumas lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus pachylobus*    Mt. Diablo lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus                Dedecker lupine               Very Common
  padre-crowleyi*                                       

  *Lupinus pallidus*      pale desert lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus palmeri*       bluebonnet lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus peirsonii*     long lupine                   Very Common

  *Lupinus polycarpus*    smallflower lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus polyphyllus*   bigleaf lupine                Very Common

  *Lupinus pratensis*     Inyo Meadow lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus prunophilus*   hairy bigleaf lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus                Point reyes lupine            Very Common
  punto-reyesensis*                                     

  *Lupinus purpurascens*  Yuba lupine                   Very Common

  *Lupinus pusillus*      Intermountain lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus pusillus*      rusty lupine                  Very Common

  *Lupinus rivularis*     riverbank lupine              Very Common

  *Lupinus ruber*         red lupine                    Very Common

  *Lupinus saxosus*       rock lupine                   Very Common

  *Lupinus sellulus*      Donner Lake lupine            Very Common

  *Lupinus sericatus*     Cobb Mountain lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus sericeus*                                    Very Common

  *Lupinus shockleyi*     purple desert lupine          Very Common

  *Lupinus sparsiflorus*  Mojave lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus sparsiflorus*  Pond\'s Mojave lupine         Very Common

  *Lupinus spectabilis*   shaggyhair lupine             Very Common

  *Lupinus* spp*.*        (lupines)                     Very Common

  *Lupinus stiversii*     harlequin annual lupine       Very Common

  *Lupinus sublanatus*    Mono lupine                   Very Common

  *Lupinus subvexus*      valley lupine                 Very Common

  *Lupinus succulentus*   hollowleaf annual lupine      Very Common

  *Lupinus tidestromii*   Tidestrom\'s lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus tidestromii*   Tidestrom\'s lupine           Very Common

  *Lupinus tracyi*        Tracy\'s lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus truncatus*     collared annual lupine        Very Common

  *Lupinus uncialis*      inchhigh lupine               Very Common

  *Lupinus vallicola*     open lupine                   Very Common

  *Lupinus variicolor*                                  Very Common

  *Lupinus versicolor*    manycolored lupine            Very Common

  *Lycopersicom* spp*.*                                 

  *Macadamia* spp*.*      (macadamia)                   Occasional

  *Magnolia* spp*.*       Magnolia                      Occasional

  *Malus*                 apple                         Very Common

  *Malus fusca*           Oregon crabapple              Very Common

  *Malus pumila*          paradise apple                Very Common

  *Malus* spp*.*          Apple                         Very Common

  *Malus* spp*.*          Flowering CrabApple           Very Common

  *Malva*                 mallow                        Occasional

  *Malva assurgentiflora*                               Occasional

  *Malva moschata*        musk mallow                   Occasional

  *Malva neglecta*        common mallow                 Occasional

  *Malva nicaeensis*      bull mallow                   Occasional

  *Malva parviflora*      cheeseweed mallow             Occasional

  *Malva pusilla*         low mallow                    Occasional

  *Malva* spp*.*          (mallow)                      Occasional

  *Malva sylvestris*      high mallow                   Occasional

  *Malva verticillata*    cluster mallow                Occasional

  *Mangifera* spp*.*      (mango)                       Occasional

  *Medicago*              alfalfa                       Very Common

  *Medicago arabica*      spotted medick                Very Common

  *Medicago lupulina*     black medick                  Very Common

  *Medicago minima*       burr medick                   Very Common

  *Medicago orbicularis*  blackdisk medick              Very Common

  *Medicago polymorpha*   burclover                     Very Common

  *Medicago praecox*      Mediterranean medick          Very Common

  *Medicago sativa*       alfalfa                       Very Common

  *Medicago sativa*       yellow alfalfa                Very Common

  *Medicago* spp*.*       (alfalfa, bur clover, yellow  Very Common
                          trefoil)                      

  *Melaleuca              Paperback Melaleuca           Occasional
  quinquenervia*                                        

  *Melaleuca* spp*.*      (honey myrtle, bottlebrush)   Occasional

  *Melilotus*             sweetclover                   Very Common

  *Melilotus indicus*     annual yellow sweetclover     Very Common

  *Melilotus officinalis* yellow sweetclover            Very Common

  *Melilotus* spp*.*                                    Very Common

  *Mentha*                mint                          Occasional

  *Mentha ×piperita*      peppermint                    Occasional

  *Mentha ×villosa*                                     Occasional

  *Mentha aquatica*       water mint                    Occasional

  *Mentha arvensis*       wild mint                     Occasional

  *Mentha canadensis*                                   Occasional

  *Mentha pulegium*       pennyroyal                    Occasional

  *Mentha spicata*        spearmint                     Occasional

  *Mentha* spp*.*         Mint                          Occasional

  *Mentha suaveolens*     apple mint                    Occasional

  *Mesembryanthemum*      iceplant                      Occasional

  *Mesembryanthemum       common iceplant               Occasional
  crystallinum*                                         

  *Mesembryanthemum       slenderleaf iceplant          Occasional
  nodiflorum*                                           

  *Mesembryanthemum*      (ice plant)                   Occasional
  spp*.*                                                

  *Metrosideros* spp*.*   (bottlebrush, iron tree, New  Occasional
                          Zealand Christmas tree)       

  *Michelia* spp*.*       (michelia)                    Occasional

  *Monotoca* spp*.*       (broomheaths)                 Occasional

  *Muehlenbeckia*         maidenhair vine               

  *Muehlenbeckia          maidenhair vine               
  complexa*                                             

  *Muehlenbeckia          wirevine                      
  hastatula*                                            

  *Muehlenbeckia* spp*.*  (maidenhair vine, wire plant) 

  *Myoporum*              myoporum                      

  *Myoporum laetum*       ngaio tree                    

  *Myoporum* spp*.*       (myoporum, Ngaio-tree)        

  *Myosotis*              forget-me-not                 Occasional

  *Myosotis azorica*      Azores forget-me-not          Occasional

  *Myosotis discolor*     changing forget-me-not        Occasional

  *Myosotis latifolia*    broadleaf forget-me-not       Occasional

  *Myosotis laxa*         bay forget-me-not             Occasional

  *Myosotis scorpioides*  true forget-me-not            Occasional

  *Myosotis* spp*.*       (forget-me-not, scorpion      Occasional
                          grass)                        

  *Myosotis stricta*      strict forget-me-not          Occasional

  *Myosotis sylvatica*    woodland forget-me-not        Occasional

  *Myosotis verna*        spring forget-me-not          Occasional

  *Myrica*                sweetgale                     

  *Myrica californica*    California Myrtle             

  *Myrica hartwegii*      Sierra bayberry               

  *Myrtus communis*       Myrtle                        

  *Nemesia* spp*.*        (nemesia)                     Occasional

  *Olea*                  olive                         

  *Olea europaea*         Olive                         

  *Olea* spp*.*           Olive                         

  *Opuntia*               pricklypear                   Occasional

  *Opuntia ×curvospina*   searchlight pricklypear       Occasional

  *Opuntia ×demissa*                                    Occasional

  *Opuntia ×occidentalis*                               Occasional

  *Opuntia ×vaseyi*       Vasey\'s coastal pricklypear  Occasional

  *Opuntia basilaris*     beavertail pricklypear        Occasional

  *Opuntia basilaris*     beavertail pricklypear        Occasional

  *Opuntia basilaris*     Trelease\'s beavertail        Occasional
                          pricklypear                   

  *Opuntia chlorotica*    dollarjoint pricklypear       Occasional

  *Opuntia engelmannii*   cactus apple                  Occasional

  *Opuntia engelmannii*   cactus apple                  Occasional

  *Opuntia ficus-indica*  Barbary fig                   Occasional

  *Opuntia fragilis*      brittle pricklypear           Occasional

  *Opuntia littoralis*    coastal pricklypear           Occasional

  *Opuntia oricola*       chaparral pricklypear         Occasional

  *Opuntia phaeacantha*   tulip pricklypear             Occasional

  *Opuntia polyacantha*   grizzlybear pricklypear       Occasional

  *Opuntia polyacantha*   hairspine pricklypear         Occasional

  *Opuntia polyacantha*   plains pricklypear            Occasional

  *Opuntia* spp*.*        (beaver-tail, cholla, pencil  Occasional
                          cactus, prickly               
                          pear,rabbit-ears, tuna)       

  *Opuntia tomentosa*     woollyjoint pricklypear       Occasional

  *Oxalis*                woodsorrel                    Occasional

  *Oxalis albicans*       California woodsorrel         Occasional

  *Oxalis albicans*       radishroot woodsorrel         Occasional

  *Oxalis bowiei*         red-flower woodsorrel         Occasional

  *Oxalis corniculata*    creeping woodsorrel           Occasional

  *Oxalis hirta*          tropical woodsorrel           Occasional

  *Oxalis incarnata*      crimson woodsorrel            Occasional

  *Oxalis latifolia*      broadleaf woodsorrel          Occasional

  *Oxalis oregana*        redwood-sorrel                Occasional

  *Oxalis pes-caprae*     Bermuda buttercup             Occasional

  *Oxalis purpurea*       purple woodsorrel             Occasional

  *Oxalis radicosa*       dwarf woodsorrel              Occasional

  *Oxalis rubra*          windowbox woodsorrel          Occasional

  *Oxalis* spp*.*         (lady's sorrel, redwood       Occasional
                          sorrel, wood sorrel)          

  *Oxalis suksdorfii*     Suksdorf woodsorrel           Occasional

  *Oxalis trilliifolia*   threeleaf woodsorrel          Occasional

  *Paeonia*               peony                         Occasional

  *Paeonia brownii*       Brown\'s peony                Occasional

  *Paeonia californica*   California peony              Occasional

  *Paeonia* spp*.*                                      Occasional

  *Pandorea jasminoides*  Jasmine                       

  *Parahebe* spp*.*                                     Occasional

  *Parkinsonia*           paloverde                     

  *Parkinsonia aculeata*  Jerusalem thorn               

  *Parkinsonia florida*   blue paloverde                

  *Parkinsonia            yellow paloverde              
  microphylla*                                          

  *Parkinsonia* spp*.*    (Jerusalem thorn, Mexican     
                          palo verde)                   

  *Parthenocissus*        creeper                       Very Common

  *Parthenocissus* spp*.* (woodbine, Virginia creeper)  Very Common

  *Parthenocissus         woodbine                      Very Common
  vitacea*                                              

  *Passiflora*            passionflower                 Common

  *Passiflora caerulea*   bluecrown passionflower       Common

  *Passiflora manicata*   red passionflower             Common

  *Passiflora* spp*.*     Passion Vine                  Common

  *Passiflora tripartita* banana passionflower          Common

  *Passiflora tripartita* banana poka                   Common

  *Pastinaca*             parsnip                       Occasional

  *Pastinaca sativa*      wild parsnip                  Occasional

  *Pastinaca* spp*.*      (parsnip)                     Occasional

  *Pelargonium*           geranium                      Occasional

  *Pelargonium            regal pelargonium             Occasional
  ×domesticum*                                          

  *Pelargonium ×hortorum* zonal geranium                Occasional

  *Pelargonium capitatum* rose scented geranium         Occasional

  *Pelargonium            gooseberry geranium           Occasional
  grossularioides*                                      

  *Pelargonium inodorum*  scentless geranium            Occasional

  *Pelargonium inquinans* scarlet geranium              Occasional

  *Pelargonium            oakleaf garden geranium       Occasional
  panduriforme*                                         

  *Pelargonium peltatum*  ivyleaf geranium              Occasional

  *Pelargonium            oakleaf geranium              Occasional
  quercifolium*                                         

  *Pelargonium* spp*.*    Geranium                      Occasional

  *Pelargonium            grapeleaf geranium            Occasional
  vitifolium*                                           

  *Pelargonium zonale*    horseshoe geranium            Occasional

  *Penstemon*             beardtongue                   Occasional

  *Penstemon ×dubius*                                   Occasional

  *Penstemon ×parishii*                                 Occasional

  *Penstemon ×peirsonii*                                Occasional

  *Penstemon              whitemargin beardtongue       Occasional
  albomarginatus*                                       

  *Penstemon anguineus*   Siskiyou beardtongue          Occasional

  *Penstemon azureus*     azure penstemon               Occasional

  *Penstemon barbatus*    Penstemen                     Occasional

  *Penstemon barnebyi*    White River Valley            Occasional
                          beardtongue                   

  *Penstemon bicolor*     pinto beardtongue             Occasional

  *Penstemon bicolor*     pinto beardtongue             Occasional

  *Penstemon bryantiae*   Bryant\'s beardtongue         Occasional

  *Penstemon caesius*     San Bernardino beardtongue    Occasional

  *Penstemon calcareus*   limestone beardtongue         Occasional

  *Penstemon              California penstemon          Occasional
  californicus*                                         

  *Penstemon              scarlet bugler                Occasional
  centranthifolius*                                     

  *Penstemon cinicola*    ash penstemon                 Occasional

  *Penstemon clevelandii* Cleveland\'s beardtongue      Occasional

  *Penstemon clevelandii* San Jacinto beardtongue       Occasional

  *Penstemon davidsonii*  Davidson\'s penstemon         Occasional

  *Penstemon deustus*     scabland penstemon            Occasional

  *Penstemon eatonii*     firecracker penstemon         Occasional

  *Penstemon filiformis*  threadleaf beardtongue        Occasional

  *Penstemon floridus*    Austin\'s beardtongue         Occasional

  *Penstemon floridus*    Panamint beardtongue          Occasional

  *Penstemon              Death Valley beardtongue      Occasional
  fruticiformis*                                        

  *Penstemon gracilentus* slender penstemon             Occasional

  *Penstemon grinnellii*  Grinnell\'s beardtongue       Occasional

  *Penstemon heterodoxus* Shasta beardtongue            Occasional

  *Penstemon heterodoxus* Sierra beardtongue            Occasional

  *Penstemon              bunchleaf penstemon           Occasional
  heterophyllus*                                        

  *Penstemon              foothill beardtongue          Occasional
  heterophyllus*                                        

  *Penstemon              Purdy\'s penstemon            Occasional
  heterophyllus*                                        

  *Penstemon humilis*     low beardtongue               Occasional

  *Penstemon incertus*    Mojave beardtongue            Occasional

  *Penstemon janishiae*   Antelope Valley beardtongue   Occasional

  *Penstemon labrosus*    San Gabriel beardtongue       Occasional

  *Penstemon laetus*      mountain blue penstemon       Occasional

  *Penstemon monoensis*   Mono penstemon                Occasional

  *Penstemon neotericus*  Plumas County beardtongue     Occasional

  *Penstemon newberryi*   Berry\'s penstemon            Occasional

  *Penstemon newberryi*   mountain pride                Occasional

  *Penstemon newberryi*   Sonoma penstemon              Occasional

  *Penstemon pahutensis*  Paiute beardtongue            Occasional

  *Penstemon palmeri*     Palmer\'s penstemon           Occasional

  *Penstemon papillatus*  Inyo beardtongue              Occasional

  *Penstemon patens*      Lone Pine beardtongue         Occasional

  *Penstemon personatus*  closethroat beardtongue       Occasional

  *Penstemon procerus*    littleflower penstemon        Occasional

  *Penstemon procerus*    pincushion beardtongue        Occasional

  *Penstemon              desert beardtongue            Occasional
  pseudospectabilis*                                    

  *Penstemon              desert penstemon              Occasional
  pseudospectabilis*                                    

  *Penstemon purpusii*    Snow Mountain beardtongue     Occasional

  *Penstemon rattanii*    Rattan\'s beardtongue         Occasional

  *Penstemon rattanii*    Santa Cruz Mountains          Occasional
                          beardtongue                   

  *Penstemon roezlii*     Roezl\'s penstemon            Occasional

  *Penstemon              Bridge penstemon              Occasional
  rostriflorus*                                         

  *Penstemon rupicola*    cliff beardtongue             Occasional

  *Penstemon rydbergii*   herbaceous penstemon          Occasional

  *Penstemon rydbergii*   Rydberg\'s penstemon          Occasional

  *Penstemon scapoides*   pinyon beardtongue            Occasional

  *Penstemon speciosus*   royal penstemon               Occasional

  *Penstemon spectabilis* showy penstemon               Occasional

  *Penstemon* spp*.*      Penstemen                     Occasional

  *Penstemon stephensii*  Stephens\' penstemon          Occasional

  *Penstemon strictus*    Rocky Mountain penstemon      Occasional

  *Penstemon subglaber*   smooth penstemon              Occasional

  *Penstemon sudans*      Susanville beardtongue        Occasional

  *Penstemon thompsoniae* Thompson\'s beardtongue       Occasional

  *Penstemon thurberi*    Thurber\'s penstemon          Occasional

  *Penstemon tracyi*      Trinity penstemon             Occasional

  *Penstemon utahensis*   Utah penstemon                Occasional

  *Penstemon venustus*    Venus penstemon               Occasional

  *Perovskia              Russian Sage                  
  atriplicifolia*                                       

  *Persea* spp*.*         (avocado, Florida mahogany,   Primary
                          red bay)                      

  *Persoonia* spp*.*      (bonewood, lance-leaf)        Occasional

  *Petroselinum*          parsley                       Occasional

  *Petroselinum crispum*  parsley                       Occasional

  *Petroselinum* spp*.*   (parsley)                     Occasional

  *Phaseolus*             bean                          Common

  *Phaseolus filiformis*  slimjim bean                  Common

  *Phaseolus* spp*.*      (green bean, kidney bean,     Common
                          lima bean, snap bean,         
                          stringbean)                   

  *Philadelphus*          mock orange                   Occasional

  *Philadelphus           summer mock orange            Occasional
  ×insignis*                                            

  *Philadelphus           silver mock orange            Occasional
  argenteus*                                            

  *Philadelphus           California mock orange        Occasional
  californicus*                                         

  *Philadelphus confusus* Piper\'s mock orange          Occasional

  *Philadelphus           heartleaf mock orange         Occasional
  cordifolius*                                          

  *Philadelphus lewisii*  Lewis\' mock orange           Occasional

  *Philadelphus           littleleaf mock orange        Occasional
  microphyllus*                                         

  *Philadelphus oreganus* Oregon mock orange            Occasional

  *Philadelphus pumilus*  dwarf mock orange             Occasional

  *Philadelphus           thymeleaf mock orange         Occasional
  serpyllifolius*                                       

  *Philadelphus* spp*.*                                 Occasional

  *Philadelphus           Columbian mock orange         Occasional
  trichothecus*                                         

  *Phlox*                 phlox                         Occasional

  *Phlox adsurgens*       northern phlox                Occasional

  *Phlox austromontana*   mountain phlox                Occasional

  *Phlox austromontana*   prostrate mountain phlox      Occasional

  *Phlox caespitosa*      tufted phlox                  Occasional

  *Phlox condensata*                                    Occasional

  *Phlox covillei*        Coville\'s phlox              Occasional

  *Phlox diffusa*         spreading phlox               Occasional

  *Phlox dispersa*        High Sierra phlox             Occasional

  *Phlox dolichantha*     Big Bear Valley phlox         Occasional

  *Phlox douglasii*                                     Occasional

  *Phlox grayi*                                         Occasional

  *Phlox hirsuta*         Yreka phlox                   Occasional

  *Phlox hoodii*          carpet phlox                  Occasional

  *Phlox hoodii*          musk phlox                    Occasional

  *Phlox hoodii*          spiny phlox                   Occasional

  *Phlox longifolia*      longleaf phlox                Occasional

  *Phlox muscoides*                                     Occasional

  *Phlox pulvinata*       cushion phlox                 Occasional

  *Phlox rigida*          stiff phlox                   Occasional

  *Phlox speciosa*        showy phlox                   Occasional

  *Phlox* spp*.*          (phlox, sweet William)        Occasional

  *Phlox stansburyi*      cold-desert phlox             Occasional

  *Phlox superba*                                       Occasional

  *Phlox viridis*         green phlox                   Occasional

  *Phormium* spp*.*                                     Occasional

  *Photinia*              chokeberry                    Very Common

  *Photinia davidiana*    Chinese photinia              Very Common

  *Photinia* spp*.*       (photinia)                    Very Common

  *Phyllanthus* spp*.*    (emblic, foliage flower,      Occasional
                          Otaheite gooseberry)          

  *Physalis*              groundcherry                  Occasional

  *Physalis acutifolia*   sharpleaf groundcherry        Occasional

  *Physalis angulata*     cutleaf groundcherry          Occasional

  *Physalis cinerascens*  smallflower groundcherry      Occasional

  *Physalis cordata*      heartleaf groundcherry        Occasional

  *Physalis crassifolia*  yellow nightshade             Occasional
                          groundcherry                  

  *Physalis grisea*       strawberry-tomato             Occasional

  *Physalis hederifolia*  Fendler\'s groundcherry       Occasional

  *Physalis hederifolia*  ivyleaf groundcherry          Occasional

  *Physalis hederifolia*  Palmer\'s groundcherry        Occasional

  *Physalis longifolia*   longleaf groundcherry         Occasional

  *Physalis mollis*       field groundcherry            Occasional

  *Physalis peruviana*    Peruvian groundcherry         Occasional

  *Physalis               Mexican groundcherry          Occasional
  philadelphica*                                        

  *Physalis pubescens*    husk tomato                   Occasional

  *Physalis pubescens*    husk tomato                   Occasional

  *Physalis* spp*.*       (ground cherry, husk tomato,  Occasional
                          tomatillo)                    

  *Picea*                 spruce                        Common

  *Picea breweriana*      Brewer spruce                 Common

  *Picea engelmannii*     Engelmann spruce              Common

  *Picea engelmannii*     Engelmann spruce              Common

  *Picea sitchensis*      Sitka spruce                  Common

  *Picea* spp*.*          (spruce)                      Common

  *Pieris* spp*.*         (andromeda, fetterbrush,      Common
                          Japanese                      
                          pieris,lily-of-the-valley     
                          bush)                         

  *Pinus*                 pine                          Common

  *Pinus ×attenuradiata*                                Common

  *Pinus albicaulis*      whitebark pine                Common

  *Pinus attenuata*       knobcone pine                 Common

  *Pinus balfouriana*     foxtail pine                  Common

  *Pinus contorta*        beach pine                    Common

  *Pinus contorta*        Bolander beach pine           Common

  *Pinus contorta*        lodgepole pine                Common

  *Pinus contorta*        Sierra lodgepole pine         Common

  *Pinus coulteri*        Coulter pine                  Common

  *Pinus edulis*          twoneedle pinyon              Common

  *Pinus flexilis*        limber pine                   Common

  *Pinus halepensis*      aleppo pine                   Common

  *Pinus jeffreyi*        Jeffrey pine                  Common

  *Pinus lambertiana*     sugar pine                    Common

  *Pinus longaeva*        Great Basin bristlecone pine  Common

  *Pinus monophylla*      California pine               Common

  *Pinus monophylla*      singleleaf pinyon             Common

  *Pinus monophylla*      singleleaf pinyon             Common

  *Pinus monticola*       western white pine            Common

  *Pinus muricata*        Bishop pine                   Common

  *Pinus pinea*           Italian stone pine            Common

  *Pinus ponderosa*       ponderosa pine                Common

  *Pinus ponderosa*       ponderosa pine                Common

  *Pinus quadrifolia*     Parry pinyon                  Common

  *Pinus radiata*         Monterey pine                 Common

  *Pinus sabiniana*       California foothill pine      Common

  *Pinus* spp*.*          (pines)                       Common

  *Pinus torreyana*       Santa Cruz Island Torrey pine Common

  *Pinus torreyana*       Torrey pine                   Common

  *Pinus washoensis*      Washoe pine                   Common

  *Pipturus* spp*.*       (mamaki)                      

  *Pisum*                 pea                           Very Common

  *Pisum sativum*         garden pea                    Very Common

  *Pisum* spp*.*          (garden pea, English pea,     Very Common
                          snow pea, sugar pea)          

  *Pittosporum*           cheesewood                    

  *Pittosporum            stiffleaf cheesewood          
  crassifolium*                                         

  *Pittosporum* spp*.*    Pittosporum                   

  *Pittosporum            tawhiwhi                      
  tenuifolium*                                          

  *Pittosporum tobira*    Japanese cheesewood           

  *Pittosporum undulatum* Australian cheesewood         

  *Plantago*              plantain                      Common

  *Plantago aristata*     largebracted plantain         Common

  *Plantago bigelovii*    coast plantain                Common

  *Plantago coronopus*    buckhorn plantain             Common

  *Plantago elongata*     prairie plantain              Common

  *Plantago elongata*     prairie plantain              Common

  *Plantago erecta*       dotseed plantain              Common

  *Plantago eriopoda*     redwool plantain              Common

  *Plantago firma*        Chilean plantain              Common

  *Plantago lanceolata*   narrowleaf plantain           Common

  *Plantago major*        common plantain               Common

  *Plantago maritima*     California goose tongue       Common

  *Plantago maritima*     goose tongue                  Common

  *Plantago ovata*        desert Indianwheat            Common

  *Plantago patagonica*   woolly plantain               Common

  *Plantago psyllium*     sand plantain                 Common

  *Plantago pusilla*      dwarf plantain                Common

  *Plantago rhodosperma*  redseed plantain              Common

  *Plantago* spp*.*       (plantain)                    Common

  *Plantago subnuda*      tall coastal plantain         Common

  *Plantago virginica*    Virginia plantain             Common

  *Platysace* spp*.*      (native parsnip)              Occasional

  *Plumbago*              leadwort                      Occasional

  *Plumbago auriculata*   Cape leadwort                 Occasional

  *Plumbago* spp*.*       (leadwort, plumbago)          Occasional

  *Podranea* spp*.*                                     

  *Polygala*              polygala                      Occasional

  *Polygala acanthoclada* desert polygala               Occasional

  *Polygala californica*  California milkwort           Occasional

  *Polygala cornuta*      Sierra milkwort               Occasional

  *Polygala               beaked spiny polygala         Occasional
  heterorhyncha*                                        

  *Polygala intermontana* Intermountain milkwort        Occasional

  *Polygala myrtifolia*   myrtle-leaf milkwort          Occasional

  *Polygala* spp*.*       (milkworts)                   Occasional

  *Polygala subspinosa*   spiny milkwort                Occasional

  *Polygonum*             knotweed                      Common

  *Polygonum amphibium*   longroot smartweed            Common

  *Polygonum amphibium*   water knotweed                Common

  *Polygonum amphibium*   water smartweed               Common

  *Polygonum arenastrum*  oval-leaf knotweed            Common

  *Polygonum              silversheath knotweed         Common
  argyrocoleon*                                         

  *Polygonum              Bukhara fleeceflower          Common
  baldschuanicum*                                       

  *Polygonum bellardii*   narrowleaf knotweed           Common

  *Polygonum bidwelliae*  Bidwell\'s knotweed           Common

  *Polygonum              American bistort              Common
  bistortoides*                                         

  *Polygonum bolanderi*   Bolander\'s knotweed          Common

  *Polygonum              California knotweed           Common
  californicum*                                         

  *Polygonum capitatum*   pinkhead smartweed            Common

  *Polygonum convolvulus* black bindweed                Common

  *Polygonum cuspidatum*  Japanese knotweed             Common

  *Polygonum davisiae*    Davis\' knotweed              Common

  *Polygonum douglasii*   Austin knotweed               Common

  *Polygonum douglasii*   Douglas\' knotweed            Common

  *Polygonum douglasii*   Douglas\' knotweed            Common

  *Polygonum douglasii*   Johnston\'s knotweed          Common

  *Polygonum douglasii*   large knotweed                Common

  *Polygonum douglasii*   scatter knotweed              Common

  *Polygonum erectum*     erect knotweed                Common

  *Polygonum fowleri*     Fowler\'s knotweed            Common

  *Polygonum hickmanii*   Hickman\'s knotweed           Common

  *Polygonum hydropiper*  marshpepper knotweed          Common

  *Polygonum              swamp smartweed               Common
  hydropiperoides*                                      

  *Polygonum              curlytop knotweed             Common
  lapathifolium*                                        

  *Polygonum marinense*   Marin knotweed                Common

  *Polygonum minimum*     broadleaf knotweed            Common

  *Polygonum multiflorum* tuber fleeceflower            Common

  *Polygonum orientale*   kiss me over the garden gate  Common

  *Polygonum paronychia*  beach knotweed                Common

  *Polygonum parryi*      Parry\'s knotweed             Common

  *Polygonum patulum*     Bellard\'s smartweed          Common

  *Polygonum              Pennsylvania smartweed        Common
  pensylvanicum*                                        

  *Polygonum persicaria*  spotted ladysthumb            Common

  *Polygonum              poke knotweed                 Common
  phytolaccifolium*                                     

  *Polygonum              fruitleaf knotweed            Common
  polygaloides*                                         

  *Polygonum              Kellogg\'s knotweed           Common
  polygaloides*                                         

  *Polygonum              milkwort knotweed             Common
  polygaloides*                                         

  *Polygonum              whitemargin knotweed          Common
  polygaloides*                                         

  *Polygonum              cultivated knotweed           Common
  polystachyum*                                         

  *Polygonum punctatum*   dotted smartweed              Common

  *Polygonum              bushy knotweed                Common
  ramosissimum*                                         

  *Polygonum              bushy knotweed                Common
  ramosissimum*                                         

  *Polygonum              giant knotweed                Common
  sachalinense*                                         

  *Polygonum shastense*   Shasta knotweed               Common

  *Polygonum* spp*.*      (fleece flower, knotweed,     Common
                          smartweed)                    

  *Populus*               cottonwood                    Occasional

  *Populus ×canadensis*   Carolina poplar               Occasional

  *Populus ×inopina*                                    Occasional

  *Populus ×parryi*                                     Occasional

  *Populus alba*          white poplar                  Occasional

  *Populus angustifolia*  narrowleaf cottonwood         Occasional

  *Populus balsamifera*   balsam poplar                 Occasional

  *Populus balsamifera*   black cottonwood              Occasional

  *Populus deltoides*                                   Occasional

  *Populus fremontii*     Fremont cottonwood            Occasional

  *Populus nigra*         Lombardy poplar               Occasional

  *Populus* spp*.*        (cottonwood, poplar)          Occasional

  *Populus tremuloides*   quaking aspen                 Occasional

  *Primula*               primrose                      Occasional

  *Primula* spp*.*        (cowslip, primrose, primula)  Occasional

  *Primula suffrutescens* Sierra primrose               Occasional

  *Protea* spp*.*         Protea                        

  *Prunus*                plum                          Very Common

  *Prunus akebono*        Flowering Cherry              Very Common

  *Prunus andersonii*     desert peach                  Very Common

  *Prunus angustifolia*   Chickasaw plum                Very Common

  *Prunus angustifolia*   Chickasaw plum                Very Common

  *Prunus armeniaca*      apricot                       Very Common

  *Prunus avium*          Cherry                        Very Common

  *Prunus avium*          Cherry                        Very Common

  *Prunus caroliniana*    Carolina Laurel Cherry        Very Common

  *Prunus caroliniana*    Carolina Laurel Cherry        Very Common

  *Prunus cerasifera*                                   Very Common

  *Prunus domestica*      Plum                          Very Common

  *Prunus domestica*      Plum                          Very Common

  *Prunus dulcis*         sweet almond                  Very Common

  *Prunus emarginata*     bitter cherry                 Very Common

  *Prunus fasciculata*    desert almond                 Very Common

  *Prunus fremontii*      desert apricot                Very Common

  *Prunus ilicifolia*     hollyleaf cherry              Very Common

  *Prunus laurel*         Laurel                        Very Common

  *Prunus laurocerasus*   cherry laurel                 Very Common

  *Prunus lusitanica*     Portugal laurel               Very Common

  *Prunus lyonii*         Catalina Cherry               Very Common

  *Prunus mahaleb*        Mahaleb cherry                Very Common

  *Prunus persica*        peach                         Very Common

  *Prunus serrulata*                                    Very Common

  *Prunus* spp*.*                                       Very Common

  *Prunus* spp*.*         Japanese Weeping Cherry       Very Common

  *Prunus* spp*.*         Double Weeping Rosebud Cherry Very Common

  *Prunus*                Pluot                         Very Common
  [spp]{.underline}*.*                                  

  *Prunus subcordata*     Kellogg\'s Klamath plum       Very Common

  *Prunus subcordata*     Klamath plum                  Very Common

  *Prunus subcordata*     Oregon Klamath plum           Very Common

  *Prunus virginiana*     black chokecherry             Very Common

  *Prunus virginiana*     chokecherry                   Very Common

  *Prunus virginiana*     western chokecherry           Very Common

  *Pseudopanax* spp*.*    (five-finger, lancewood)      

  *Pseudotsuga*           Douglas-fir                   Common

  *Pseudotsuga            bigcone Douglas-fir           Common
  macrocarpa*                                           

  *Pseudotsuga menziesii* Douglas-fir                   Common

  *Pseudotsuga menziesii* Douglas-fir                   Common

  *Pseudotsuga* spp*.*    (big-cone pine, Douglas-fir,  Common
                          Japanese Douglas-fir)         

  *Pseudowintera* spp*.*  (Horpito)                     Occasional

  *Psidium cattleianum*   Strawberry Guava              

  *Pteridium*             brackenfern                   Common

  *Pteridium aquilinum*   hairy brackenfern             Common

  *Pteridium aquilinum*   western brackenfern           Common

  *Pteridium* spp*.*      (brackenfern)                 Common

  *Pteris*                brake fern                    Occasional

  *Pteris cretica*        Cretan brake                  Occasional

  *Pteris felix*                                        Occasional

  *Pteris multifida*      spider brake                  Occasional

  *Pteris* spp*.*         (brake, dish fern, table      Occasional
                          fern)                         

  *Pteris tremula*        Australian brake              Occasional

  *Pteris vittata*        ladder brake                  Occasional

  *Pulicaria*             false fleabane                

  *Pulicaria paludosa*    Spanish false fleabane        

  *Pulicaria* spp*.*      (false fleabane)              

  *Pyracantha*            firethorn                     Very Common

  *Pyracantha             narrowleaf firethorn          Very Common
  angustifolia*                                         

  *Pyracantha coccinea*   scarlet firethorn             Very Common

  *Pyracantha crenulata*  Nepalese firethorn            Very Common

  *Pyracantha fortuneana* Chinese firethorn             Very Common

  *Pyracantha* spp*.*     (fire thorn, pyracantha)      Very Common

  *Pyrus*                 pear                          Very Common

  *Pyrus communis*        common pear                   Very Common

  *Pyrus* spp*.*          Asian Pear                    Very Common

  *Pyrus* spp*.*          Pear                          Very Common

  *Quercus*               oak                           Occasional

  *Quercus ×acutidens*                                  Occasional

  *Quercus ×alvordiana*   Alvord oak                    Occasional

  *Quercus ×eplingii*                                   Occasional

  *Quercus ×ganderi*                                    Occasional

  *Quercus                                              Occasional
  ×grandidentata*                                       

  *Quercus ×howellii*                                   Occasional

  *Quercus ×jolonensis*                                 Occasional

  *Quercus ×macdonaldii*  MacDonald oak                 Occasional

  *Quercus ×moreha*       oracle oak                    Occasional

  *Quercus ×munzii*                                     Occasional

  *Quercus ×subconvexa*                                 Occasional

  *Quercus ×townei*                                     Occasional

  *Quercus agrifolia*     California live oak           Occasional

  *Quercus agrifolia*     coastal live oak              Occasional

  *Quercus                scrub oak                     Occasional
  berberidifolia*                                       

  *Quercus cedrosensis*   Cedros Island oak             Occasional

  *Quercus chrysolepis*   canyon live oak               Occasional

  *Quercus                Muller oak                    Occasional
  cornelius-mulleri*                                    

  *Quercus douglasii*     blue oak                      Occasional

  *Quercus dumosa*        coastal sage scrub oak        Occasional

  *Quercus durata*        leather oak                   Occasional

  *Quercus engelmannii*   Engelmann oak                 Occasional

  *Quercus garryana*      Oregon white oak              Occasional

  *Quercus ilex*          holly oak                     Occasional

  *Quercus john-tuckeri*  Tucker oak                    Occasional

  *Quercus kelloggii*     California black oak          Occasional

  *Quercus lobata*        valley oak                    Occasional

  *Quercus pacifica*      Channel Island scrub oak      Occasional

  *Quercus palmeri*       Palmer oak                    Occasional

  *Quercus parvula*       coast oak                     Occasional

  *Quercus parvula*       Santa Cruz Island oak         Occasional

  *Quercus parvula*       Shreve oak                    Occasional

  *Quercus parvula*       Tamalpais oak                 Occasional

  *Quercus sadleriana*    deer oak                      Occasional

  *Quercus* spp*.*        (oak)                         Occasional

  *Quercus tomentella*    island live oak               Occasional

  *Quercus turbinella*    Sonoran scrub oak             Occasional

  *Quercus vacciniifolia* huckleberry oak               Occasional

  *Quercus wislizeni*     interior live oak             Occasional

  *Racosperma* spp*.*     (wattle)                      Very Common

  *Ranunculus*            buttercup                     Common

  *Ranunculus acris*      showy buttercup               Common

  *Ranunculus acris*      tall buttercup                Common

  *Ranunculus             plantainleaf buttercup        Common
  alismifolius*                                         

  *Ranunculus andersonii* Anderson\'s buttercup         Common

  *Ranunculus aquatilis*  white water crowfoot          Common

  *Ranunculus arvensis*   corn buttercup                Common

  *Ranunculus             Carter\'s buttercup           Common
  bonariensis*                                          

  *Ranunculus bulbosus*   St. Anthony\'s turnip         Common

  *Ranunculus             California buttercup          Common
  californicus*                                         

  *Ranunculus canus*      Sacramento Valley buttercup   Common

  *Ranunculus             Azores buttercup              Common
  cortusifolius*                                        

  *Ranunculus cymbalaria* alkali buttercup              Common

  *Ranunculus             Eschscholtz\'s buttercup      Common
  eschscholtzii*                                        

  *Ranunculus             yellow water buttercup        Common
  flabellaris*                                          

  *Ranunculus flammula*   greater creeping spearwort    Common

  *Ranunculus flammula*   greater creeping spearwort    Common

  *Ranunculus             elliptical buttercup          Common
  glaberrimus*                                          

  *Ranunculus             sagebrush buttercup           Common
  glaberrimus*                                          

  *Ranunculus gormanii*   Gorman\'s buttercup           Common

  *Ranunculus hebecarpus* delicate buttercup            Common

  *Ranunculus             frogbit buttercup             Common
  hydrocharoides*                                       

  *Ranunculus lobbii*     Lobb\'s buttercup             Common

  *Ranunculus             longbeak buttercup            Common
  longirostris*                                         

  *Ranunculus macounii*   Macoun\'s buttercup           Common

  *Ranunculus muricatus*  spinyfruit buttercup          Common

  *Ranunculus             western buttercup             Common
  occidentalis*                                         

  *Ranunculus             Bloomer\'s buttercup          Common
  orthorhynchus*                                        

  *Ranunculus             straightbeak buttercup        Common
  orthorhynchus*                                        

  *Ranunculus             smallflower buttercup         Common
  parviflorus*                                          

  *Ranunculus populago*   popular buttercup             Common

  *Ranunculus pusillus*   low spearwort                 Common

  *Ranunculus pusillus*   low spearwort                 Common

  *Ranunculus repens*     creeping buttercup            Common

  *Ranunculus sardous*    hairy buttercup               Common

  *Ranunculus sceleratus* cursed buttercup              Common

  *Ranunculus sceleratus* cursed buttercup              Common

  *Ranunculus* spp*.*     (buttercups, crowfoot)        Common

  *Ranunculus suksdorfii* Suksdorf\'s buttercup         Common

  *Ranunculus             threadleaf crowfoot           Common
  trichophyllus*                                        

  *Ranunculus             threadleaf crowfoot           Common
  trichophyllus*                                        

  *Ranunculus uncinatus*  Idaho buttercup               Common

  *Ranunculus uncinatus*  woodland buttercup            Common

  *Ranunculus verecundus* wetslope buttercup            Common

  *Raphanus*              radish                        Occasional

  *Raphanus raphanistrum* wild radish                   Occasional

  *Raphanus sativus*      cultivated radish             Occasional

  *Raphanus* spp*.*       (wild radish)                 Occasional

  *Reseda*                mignonette                    Occasional

  *Reseda alba*           white upright mignonette      Occasional

  *Reseda lutea*          yellow mignonette             Occasional

  *Reseda luteola*        weld                          Occasional

  *Reseda odorata*        garden mignonette             Occasional

  *Reseda* spp*.*         (mignonette)                  Occasional

  *Rhamnus*               buckthorn                     

  *Rhamnus alnifolia*     alderleaf buckthorn           

  *Rhamnus alternus*      Itialian Buchthorn            

  *Rhamnus cathartica*    common buckthorn              

  *Rhamnus crocea*        hollyleaf buckthorn           

  *Rhamnus crocea*        redberry buckthorn            

  *Rhamnus ilicifolia*    hollyleaf redberry            

  *Rhamnus pirifolia*     island redberry               

  *Rhamnus* spp*.*        Rhamnus                       

  *Rhaphiolepis* spp*.*   (Japanese-hawthorn            Very Common

  *Rhododendron*          rhododendron                  Common

  *Rhododendron                                         Common
  ×columbianum*                                         

  *Rhododendron           Pacific rhododendron          Common
  macrophyllum*                                         

  *Rhododendron                                         Common
  neoglandulosum*                                       

  *Rhododendron           Sonoma azalea                 Common
  occidentale*                                          

  *Rhododendron           western azalea                Common
  occidentale*                                          

  *Rhododendron* spp*.*   (azalea, rhododendron)        Common

  *Ribes*                 currant                       Very Common

  *Ribes amarum*          bitter gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes aureum*          golden currant                Very Common

  *Ribes binominatum*     ground gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes bracteosum*      stink currant                 Very Common

  *Ribes californicum*    hillside gooseberry           Very Common

  *Ribes canthariforme*   Moreno currant                Very Common

  *Ribes cereum*          wax currant                   Very Common

  *Ribes cereum*          whisky currant                Very Common

  *Ribes cruentum*        shinyleaf currant             Very Common

  *Ribes divaricatum*     Parish\'s gooseberry          Very Common

  *Ribes divaricatum*     spreading gooseberry          Very Common

  *Ribes divaricatum*     straggly gooseberry           Very Common

  *Ribes hudsonianum*     northern black currant        Very Common

  *Ribes hudsonianum*     western black currant         Very Common

  *Ribes indecorum*       whiteflower currant           Very Common

  *Ribes inerme*          Klamath gooseberry            Very Common

  *Ribes inerme*          whitestem gooseberry          Very Common

  *Ribes lacustre*        prickly currant               Very Common

  *Ribes lasianthum*      alpine gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes laxiflorum*      trailing black currant        Very Common

  *Ribes lobbii*          gummy gooseberry              Very Common

  *Ribes malvaceum*       chaparral currant             Very Common

  *Ribes marshallii*      Hupa gooseberry               Very Common

  *Ribes menziesii*       canyon gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes montigenum*      gooseberry currant            Very Common

  *Ribes nevadense*       Jaeger\'s currant             Very Common

  *Ribes nevadense*       Sierra currant                Very Common

  *Ribes quercetorum*     rock gooseberry               Very Common

  *Ribes roezlii*         Sierra gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes sanguineum*                                    Very Common

  *Ribes sanguineum*                                    Very Common

  *Ribes sericeum*        Lucia gooseberry              Very Common

  *Ribes speciosum*       fuchsiaflower gooseberry      Very Common

  *Ribes* spp*.*                                        Very Common

  *Ribes thacherianum*    Santa Cruz gooseberry         Very Common

  *Ribes tularense*       Tulare gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes velutinum*       desert gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes velutinum*       Gooding\'s gooseberry         Very Common

  *Ribes viburnifolium*   island gooseberry             Very Common

  *Ribes victoris*        Victor\'s gooseberry          Very Common

  *Ribes viscosissimum*   sticky currant                Very Common

  *Ripogonum* spp*.*      (supplejack)                  Occasional

  *Robinia*               locust                        

  *Robinia hispida*       bristly locust                

  *Robinia neomexicana*   New Mexico locust             

  *Robinia pseudoacacia*  black locust                  

  *Robinia* spp*.*        (locust)                      

  *Rosa*                  rose                          Very Common

  *Rosa ?pinetorum*       pine rose                     Very Common

  *Rosa bridgesii*        pygmy rose                    Very Common

  *Rosa californica*      California wildrose           Very Common

  *Rosa canina*           dog rose                      Very Common

  *Rosa eglanteria*       sweetbriar rose               Very Common

  *Rosa gymnocarpa*       dwarf rose                    Very Common

  *Rosa minutifolia*      Baja rose                     Very Common

  *Rosa multiflora*       multiflora rose               Very Common

  *Rosa nutkana*          Nootka rose                   Very Common

  *Rosa pisocarpa*        cluster rose                  Very Common

  *Rosa sicula*           Mediterranean rose            Very Common

  *Rosa spithamea*        ground rose                   Very Common

  *Rosa spithamea*        Sonoma ground rose            Very Common

  *Rosa* spp*.*           Rose                          Very Common

  *Rosa woodsii*          Tehachapi rose                Very Common

  *Rosa woodsii*          Woods\' rose                  Very Common

  *Rosa yainacensis*      Cascade rose                  Very Common

  *Rubus*                 blackberry                    Primary

  *Rubus aboriginum*      garden dewberry               Primary

  *Rubus allegheniensis*  Allegheny blackberry          Primary

  *Rubus armeniacus*      Himalayan blackberry          Primary

  *Rubus glaucifolius*    Cuyamaca raspberry            Primary

  *Rubus glaucifolius*    San Diego raspberry           Primary

  *Rubus idaeus*          American red raspberry        Primary

  *Rubus idaeus*          grayleaf red raspberry        Primary

  *Rubus laciniatus*      cutleaf blackberry            Primary

  *Rubus lasiococcus*     roughfruit berry              Primary

  *Rubus leucodermis*     whitebark raspberry           Primary

  *Rubus nivalis*         snow raspberry                Primary

  *Rubus parviflorus*     thimbleberry                  Primary

  *Rubus spectabilis*     salmonberry                   Primary

  *Rubus* spp*.*          (blackberry, boysenberry,     Primary
                          raspberry)                    

  *Rubus ulmifolius*      elmleaf blackberry            Primary

  *Rubus ursinus*         California blackberry         Primary

  *Rubus vitifolius*      Pacific dewberry              Primary

  *Rudbeckia*             coneflower                    

  *Rudbeckia californica* California coneflower         

  *Rudbeckia glaucescens* waxy coneflower               

  *Rudbeckia hirta*       blackeyed Susan               

  *Rudbeckia              Klamath coneflower            
  klamathensis*                                         

  *Rudbeckia              western coneflower            
  occidentalis*                                         

  *Rumex*                 dock                          Common

  *Rumex ×acutus*                                       Common

  *Rumex acetosella*      common sheep sorrel           Common

  *Rumex aquaticus*       western dock                  Common

  *Rumex conglomeratus*   clustered dock                Common

  *Rumex crispus*         curly dock                    Common

  *Rumex dentatus*        toothed dock                  Common

  *Rumex frutescens*      wedgeleaf dock                Common

  *Rumex hymenosepalus*   canaigre dock                 Common

  *Rumex kerneri*         Kerner\'s dock                Common

  *Rumex maritimus*       golden dock                   Common

  *Rumex obtusifolius*    bitter dock                   Common

  *Rumex occidentalis*                                  Common

  *Rumex orbiculatus*     greater water dock            Common

  *Rumex paucifolius*     alpine sheep sorrel           Common

  *Rumex pulcher*         fiddle dock                   Common

  *Rumex salicifolius*    lake willow dock              Common

  *Rumex salicifolius*    Mexican dock                  Common

  *Rumex salicifolius*    toothed willow dock           Common

  *Rumex salicifolius*    willow dock                   Common

  *Rumex sanguineus*      redvein dock                  Common

  *Rumex* spp*.*          (common sheep sorrel, dock,   Common
                          garden sorrel)                

  *Rumex stenophyllus*    narrowleaf dock               Common

  *Rumex venosus*         veiny dock                    Common

  *Rumex violascens*      violet dock                   Common

  *Salix*                 willow                        Occasional

  *Salix ×ehrhartiana*                                  Occasional

  *Salix ×pendulina*      Wisconsin weeping willow      Occasional

  *Salix ×rubens*         hybrid crack willow           Occasional

  *Salix ×sepulcralis*    weeping willow                Occasional

  *Salix alba*            white willow                  Occasional

  *Salix arctica*                                       Occasional

  *Salix bebbiana*        Bebb willow                   Occasional

  *Salix boothii*         Booth\'s willow               Occasional

  *Salix brachycarpa*     shortfruit willow             Occasional

  *Salix breweri*         Brewer\'s willow              Occasional

  *Salix delnortensis*    Del Norte willow              Occasional

  *Salix drummondiana*    Drummond\'s willow            Occasional

  *Salix eastwoodiae*     mountain willow               Occasional

  *Salix eriocephala*                                   Occasional

  *Salix exigua*          narrowleaf willow             Occasional

  *Salix geyeriana*       Geyer willow                  Occasional

  *Salix gooddingii*      Goodding\'s willow            Occasional

  *Salix hookeriana*      dune willow                   Occasional

  *Salix jepsonii*        Jepson\'s willow              Occasional

  *Salix laevigata*       red willow                    Occasional

  *Salix lasiolepis*      arroyo willow                 Occasional

  *Salix lasiolepis*      Bigelow\'s willow             Occasional

  *Salix lemmonii*        Lemmon\'s willow              Occasional

  *Salix ligulifolia*     strapleaf willow              Occasional

  *Salix lucida*          greenleaf willow              Occasional

  *Salix lucida*          Pacific willow                Occasional

  *Salix lucida*          shining willow                Occasional

  *Salix lutea*           yellow willow                 Occasional

  *Salix melanopsis*      dusky willow                  Occasional

  *Salix nivalis*         snow willow                   Occasional

  *Salix orestera*        Sierra willow                 Occasional

  *Salix petrophila*      alpine willow                 Occasional

  *Salix planifolia*      diamondleaf willow            Occasional

  *Salix planifolia*      diamondleaf willow            Occasional

  *Salix prolixa*         MacKenzie\'s willow           Occasional

  *Salix reticulata*                                    Occasional

  *Salix scouleriana*     Scouler\'s willow             Occasional

  *Salix sessilifolia*    northwest sandbar willow      Occasional

  *Salix sitchensis*      Sitka willow                  Occasional

  *Salix* spp.            Willow                        Occasional

  *Salix tracyi*          Tracy\'s willow               Occasional

  *Salvia*                sage                          Occasional

  *Salvia ×bernardina*                                  Occasional

  *Salvia ×palmeri*                                     Occasional

  *Salvia aethiopis*      Mediterranean sage            Occasional

  *Salvia apiana*         compact white sage            Occasional

  *Salvia apiana*         white sage                    Occasional

  *Salvia brandegeei*     Santa Rosa Island sage        Occasional

  *Salvia carduacea*      thistle sage                  Occasional

  *Salvia clevelandii*                                  Occasional

  *Salvia columbariae*    chia                          Occasional

  *Salvia columbariae*    Ziegler\'s sage               Occasional

  *Salvia dorrii*         purple sage                   Occasional

  *Salvia eremostachya*   rose sage                     Occasional

  *Salvia funerea*        woolly sage                   Occasional

  *Salvia greatae*        lavender sage                 Occasional

  *Salvia leucophylla*    San Luis purple sage          Occasional

  *Salvia longistyla*     Mexican sage                  Occasional

  *Salvia mellifera*      black sage                    Occasional

  *Salvia microphylla*    baby sage                     Occasional

  *Salvia mohavensis*     Mojave sage                   Occasional

  *Salvia munzii*         Munz\'s sage                  Occasional

  *Salvia officinalis*    kitchen sage                  Occasional

  *Salvia pachyphylla*    blue sage                     Occasional

  *Salvia reflexa*        lanceleaf sage                Occasional

  *Salvia sonomensis*     creeping sage                 Occasional

  *Salvia spathacea*      hummingbird sage              Occasional

  *Salvia* spp*.*         Sage                          Occasional

  *Salvia vaseyi*         scallopleaf sage              Occasional

  *Salvia verbenaca*      wild clary                    Occasional

  *Salvia virgata*        wand sage                     Occasional

  *Sambucus*              elderberry                    Occasional

  *Sambucus cerulea*                                    Occasional

  *Sambucus nigra*        blue elder                    Occasional

  *Sambucus nigra*        common elderberry             Occasional

  *Sambucus nigra*        European black elderberry     Occasional

  *Sambucus racemosa*     black elderberry              Occasional

  *Sambucus racemosa*     red elderberry                Occasional

  *Sambucus* spp*.*       (elderberry)                  Occasional

  *Santalum* spp*.*       (sandalwood)                  

  *Schlumbergera* spp*.*  Zygocatus spp. (Christmas     
                          cactus, claw cactus, crab     
                          cactus)                       

  *Senecio*               ragwort                       Common

  *Senecio aphanactis*    chaparral ragwort             Common

  *Senecio aronicoides*   rayless ragwort               Common

  *Senecio astephanus*    San Gabriel ragwort           Common

  *Senecio blochmaniae*   dune ragwort                  Common

  *Senecio californicus*  California ragwort            Common

  *Senecio cineraria*     silver ragwort                Common

  *Senecio clarkianus*    Clark\'s ragwort              Common

  *Senecio elegans*       redpurple ragwort             Common

  *Senecio flaccidus*     Douglas\' ragwort             Common

  *Senecio flaccidus*     Mono ragwort                  Common

  *Senecio flaccidus*     threadleaf ragwort            Common

  *Senecio fremontii*     dwarf mountain ragwort        Common

  *Senecio                tall groundsel                Common
  hydrophiloides*                                       

  *Senecio hydrophilus*   water ragwort                 Common

  *Senecio integerrimus*  Columbia ragwort              Common

  *Senecio integerrimus*  lambstongue ragwort           Common

  *Senecio integerrimus*  paleyellow ragwort            Common

  *Senecio jacobaea*      stinking willie               Common

  *Senecio lyonii*        island senecio                Common

  *Senecio mohavensis*    Mojave ragwort                Common

  *Senecio                Patterson\'s senecio          Common
  pattersonensis*                                       

  *Senecio scorzonella*   Sierra ragwort                Common

  *Senecio serra*         tall ragwort                  Common

  *Senecio spartioides*   broomlike ragwort             Common

  *Senecio* spp*.*        (dusty-miller, groundsels)    Common

  *Senecio squalidus*     oxford ragwort                Common

  *Senecio sylvaticus*    woodland ragwort              Common

  *Senecio triangularis*  arrowleaf ragwort             Common

  *Senecio vulgaris*      old-man-in-the-Spring         Common

  *Sequoia*               redwood                       

  *Sequoia sempervirens*  redwood                       

  *Sequoia* spp*.*        (coast redwood)               

  *Sida*                  fanpetals                     Occasional

  *Sida abutifolia*       spreading fanpetals           Occasional

  *Sida rhombifolia*      Cuban jute                    Occasional

  *Sida spinosa*          prickly fanpetals             Occasional

  *Sida* spp*.*           (fanpetals, Virginia mallow)  Occasional

  *Sisymbrium*            hedgemustard                  Common

  *Sisymbrium altissimum* tall tumblemustard            Common

  *Sisymbrium             Mediterranean rocket          Common
  erysimoides*                                          

  *Sisymbrium irio*       London rocket                 Common

  *Sisymbrium loeselii*   small tumbleweed mustard      Common

  *Sisymbrium officinale* hedgemustard                  Common

  *Sisymbrium orientale*  Indian hedgemustard           Common

  *Sisymbrium* spp*.*     (hedge mustard)               Common

  *Smilax*                greenbrier                    Occasional

  *Smilax californica*    California greenbrier         Occasional

  *Smilax jamesii*        English Peak greenbrier       Occasional

  *Smilax* spp*.*         (greenbrier, Jacob's ladder,  Occasional
                          wild sarsaparilla)            

  *Solanum*               nightshade                    Occasional

  *Solanum americanum*    American black nightshade     Occasional

  *Solanum aviculare*     New Zealand nightshade        Occasional

  *Solanum cardiophyllum* heartleaf horsenettle         Occasional

  *Solanum carolinense*   Carolina horsenettle          Occasional

  *Solanum clokeyi*       Clokey\'s nightshade          Occasional

  *Solanum dimidiatum*    western horsenettle           Occasional

  *Solanum douglasii*     greenspot nightshade          Occasional

  *Solanum dulcamara*     climbing nightshade           Occasional

  *Solanum                silverleaf nightshade         Occasional
  elaeagnifolium*                                       

  *Solanum furcatum*      forked nightshade             Occasional

  *Solanum gayanum*       Chilean nightshade            Occasional

  *Solanum heterodoxum*   melonleaf nightshade          Occasional

  *Solanum lanceolatum*   orangeberry nightshade        Occasional

  *Solanum lycopersicum*  garden tomato                 Occasional

  *Solanum marginatum*    purple African nightshade     Occasional

  *Solanum mauritianum*   earleaf nightshade            Occasional

  *Solanum nigrum*        black nightshade              Occasional

  *Solanum parishii*      Parish\'s nightshade          Occasional

  *Solanum peruvianum*    Peruvian nightshade           Occasional

  *Solanum physalifolium* hoe nightshade                Occasional

  *Solanum rostratum*     buffalobur nightshade         Occasional

  *Solanum scabrum*       garden-huckleberry            Occasional

  *Solanum                sticky nightshade             Occasional
  sisymbriifolium*                                      

  *Solanum* spp*.*        (horse nettles, nightshade,   Occasional
                          pepino, potato)               

  *Solanum tenuilobatum*  San Diego nightshade          Occasional

  *Solanum triflorum*     cutleaf nightshade            Occasional

  *Solanum tuberosum*     Irish potato                  Occasional

  *Solanum umbelliferum*  bluewitch                     Occasional

  *Solanum umbelliferum*  bluewitch nightshade          Occasional

  *Solanum villosum*      hairy nightshade              Occasional

  *Solanum wallacei*      Catalina nightshade           Occasional

  *Solanum xanti*         chaparral nightshade          Occasional

  *Solanum xanti*         Hoffmann\'s nightshade        Occasional

  *Solanum xanti*         San Luis Obispo nightshade    Occasional

  *Solidago*              goldenrod                     Common

  *Solidago altissima*    late goldenrod                Common

  *Solidago californica*  California goldenrod          Common

  *Solidago canadensis*   Canada goldenrod              Common

  *Solidago canadensis*   salebrosa goldenrod           Common

  *Solidago gigantea*     giant goldenrod               Common

  *Solidago guiradonis*   Guirado goldenrod             Common

  *Solidago lepida*                                     Common

  *Solidago multiradiata* manyray goldenrod             Common

  *Solidago multiradiata* Rocky Mountain goldenrod      Common

  *Solidago simplex*      Mt. Albert goldenrod          Common

  *Solidago spathulata*                                 Common

  *Solidago spectabilis*  Nevada goldenrod              Common

  *Solidago* spp*.*       (California goldenrod, Canada Common
                          goldenrod, goldenrod)         

  *Solidago velutina*     threenerve goldenrod          Common

  *Sollya*                sollya                        

  *Sollya heterophylla*   bluebell creeper              

  *Sollya* spp*.*         (Australian bluebells,        
                          bluebell creeper)             

  *Sonchus*               sowthistle                    Common

  *Sonchus arvensis*      field sowthistle              Common

  *Sonchus asper*         spiny sowthistle              Common

  *Sonchus oleraceus*     common sowthistle             Common

  *Sonchus* spp*.*        (sowthistle)                  Common

  *Sonchus tenerrimus*    slender sowthistle            Common

  *Sophora* spp*.*        (sophora)                     

  *Spergula*              spurry                        Occasional

  *Spergula arvensis*     corn spurry                   Occasional

  *Spergula* spp*.*       (corn spurry, spurry)         Occasional

  *Spiraea*               spirea                        

  *Spiraea douglasii*     rose spirea                   

  *Spiraea splendens*     rose meadowsweet              

  *Spiraea* spp*.*        Spiraea                       

  *Syringa* spp*.*        (lilac)                       Occasional

  *Teucrium*              germander                     

  *Teucrium canadense*    Canada germander              

  *Teucrium canadense*    western germander             

  *Teucrium cubense*      small coastal germander       

  *Teucrium fruticans*    shrubby germander             

  *Teucrium glandulosum*  common germander              

  *Teucrium* spp*.*       Germander                     

  *Thuja*                 red cedar                     Occasional

  *Thuja plicata*         western red cedar             Occasional

  *Thuja* spp*.*          (cedar, giant cedar, Oriental Occasional
                          arborvitae, red cedar, white  
                          cedar)                        

  *Tibouchina* spp*.*     (glory bush, lasiandra,       Occasional
                          pleroma, princess flower)     

  *Tibouchina urvilleana* Princess Flower               Occasional

  *Tithonia* spp*.*       (Mexican sunflower)           Common

  *Tolmiea*               youth on age                  

  *Tolmiea menziesii*     Piggy-back Plant              

  *Tolmiea menziesii*     Piggy-back Plant              

  *Trachelospermum        Star Jasmine                  
  jasminoides*                                          

  *Tradescantia*          spiderwort                    Occasional

  *Tradescantia           small-leaf spiderwort         Occasional
  fluminensis*                                          

  *Tradescantia* spp*.*                                 Occasional

  *Tradescantia           Virginia spiderwort           Occasional
  virginiana*                                           

  *Trifolium*             clover                        Very Common

  *Trifolium              rancheria clover              Very Common
  albopurpureum*                                        

  *Trifolium              Egyptian clover               Very Common
  alexandrinum*                                         

  *Trifolium amoenum*     showy Indian clover           Very Common

  *Trifolium andersonii*  Beatley\'s clover             Very Common

  *Trifolium andersonii*  fiveleaf clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium andersonii*  Mono clover                   Very Common

  *Trifolium              narrowleaf crimson clover     Very Common
  angustifolium*                                        

  *Trifolium arvense*     rabbitfoot clover             Very Common

  *Trifolium aureum*      golden clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium barbigerum*  Andrews\' clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium barbigerum*  bearded clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium beckwithii*  Beckwith\'s clover            Very Common

  *Trifolium bifidum*     notchleaf clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium bolanderi*   parasol clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium breweri*     forest clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium              Santa Cruz clover             Very Common
  buckwestiorum*                                        

  *Trifolium campestre*   field clover                  Very Common

  *Trifolium cernuum*     nodding clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium ciliolatum*  foothill clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium cyathiferum* cup clover                    Very Common

  *Trifolium dedeckerae*  Dedecker\'s clover            Very Common

  *Trifolium              balloon sack clover           Very Common
  depauperatum*                                         

  *Trifolium              cowbag clover                 Very Common
  depauperatum*                                         

  *Trifolium dichotomum*  branched Indian clover        Very Common

  *Trifolium dubium*      suckling clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium              Cusick\'s clover              Very Common
  eriocephalum*                                         

  *Trifolium              woollyhead clover             Very Common
  eriocephalum*                                         

  *Trifolium fragiferum*  strawberry clover             Very Common

  *Trifolium fucatum*     bull clover                   Very Common

  *Trifolium gemellum*    Spanish clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium glomeratum*  clustered clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium gracilentum* Palmer\'s clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium gracilentum* pinpoint clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium gymnocarpon* hollyleaf clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium gymnocarpon* Plummer\'s clover             Very Common

  *Trifolium hirtum*      rose clover                   Very Common

  *Trifolium howellii*    canyon clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium hybridum*    alsike clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium incarnatum*  crimson clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium jokerstii*   Jim\'s clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium kingii*                                    Very Common

  *Trifolium lemmonii*    Lemmon\'s clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium longipes*    Elmer\'s clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium longipes*    Hansen\'s clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium longipes*    longstalk clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium longipes*    Oregon clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium macilentum*                                Very Common

  *Trifolium macraei*     Chilean clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium              largehead clover              Very Common
  macrocephalum*                                        

  *Trifolium              smallhead clover              Very Common
  microcephalum*                                        

  *Trifolium microdon*    thimble clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium              dwarf clover                  Very Common
  minutissimum*                                         

  *Trifolium monanthum*   mountain carpet clover        Very Common

  *Trifolium mucronatum*                                Very Common

  *Trifolium              clammy clover                 Very Common
  obtusiflorum*                                         

  *Trifolium oliganthum*  fewflower clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium olivaceum*   olive clover                  Very Common

  *Trifolium polyodon*                                  Very Common

  *Trifolium pratense*    red clover                    Very Common

  *Trifolium productum*   Shasta clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium repens*      white clover                  Very Common

  *Trifolium resupinatum* reversed clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium retusum*     teasel clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium              Siskiyou clover               Very Common
  siskiyouense*                                         

  *Trifolium* spp*.*      (clover)                      Very Common

  *Trifolium stellatum*   star clover                   Very Common

  *Trifolium striatum*    knotted clover                Very Common

  *Trifolium              subterranean clover           Very Common
  subterraneum*                                         

  *Trifolium tomentosum*  woolly clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium trichocalyx* Monterey clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium variegatum*  whitetip clover               Very Common

  *Trifolium vesiculosum* arrowleaf clover              Very Common

  *Trifolium willdenovii*                               Very Common

  *Trifolium willdenowii* tomcat clover                 Very Common

  *Trifolium              cows clover                   Very Common
  wormskioldii*                                         

  *Triglochin*            arrowgrass                    Occasional

  *Triglochin concinna*   slender arrowgrass            Occasional

  *Triglochin maritima*   seaside arrowgrass            Occasional

  *Triglochin palustris*  marsh arrowgrass              Occasional

  *Triglochin* spp*.*     (arrow grass)                 Occasional

  *Triglochin striata*    three-rib arrowgrass          Occasional

  *Ulex*                  gorse                         Very Common

  *Ulex europaeus*        common gorse                  Very Common

  *Ulex* spp*.*           (furze, gorse, whin)          Very Common

  *Ulma* spp*.*                                         

  *Umbellularia*          California laurel             

  *Umbellularia           California Bay Laurel         
  californica*                                          

  *Umbellularia           California Bay Laurel         
  californica*                                          

  *Urtica*                nettle                        Common

  *Urtica dioica*         California nettle             Common

  *Urtica dioica*         stinging nettle               Common

  *Urtica* spp*.*         (nettles, stinging nettles)   Common

  *Urtica urens*          dwarf nettle                  Common

  *Vaccinium*             blueberry                     Common

  *Vaccinium caespitosum* dwarf bilberry                Common

  *Vaccinium cespitosum*                                Common

  *Vaccinium deliciosum*  Cascade bilberry              Common

  *Vaccinium macrocarpon* cranberry                     Common

  *Vaccinium              thinleaf huckleberry          Common
  membranaceum*                                         

  *Vaccinium ovatum*      California huckleberry        Common

  *Vaccinium parvifolium* red huckleberry               Common

  *Vaccinium scoparium*   grouse whortleberry           Common

  *Vaccinium* spp*.*      (blueberry)                   Common

  *Vaccinium uliginosum*  bog blueberry                 Common

  *Verbena*               vervain                       Occasional

  *Verbena ×clemensiorum* Amador County vervain         Occasional

  *Verbena abramsii*      San Bernardino vervain        Occasional

  *Verbena bonariensis*   purpletop vervain             Occasional

  *Verbena bracteata*     bigbract verbena              Occasional

  *Verbena brasiliensis*  Brazilian vervain             Occasional

  *Verbena californica*   Red Hills vervain             Occasional

  *Verbena canescens*     gray vervain                  Occasional

  *Verbena hastata*       swamp verbena                 Occasional

  *Verbena lasiostachys*  western vervain               Occasional

  *Verbena litoralis*     seashore vervain              Occasional

  *Verbena menthifolia*   mint vervain                  Occasional

  *Verbena neomexicana*   hillside vervain              Occasional

  *Verbena officinalis*   herb of the cross             Occasional

  *Verbena rigida*        tuberous vervain              Occasional

  *Verbena robusta*                                     Occasional

  *Verbena scabra*        sandpaper vervain             Occasional

  *Verbena* spp*.*        (verbena, vervain)            Occasional

  *Veronica*              speedwell                     Occasional

  *Veronica americana*    American speedwell            Occasional

  *Veronica               water speedwell               Occasional
  anagallis-aquatica*                                   

  *Veronica arvensis*     corn speedwell                Occasional

  *Veronica beccabunga*   European speedwell            Occasional

  *Veronica catenata*                                   Occasional

  *Veronica chamaedrys*   germander speedwell           Occasional

  *Veronica copelandii*   Copeland\'s speedwell         Occasional

  *Veronica cusickii*     Cusick\'s speedwell           Occasional

  *Veronica filiformis*   threadstalk speedwell         Occasional

  *Veronica hederifolia*  ivyleaf speedwell             Occasional

  *Veronica officinalis*  common gypsyweed              Occasional

  *Veronica peregrina*    hairy purslane speedwell      Occasional

  *Veronica peregrina*    neckweed                      Occasional

  *Veronica persica*      birdeye speedwell             Occasional

  *Veronica scutellata*   skullcap speedwell            Occasional

  *Veronica               brightblue speedwell          Occasional
  serpyllifolia*                                        

  *Veronica               thymeleaf speedwell           Occasional
  serpyllifolia*                                        

  *Veronica* spp*.*       (brooklime, speedwell)        Occasional

  *Veronica triphyllos*   finger speedwell              Occasional

  *Veronica wormskjoldii* American alpine speedwell     Occasional

  *Veronica wormskjoldii* American alpine speedwell     Occasional

  *Viburnum*              viburnum                      Occasional

  *Viburnum ellipticum*   common viburnum               Occasional

  *Viburnum* spp*.*       (arrowwoods)                  Occasional

  *Viburnum tinus*        Viburnum                      Occasional

  *Viburnum tinus*        Viburnum                      Occasional

  *Vicia*                 vetch                         Primary

  *Vicia ?disperma*       European vetch                Primary

  *Vicia americana*       American vetch                Primary

  *Vicia americana*       American vetch                Primary

  *Vicia articulata*      oneflower vetch               Primary

  *Vicia benghalensis*    reddish tufted vetch          Primary

  *Vicia bithynica*       Bithynian vetch               Primary

  *Vicia cracca*          bird vetch                    Primary

  *Vicia faba*            horsebean                     Primary

  *Vicia hassei*          Hasse\'s vetch                Primary

  *Vicia hirsuta*         tiny vetch                    Primary

  *Vicia lathyroides*     spring vetch                  Primary

  *Vicia ludoviciana*     Louisiana vetch               Primary

  *Vicia lutea*           smooth yellow vetch           Primary

  *Vicia nigricans*       black vetch                   Primary

  *Vicia nigricans*       giant vetch                   Primary

  *Vicia pannonica*       Hungarian vetch               Primary

  *Vicia sativa*          garden vetch                  Primary

  *Vicia* spp*.*          (broad bean, tare, vetch)     Primary

  *Vicia tetrasperma*     lentil vetch                  Primary

  *Vicia villosa*         winter vetch                  Primary

  *Vinca*                 periwinkle                    Occasional

  *Vinca major*           bigleaf periwinkle            Occasional

  *Vinca minor*           Vinca                         Occasional

  *Vinca* spp*.*          (periwinkles)                 Occasional

  *Viola*                 violet                        Occasional

  *Viola adunca*          hookedspur violet             Occasional

  *Viola adunca*          hookedspur violet             Occasional

  *Viola adunca*          Kirk\'s violet                Occasional

  *Viola arvensis*        European field pansy          Occasional

  *Viola aurea*           golden violet                 Occasional

  *Viola bakeri*          Baker\'s violet               Occasional

  *Viola beckwithii*      Beckwith\'s violet            Occasional

  *Viola beckwithii*      western pansy                 Occasional

  *Viola californica*     California violet             Occasional

  *Viola canadensis*                                    Occasional

  *Viola cuneata*         wedgeleaf violet              Occasional

  *Viola douglasii*       Douglas\' golden violet       Occasional

  *Viola epipsila*        dwarf marsh violet            Occasional

  *Viola epipsila*        dwarf marsh violet            Occasional

  *Viola glabella*        pioneer violet                Occasional

  *Viola hallii*          Oregon violet                 Occasional

  *Viola howellii*                                      Occasional

  *Viola lanceolata*      bog white violet              Occasional

  *Viola lanceolata*      bog white violet              Occasional

  *Viola langsdorfii*     Aleutian violet               Occasional

  *Viola lobata*          pine violet                   Occasional

  *Viola macloskeyi*      small white violet            Occasional

  *Viola macloskeyi*      smooth white violet           Occasional

  *Viola nephrophylla*    northern bog violet           Occasional

  *Viola ocellata*        pinto violet                  Occasional

  *Viola odorata*         sweet violet                  Occasional

  *Viola palustris*       marsh violet                  Occasional

  *Viola palustris*       marsh violet                  Occasional

  *Viola pedunculata*     Johnny-jump-up                Occasional

  *Viola pinetorum*       goosefoot yellow violet       Occasional

  *Viola praemorsa*       canary violet                 Occasional

  *Viola praemorsa*       upland yellow violet          Occasional

  *Viola psychodes*       butterfly violet              Occasional

  *Viola purpurea*        goosefoot violet              Occasional

  *Viola sempervirens*    evergreen violet              Occasional

  *Viola sheltonii*       Shelton\'s violet             Occasional

  *Viola sororia*                                       Occasional

  *Viola* spp*.*                                        Occasional

  *Viola tomentosa*       feltleaf violet               Occasional

  *Viola tricolor*        johnny jumpup                 Occasional

  *Viola vallicola*       sagebrush violet              Occasional

  *Viola vallicola*       valley violet                 Occasional

  *Vitis*                 grape                         Very Common

  *Vitis aestivalis*      summer grape                  Very Common

  *Vitis aestivalis*      summer grape                  Very Common

  *Vitis californica*     California wild grape         Very Common

  *Vitis girdiana*        desert wild grape             Very Common

  *Vitis rupestris*       sand grape                    Very Common

  *Vitis* spp*.*          (grape)                       Very Common

  *Vitis vinifera*        wine grape                    Very Common

  *Weigela* spp*.*        (weigela)                     Occasional

  *Weinmannia* spp*.*     (kamahi)                      

  *Wikstroemia* spp*.*    (Mou'a, Oahu false Ohelo)     Common

  *Wilkesia* spp*.*                                     

  *Wisteria* spp*.*       (wisteria)                    Very Common

  *Zea*                   corn                          Occasional

  *Zea mays*              corn                          Occasional

  *Zea* spp*.*            (corn, maize)                 Occasional

  *Zelkova serrata*       Zelkova                       

  *Zelkova* spp*.*        (zelkova)                     

  *Zygocactus* spp*.*                                   Occasional
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

**Appendix B. Proposed Treatment Area**

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**Appendix C. Ecological Risk Assessment**

***Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessment for Acetate Based Straight
Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones***

[Introduction]{.underline}

The purpose of this risk assessment is to quantify the risks of straight
chain lepidopteran pheromones to nontarget terrestrial and aquatic
organisms. Several groups of lepidopteran pheromones have been
identified, but the focus of this assessment is to determine potential
ecological risks of acetate-based lepidopteran pheromones. This is the
class of pheromones that are the active ingredients in both Checkmate
labels that are proposed for use in the light brown apple moth (LBAM)
eradication program. Current registration data requirements for straight
chain lepidopteran pheromones in the United States, Canada, and Europe
are less than conventional insecticides (OECD, 2002; EPA, 2007). The
reduced data requirements are based on similarities in toxicity,
exposure, and environmental fate that suggest that these types of
pheromones pose minimal risk to human health and the environment. Due to
these similarities in fate and effects, regulatory agencies have adopted
a structure activity relationship approach for straight chain
lepidopteran pheromones (Weatherston and Minks, 1995). This assessment
summarizes the range of toxicity data for acetate-based straight chain
lepidopteran pheromones. It also provides conservative estimates of
exposure in terrestrial and aquatic environments so that conservative
estimates of risk can be determined and discussed.

[Toxicity]{.underline}

*Terrestrial*

Based on the available acute mammalian toxicity data for approximately
10 different lepidopteran pheromones the median lethal oral dose
(LD~50~) for rats would be considered practically nontoxic, with values
ranging from greater then 5 g/kg to greater than 34.6 g/kg. Acute dermal
toxicity is also considered low with LD~50~ values ranging from greater
than 2 g/kg to 20.25 g/kg, based on study results from nine acetate
based straight chain lepidopteran pheromones. Inhalation hazards are
also low based on results compiled from three studies that show that the
median lethal concentration (LC~50~) values range from 3.3 to 33.2 mg/L
(Touhey, 1990; Inscoe and Ridgway, 1992; Weatherston and Stewart, 2002).

Available subchronic and developmental mammalian toxicity studies have
shown no mutagenic or developmental effects for all tested pheromones
(Touhey, 1990). Daughtrey et al. (1990) dosed rats daily 5 days per week
for 13 weeks with tridecyl acetate at doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0
g/kg/day. The calculated no observable effect level was found to be 0.1
g/kg/day based on a slight increase in liver weight which is consistent
with long-term dosing.

Toxicity to birds is also considered to be very low based on available
avian toxicity data. Acute oral LD~50~ values for bobwhite quail are
greater than 2 g/kg while mallard values range from greater than 2 g/kg
to greater than 10 g/kg (Weatherston, 2002).

*Aquatic*

Based on the available acute toxicity data for freshwater fish straight
chain lepidopteran pheromones would be considered practically nontoxic.
Based on results from four bluegill studies and three rainbow trout
studies, the range of toxicity values is greater than 100 mg/L to 540
mg/L for the bluegill sunfish, and greater than 100 mg/L to 270 mg/L for
the rainbow trout (Weatherston and Minks, 2002). Aquatic invertebrates
appear to be more sensitive than fish with EC~50~ values ranging from
1.30 to 6.80 mg/L for the freshwater cladoceran, *Daphnia magna*. All
aquatic toxicity values that have been reported are above the solubility
limits for these types of pheromones in water and would not occur in the
environment due to their chemical properties.

[Exposure]{.underline}

Due to the unique method of application being implemented in this
program, currently available drift models, such as AgDrift and AgDisp,
have limited use. Proposed application heights are 2well above the
150-foot application height limit that has been validated using these
types of models. To determine exposure of nontarget organisms to
pheromone applications, residues in terrestrial and aquatic systems were
calculated based on the assumption of direct applications to both
environments.

*Terrestrial*

Residues in terrestrial environments were determined using the
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Pesticide Program
(OPP) Terrestrial Residue Exposure Model (T-REX) (EPA, 2005). T-REX
allows the user to input variables such as use, application rate/type,
percent active ingredient, foliar dissipation half-life, application
interval and number of applications to calculate exposure concentrations
on a variety of food items. All estimated environmental concentrations
(EEC) in this risk assessment are based on the upper bound residue
estimates on different terrestrial food items. Output from the model has
been validated based on the review of field residue data (Fletcher et
al., 1994). Dose based residues were calculated for different sized
mammals and birds so that they could be compared to the most sensitive
toxicity value for each group (table 1 and 2). Residues are assumed to
result from a direct application to the listed food items.

**Table 1. Expected Pheromone Residues For Different Mammalian Classes
and Body Weights.**

  -------------------------- -------------- ------ --------- ------------ ------ --------
  Dose-Based EECs\           Mammalian                                           
  (mg/kg-bw^\*^)             Classes and                                         
                             Body Weight                                         

                             Herbivores/                     Granivores          
                             insectivores                                        

                             15 g           35 g   1000 g    15 g         35 g   1000 g

  Short Grass                10.07          6.96   1.61                           

  Tall Grass                 4.61           3.19   0.74                           

  Broadleaf plants/sm        5.66           3.91   0.91                           
  Insects                                                                        

  Fruits/pods/seeds/lg       0.63           0.43   0.10      0.14         0.10   0.02
  insects                                                                        
  -------------------------- -------------- ------ --------- ------------ ------ --------

^\*^bw = body weight

**Table 2. Expected Pheromone Residues For Different Avian Classes and
Body Weights.**

  ------------------------------ ------------ ------------ --------------
  Dose-based EECs\               Avian                     
  (mg/kg-bw)                     Classes and               
                                 Body Weights              

                                 small        mid          large

                                 20 g         100 g        1000 g

  Short Grass                    12.03        6.86         3.07

  Tall Grass                     5.51         3.14         1.41

  Broadleaf plants/sm Insects    6.77         3.86         1.73

  Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects   0.75         0.43         0.19
  ------------------------------ ------------ ------------ --------------

*Aquatic*

As a more conservative estimate of exposure, residues in aquatic
environments were determined based on the assumption of a direct
application. This would not occur in an actual application because it is
inconsistent with the label for both products and would be a violation
of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). In
addition, the pheromone is insoluble in water and would not be able to
go into solution resulting in exposure to aquatic fauna. The assumptions
in the direct application were that a maximum rate of pheromone (20
g/active ingredient/acre) would be applied directly to a body of water
one hectare in size and 0.5 meters deep. The water body was assumed to
be a closed system with no inlet or outlet and no degradation of the
pheromone. In addition, the pheromone was considered to be 100% soluble
in water. Based on these very conservative assumptions, the maximum
residue in the defined aquatic system was determined to be 0.01 mg/L.

[Risk]{.underline}

The risk to terrestrial and aquatic organisms was quantified by dividing
the exposure residue by the most sensitive toxicity value in each
environment to determine a risk quotient.

Risk Quotient = Estimated Environmental Concentration / Toxicity
Endpoint

EPA OPP uses a similar approach in calculating risk and then compares
the risk quotient to levels of concern that have been established to
determine a presumption of risk to terrestrial and aquatic nontarget
organisms. Levels of concern that have been established for direct acute
effects to terrestrial organisms range from 0.1 for endangered species
to 0.5, as a trigger, for acute high risk. For aquatic species, the
levels of concern range from 0.05 for listed species to 0.5 for aquatic
high risk. Risk quotient values that exceed these values result in a
presumption of risk and further analysis is needed. Chronic levels of
concern are set at one for both terrestrial and aquatic organisms.

*Terrestrial*

Based on the calculated residues for different mammal classes and the
lowest acute toxicity value for mammals (LD~50~ \>5 g/kg), all risk
quotients were less than 0.009 suggesting minimal risk to nontarget
mammals. Using the lowest subchronic toxicity endpoint (NOEL = 0.1
g/kg), chronic risk to different mammal classes was 0.05 and below for
all mammal classes and sizes suggesting minimal chronic risk.

Using the residues calculated for different bird classes and sizes, and
the lowest reported avian toxicity value (LD~50~ \>2 g/kg), all acute
risk quotient values were less than 0.01 since the toxicity value was
based on a value where no effect was observed at the highest
concentration tested.

All calculated risk quotient values for terrestrial nontarget organisms
were well below any levels of concern that have been established for
terrestrial nontarget organisms by EPA.

*Aquatic*

The risk to fish was calculated by taking the residue value of 0.01 mg/L
and dividing it by the lowest reported LC~50~, which is reported as
greater than 100 mg/L. In this case, the resulting risk quotient value
is \<0.0001 since the toxicity value is reported as greater than the
highest test concentration. Taking the lowest reported *D. magna* value
(EC~50~ = 1.30 mg/L) and comparing it to the 0.01 mg/L maximum residue
results in a risk quotient value of 0.008. These values show that the
residues in water are 130 to greater than 10,000 times below any
available aquatic effects data, based on overly conservative estimates
of exposure. In addition, the calculated risk quotients are an order of
magnitude or more below the most sensitive levels on concern defined by
EPA. Risks are actually much lower because the residue calculations
assumed a direct application and the pheromone is soluble in water, both
of which are not representative of the use pattern or chemical
characteristics of the pheromone.

[Summary]{.underline}

As with any risk assessment, there is uncertainty due to the limited
amount of available toxicity data. In aquatic systems, this uncertainty
is addressed to a great extent based on the physical properties of the
pheromone in aquatic systems which restricts exposure to water column
and benthic organisms. In addition, any pheromone that may reach water
volatilizes rapidly and degrades when exposed to oxidation and UV light.

Degradation of the pheromone in terrestrial environments is also rapid
with half-lives ranging from a few hours to slightly greater than one
day.

Uncertainty exists in the calculated residues in terrestrial
environments where they do not account for all food types that can be
consumed by various mammals and birds. The values represent levels for
mammals and birds that have high consumption rates relative to their
body size and would, therefore, potentially consume proportionally
larger amounts of pheromone. The higher proportional consumption rates
and the assumption that all consumed food items are contaminated with
upper-bound estimates of residues provides a conservative estimate of
risk.

Uncertainty regarding the toxicity of the active ingredient (which is
what the standard toxicity studies are based on) versus the toxicity of
the formulation is also reduced since greater than 95% of the inert
material is deionized water. The remaining 4 to 5% of the inerts are
materials that occur at very low concentrations and are not considered
to be of toxicological significance due to low exposure and/or toxicity.

Risks are actually much lower than the calculated values above since the
residue calculations assumed a direct application and the pheromone is
soluble in water, both of which are not representative of the use
pattern or chemical characteristics of the pheromone. Based on the
available toxicity and environmental fate data, and extremely
conservative exposure assumptions, the risk to terrestrial and aquatic
nontarget organisms is expected to be negligible from applications of
acetate-based straight chain lepidopteran pheromones.

**References**

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