---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image1.png){width="1.8298611111111112in"   **NLM^®^ Training: PubMed^®^**
  height="1.8298611111111112in"}                       

  ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | **MEDLARS Management Section**                |
|                      |                                               |
|                      | **U.S. National Library of Medicine^®^**      |
|                      |                                               |
|                      | **National Institutes of Health**             |
|                      |                                               |
|                      | **Department of Health and Human Services**   |
|                      |                                               |
|                      | **Bethesda, Maryland**                        |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | **January 2009 Revision**                     |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

**[N]{.underline} [O]{.underline} [T]{.underline} [E]{.underline}
[S]{.underline}**

# Table of Contents {#table-of-contents .PubMed-H1}

[Table of Contents i](#table-of-contents)

[Agenda iii](#agenda)

[Goals and Objectives iv](#goals-and-objectives)

[Introduction to the U.S. National Library of Medicine
5](#introduction-to-the-u.s.-national-library-of-medicine)

[The National Network of Libraries of Medicine^®^
5](#the-national-network-of-libraries-of-medicine)

[Document Delivery 6](#document-delivery)

[*NLM Technical Bulletin* 6](#nlm-technical-bulletin)

[Consumer Information 7](#consumer-information)

[NLM Customer Service 8](#nlm-customer-service)

[Subscribe to NLM-Announces Mailing List
9](#subscribe-to-nlm-announces-mailing-list)

[Introduction to PubMed® (pubmed.gov)
11](#introduction-to-pubmed-pubmed.gov)

[What's in PubMed 13](#whats-in-pubmed)

[MEDLINE Citations 13](#medline-citations)

[Medical Subject Headings (MeSH^®^ Vocabulary)
23](#medical-subject-headings-mesh-vocabulary)

[Subheadings 29](#subheadings)

[Pharmacologic Action Terms 31](#pharmacologic-action-terms)

[Other Types of MeSH Vocabulary 32](#other-types-of-mesh-vocabulary)

[Practice Exercises -- Introduction to MeSH
35](#practice-exercises-introduction-to-mesh)

[Building the Search 37](#building-the-search)

[Search Results Screen 38](#search-results-screen)

[Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) 40](#__RefHeading___Toc219860637)

[Details screen 40](#details-screen)

[Practice Exercises: Basic Search and ATM
45](#__RefHeading___Toc219860639)

[Related Articles 48](#related-articles)

[Limits in Advanced Search 49](#limits-in-advanced-search)

[Phrase Searching 53](#phrase-searching)

[Truncation (finding all terms that begin with a given text string)
54](#truncation-finding-all-terms-that-begin-with-a-given-text-string)

[Stopword List 54](#stopword-list)

[Spell Check Feature 54](#spell-check-feature)

[Practice Exercises: Limits in Advanced Search & Phrase Searching
55](#practice-exercises-limits-in-advanced-search-phrase-searching)

[Boolean Logical Operators 59](#boolean-logical-operators)

[History 61](#history)

[Practice Exercises: Boolean Operators and History
63](#practice-exercises-boolean-operators-and-history)

[Searching with MeSH and the MeSH Database
65](#searching-with-mesh-and-the-mesh-database)

[Practice Exercises: Searching with MeSH
71](#practice-exercises-searching-with-mesh)

[Search by Field 75](#search-by-field)

[Search by Author, Journal, Publication Date, and More via the Advanced
Search screen
75](#search-by-author-journal-publication-date-and-more-via-the-advanced-search-screen)

[Finding a specific citation 80](#finding-a-specific-citation)

[Using Search Tags \-- Search Field Descriptions
84](#using-search-tags----search-field-descriptions)

[Journals Database 92](#journals-database)

[Practice Exercises: Search Tags 97](#practice-exercises-search-tags)

[Managing the Results 99](#managing-the-results)

[Display Options 99](#display-options)

[Show... 104](#show)

[Sort by... 104](#sort-by)

[Send to... 105](#send-to)

[My NCBI Collections 110](#my-ncbi-collections)

[My Bibliography 113](#my-bibliography)

[Saving the Search 115](#__RefHeading___Toc219860665)

[Saving Searches with My NCBI 115](#saving-searches-with-my-ncbi)

[Send to RSS Feed 119](#send-to-rss-feed)

[Practice Exercises: Managing the Results and Saving the Search
121](#practice-exercises-managing-the-results-and-saving-the-search)

[Getting the Articles 123](#getting-the-articles)

[LinkOut 123](#linkout)

[Send to Order 125](#send-to-order)

[Additional Tools 127](#additional-tools)

[Filters 127](#filters)

[My NCBI User Preferences 132](#my-ncbi-user-preferences)

[Clinical Queries 133](#clinical-queries)

[Special Queries -- Health Services Research (HSR) Queries
135](#special-queries-health-services-research-hsr-queries)

[Linking to PubMed 136](#linking-to-pubmed)

[E-Utilities 140](#e-utilities)

[Review Exercises 141](#review-exercises)

**NLM Training: PubMed**

# Agenda {#agenda .PubMed-H1}

+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 8:30 -- 8:45    | Welcome                                          |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 8:45 -- 9:00    | Introduction to NLM and PubMed                   |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 9:00 -- 9:15    | What's in PubMed                                 |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 9:15 -- 10:15   | Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)                  |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 10:15 -- 10:30  | BREAK                                            |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 10:30 -- 12:00  | Building the Search (part I)                     |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 12:00 -- 1:00   | LUNCH                                            |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 1:00 -- 2:30    | Building the Search (part II)                    |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 2:30 -- 2:45    | BREAK                                            |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 2:45 -- 3:15    | Managing the Results                             |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 3:15 -- 3:30    | Saving the Search                                |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 3:30 -- 3:45    | Viewing the Articles                             |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 3:45 -- 4:15    | Additional Tools                                 |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 4:15 -- 4:45    | Review Exercises                                 |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| > 4:45 -- 5:00    | Closing                                          |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

# Goals and Objectives {#goals-and-objectives .PubMed-H1}

By the end of this course, you should be able to:

-   Understand PubMed\'s scope and content.

-   Understand how the MeSH vocabulary is used to describe and retrieve
    citations.

-   Build a search using MeSH and PubMed search tools (Details, Limits,
    History, etc.)

-   Manage your results using display, sort, the Clipboard, save, print,
    e-mail and order features.

-   Save your search strategies.

-   Link to full-text articles and other resources.

-   Use filters and special queries, and other PubMed/NCBI tools.

# Introduction to the U.S. National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), part of the
National Institutes of Health (NIH), is the world\'s largest medical
library. The collections of the National Library of Medicine include
more than seven million books, journals, technical reports, manuscripts,
microfilms, photographs, and images on medicine and related sciences,
including some of the world\'s oldest and rarest works.

![](media/image2.png){width="6.492361111111111in"
height="3.5083333333333333in"}

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ![](medi       | ## The National Network of Libraries of Medicine^®^ |
| a/image3.png){ |                                                     |
| width="0.84513 |                                                     |
| 88888888889in" |                                                     |
| he             |                                                     |
| ight="0.717361 |                                                     |
| 1111111111in"} |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

Medical libraries throughout the United States are joined together in a
network. The purpose of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine
(NN/LM^®^) is to provide health science practitioners, investigators,
educators, and administrators in the United States with timely,
convenient access to biomedical and health care information resources.

-   The network is administered by the National Library of Medicine.

-   It consists of eight Regional Medical Libraries (major institutions
    under contract to NLM), more than 159 Resource Libraries (primarily
    at medical schools), and some 4,762 Primary Access Libraries
    (primarily at hospitals).

-   The Regional Medical Libraries administer and coordinate services in
    the network\'s eight geographical regions.

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| !          | NN/LM Web site: [**http://nnlm.gov**](http://nnlm.gov/) |
| [](media/i |                                                         |
| mage4.jpeg | Toll free phone number: 1-800-338-7657                  |
| ){width="0 |                                                         |
| .816666666 |                                                         |
| 6666667in" |                                                         |
| height="0. |                                                         |
| 9013888888 |                                                         |
| 888889in"} |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

## Document Delivery

-   **Loansome Doc^®^** offers full-text document ordering. This feature
    is part of PubMed and the NLM Gateway.

-   **DOCLINE^®^** is the computerized interlibrary loan system that is
    the foundation for Loansome Doc.

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](me    | More information on Loansome Doc and DOCLINE may be      |
| dia/image | found on factsheets found at the NLM Web site:           |
| 4.jpeg){w |                                                          |
| idth="0.8 | **Loansome Doc --**                                      |
| 166666666 | <h                                                       |
| 666667in" | ttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/loansome_doc.html> |
| hei       |                                                          |
| ght="0.90 | **DOCLINE -**                                            |
| 138888888 | <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/docline.html>    |
| 88889in"} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

## *NLM Technical Bulletin*

-   A bi-monthly newsletter published for NLM online searchers.

-   The *NLM* *Technical Bulletin* keeps searchers apprised of:

    -   changes and enhancements to NLM retrieval systems

    -   changes to MeSH vocabulary

    -   tips for searching

-   The *Technical Bulletin* is published electronically on the NLM Web
    site. The URL is:

**http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/tb.html**

![](media/image5.png){width="4.633333333333334in"
height="3.363888888888889in"}

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.7465277777777778in"   Sign up for an **RSS** feed to be notified each time an
  height="0.8319444444444445in"}                        article is published. Alternatively, click on **E-mail Sign
                                                        up** to subscribe to the NLM mailing list to receive a
                                                        weekly e-mail listing newly added items to the NLM web
                                                        site. See details on Page 9.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

## Consumer Information

-   On October 22, 1998 NLM launched a consumer health Web page called
    **MedlinePlus*^®\ ^*** (medlineplus.gov)

-   Designed to direct consumers to resources containing information
    that will assist in researching their health questions.

-   The pages are designed for educational use only and are not intended
    to replace advice from a health professional.

-   These pages provide a carefully selected list of resources, not a
    comprehensive catalog.

  ------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  Click on the **MedlinePlus** image on the   ![](media/image6.png){width="2.165277777777778in"
  right-hand side of the NLM home page:       height="1.1354166666666667in"}

  ------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

![](media/image7.png){width="6.507638888888889in"
height="4.759722222222222in"}

## NLM Customer Service

Contact NLM if you need assistance or have questions about NLM's
products or services.

> E-mail **custserv@nlm.nih.gov**
>
> Toll-Free Phone **1-888-FINDNLM (1-888-346-3656)**

On the NLM home page, Contact NLM on black bar:

![](media/image8.png){width="2.8881944444444443in"
height="0.2534722222222222in"}

You will be taken to this screen:

![](media/image9.png){width="6.509027777777778in"
height="5.616666666666666in"}

## 

For assistance with PubMed, you may also use the [Write to the Help
Desk]{.underline} link at the bottom of any PubMed screen.

## Subscribe to NLM-Announces Mailing List

This mailing list will alert you when new information has been added to
the NLM Web site.

For example:

-   When articles have been added to the *NLM Technical Bulletin* Web
    site

-   When the training manuals have been revised

-   Other important NLM announcements and events

Go to **<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html>**

**Click on Join or leave the list (or change settings)**

*or*

Click on **About the National Library of Medicine** from the NLM home
page.

Click on **News and Events**.

Scroll down to **New on this Site**. Click on **Subscribe to the
NLM-Announces mailing list.**

Click on **NLM-Announces.**

Click on **Join or leave the list (or change settings).**

+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ![](media/image10.png){width="5.635416666666667in"           | *Fill |
| height="4.133333333333334in"}                                | in    |
|                                                              | this  |
|                                                              | inf   |
|                                                              | ormat |
|                                                              | ion.* |
|                                                              |       |
|                                                              | *     |
|                                                              | Click |
|                                                              | Join  |
|                                                              | the   |
|                                                              | list  |
|                                                              | but   |
|                                                              | ton.* |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+

**[NOTES]{.underline}**

![](media/image11.png){width="4.493055555555555in"
height="0.7326388888888888in"}

# Introduction to PubMed® (pubmed.gov)

-   NLM has been indexing the biomedical literature since 1879, to help
    provide health professionals access to information necessary for
    research, health care, and education.

-   What was once a printed index to articles, the *Index Medicus*,
    became a database now known as MEDLINE^®^. MEDLINE contains journal
    citations and abstracts for biomedical literature from around the
    world.

-   Since 1996, free access to MEDLINE has been available to the public
    online via PubMed.

+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+
| ![](media/image12.png){width="4.803472222222222in"            | *C   |
| height="3.029166666666667in"}                                 | lick |
|                                                               | he   |
| Figure 1: NLM Home Page http://www.nlm.nih.gov                | re.* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+

-   PubMed is a database developed by the National Center for
    Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine
    (NLM) available on the Web.

-   PubMed is one of several databases under NCBI's Entrez retrieval
    system.

-   PubMed currently includes over 18 million bibliographic citations.

-   PubMed also has links to the full‑text of articles at participating
    publishers' Web sites, as well as biological data, sequence data,
    and more from other Entrez Databases and from third parties.

### Interrelationships between Entrez Databases

-   PubMed provides links to the integrated molecular biology databases
    maintained by NCBI. These databases contain: DNA and protein
    sequences, genome mapping data, and 3‑D protein structures, aligned
    sequences from populations, and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in
    Man (OMIM). Links between MEDLINE records and sequence records make
    it easy to find MEDLINE abstracts associated with sequence records
    and vice versa.

-   PubMed also provides links to chemical information in PubChem
    Substance, PubChem Compound and PubChem Bioassay databases.

-   The following diagram illustrates the relationships between some of
    the information resources in Entrez:

![](media/image13.png){width="3.8784722222222223in"
height="3.6194444444444445in"}See an interactive view of Entrez links at
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Database/>

# 

# What's in PubMed

-   Most PubMed records are MEDLINE citations.

-   Other records include those in different stages of processing
    (including records provided directly from the journal publisher) but
    destined to be MEDLINE citations.

-   A relatively small number of records that are included in PubMed but
    not selected for MEDLINE.

## MEDLINE Citations

PubMed provides access to **MEDLINE**, the National Library of
Medicine's premier bibliographic database containing citations and
author abstracts from approximately 5,200 biomedical journals published
in the United States and in other countries.

The scope of MEDLINE includes such diverse topics as microbiology,
delivery of health care, nutrition, pharmacology and environmental
health. The categories covered in MEDLINE include everything from
anatomy, organisms, diseases, psychiatry, and psychology to the physical
sciences.

-   MEDLINE currently contains over 17 million references dating back to
    1948.

-   New material is added Tuesday through Saturday.

-   Coverage is worldwide, but most records (about 90%) are from
    English-language sources or have English abstracts.

-   Approximately 79% of the citations are included with the published
    abstract.

### MEDLINE Journal Selection

-   The Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC) meets
    three times a year and considers approximately 140 titles for
    MEDLINE at each meeting.

-   Final approval is made by the Director of the National Library of
    Medicine.

-   Titles are considered for scope and coverage, quality of content,
    quality of editorial work, production quality, audience, and type of
    content.

-   For more details, see the NLM Fact Sheet, MEDLINE Journal Selection,
    at <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/jsel.html>.

### MEDLINE^®^ -- Basic Bibliographic Citation

One MEDLINE citation represents one journal article and is composed of
fields that provide specific information (Title, Author, Language, etc.)
about the journal article. The following information is generally
provided:

-   Title of the journal article

-   Names of the Authors

-   Abstract published with the article

-   Controlled Vocabulary search terms (Medical Subject Headings)

-   Journal Source Information

-   First Author Affiliation

-   Language in which the article was published

-   Publication Type (description of the type of article, e.g., Review,
    Letter, etc.)

A sample MEDLINE citation from PubMed follows.

### PubMed MEDLINE citation

![](media/image14.png){width="5.654166666666667in"
height="8.644444444444444in"}

### How Citations Get Into PubMed

###  {#section-2 .PubMed-H3}

-   Records are either supplied electronically by publishers or created
    using scanning and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) at NLM.

-   Citations are immediately made available via PubMed. All citations
    go through a quality control process, and citations from MEDLINE
    journals are indexed.

-   All citations display a status tag, which indicates their stage of
    processing. See the Summary table on page 21.

### Publisher Supplied Citations

-   These are citations that are supplied electronically by publishers
    directly to PubMed. The citations are then forwarded to NLM's Index
    Section to be processed. (Not all citations are supplied
    electronically).

-   Citations received electronically have the status tag: **\[PubMed -
    as supplied by publisher\]**.

**Sample PubMed citation that was submitted electronically but
processing has not yet begun:**

+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| *Notice the*          | ![](media/image15.png){width="4.15625in"     |
|                       | height="0.8125in"}                           |
| ***\[PubMed -- as     |                                              |
| supplied by           |                                              |
| publisher\]** status  |                                              |
| tag.*                 |                                              |
+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------+

### In Process

-   These citations are being reviewed for inclusion in MEDLINE and, if
    in scope, subsequently are indexed with MeSH^^ vocabulary. In
    addition the bibliographic data in these records is being checked
    for accuracy.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   In process records carry the status tag: **\[PubMed -- in
    process\].**

-   In process records are added to PubMed Tuesday-Saturday.

**Sample In Process citation in PubMed:**

+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| *Notice the*          | ![](med                                      |
|                       | ia/image16.png){width="3.9902777777777776in" |
| ***\[PubMed -- in     | height="0.8534722222222222in"}               |
| process\]***          |                                              |
|                       |                                              |
| *status tag.*         |                                              |
+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------+

### MEDLINE Citations

-   This is NLM's premier bibliographic database

-   MEDLINE has over 17 million records from 1948 to the present.

-   MEDLINE records are added to PubMed Tuesday-Saturday.

-   After Medical Subject Headings (NLM's controlled vocabulary terms)
    and other indexing terms are added, the in process citations
    graduate to MEDLINE records. These "completed" records have also
    been checked for bibliographic accuracy.

-   Fully indexed MEDLINE records carry the status tag **\[PubMed --
    indexed for MEDLINE\]**.

**Sample MEDLINE citation in PubMed:**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *Notice the*     | !                                                 |
|                  | [](media/image17.png){width="4.613888888888889in" |
| ***\[PubMed --   | height="0.96875in"}                               |
| indexed for      |                                                   |
| MEDLINE\]***     |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *status tag.*    |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

### OLDMEDLINE Citations

-   About 1.8 million citations (most with no abstracts) are to journal
    article citations from two printed indexes: *Cumulated Index
    Medicus* *(CIM)* and the *Current List of Medical Literature*
    *(CLML)* published from 1948 to 1965. To search PubMed for all
    citations originating from the OLDMEDLINE print index conversion
    project, use jsubsetom.

-   The citations are from international biomedical journals covering
    the fields of medicine, preclinical sciences, and allied health
    sciences.

-   OLDMEDLINE citations have been created using standards that are
    different from the data entry standards for MEDLINE records. There
    are also variations among OLDMEDLINE citations in the data fields
    present as well as in their format, depending on the original source
    from which the citations were obtained.

-   Beginning in 2005, the original subject terms applied to the
    citations in the printed indexes are being mapped to current Medical
    Subject Headings (MeSH).

-   OLDMEDLINE records carry the status tag \[**PubMed -- OLDMEDLINE\]**
    until *all* original subject terms are mapped to current MeSH. Once
    all terms are mapped, the records are promoted to status **\[PubMed
    -- indexed for MEDLINE\]**.

**Sample OLDMEDLINE citations in PubMed:**

![](media/image18.png){width="6.492361111111111in"
height="1.332638888888889in"}

![](media/image19.png){width="6.530555555555556in"
height="1.7604166666666667in"}

### Non-MeSH Indexed Citations

-   Some citations received electronically from publishers never become
    MEDLINE citations.

-   These records are not indexed with MeSH terms.

-   These records have either the status tag **\[PubMed\]** or
    **\[PubMed -- as supplied by publisher\]** and remain in PubMed but
    are not MEDLINE citations.

**There are three sources of these types of records:**

**1. Out-of-scope articles from selectively indexed MEDLINE journals**

This may occur when a particular article in a selectively indexed
journal is out-of-scope for MEDLINE (such as a geology article in a
general scientific journal like *Science* or *Nature*).

These citations have been reviewed for accurate bibliographic data.

The status tag **\[PubMed\]** appears on these citations.

Sample citation for an article that is out of scope for MEDLINE:

  ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  *Notice the      ![](media/image20.png){width="4.228472222222222in"
  **\[PubMed**\]   height="0.9791666666666666in"}
  status tag.*     

  ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

**Sample citation for an article from the same journal issue that *is***
indexed for MEDLINE:

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| *Notice     | ![](media/image21.png){width="3.8534722222222224in"    |
| the*        | height="0.96875in"}                                    |
|             |                                                        |
| *           |                                                        |
| **\[PubMed- |                                                        |
| indexed for |                                                        |
| M           |                                                        |
| EDLINE\]*** |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *status     |                                                        |
| tag.*       |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

**2. Articles from issues of journals published prior to selection for
MEDLINE indexing**

> These earlier citations will not be indexed with MeSH headings.

-   Prior to late 2003:

► the citations were *not* reviewed for accurate bibliographic data

► the status tag of **\[PubMed -- as supplied by publisher\]** appears

-   Beginning in late 2003:

► the citations have been reviewed for accurate bibliographic data

► the status tag of **\[PubMed\]** appears.

## 

**Example:** *NLM began indexing the journal, The Neurologist with v. 9,
no. 1, 2003. However, the publisher electronically supplied NLM with
citations from earlier volumes. The citations from back volumes were
entered into PubMed but will not be indexed with MeSH.*

![](media/image22.png){width="3.7597222222222224in"
height="0.9583333333333334in"}

  --------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  *Notice the           ![](media/image23.png){width="3.0305555555555554in"
  **\[PubMed -- indexed height="0.96875in"}
  for MEDLINE\]**       
  status tag on an item 
  from volume 9, 2003.* 

  --------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.7736111111111111in"   Indexing information for a particular journal can be found
  height="0.8319444444444445in"}                        in the "Indexed In" field in the NLM Catalog. Use PubMed's
                                                        Journals Database to link to this information.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

**3. Articles from non-MEDLINE journals**

-   Beginning in July 2005:

> ► the citations have been reviewed for accurate bibliographic data
>
> ► the status tag of **\[PubMed\]** appears

![](media/image24.png){width="5.124305555555556in" height="0.8125in"}

-   Author manuscripts in PubMed Central (PMC) that would not normally
    be in PubMed.

![](media/image25.png){width="4.447222222222222in" height="0.90625in"}

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.7736111111111111in"   See next page for a Citation Status Tags Summary Table.
  height="0.8597222222222223in"}                        

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
| PubMed Citation   |                   |      |     |               |
| Status Tags       |                   |      |     |               |
| Summary Table     |                   |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
| **Citation Status | **Condition(s)**  | *    | *   | **How to      |
| Tag Value**       |                   | *MeS | *Bi | search**      |
|                   |                   | H-in | bli |               |
|                   |                   | dexe | o-g |               |
|                   |                   | d?** | rap |               |
|                   |                   |      | hic |               |
|                   |                   |      | d   |               |
|                   |                   |      | ata |               |
|                   |                   |      | c   |               |
|                   |                   |      | hec |               |
|                   |                   |      | ked |               |
|                   |                   |      | ?** |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
| **PubMed - as     |                   |      |     |               |
| supplied by       |                   |      |     |               |
| publisher**       |                   |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
|                   | -   Citations     | No   | No  | publisher     |
|                   |     supplied      |      |     | \[sb\] NOT    |
|                   |                   |      |     | p             |
|                   |    electronically |      |     | ubstatusnihms |
|                   |     when first    |      |     | NOT           |
|                   |     received.     |      |     | p             |
|                   |                   |      |     | ubstatuspmcsd |
|                   | ```{=html}        |      |     |               |
|                   | <!-- -->          |      |     |               |
|                   | ```               |      |     |               |
|                   | -   Citations     |      |     |               |
|                   |     from issues   |      |     |               |
|                   |     of journals   |      |     |               |
|                   |     published     |      |     |               |
|                   |     before        |      |     |               |
|                   |     journal       |      |     |               |
|                   |     selected for  |      |     |               |
|                   |     MEDLINE       |      |     |               |
|                   |     indexing      |      |     |               |
|                   |     (records      |      |     |               |
|                   |     received      |      |     |               |
|                   |     prior to late |      |     |               |
|                   |     2003).        |      |     |               |
|                   |                   |      |     |               |
|                   | ```{=html}        |      |     |               |
|                   | <!-- -->          |      |     |               |
|                   | ```               |      |     |               |
|                   | -   Citations     |      |     |               |
|                   |     from          |      |     |               |
|                   |     non-MEDLINE   |      |     |               |
|                   |     journals      |      |     |               |
|                   |     (records      |      |     |               |
|                   |     received      |      |     |               |
|                   |     prior to June |      |     |               |
|                   |     2005).        |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
| **PubMed - in     |                   |      |     |               |
| process**         |                   |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
|                   | -   Citations in  | No   | No  | in process    |
|                   |     review for    |      |     | \[sb\]        |
|                   |     inclusion in  |      |     |               |
|                   |     MEDLINE.      |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
| **PubMed -        |                   |      |     |               |
| indexed for       |                   |      |     |               |
| MEDLINE**         |                   |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
|                   | -   Fully indexed | Yes  | Yes | medline       |
|                   |     citations.    |      |     | \[sb\]        |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
| **PubMed -        |                   |      |     |               |
| OLDMEDLINE**      |                   |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
|                   | -   Citations     | Par  | Yes | oldmedline    |
|                   |     originally    | tial |     | \[sb\]        |
|                   |     printed in    |      |     |               |
|                   |     hardcopy      |      |     |               |
|                   |     indexes       |      |     |               |
|                   |     published     |      |     |               |
|                   |     from 1948     |      |     |               |
|                   |     through 1965  |      |     |               |
|                   |     that have not |      |     |               |
|                   |     had all of    |      |     |               |
|                   |     their         |      |     |               |
|                   |     original      |      |     |               |
|                   |     subject terms |      |     |               |
|                   |     mapped to     |      |     |               |
|                   |     current MeSH. |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
| **PubMed**        |                   |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+
|                   | -   Out-of-scope  | No   | Yes | pub           |
|                   |     articles from |      |     | mednotmedline |
|                   |     selectively   |      |     | \[sb\] OR     |
|                   |     indexed       |      |     | (p            |
|                   |     MEDLINE       |      |     | ubstatusnihms |
|                   |     journals.     |      |     | OR            |
|                   |                   |      |     | p             |
|                   | ```{=html}        |      |     | ubstatuspmcsd |
|                   | <!-- -->          |      |     | AND publisher |
|                   | ```               |      |     | \[sb\])       |
|                   | -   Since late    |      |     |               |
|                   |     2003,         |      |     |               |
|                   |     citations     |      |     |               |
|                   |     from issues   |      |     |               |
|                   |     of journals   |      |     |               |
|                   |     published     |      |     |               |
|                   |     prior to      |      |     |               |
|                   |     selection for |      |     |               |
|                   |     MEDLINE       |      |     |               |
|                   |     indexing.     |      |     |               |
|                   |                   |      |     |               |
|                   | ```{=html}        |      |     |               |
|                   | <!-- -->          |      |     |               |
|                   | ```               |      |     |               |
|                   | -   Since June    |      |     |               |
|                   |     2005,         |      |     |               |
|                   |     citations     |      |     |               |
|                   |     from          |      |     |               |
|                   |     non-MEDLINE   |      |     |               |
|                   |     journals.     |      |     |               |
|                   |                   |      |     |               |
|                   | -   Citations for |      |     |               |
|                   |     articles with |      |     |               |
|                   |     full-text in  |      |     |               |
|                   |     PubMed        |      |     |               |
|                   |     Central (PMC) |      |     |               |
|                   |     that would    |      |     |               |
|                   |     not normally  |      |     |               |
|                   |     be in PubMed. |      |     |               |
+-------------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------------+

#  {#section-4 .PubMed-H1}

**[NOTES]{.underline}**

# Medical Subject Headings (MeSH^®^ Vocabulary) {#medical-subject-headings-mesh-vocabulary .PubMed-H1}

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   For a video introduction to MeSH, see *Branching Out: The
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        MeSH Vocabulary* at
                                                        <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/video/>

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

**What is MeSH?**

-   Acronym for Medical Subject Headings

-   Similar to key words on other systems

-   Used for indexing journal articles for MEDLINE and also used for
    cataloging books and audiovisuals

-   Used by searchers

-   Revised annually

-   Gives uniformity and consistency to the indexing of the biomedical
    literature and is a distinctive feature of MEDLINE

**MeSH Vocabulary includes four types of terms:**

-   Headings

-   Publication Types

-   Subheadings

-   Supplementary Concept Records

**MeSH Headings**

-   MeSH headings represent concepts found in the biomedical literature

-   MeSH headings and Publication Types are arranged in a hierarchical
    manner called the MeSH Tree Structure

**Examples of MeSH Headings:**

+------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
| -   Body Weight  | -   Dental Cavity          | -   Radioactive     |
|                  |     Preparation            |     Waste           |
| -   Kidney       |                            |                     |
|                  | -   Self Medication        | -   Brain Edema     |
+------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+

####  

### MeSH Tree Structure

-   MeSH vocabulary is organized by 16 main branches:

A.  Anatomy

B.  Organisms

C.  Diseases

D.  Chemical and Drugs

E.  Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment

F.  Psychiatry and Psychology

G.  Phenomena and Processes

H.  Disciplines and Occupations

I.  Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena

J.  Technology, Industry, Agriculture

K.  Humanities

L.  Information Science

M.  Named Groups

N.  Health Care

> **V**. Publication Characteristics
>
> **Z**. Geographic Locations

-   Each Descriptor has a tree number that positions the term in the
    hierarchy.

> Eye \[A01.456.505.420\]
>
> Eyebrows \[A01.456.505.420.338\]
>
> Eyelids \[A01.456.505.420.504\]
>
> Eyelashes \[A01.456.505.420.504.421\]

-   Some terms have multiple tree numbers because they appear in more
    than one place in the hierarchy.

-   By having narrower terms indented under broader terms, a search of a
    broad term can automatically include the narrower terms. This is
    known as an EXPLODE.

### MeSH Database

-   MeSH is the name of an Entrez database that assists PubMed users in
    locating appropriate terms for searches. This database provides
    information about MeSH terms including:

    -   Definitions

    -   Synonyms for the concept

    -   Related terms

    -   The position of the headings in the MeSH hierarchy

-   We can use the MeSH database to look at the type of information
    associated with each MeSH term:

+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ![](media/image26.p              | ![](media/image27.                |
| ng){width="1.4430555555555555in" | png){width="3.2534722222222223in" |
| height="1.7243055555555555in"}   | height="1.3659722222222221in"}or  |
|                                  | select **MeSH** from the database |
| *Click on **MeSH Database** on   | selection box and click **Go**:   |
| the homepage sidebar:*           |                                   |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Enter **cell count** and click on **Go**:

![](media/image28.png){width="5.870833333333334in"
height="1.1347222222222222in"}

In the retrieval, click on **Cell Count**:

![](media/image29.png){width="5.998611111111111in"
height="2.8583333333333334in"}

This displays the full record for **Cell Count**:

![](media/image30.png){width="5.184722222222222in" height="7.95in"}\
![](media/image31.wmf){width="0.2534722222222222in"
height="9.791666666666667e-2in"}

Use the Links menu to go to the **NLM MeSH Browser** for additional
information:

![](media/image32.png){width="6.353472222222222in"
height="1.8020833333333333in"}

The **NLM MeSH Browser** is the tool used by MEDLINE indexers and
catalogers.

![](media/image33.png){width="6.486111111111111in" height="5.29375in"}

### Indexing with MeSH Headings

-   NLM's MEDLINE indexers examine articles and assign the most specific
    MeSH heading(s) appropriate to describe the main concepts discussed.

-   When there is no single specific MeSH heading for a concept, the
    indexer will use the closest, more general MeSH heading available.

-   The indexer will assign as many MeSH headings as appropriate to
    cover the topics of the article (generally 5 to 15).

-   The MeSH terms that reflect the major points of the article are
    marked with an asterisk (\*) by indexers.

-   Information the indexer provides includes:

> topic of article
>
> age group of population studied
>
> human vs. animal studies
>
> male vs. female studies
>
> type of article (e.g., review article)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > **Article Title:**                                                  |
| >                                                                     |
| > Hormone therapy in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women:         |
| > examining the evidence on cardiovascular disease risks.             |
| >                                                                     |
| > **Abstract:**                                                       |
| >                                                                     |
| > Women may live for 30 years or longer after menopause with          |
| > cardiovascular disease as their highest mortality risk. Menopause   |
| > may correspond to health alterations for women, yet the use of      |
| > estrogen during and after this transition has been controversial    |
| > for the past four decades. The evidence from recent scientific      |
| > studies does not support the use of hormone therapy for the         |
| > prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease, which has        |
| > resulted in its removal from national guideline recommendations.    |
| > However, because of concerns related to specific aspects of the     |
| > research, there are gaps in the evidence. Studies are under way to  |
| > evaluate alternate methods for hormone delivery, low-dose hormone   |
| > therapy, and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in      |
| > reducing cardiovascular risks in perimenopausal and postmenopausal  |
| > women. Implications for clinical nursing practice include education |
| > as well as assessment and counseling related to individual risk     |
| > factors.                                                            |
| >                                                                     |
| > **Publication Types:**                                              |
| >                                                                     |
| > Review                                                              |
| >                                                                     |
| > **MeSH Terms:**                                                     |
| >                                                                     |
| > Aged                                                                |
| >                                                                     |
| > Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced\*                        |
| >                                                                     |
| > Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects\*                      |
| >                                                                     |
| > Evidence-Based Medicine                                             |
| >                                                                     |
| > Female                                                              |
| >                                                                     |
| > Humans                                                              |
| >                                                                     |
| > Middle Aged                                                         |
| >                                                                     |
| > Perimenopause\*                                                     |
| >                                                                     |
| > Postmenopause\*                                                     |
| >                                                                     |
| > Risk Factors                                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

## Subheadings

-   Subheadings further describe a particular aspect of a MeSH heading.

> The entire list of subheadings follows:

  ------------------------- ------- -------------------------------- ------
  Abnormalities             ab      Isolation & purification         ip

  Administration & dosage   ad      Legislation & jurisprudence      lj

  Adverse effects           ae      Manpower                         ma

  Agonists                  ag      Metabolism                       me

  Analogs & derivatives     aa      Methods                          my

  Analysis                  an      Microbiology                     mi

  Anatomy & histology       ah      Mortality                        mo

  Antagonists & inhibitors  ai      Nursing                          nu

  Biosynthesis              bi      Organization & administration    og

  Blood                     bl      Parasitology                     ps

  Blood supply              bs      Pathogenicity                    py

  Cerebrospinal fluid       cf      Pathology                        pa

  Chemical synthesis        cs      Pharmacokinetics                 pk

  Chemically induced        ci      Pharmacology                     pd

  Chemistry                 ch      Physiology                       ph

  Classification            cl      Physiopathology                  pp

  Complications             co      Poisoning                        po

  Congenital                cn      Prevention & control             pc

  Contraindications         ct      Psychology                       px

  Cytology                  cy      Radiation effects                re

  Deficiency                df      Radiography                      ra

  Diagnosis                 di      Radionuclide imaging             ri

  Diagnostic use            du      Radiotherapy                     rt

  Diet therapy              dh      Rehabilitation                   rh

  Drug effects              de      Secondary                        sc

  Drug therapy              dt      Secretion                        se

  Economics                 ec      Standards                        st

  Education                 ed      Statistics & numerical data      sn

  Embryology                em      Supply & distribution            sd

  Enzymology                en      Surgery                          su

  Epidemiology              ep      Therapeutic use                  tu

  Ethics                    es      Therapy                          th

  Ethnology                 eh      Toxicity                         to

  Etiology                  et      Transmission                     tm

  Genetics                  ge      Transplantation                  tr

  Growth & development      gd      Trends                           td

  History                   hi      Ultrasonography                  us

  Immunology                im      Ultrastructure                   ul

  Injuries                  in      Urine                            ur

  Innervation               ir      Utilization                      ut

  Instrumentation           is      Veterinary                       ve

                                    Virology                         vi
  ------------------------- ------- -------------------------------- ------

###  Subheading Groupings

-   Related subheadings have been grouped to allow for additional,
    relevant retrieval.

-   Not all subheadings have been placed in these groupings -- some do
    not logically fit.

***[Families of Subheading Explosions]{.underline}***

  --------------------- ------------------------- -----------------------
  **adverse effects**   **etiology**              **physiology**

  poisoning             chemically induced        genetics

  toxicity              complications             growth & development

                        secondary                 immunology

  analysis              congenital                metabolism

  blood                 embryology                biosynthesis

  cerebrospinal fluid   genetics                  blood

  isolation &           immunology                cerebrospinal fluid
  purification                                    

  urine                 microbiology              deficiency

                        virology                  enzymology

  anatomy & histology   parasitology              pharmacokinetics

  blood supply          transmission              urine

  cytology                                        physiopathology

  pathology             metabolism                secretion

  ultrastructure        biosynthesis              

  embryology            blood                     statistics & numerical
                                                  data

  abnormalities         cerebrospinal fluid       epidemiology

  innervation           deficiency                ethnology

                        enzymology                mortality

  chemistry             pharmacokinetics          supply & distribution

  agonists              urine                     utilization

  analogs & derivatives                           

  antagonists &         microbiology              surgery
  inhibitors                                      

  chemical synthesis    virology                  transplantation

                                                  

  complications         organization & admin      therapeutic use

  secondary             economics                 administration & dosage

                        legislation &             adverse effects
                        jurisprudence             

  cytology              manpower                  contraindications

  pathology             standards                 poisoning

  ultrastructure        supply & distribution     

                        trends                    therapy

  diagnosis             utilization               diet therapy

  pathology                                       drug therapy

  radiography           pharmacology              nursing

  radionuclide imaging  administration & dosage   prevention & control

  ultrasonography       adverse effects           radiotherapy

                        poisoning                 rehabilitation

  embryology            toxicity                  surgery

  abnormalities         agonists                  transplantation

                        antagonists & inhibitors  

  **epidemiology**      contraindications         

  ethnology             diagnostic use            

  mortality             pharmacokinetics          
  --------------------- ------------------------- -----------------------

##  Pharmacologic Action Terms

Every drug and chemical MeSH heading has been assigned one or more
headings that describe known pharmacological actions (PA).

-   Since 1996, NLM indexers add the appropriate pharmacological action
    MeSH heading as well as the specific chemical MeSH heading to a
    citation when the action of the chemical is discussed in the
    article.

**Example:**

*The pharmacological actions established for the MeSH Heading,
**Aspirin***:

+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Pharmacological Action      | Anti-Inflammatory Agents,              |
|                             | Non-Steroidal                          |
| Pharmacological Action      |                                        |
|                             | Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors              |
| Pharmacological Action      |                                        |
|                             | Fibrinolytic Agents                    |
| Pharmacological Action      |                                        |
|                             | Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+

-   A citation to an article that discusses **aspirin used as an
    anti-inflammatory agent** will be assigned:

> Aspirin
>
> Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

-   A citation to an article that discusses **aspirin used to inhibit
    blood clotting** will be assigned:

> Aspirin
>
> Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors

See "The Basics of MeSH" (<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/mesh/>),
linked from Tutorials on the PubMed home page for information on
searching with pharmacologic action terms.

## Other Types of MeSH Vocabulary

**Supplementary Concepts**

-   Over 170,000 terms.

-   Display in RN field on MEDLINE record.

![](media/image34.png){width="5.249305555555556in"
height="2.717361111111111in"}

**The data in a Supplemental Concept MeSH Database record may include:**

-   Name of substance: For example: cordycepin

-   Date Introduced: The date the record was added to the vocabulary

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Registry Number: For example: 73-03-0. A unique number assigned to
    chemicals by the Chemical Abstract Service, or a code for enzymes
    assigned by the Commission on Biological Nomenclature. May display
    as zero (0), generally for terms for a group or class of compounds.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Heading Mapped to: The MeSH term used for indexing this chemical in
    MEDLINE

-   Entry Term: Synonyms that can be used for searching this concept

-   Previous Indexing: MeSH terms used before the current term became
    available

-   Pharmacologic Action: An action of a drug or chemical as reported in
    the literature, e.g., Antifungal Agents or Antineoplastic Agents

**Age Group MeSH Headings**

These are MeSH headings which indicate the age of human subjects
discussed in the article:

> Infant, Newborn Birth to 1 month
>
> Infant 1 to 23 months
>
> Child, Preschool 2 to 5 years
>
> Child 6 to 12 years
>
> Adolescent 13 to 18 years
>
> Young Adult 19 to 24 years
>
> Adult 19 to 44 years
>
> Middle aged 45 to 64 years
>
> Aged 65 to 79 years
>
> 80 and over 80+

**Publication Types**

-   Publication Types describe the type of material being indexed.

-   The most common type is Journal Article. Other Publication Types
    include:

  ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------
  Clinical Trial                 Retraction of Publication

  Comment                        Review

  Practice Guideline             Twin Study

  Retracted Publication          
  ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------

-   Publication Types may be searched in the MeSH Database. Definitions
    are provided.

-   They are part of the MeSH hierarchy (V category).

**[NOTES]{.underline}**

## Practice Exercises -- Introduction to MeSH

Use the **MeSH Database** to find the answers to these questions:

1\. What terms are indented under Fever?

2\. How far back can you search with the MeSH term, "Recombinant DNA?"

3\. What ages are included by the term, "Child, Preschool?"

4\. What is the preferred MeSH term for "drooling?"

Finished? Sign up for NLM Announces at
<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html> to receive a weekly
e-mail with important news about PubMed and other NLM services.

Suggested Answers -- Introduction to MeSH

Use the MeSH Database to find the answers to these questions:

1\. What terms are indented under Fever?

Fever of Unknown Origin

Sweating Sickness

2\. How far back can you search with the MeSH term, "Recombinant DNA?"

1977

3\. What ages are included by the term, "Child, Preschool?"

> A child between the ages of 2 and 5.

4\. What is the preferred MeSH term for "drooling?

Sialorrhea

# Building the Search

**PubMed's Home Page**

+--------+------------------------------------------------------+------+
| *Dat   | ![](media/image35.png){width="5.052777777777778in"   | *Ac  |
| abase* | height="4.835416666666666in"}                        | cess |
|        |                                                      | to   |
| *Sel   |                                                      | My   |
| ection |                                                      | N    |
| box*   |                                                      | CBI* |
|        |                                                      |      |
| *      |                                                      | *Se  |
| PubMed |                                                      | arch |
| Home   |                                                      | box* |
| Page   |                                                      |      |
| si     |                                                      | *L   |
| debar, |                                                      | inks |
| with   |                                                      | to   |
| links  |                                                      | se   |
| to     |                                                      | arch |
| help,  |                                                      | h    |
| do     |                                                      | elp* |
| cument |                                                      |      |
| ation, |                                                      | *The |
| tools  |                                                      | f    |
| and    |                                                      | ootn |
| r      |                                                      | ote, |
| elated |                                                      | i    |
| reso   |                                                      | nclu |
| urces* |                                                      | ding |
|        |                                                      | link |
|        |                                                      | to   |
|        |                                                      | W    |
|        |                                                      | rite |
|        |                                                      | to   |
|        |                                                      | the  |
|        |                                                      | Help |
|        |                                                      | D    |
|        |                                                      | esk* |
+--------+------------------------------------------------------+------+

**Basic Searching**

**Search:** *Find citations to articles about having a rash and a
fever.*

![](media/image36.png){width="6.480555555555555in"
height="0.4270833333333333in"}

**Entering Search Terms**

-   Enter significant terms in the query box (e.g., ***rash fever***).

-   Click on the **Go** button.

-   View **Details** to check PubMed's translation (more about this
    later in the workbook)

-   Use the **Clear** button to erase the contents of the query box.

## Search Results Screen

Once you click on **Go** or press the Enter key, PubMed will
automatically:

-   Run the search

-   Retrieve and display citations (results displayed in last in, first
    out order)

-   Provide the option to Save Search via My NCBI feature

Results screen returned by PubMed for *rash fever* search*.*

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Active    | ![](media/image37.png){width="5.020138888888889in"      |
| **search   | height="4.301388888888889in"}                           |
| box**      |                                                         |
| displaying |                                                         |
| current    |                                                         |
| search*    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Link to   |                                                         |
| **Advanced |                                                         |
| Search**   |                                                         |
| screen*    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***Save    |                                                         |
| Search**   |                                                         |
| option via |                                                         |
| My NCBI*   |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| **         |                                                         |
| *Display** |                                                         |
| options*   |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***Show**  |                                                         |
| pull-down  |                                                         |
| **Sort**   |                                                         |
| options*   |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***Send    |                                                         |
| to**       |                                                         |
| options*   |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***All**   |                                                         |
| results    |                                                         |
| tab*       |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *          |                                                         |
| **Review** |                                                         |
| articles   |                                                         |
| tab*       |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***Page**  |                                                         |
| options*   |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***Recent  |                                                         |
| A          |                                                         |
| ctivity*** |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Citations |                                                         |
| are        |                                                         |
| displayed  |                                                         |
| in         |                                                         |
| *          |                                                         |
| *Summary** |                                                         |
| format*    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***Related |                                                         |
| Articles** |                                                         |
| links*     |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| ***Free    |                                                         |
| article in |                                                         |
| PMC**      |                                                         |
| links*     |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

### Recent Activity

-   Recent Activity is a display of your recent PubMed searches,
    AbstractPlus views, PubMed Central searches and Full Text views,
    Gene database searches and Full Report views

> ![](media/image38.png){width="3.7180555555555554in"
> height="1.2486111111111111in"}

### Retrieval Summary

![](media/image39.png){width="6.490972222222222in"
height="0.8958333333333334in"}

The retrieval summary line displays:

-   Total number of citations retrieved by the search **(All tab)**

-   Total number of citations from search results that have been
    assigned the Publication Type, Review (**Review filter tab**)

-   **Tool symbol** ![](media/image40.png){width="0.19791666666666666in"
    height="0.1875in"} (hammer and wrench) to the right of the filter
    tabs links you to My NCBI where users who are signed in can add or
    modify their Filter selections. (See My NCBI section of workbook for
    further information.)

-   How many pages of citations there are, given the selected number of
    citations per page (see Action Bar Selections, below)

### Page Selection

-   Use links for **Previous** and **Next** to navigate through search
    results.

-   To move to a non-adjacent page, enter the desired page number and
    then press the **Page** button.

-   The current page number is displayed in the Page box. 

![](media/image41.png){width="6.488888888888889in" height="0.96875in"}

### Action Bar Selections

-   These options are available both at the top and bottom of the
    Results screens.

![](media/image39.png){width="6.490972222222222in"
height="0.8958333333333334in"}

In general, to perform an action on the entire results set, choose the
action from the action bar. To perform an action on particular records,
select the records using the checkbox to the left of the records. You
can select items from any page of your results, then perform the action.

More about results will be covered in the **Managing Your Results**
section beginning on page 99.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc219860637 .anchor}**Automatic Term Mapping (ATM)**

## Details screen

You can see how PubMed processes your search by clicking on the
**Details** link located on the **Advanced Search** screen. The Advanced
Search link is adjacent to the search box buttons.

![](media/image42.png){width="6.664583333333334in"
height="0.8333333333333334in"}

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *See     | ![](media/image43.png){width="5.530555555555556in"        |
| page 59  | height="4.1125in"}                                        |
| for      |                                                           |
| exp      |                                                           |
| lanation |                                                           |
| of       |                                                           |
| Boolean  |                                                           |
| logical  |                                                           |
| o        |                                                           |
| perators |                                                           |
| (AND,    |                                                           |
| OR)*     |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *        |                                                           |
| **Transl |                                                           |
| ations** |                                                           |
| are      |                                                           |
| shown in |                                                           |
| the grey |                                                           |
| box      |                                                           |
| towards  |                                                           |
| the      |                                                           |
| bottom   |                                                           |
| of the   |                                                           |
| screen.* |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

**Unqualified terms that are entered in the query box are matched
against:**

-   Subjects, using the

    -   MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) Translation Table

-   Journals, using the

    -   Journals Translation Table

-   Authors and Investigators, using the

    -   Full Author Translation Table

    -   Author Index

    -   Full Investigator Translation Table

    -   Investigator Index

**1. MeSH Translation Table** contains:

-   MeSH Headings

-   Subheadings

-   Publication Types

-   Entry Term mappings (also known as synonyms) for MeSH terms

-   Mappings derived from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)

-   Supplementary Concepts and synonyms to the Supplementary Concepts

If a match is found in this translation table:

-   the term will be mapped to the appropriate MeSH term and searched as
    MeSH

-   the searcher's term and the mapped MeSH term will be searched in All
    Fields

> **Example:** ![](media/image44.png){width="3.770138888888889in"
> height="0.28125in"}
>
> **PubMed's Translation:**
>
> \"\"foot\"\[MeSH Terms\] OR \"foot\"\[All Fields\] OR \"feet\"\[All
> Fields\]

-   Feet is an Entry Term for the MeSH term, Foot.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   When a term is searched as a MeSH Heading, PubMed
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        automatically searches that heading and the more specific
                                                        headings underneath in the hierarchy. This is called
                                                        exploding a term.

                                                        For example, when searched as a MeSH Term, PubMed will
                                                        search the heading Foot as well as the more specific term(s)
                                                        in the hierarchy:
  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image45.png){width="1.6458333333333333in"
height="1.2291666666666667in"}

Matching phrases are searched in All Fields as a phrase and broken into
individual words, with the exception of phrases mapping to Supplementary
Concepts (substances) or MeSH Headings that include a standalone number
or single character. These are searched only as phrases in All Fields.

> **Example:** ![](media/image46.png){width="4.395138888888889in"
> height="0.2951388888888889in"}
>
> **PubMed's Translation:**
>
> \"muscular atrophy\"\[MeSH Terms\] OR (\"muscular\"\[All Fields\] AND
> \"atrophy\"\[All Fields\]) OR \"muscular atrophy\"\[All Fields\] OR
> (\"muscle\"\[All Fields\] AND \"atrophy\"\[All Fields\]) OR \"muscle
> atrophy\"\[All Fields\]
>
> **Example:** ![](media/image47.png){width="4.363888888888889in"
> height="0.3090277777777778in"}
>
> **PubMed's Translation:**
>
> \"protein c\"\[MeSH Terms\] OR \"protein c\"\[All Fields\]

**2. Journals Translation Table** contains:

-   Full journal title

-   MEDLINE abbreviation

-   International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

Example: ![](media/image48.png){width="5.123611111111111in"
height="0.28125in"}

PubMed Translation: \"J Cell Biol\"\[Journal\] OR \"the journal of cell
biology\"\[All Fields\]

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   If a name of a journal also happens to be a MeSH term or
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        a one-word title, PubMed will search the term as a MeSH
                                                        heading and in All Fields. For example, the search for
                                                        *Science* untagged will search: \"science\"\[MeSH Terms\]
                                                        OR \"science\"\[All Fields\]. To limit your search to a
                                                        journal title, use the Limits page or use the tag \[ta\],
                                                        e.g., science \[ta\]

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

**3. Full Author Translation Table** includes:

-   Full author names for articles published from **2002 forward and to
    journals that publish using the full names of authors**.

-   Full author searching can be entered in natural or inverted order:

> julia s wong
>
> wong julia s

-   When searching a full name using the inverted order, a comma
    following the last name is generally optional, omit periods after
    initials, and put all suffixes, e.g., Jr, at the end. For example,
    to search for the author Bruce J. Herron, you may use any of the
    following formats:

> herron, bruce j
>
> herron bruce j
>
> bruce j herron

-   For some names, however, it is necessary to distinguish which name
    is the last name by using the comma following the last name:

ryan, james

james, ryan

-   Full author name searching allows for automatic truncation of the
    forename. If you don\'t know the middle initial, enter only the last
    and first names:

> herron bruce

**4. Author Index**

-   Author's names, for all years of publication, are included in the
    form of Last Name (space) Initials. Use this format for searching.

**Examples:** *o'brien jm*

> *adams sh*
>
> *pogonka t*

-   If only the first initial is used, PubMed automatically truncates
    the author's name to account for varying initials.

![](media/image49.png){width="4.125in" height="0.375in"}

**Example:**

This search retrieves citations to articles written by o'brien j,
o'brien ja, o'brien jz, etc.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   If only an author's last name is entered, PubMed will
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        search that name in All Fields (Author field plus all other
                                                        searchable fields). It will not default to the Author Index
                                                        because the last name is not followed by an initial. When
                                                        the last name is the same as a MeSH term, PubMed will
                                                        search the term in MeSH as well as in All Fields. To limit
                                                        a search to an author's name, use Limits or use the tag
                                                        \[au\], e.g., o'brien \[au\].

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

**5. Full Investigator Translation Table and Investigator Index**

-   Investigators are individuals who contributed to the research, but
    may not have participated in writing the article.

-   The names in the Full Investigator Translation Table and the
    Investigator Index are formatted and searchable in the same way as
    the Full Author Name Table and Author Index (see above).

**If no match is found?**

-   PubMed breaks apart the phrase and repeats the automatic term
    mapping process until a match is found.

-   Terms that don't make a match will be searched in "All Fields."
    Individual terms will be combined (ANDed) together.

![](media/image50.png){width="4.375in"
height="0.3333333333333333in"}**Example:**

**PubMed Translation:**

("pressure" \[MeSH Terms\] OR "pressure"\[All Fields\]) AND point\[All
Fields\])

-   PubMed breaks apart a long phrase from right to left:

## 

![](media/image51.png){width="5.072916666666667in"
height="0.3541666666666667in"}**Example:**

+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| **[Searches   | **[Result         | **[Action:]{.underline}**       |
| for:]{        | s:]{.underline}** |                                 |
| .underline}** |                   |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| head lice     | No match found    | Removes term on right to re-run |
| shampoo       |                   | Automatic Term Mapping process. |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| head lice     | Match found in    | ***head lice*** will be         |
|               | MeSH Translation  | searched as                     |
|               | Table             | ***\"pediculus\"\[MeSH Terms\]  |
|               |                   | OR \"pediculus\"\[All Fields\]  |
|               |                   | OR (\"head\"\[All Fields\] AND  |
|               |                   | \"lice\"\[All Fields\]) OR      |
|               |                   | \"head lice\"\[All Fields\]***  |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| shampoo       | No match found in | ***shampoo*** will be searched  |
|               | Translation       | as                              |
|               | Tables            |                                 |
|               |                   | ***shampoo\[All Fields\]***     |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+

**PubMed then combines (ANDs) the terms to produce a single search
strategy:**

\"pediculus\"\[MeSH Terms\] OR \"pediculus\"\[All Fields\] OR
(\"head\"\[All Fields\] AND \"lice\"\[All Fields\]) OR \"head
lice\"\[All Fields\]

**AND**

shampoo\[All Fields\]

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc219860639 .anchor}**Practice Exercises: Basic
Search and ATM**

## 

1.  Find references about shingles and facial paralysis. To what MeSH
    Heading does shingles map? (Hint: Use the Details link from the
    Advanced Search screen.)

2.  Find references about hypertension and a nosebleed. How does PubMed
    map the term, nosebleed?

Finished? Sign up for NLM Announces at
<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html> to receive a weekly
e-mail with important news about PubMed and other NLM services.

**Suggested Answers: Basic Search and ATM**

1.  Find references about shingles and facial paralysis. To what MeSH
    Heading does *shingles* map? (Hint: Use the Details link from the
    Advanced Search screen.)

> Enter shingles facial paralysis in the query box, click **Go**. Click
> on **Details** to see that the term shingles maps to the MeSH heading
> **Herpes Zoster**.

![](media/image52.png){width="6.66875in" height="4.59375in"}

2.  Find references about hypertension and a nosebleed. How does PubMed
    map the term, nosebleed?

> Enter hypertension nosebleed in the search box and click **Go**. Click
> on **Details**.

**Details:**

![](media/image53.png){width="6.072222222222222in"
height="4.603472222222222in"}

The term, nosebleed, maps to the MeSH heading, **epistaxis**.

## Related Articles

-   Citations in PubMed have a **Related Articles** link. Clicking on
    this link will access the citations in PubMed that are most closely
    related to the original citation.

![](media/image54.png){width="5.999305555555556in"
height="1.1145833333333333in"}

-   To create this list of Related Articles PubMed compares words from
    the Title and Abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH
    headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm.

-   The Related Articles citations display is in rank order from most to
    least relevant. The citation you linked from is displayed first.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   A detailed explanation of the Related Articles algorithm is
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        available in the PubMed **Help** (Search Related Articles;
                                                        then click on "Finding articles related to a citation";
                                                        then click on the "algorithm" link.)

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

**Example:** *Find citations to articles about wrestling and crash
diets.*

+---------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| ![](media/image55.png){width="5.35625in"                | *The first |
| height="2.935416666666667in"}The AbstractPlus display   | five       |
| of a single record.                                     | Related    |
|                                                         | Articles   |
|                                                         | and        |
|                                                         | Reviews    |
|                                                         | are        |
|                                                         | displayed  |
|                                                         | in the*    |
|                                                         |            |
|                                                         | *Ab        |
|                                                         | stractPlus |
|                                                         | format*    |
|                                                         |            |
|                                                         | *Click     |
|                                                         | here to    |
|                                                         | display    |
|                                                         | the        |
|                                                         | complete   |
|                                                         | set of     |
|                                                         | Related    |
|                                                         | Articles.* |
+---------------------------------------------------------+------------+

## Limits in Advanced Search 

  --------------------------------------------------------- -------------
  ![](media/image56.png){width="5.364583333333333in"        *Click on the
  height="0.3333333333333333in"}                            **Advanced
                                                            Search** link
                                                            displayed to
                                                            right of the
                                                            search box.*

  --------------------------------------------------------- -------------

Advanced Search search box:

+--------+---------------------------------------------------+--------+
| *      | !                                                 | *D     |
| Search | [](media/image57.png){width="4.804166666666666in" | etails |
| box    | height="0.7604166666666666in"}                    | screen |
| s      |                                                   | link*  |
| imilar |                                                   |        |
| to     |                                                   | *Qu    |
| home   |                                                   | estion |
| page   |                                                   | mark   |
| search |                                                   | icon   |
| box*   |                                                   | links  |
|        |                                                   | to     |
|        |                                                   | PubMed |
|        |                                                   | Help*  |
+--------+---------------------------------------------------+--------+

Limits area of the Advanced Search screen:

![](media/image58.png){width="6.665972222222222in"
height="4.999305555555556in"}

> Note the **Clear All**
>
> and **Search** buttons.

**Limit to Full Text, Free Full Text, and Abstracts**

  -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  *Click the     ![](media/image59.png){width="4.971527777777778in"
  appropriate    height="0.7493055555555556in"}
  checkboxes.*   

  -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

**Limiting to Humans or Animals**

+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| -   Use to limit to a        | ![](media/imag                        |
|     specific group.          | e60.png){width="3.2493055555555554in" |
|                              | height="0.8645833333333334in"}        |
| -   If both options are      |                                       |
|     checked, they are ANDed  |                                       |
|     together.                |                                       |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+

**Limiting to Gender**

+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| -   Use to limit to gender.  | ![](media/ima                         |
|                              | ge61.png){width="3.332638888888889in" |
| -   If both options are      | height="0.9270833333333334in"}        |
|     checked, they are ANDed  |                                       |
|     together.                |                                       |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+

**Limiting by Type of Article (Publication Type)**

+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| -   Use to limit your          | ![](                                |
|     retrieval based on the     | media/image62.png){width="3.3125in" |
|     type of material the       | height="2.5930555555555554in"}      |
|     citation represents.       |                                     |
|                                |                                     |
| -   The selections at the top  |                                     |
|     are frequently searched    |                                     |
|     publication types.         |                                     |
|                                |                                     |
| -   Scroll down to find an     |                                     |
|     alphabetic list of more    |                                     |
|     publication types.         |                                     |
|                                |                                     |
| -   Multiple selections are    |                                     |
|     allowed (ORed together).   |                                     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

Limiting to Languages

+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| -   Journals published in    | ![](media/imag                        |
|     approximately forty      | e63.png){width="3.2493055555555554in" |
|     languages are indexed.   | height="2.5625in"}                    |
|                              |                                       |
| -   The selections at the    |                                       |
|     top are frequently       |                                       |
|     searched languages.      |                                       |
|                              |                                       |
| -   Scroll down to find a    |                                       |
|     complete alphabetic list |                                       |
|     of more languages.       |                                       |
|                              |                                       |
| -   Multiple selections are  |                                       |
|     allowed (ORed together). |                                       |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------+

**Su**bset Limits

+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Allows you to limit your retrieval  | ![](media/image64.png          |
| to 3 types of groupings of records: | ){width="2.8368055555555554in" |
|                                     | height="1.9555555555555555in"} |
| 1\. Journal Groups:                 |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   Core clinical journals: 120     |                                |
|     English-language journals from  |                                |
|     the formerly published          |                                |
|     *Abridged Index Medicus*        |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| ```{=html}                          |                                |
| <!-- -->                            |                                |
| ```                                 |                                |
| -   Dental                          |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   Nursing                         |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| 2\. Topics:                         |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   AIDS                            |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   Bioethics                       |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   Cancer                          |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   Complementary Medicine          |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   History of Medicine             |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| ```{=html}                          |                                |
| <!-- -->                            |                                |
| ```                                 |                                |
| -   Space Life Sciences             |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   Systematic Reviews              |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   Toxicology                      |                                |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 3\. More Subsets:                   |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   MEDLINE: completed citations    |                                |
|     with MeSH headings and other    |                                |
|     indexing terms that have also   |                                |
|     been checked for accuracy       |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| -   PubMed Central: citations for   |                                |
|     articles available free in      |                                |
|     NLM's archive of life sciences  |                                |
|     journal literature              |                                |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| -   Multiple selections are allowed |                                |
|     (ORed together).                |                                |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.6756944444444445in"   Each Subject Subset uses its own specialized search strategy
  height="0.7472222222222222in"}                        to aid in the retrieval of citations on these topics. You
                                                        may view these strategies at
                                                        <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pubmed_subsets.html>.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

**Limiting to Ages**

+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Use to search for a         | ![](media/image65                  |
|     specific age group or       | .png){width="3.2493055555555554in" |
|     multiple age groups (ORed   | height="2.5208333333333335in"}     |
|     together).                  |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+

**Limits Indicator**

-   If you run a search, the limits in effect will appear in the yellow
    bar above the Display button:

> ![](media/image66.png){width="3.8847222222222224in" height="0.25in"}

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   To **turn off all of the limits** before you run your next
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        search, click the **Clear All** button at the bottom of the
                                                        Limits area of the Advanced Search screen.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

## Phrase Searching 

PubMed searches for phrases under these conditions:

1.  The phrase is found in the MeSH, journal, author or investigator
    tables or indexes during the automatic term mapping process

2.  The phrase is entered with a search tag:\
    *kidney allograft \[tw\]*

3.  The phrase is enclosed in double quotes: (The absence of a search
    tag indicates the search should be conducted in All Fields.)\
    "*kidney allograft"*

4.  The term is hyphenated:\
    *first-line*

5.  The term is truncated:\
    *kidney allograft\**

![](media/image67.png){width="4.4375in" height="0.34375in"}

**Example:**

**PubMed Translation:** \"pressure point\"\[All Fields\]

-   The above formats for phrase searching instruct PubMed to bypass
    automatic term mapping. Instead PubMed looks for the phrase in its
    Index of searchable terms. If the phrase is in the Index, PubMed
    will retrieve citations that contain the phrase.

-   PubMed may fail to find a phrase because it is not in the Index.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.9298611111111111in"   When you enclose a phrase in double quotes, PubMed will
  height="1.0138888888888888in"}                        ***not*** perform automatic term mapping which includes
                                                        explosions of MeSH terms. For example, "health planning"
                                                        ***will*** include citations that have the MeSH heading,
                                                        Health Planning, but ***will not*** include the more
                                                        specific indentations (e.g., Health Care Rationing, Health
                                                        Care Reform) that are included with automatic MeSH mapping
                                                        and explosion.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

## Truncation (finding all terms that begin with a given text string)

-   Place an asterisk (\*) at the end of a string of characters to
    search for all terms that begin with that string. The asterisk may
    only be used at the ***end*** of a string of characters.

**Example:** *mimic\* will find all terms that begin with the letters
m-i-m-i-c-; e.g., mimic, mimics, mimicing.*

-   PubMed searches the first 600 variations of a truncated term. If a
    truncated term, e.g., tox\*, produces more than 600 variations,
    PubMed displays the following warning message on the Results screen
    in pink near the top of the screen:

![](media/image68.png){width="6.361805555555556in"
height="0.40555555555555556in"}

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   Truncation turns off automatic term mapping. For example,
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        heart attack\* will not map to the MeSH term, Myocardial
                                                        Infarction or include any of its more specific terms, e.g.,
                                                        Myocardial Stunning.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

## Stopword List

###  {#section-8 .PubMed-H3}

-   PubMed also compares each search to a list of commonly found terms
    that are referred to as "stopwords." Stopwords may be ignored. This
    list is available in PubMed's Help.

## Spell Check Feature

-   Suggests alternative spellings for search terms that include
    misspellings.

-   Terms entered with a search tag (e.g., \[mh\]; \[majr\]; \[tw\])
    will *not* generate alternative spellings.

Example:

  ------------------------------------------------------------- -------------
  ![](media/image69.png){width="5.811805555555556in"            *Click on the
  height="0.8951388888888889in"}                                hyperlinked
                                                                alternative
                                                                spelling to
                                                                generate that
                                                                search.*

  ------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](     | -   The alternative spellings are not based on a          |
| media/im |     dictionary but rather the frequency with which a term |
| age4.jpe |     appears in PubMed.                                    |
| g){width |                                                           |
| ="1.0in" | -   The spell checking function will not display an       |
| height   |     alternative spelling for misspellings that have a     |
| ="1.0291 |     high frequency of occurrence in PubMed or for terms   |
| 66666666 |     with numbers or fewer than five characters.           |
| 6666in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

##  Practice Exercises: Limits in Advanced Search & Phrase Searching 

1.  Using only the query box, find some information about using a living
    donor for a liver transplantation. Using the Limits area in the
    Advanced Search screen, further restrict the search to the
    publication type (Type of Article), Clinical Trial.

2.  Compare the searches "wisdom teeth" and wisdom teeth (with and
    without quotes), using the Details link on the Advanced Search
    screen. What accounts for the difference?

3.  Find references about tuberculosis from the AIDS literature
    available in free full text.

Finished? Sign up for NLM Announces at
<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html> to receive a weekly
e-mail with important news about PubMed and other NLM services.

### Suggested Answers: Limits and Phrase Searching 

1.  Using only the query box, find some information about using a living
    donor for a liver transplantation. Using the Limits area in the
    Advanced Search screen, further restrict the search to the
    publication type (Type of Article), Clinical Trial.

Details screen showing Clinical Trial limit activation:

![](media/image70.png){width="6.66875in" height="5.011111111111111in"}

2.  Compare the searches "wisdom teeth" and wisdom teeth (with and
    without quotes), using the Details link on the Advanced Search
    screen. What accounts for the difference?

> ![](media/image71.png){width="5.865277777777778in"
> height="3.779166666666667in"}
>
> Using quotes bypasses ATM and misses many records which were indexed
> with the MeSH term, Molar, Third:

![](media/image72.png){width="5.415972222222222in"
height="3.5208333333333335in"}

3.  Find references about tuberculosis from the AIDS literature
    available in free full text.

![](media/image73.png){width="6.665972222222222in"
height="6.021527777777778in"}

##  Boolean Logical Operators

In the context of database searching, Boolean logic refers to the
logical relationships among search terms.

-   ![](media/image74.png){width="2.0833333333333335in"
    height="2.0833333333333335in"}The Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT can
    be used to combine search terms in PubMed. They must be entered in
    uppercase letters.

Logical Operator **OR**:

-   Used to retrieve a set in which each citation contains *at least
    one* of the search terms.

-   Use OR when you want to pull together articles on similar topics.

> **Example:** *football OR hockey OR soccer*
>
> Each circle in the diagram to the right represents the retrieval for
> each term. The grey areas represent the retrieval for this example --
> all records that include any one of these terms.
>
> The table below represents sample results for each term, then for the
> terms combined with OR.

  -------------------------------------------- --------------------------
  [Search terms]{.underline}                   [Results]{.underline}

  football                                     3948

  hockey                                       1466

  soccer                                       3137

  football OR hockey OR soccer                 7538
  -------------------------------------------- --------------------------

Logical Operator **NOT:**

-   ![](media/image75.png){width="1.8854166666666667in"
    height="1.0833333333333333in"}Retrieves a set from which citations
    to articles containing specified search terms following the NOT
    operator are eliminated.

-   Use the NOT operator with caution; you might eliminate relevant
    articles.

> **Example**: *arthritis NOT letter*
>
> Note in the diagram to the right and in the sample search results
> below that the retrieval is a portion of the total retrieval for
> arthritis -- that portion not including the term letter.

  ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------
  [Search terms]{.underline}                [Results]{.underline}

  arthritis                                 185375

  letter                                    686049

  arthritis NOT letter                      176352
  ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------

Logical Operator **AND:**

-   ![](media/image76.png){width="1.8854166666666667in"
    height="1.0833333333333333in"}Used to retrieve a set in which each
    citation contains *all* search terms.

> **Example:** *salmonella AND hamburger*
>
> Note in the diagram to the right and in the sample search results
> below that the retrieval is only the overlap of the results for each
> term -- those records in which both terms appear.

  ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------
  [Search terms]{.underline}                [Results]{.underline}

  salmonella                                69432

  hamburger                                 2703

  salmonella AND hamburger                  14
  ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------

-   AND is the default operator used in PubMed. If you do not include
    Boolean operators in your search, PubMed will automatically use AND
    between terms.

> **Example:** *diabetes mellitus phototherapy*
>
> PubMed searches as: *diabetes mellitus AND phototherapy*

### ![](media/image77.png){width="1.8854166666666667in" height="1.5104166666666667in"}Nesting {#nesting .PubMed-H3}

-   When using multiple Boolean operators in PubMed, they are processed
    left to right.

> **Example:** *salmonella AND hamburger OR eggs*
>
> This will retrieve records that include both terms *salmonella* AND
> *hamburger* as well as all records with the term *eggs*, whether or
> not they contain the other two terms.

-   ![](media/image78.png){width="1.8854166666666667in"
    height="1.5104166666666667in"}To change the order in which terms are
    processed, enclose the terms(s) in parentheses. The terms inside the
    set of parentheses will be processed as a unit and then incorporated
    into the overall strategy. **This is called nesting.**

> **Example:** *salmonella AND (hamburger OR eggs)*
>
> This will retrieve records that contain the term *salmonella*, as well
> as one or both of the terms *hamburger* OR *eggs*.

## History

-   History available from the Advanced Search screen.

-   Temporarily holds up to 100 searches and links to results.

-   The History screen displays:

    -   Your search query

    -   Most recent 5 searches are displayed

    -   The time of the search

    -   The number of citations in your search results

    -   Search statement numbers menu for combining searches

![](media/image79.png){width="6.652777777777778in"
height="2.4381944444444446in"}

**Using History**

-   You can use the search statement numbers shown in History in search
    strategies.

  -------------- --------------------------------------------------------------
  **Example:**   ![](media/image80.png){width="5.631944444444445in"
                 height="0.4166666666666667in"}

  -------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Type Boolean operators in all caps as shown in the example
  height="0.90625in"}                                    above.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

**Other examples:** *#8 AND #10*

*#7 OR #14*

**Search Statement Number Menu**

-   Click on the search statement number to open an Options menu:

![](media/image82.png){width="6.669444444444444in"
height="2.5520833333333335in"}

**Options Menu** includes:

-   Boolean operators AND, OR or NOT to add the search to the query box

-   Delete the individual search from History

-   Re-run the search using the Go option

-   Display the search details

-   Save in My NCBI

**History Tips:**

-   Maximum number of searches that can be held in History is **100**.

-   The search history will be **deleted after 8 hours of inactivity**.

-   If a search is repeated, its original number is moved to the top.

-   A separate Search History will be kept for each of the Entrez
    databases although the search statement numbers will be assigned
    sequentially for all databases.

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](     | History displays the last five searches. When there are   |
| media/im | more than five, click the **More History** button to see  |
| age81.jp | the full display. Click **Less History** to revert to the |
| eg){widt | shorter display.                                          |
| h="0.901 |                                                           |
| 38888888 | Click on the **Clear History** button available at the    |
| 88889in" | bottom of the History screen to remove all searches from  |
| height=  | the History.                                              |
| "1.0in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

## Practice Exercises: Boolean Operators and History

1.  Find references about the relationships between circadian rhythms
    and either cortisol or melatonin in humans.

2.  Find references about heart surgery (notice how the term is mapped
    using Details). Using History, combine this search with the previous
    search to find references about heart surgery, circadian rhythms and
    cortisol or melatonin in humans.

Finished? Sign up for NLM Announces at
<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html> to receive a weekly
e-mail with important news about PubMed and other NLM services.

### Suggested Answers: Boolean Operators and History 

## 

1.  Find references about the relationships between circadian rhythms
    and either cortisol or melatonin in humans.

> circadian rhythms AND (cortisol OR melatonin) AND humans
>
> \[You may also use the Humans checkbox from the Limits area on the
> Advanced Search screen. These terms can be in any order but the OR
> phrase must be in parentheses.\]

2.  Find references about heart surgery (notice how the term is mapped
    using Details). Using History, combine this search with the previous
    search to find references about heart surgery, circadian rhythms and
    cortisol or melatonin in humans.

> ![](media/image83.png){width="6.042361111111111in"
> height="2.779861111111111in"}
>
> After running a search for heart surgery, go to History area of the
> Advanced Search screen, click on the search number link for your
> circadian rhythm search and select AND. Click the **Search** button.
>
> OR
>
> Combine the two searches by typing in the search box:
>
> #1 AND #2
>
> (substituting the numbers of the appropriate searches).

## Searching with MeSH and the MeSH Database

#### MeSH Database

The MeSH Database allows you to:

-   Locate and select MeSH terms (Headings, Subheadings, & Publication
    Types); Supplementary Concept terms (Substance Names) and
    Pharmacological Action terms.

-   See the definition and other helpful information for a MeSH term.

-   Build a PubMed search strategy.

-   Display MeSH terms in the hierarchy.

-   Limit MeSH terms to a major concept for a search.

-   Attach subheadings for a search.

-   Link to the NLM MeSH Section's MeSH Browser.

**How to Get There**

-   Click MeSH link at the bottom of the Advanced Search screen; Click
    on **MeSH Database** on the home page sidebar; or use the database
    selection menu on the search bar.

Let's use the MeSH Database to find the proper **MeSH term** for
condition of *double vision* and then search PubMed for relevant
citations.

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Enter the  ![](media/image84.png){width="5.365277777777778in"
  term,       height="1.0416666666666667in"}
  **double    
  vision**,   
  in the      
  query box   
  and click   
  the **Go**  
  button.*    

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------

**Summary format:**

-   Select PubMed from the Links pull-down menu to run a PubMed search
    with that term.

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ***Sugge | ![](media/image85.png){width="5.418055555555555in"        |
| stions** | height="2.636111111111111in"}                             |
| are MeSH |                                                           |
| or Entry |                                                           |
| terms    |                                                           |
| g        |                                                           |
| enerated |                                                           |
| by an    |                                                           |
| a        |                                                           |
| lgorithm |                                                           |
| that     |                                                           |
| compares |                                                           |
| letter   |                                                           |
| combin   |                                                           |
| ations.* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| ***Scope |                                                           |
| Note**   |                                                           |
| (meaning |                                                           |
| for this |                                                           |
| concept  |                                                           |
| is       |                                                           |
| disp     |                                                           |
| layed.)* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| **       |                                                           |
| *Links** |                                                           |
| allows   |                                                           |
| you to   |                                                           |
| use the  |                                                           |
| term in  |                                                           |
| a PubMed |                                                           |
| search,  |                                                           |
| use it   |                                                           |
| as a     |                                                           |
| major    |                                                           |
| topic,   |                                                           |
| link to  |                                                           |
| the MeSH |                                                           |
| Section  |                                                           |
| MeSH     |                                                           |
| Browser  |                                                           |
| or       |                                                           |
| Clinical |                                                           |
| Q        |                                                           |
| ueries.* |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Let's search for the supplementary concept term:
**1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene**

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.9013888888888889in"   Some substance names are long and \"complicated.\" Please
  height="0.9708333333333333in"}                         note also that when searching any Entrez database for a
                                                         term with parentheses, e.g., 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene,
                                                         do *not* enter the parentheses.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *These    | ![](media/image86.png){width="5.047916666666667in"       |
| terms     | height="4.236805555555556in"}                            |
| will      |                                                          |
| display   |                                                          |
| in search |                                                          |
| retrieval |                                                          |
| with the  |                                                          |
| label     |                                                          |
| **\[      |                                                          |
| Substance |                                                          |
| N         |                                                          |
| ame\]**.* |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *To see   |                                                          |
| a         |                                                          |
| dditional |                                                          |
| in        |                                                          |
| formation |                                                          |
| for any   |                                                          |
| term, use |                                                          |
| the link  |                                                          |
| to the    |                                                          |
| **NLM     |                                                          |
| MeSH      |                                                          |
| Browser** |                                                          |
| from the  |                                                          |
| **Links** |                                                          |
| menu*     |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.9861111111111112in"   The Feature tabs (Limits, History, etc.) from the MeSH
  height="1.0in"}                                       Database deal specifically with the MeSH Database not the
                                                        PubMed database.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

Now, let's use the MeSH Database to build a search strategy for a search
for citations about the *diagnosis of* *bursitis* which requires the use
of a subheading.

  --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
  *Enter the      ![](media/image87.png){width="4.9875in"
  term,           height="1.6236111111111111in"}
  **bursitis**,   
  in the query    
  box and click   
  the **Go**      
  button.*        

  --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

The single record retrieved is displayed in the Full format:

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Use    | ![](media/image88.png){width="5.486805555555556in"         |
| the     | height="4.704861111111111in"}                              |
| check   |                                                            |
| boxes   |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| select  |                                                            |
| subhe   |                                                            |
| adings. |                                                            |
| Click   |                                                            |
| on the  |                                                            |
| *       |                                                            |
| *Subhea |                                                            |
| dings** |                                                            |
| link to |                                                            |
| see a   |                                                            |
| list of |                                                            |
| sub     |                                                            |
| heading |                                                            |
| defini  |                                                            |
| tions.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Use    |                                                            |
| these   |                                                            |
| che     |                                                            |
| ckboxes |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| r       |                                                            |
| estrict |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| major   |                                                            |
| topic   |                                                            |
| or to   |                                                            |
| not     |                                                            |
| explode |                                                            |
| a       |                                                            |
| term.*  |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Entry  |                                                            |
| Terms   |                                                            |
| (sy     |                                                            |
| nonyms) |                                                            |
| are     |                                                            |
| pro     |                                                            |
| vided.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *MeSH   |                                                            |
| hi      |                                                            |
| erarchy |                                                            |
| is      |                                                            |
| di      |                                                            |
| splayed |                                                            |
| with    |                                                            |
| s       |                                                            |
| earched |                                                            |
| term in |                                                            |
| bol     |                                                            |
| dface.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

**Send to Search Box**

To specify a search for: *Citations about the **diagnosis** of bursitis*

1.  Select the diagnosis subheading from the Full display screen.

2.  Select Search Box with AND from the **Send to** pull-down menu.

![](media/image89.png){width="6.664583333333334in"
height="4.532638888888889in"}

The term with any specifications will appear in the Search Box:

![](media/image90.png){width="5.729166666666667in"
height="1.0104166666666667in"}

To add additional terms to this strategy, continue searching the
database and add terms to the Search Box using the Send to Search Box
feature.

Now, let's adjust our search to specifically look for articles
discussing the ***diagnosis of bursitis in the knee joint***. Restrict
to citations where the **major focus of the article is knee joints** and
then add this term to the strategy we are building:

+-----+----+-----------------------------------------------+---------+
| *   | !  |                                               |         |
| Sea | [] |                                               |         |
| rch | (m |                                               |         |
| ing | ed |                                               |         |
| on  | ia |                                               |         |
| the | /i |                                               |         |
| n   | ma |                                               |         |
| ext | ge |                                               |         |
| te  | 91 |                                               |         |
| rm. | .p |                                               |         |
| Cl  | ng |                                               |         |
| ick | ){ |                                               |         |
| **  | wi |                                               |         |
| Go* | dt |                                               |         |
| *.* | h= |                                               |         |
|     | "5 |                                               |         |
| *   | .2 |                                               |         |
| Her | 37 |                                               |         |
| e's | 5i |                                               |         |
| t   | n" |                                               |         |
| he* | he |                                               |         |
|     | ig |                                               |         |
| *st | ht |                                               |         |
| rat | =" |                                               |         |
| egy | 2. |                                               |         |
| bei | 01 |                                               |         |
| ng* | 04 |                                               |         |
|     | 16 |                                               |         |
| *b  | 66 |                                               |         |
| uil | 66 |                                               |         |
| t.* | 66 |                                               |         |
|     | 66 |                                               |         |
|     | 65 |                                               |         |
|     | in |                                               |         |
|     | "} |                                               |         |
+-----+----+-----------------------------------------------+---------+
| *T  |    | ![](m                                         |         |
| his |    | edia/image92.png){width="5.590277777777778in" |         |
| bri |    | height="5.767361111111111in"}                 |         |
| ngs |    |                                               |         |
| you |    |                                               |         |
| to  |    |                                               |         |
| the |    |                                               |         |
| F   |    |                                               |         |
| ull |    |                                               |         |
| d   |    |                                               |         |
| isp |    |                                               |         |
| lay |    |                                               |         |
| for |    |                                               |         |
| **K |    |                                               |         |
| nee |    |                                               |         |
| Joi |    |                                               |         |
| nt* |    |                                               |         |
| *.* |    |                                               |         |
|     |    |                                               |         |
| *1. |    |                                               |         |
| Cl  |    |                                               |         |
| ick |    |                                               |         |
| in  |    |                                               |         |
| the |    |                                               |         |
| ch  |    |                                               |         |
| eck |    |                                               |         |
| box |    |                                               |         |
| fo  |    |                                               |         |
| r:* |    |                                               |         |
|     |    |                                               |         |
| **  |    |                                               |         |
| *Re |    |                                               |         |
| str |    |                                               |         |
| ict |    |                                               |         |
| Sea |    |                                               |         |
| rch |    |                                               |         |
| to  |    |                                               |         |
| Ma  |    |                                               |         |
| jor |    |                                               |         |
| To  |    |                                               |         |
| pic |    |                                               |         |
| he  |    |                                               |         |
| adi |    |                                               |         |
| ngs |    |                                               |         |
| on  |    |                                               |         |
| ly* |    |                                               |         |
| *.* |    |                                               |         |
|     |    |                                               |         |
| *2. |    |                                               |         |
| Sel |    |                                               |         |
| ect |    |                                               |         |
| **  |    |                                               |         |
| Sea |    |                                               |         |
| rch |    |                                               |         |
| Box |    |                                               |         |
| w   |    |                                               |         |
| ith |    |                                               |         |
| AN  |    |                                               |         |
| D** |    |                                               |         |
| f   |    |                                               |         |
| rom |    |                                               |         |
| the |    |                                               |         |
| **S |    |                                               |         |
| end |    |                                               |         |
| t   |    |                                               |         |
| o** |    |                                               |         |
| pul |    |                                               |         |
| l-d |    |                                               |         |
| own |    |                                               |         |
| men |    |                                               |         |
| u.* |    |                                               |         |
+-----+----+-----------------------------------------------+---------+

Now, the search is built and is ready to be run in PubMed. Click the
Search PubMed button below the Search box:

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click     ![](media/image93.png){width="5.335416666666666in"
  **Search   height="0.9479166666666666in"}
  PubMed**   
  button.*   

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------

## Practice Exercises: Searching with MeSH 

Try using the MeSH database to build your searches that require the use
of MeSH headings.

1.  Find articles discussing prostate cancer as the main focus of the
    article. Use the MeSH Database to begin your search. Restrict to
    studies involving treatment by leuprolide.

2.  Find references discussing the economics of community-acquired
    pneumonia.

Finished? Sign up for NLM Announces at
<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html> to receive a weekly
e-mail with important news about PubMed and other NLM services.

### Suggested Answers: Searching with MeSH 

1.  Find articles discussing prostate cancer as the main focus of the
    article. Use the MeSH Database to begin your search. Restrict to
    studies involving treatment by leuprolide.

MeSH Database Summary display for a search of prostate cancer:

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click term ![](media/image94.png){width="4.260416666666667in"
  to reach    height="3.4069444444444446in"}
  Full        
  display.*   

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------

Restricting to Major Topic and adding the term to your search:

![](media/image95.png){width="6.657638888888889in"
height="2.9993055555555554in"}

With "Prostatic Neoplasms"\[Majr\] in the MeSH Database Search Box, find
the record for leuprolide and select the therapeutic use subheading.
Send to Search Box with AND.

![](media/image96.png){width="6.666666666666667in"
height="6.446527777777778in"}

Once satisfied with the search strategy, click Search PubMed:

![](media/image97.png){width="4.322222222222222in"
height="0.7041666666666667in"}

2.  Find references discussing the economics of community-acquired
    pneumonia.

  ------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  *Selecting   ![](media/image98.png){width="5.498611111111111in"
  the          height="3.2402777777777776in"}
  subheading   
  of economics 
  to attach to 
  the MeSH     
  heading,     
  pneumonia    
  from the     
  Full display 
  in the MeSH  
  database:*   

  ------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image99.png){width="5.154861111111111in"
height="3.3944444444444444in"}Searching for the next term:

*Read the Scope Note. If relevant, click on the term to see the Full
Display for more information including subheadings.*

Final strategy ready to send to PubMed:

![](media/image100.png){width="4.477777777777778in"
height="0.8118055555555556in"}

## Search by Field

## Search by Author, Journal, Publication Date, and More via the Advanced Search screen

-   Use to search for terms within selected fields

-   Default set up for Author, Journal, and Publication date searching

-   Use the pull-down menus to change the search fields

-   Auto-complete feature available for Author, First Author, Last
    Author, and Journal

-   Use the radio buttons to choose and AND or OR operator

-   Click on the Index button to the right of each line to display the
    index of searchable terms for the selected search field

> **Author Search Example:**

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Type in | ![](media/image101.png){width="5.436111111111111in"       |
| last     | height="3.654861111111111in"}                             |
| name of  |                                                           |
| author.* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Notice  |                                                           |
| auto-    |                                                           |
| complete |                                                           |
| f        |                                                           |
| eature.* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Select  |                                                           |
| name.*   |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Click   |                                                           |
| Search   |                                                           |
| button.* |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

> **Journal Search Example:**

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Type in  | ![](media/image102.png){width="5.127083333333333in"      |
| journal   | height="3.540277777777778in"}                            |
| name.*    |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Notice   |                                                          |
| auto      |                                                          |
| -complete |                                                          |
| feature.* |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Select   |                                                          |
| journal.* |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Click    |                                                          |
| Search    |                                                          |
| button.*  |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

### Using the Index feature

-   There are several ways to search specific fields of MEDLINE/PubMed
    records, including using the field indexes and search tags.

**Viewing and selecting terms from the Index to develop search
strategies**

-   Use the Index button to view and select terms from the Index and to
    add them to your search strategy.

-   The Index allows you to view a listing of searchable terms within a
    search field.

-   You may also select terms to build a search strategy using Boolean
    operators.

**Selecting a field and entering a term to look up in the Index**

**Example:** *Use the Index function on the Advanced Search to find
citations to articles about gene expression where the first author's
affiliation is listed as Princeton University.*

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *       | ![](media/image103.png){width="5.565277777777778in"        |
| Subject | height="5.09375in"}                                        |
| term    |                                                            |
| entered |                                                            |
| in the  |                                                            |
| A       |                                                            |
| dvanced |                                                            |
| Search  |                                                            |
| query   |                                                            |
| box.*   |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Select |                                                            |
| affi    |                                                            |
| liation |                                                            |
| from    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| pu      |                                                            |
| ll-down |                                                            |
| menu.*  |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *PubMed |                                                            |
| d       |                                                            |
| isplays |                                                            |
| a       |                                                            |
| portion |                                                            |
| of the  |                                                            |
| alpha   |                                                            |
| betical |                                                            |
| list of |                                                            |
| av      |                                                            |
| ailable |                                                            |
| terms   |                                                            |
| for the |                                                            |
| s       |                                                            |
| elected |                                                            |
| search  |                                                            |
| field.  |                                                            |
| Scroll  |                                                            |
| up and  |                                                            |
| down    |                                                            |
| this    |                                                            |
| window  |                                                            |
| using   |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| *       |                                                            |
| *scroll |                                                            |
| bar**.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *The    |                                                            |
| number  |                                                            |
| of      |                                                            |
| ci      |                                                            |
| tations |                                                            |
| that    |                                                            |
| contain |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| term    |                                                            |
| appears |                                                            |
| in      |                                                            |
| pare    |                                                            |
| ntheses |                                                            |
| to the  |                                                            |
| right   |                                                            |
| of the  |                                                            |
| term.*  |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *To     |                                                            |
| scroll  |                                                            |
| up or   |                                                            |
| down    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| entire  |                                                            |
| Index   |                                                            |
| for the |                                                            |
| field,  |                                                            |
| click   |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| **Pre   |                                                            |
| vious** |                                                            |
| or      |                                                            |
| *       |                                                            |
| *Next** |                                                            |
| bu      |                                                            |
| ttons.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

**Selecting a term from the Index**

-   Click on the term to highlight it.

-   Click on the Hide Index link to close-up the Index display if
    desired.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Continue viewing, selecting, and adding search terms until your
    strategy is complete. Then click the **Search** button either at the
    top of screen or in the Search area.

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ***Sear | ![](media/image104.png){width="5.542361111111111in"        |
| chbox** | height="2.6569444444444446in"}                             |
| shows   |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| search  |                                                            |
| term    |                                                            |
| and the |                                                            |
| search  |                                                            |
| field.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| **      |                                                            |
| *Result |                                                            |
| c       |                                                            |
| olumn** |                                                            |
| shows   |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| number  |                                                            |
| of      |                                                            |
| cita    |                                                            |
| tions.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
|         |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

**Index of Fields and Field Values area of the Advanced Search Screen**

-   Use this Index if you wish to choose multiple terms from an Index
    display to OR together

**Example:**

*Find articles discussing the diagnosis of osteosarcoma or using
chemotherapy (drug therapy) to treat osteoscarcoma. Limit to articles
where aspects are the main point.*

+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| *Select       | ![](media/image105.png){width="4.988194444444445in"  |
| Search field  | height="4.302083333333333in"}                        |
| from          |                                                      |
| drop-down     |                                                      |
| menu.*        |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Type in      |                                                      |
| search        |                                                      |
| term(s)*      |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Click Index  |                                                      |
| button.*      |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Use the      |                                                      |
| Ctrl-key (PC) |                                                      |
| or the        |                                                      |
| Command-key   |                                                      |
| (Mac) to OR   |                                                      |
| together      |                                                      |
| multiple      |                                                      |
| terms.*       |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Click the    |                                                      |
| desired       |                                                      |
| Boolean       |                                                      |
| connector to  |                                                      |
| add terms     |                                                      |
| (OR'ed        |                                                      |
| together) to  |                                                      |
| the query.*   |                                                      |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+

-   In this example, click on the AND button which adds your terms to
    the Advanced Search top query box. Then click the Search button to
    run the search:

> ![](media/image106.png){width="6.167361111111111in"
> height="0.65625in"}

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   See page 84 for more on searching by fields using search
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        field tags.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

## Finding a specific citation

### Using the Search box

Simply type in the available information into the Search box:

*Exp Neurol 187 2 279*

![](media/image107.png){width="6.665972222222222in"
height="4.230555555555555in"}

### Citation sensor

The Citation Sensor is a feature that assists searchers looking for a
specific article.

-   It looks for combinations of search terms that are characteristic of
    citation searching, e.g., volume/issue numbers, author names,
    journal titles, publication dates.

-   Whenever possible the Citation Sensor matches the search with
    citations in PubMed.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   If your search invokes the Citation Sensor, you will see a yellow
    area above the default retrieval with links to one or more citations
    for your consideration:

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Citation  | ![](media/image108.png){width="5.336805555555555in"     |
| sensor     | height="4.936111111111111in"}                           |
| matches    |                                                         |
| appear at  |                                                         |
| the top of |                                                         |
| the        |                                                         |
| Summary    |                                                         |
| results    |                                                         |
| display.*  |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Link to   |                                                         |
| additional |                                                         |
| citation   |                                                         |
| sensor     |                                                         |
| matches.*  |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

###  

**Use Add More Citation Search Fields from Advanced Search screen**

![](media/image109.png){width="3.3743055555555554in"
height="0.4791666666666667in"}

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Aut      | ![](media/image110.png){width="5.466666666666667in"      |
| ocomplete | height="3.4368055555555554in"}                           |
| feature   |                                                          |
| available |                                                          |
| for       |                                                          |
| Author;*  |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *First    |                                                          |
| Author;*  |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Last     |                                                          |
| Author; & |                                                          |
| Journal*  |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image111.png){width="6.667361111111111in"
height="3.9770833333333333in"}

### Example: *You are looking for the citation for an article entitled, "Where does it hurt? Pain localization in osteoarthritis in the knee."*

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Type in  | ![](media/image112.png){width="5.444444444444445in"      |
| si        | height="3.4375in"}                                       |
| gnificant |                                                          |
| title     |                                                          |
| words.*   |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Click    |                                                          |
| the       |                                                          |
| Search    |                                                          |
| button.*  |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

### Result:

![](media/image113.png){width="6.663888888888889in"
height="4.033333333333333in"}

## Using Search Tags \-- Search Field Descriptions

-   Search fields can be specified using PubMed's search field tags. A
    list of the field names and searching information is found in PubMed
    Help: Search Field Descriptions and Tags
    (<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip>).
    Not all searchable fields are included in this workbook section.

-   For further information on the data found in the fields found on the
    MEDLINE display format, see MEDLINE^®^/PubMed^®^ Data Element
    (Field) Descriptions
    (<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html>)

**Rules**

-   Each search term should be followed with the appropriate search
    field tag, which indicates which field will be searched. The search
    field tag must follow the term.

> Correct entry: aromatherapy \[mh\]
>
> Incorrect entry: \[mh\] aromatherapy

-   Search field tags must be enclosed in **square brackets**.

-   Case and spacing do not matter: ice \[mh\] = Ice\[mh\] = ICE \[MH\]

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8590277777777777in"   Terms entered with a search tag (e.g., \[mh\]; \[majr\];
  height="0.8027777777777778in"}                        \[tw\]) will not generate the "Did you mean" message
                                                        (PubMed's spell check feature).

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

#### MeSH headings \[mh\]

-   MeSH headings can be searched using two search field tags:

> \[mh\] to search a MeSH heading
>
> \[majr\] to search a MeSH heading that is a major topic of an article

-   PubMed **automatically** searches the MeSH heading as well as the
    more specific terms beneath that heading in the MeSH hierarchy;
    i.e., **the term is exploded**.

-   To turn off automatic explosion of MeSH headings, use one of the
    following tags:

> \[mh:noexp\] or \[majr:noexp\]

***Example:** thromboembolism \[majr:noexp\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- --
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.9055555555555556in"   Alternatively, consider using the "Do not explode"         
  height="0.6138888888888889in"}                         selection from the Detailed Display in the MeSH Database.  

  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8541666666666666in"    Searching with MeSH headings will exclude in process and   
  height="0.6777777777777778in"}                         publisher-supplied citations, as they are not indexed with 
                                                         MeSH.                                                      
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- --

#### Subheadings \[sh\]

-   You can directly attach subheadings to MeSH headings using the
    format MeSH heading/subheading.

-   Two letter abbreviations for subheadings or the full subheading name
    may be used.

**Examples**: *thromboembolism/pc*

> *thromboembolism/prevention and control*
>
> *toes/in \[majr\]*
>
> *toes/injuries \[majr\]*

-   Only one subheading may be attached to a MeSH heading at a time. To
    attach multiple subheadings, combine each MeSH/subheading
    combination with the OR connector or use the MeSH Browser.

**Example:** *thromboembolism/pc \[majr\] OR thromboembolism/di
\[majr\]*

-   For a MeSH/subheading combination, PubMed always explodes the MeSH
    term and also searches the subheading and its grouping if there is
    one.

In the example below, the subheading therapy or members of the therapy
grouping (e.g., diet therapy) will be attached to the MeSH term
(hypertension) or one of its indentions (e.g., hypertension, malignant).

**Example:** *hypertension/th*

  ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
  Hypertension with its indentions:           Subheading grouping for therapy:

  ![](media/image114.png){width="2.53125in"   ![](media/image115.png){width="2.5631944444444446in"
  height="0.8541666666666666in"}              height="1.90625in"}
  ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   A list of subheadings and subheading groupings appears in
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        PubMed's Help.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](     | To **turn off both** the MeSH heading explosion and       |
| media/im | subheading groupings, you would enter:                    |
| age81.jp |                                                           |
| eg){widt | > hypertension/th \[mh:noexp\]                            |
| h="0.830 | >                                                         |
| 55555555 | > hypertension/th \[majr:noexp\]                          |
| 55556in" |                                                           |
| height   | These search for **only** the subheading therapy attached |
| ="0.9006 | to **only** the MeSH term hypertension (with "majr," only |
| 94444444 | as the main point).                                       |
| 4445in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

-   You may also choose to "free-float" a subheading with a MeSH heading
    using the Boolean AND and the subheading field tag of \[sh\]. This
    is typically done when you want to search for a subheading that
    cannot be applied to the MeSH heading you are also searching.

**Example:** *hypertension \[mh\] AND toxicity \[sh\]*

To **turn off the** **subheading grouping,** use the tag \[sh:noexp\].
You may only do this when "free-floating" a subheading**.**

#### Text Words \[tw\]

Terms or numbers that are searched with the Text Words \[tw\] field tag
will be searched in the following fields:

-   Title

-   Abstract

-   MeSH headings, Subheadings, Publication Types (includes single words
    and phrases)

-   Other Terms field

-   Chemical Names of Substances

-   Secondary Source Identifier (The SI field identifies other data
    sources, databanks and accession numbers of molecular sequences
    discussed in MEDLINE articles.)

-   Personal Name as Subject

#### Corporate Author \[cn\]

-   Use the \[cn\] tag to search for corporate authorship of an article.
    Search the whole name or individual words from the name.

**Examples:** *american dental association \[cn\]*

*american \[cn\] AND dental \[cn\] AND association \[cn\]*

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------
             ![](media/image116.png){width="5.653472222222222in"
             height="4.439583333333333in"}

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](med   | From May 2006 forward, corporate authors are displayed   |
| ia/image8 | in the order found in the byline of the published        |
| 1.jpeg){w | article. From 2000 -- April 2006, corporate authors are  |
| idth="0.9 | always displayed last in the list of authors.            |
| 013888888 |                                                          |
| 888889in" | This field was added in 2001; however this field may be  |
| height    | added to some older records retrospectively. Citations   |
| ="1.0in"} | indexed pre-2000 and some citations indexed in 2000-2001 |
|           | display corporate authors at the end of the title field. |
|           | For comprehensive searches, consider including terms     |
|           | and/or words searched in the title field.                |
|           |                                                          |
|           | **Example**: *american dental association \[cn\] OR*     |
|           |                                                          |
|           | *american dental association \[ti\]*                     |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

#### Personal Name as Subject \[ps\]

-   Use the \[ps\] tag to search for citations to articles about a named
    individual. The name is searched in the conventional author
    searching format: lastname + initial(s)

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.7736111111111111in"   The Personal Name as Subject field is *not* available from
  height="0.8458333333333333in"}                        the Search Field pull-down menus on the Advanced Search
                                                        screen.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

**Example:** *lincoln a \[ps\]*

![](media/image117.png){width="5.978472222222222in"
height="3.279861111111111in"}

#### 

#### Date Ranging

-   The colon (:) is used between ranging values.

-   To search on Publication Date from 1993 to 1997, enter:

> 1993:1997 \[dp\]

-   To search on a date, use the format YYYY/MM/DD

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.8305555555555556in"   Use the Search by Author, Journal, Publication Date, and
  height="0.9006944444444445in"}                         more area of the Advanced Search screen for a
                                                         fill-in-the-blank Date searching option.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

####  Place of Publication \[pl\]

-   This field indicates the cited journal's country of publication.

-   Use the \[pl\] tag.

**Example:** *aids AND nigeria \[pl\]*

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   Geographic Place of Publication regions are not
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        searchable. In order to retrieve records for all countries
                                                        in a region (e.g., North America), it is necessary to OR
                                                        together the countries of interest.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

#### 

#### Secondary Source Identifier \[si\]

-   Identifies a secondary source that supplies information, e.g., other
    data sources, databanks and accession numbers of molecular sequences

**Examples of Data Sources:**

GenBank

GEO (NLM's Gene Expression Omnibus) -- beginning in February 2006

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier numbers -- beginning in July 2005

> International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) --
> beginning in mid-2006)
>
> Reference Sequence (RefSeq) collection accession numbers
>
> PubChem databases identifiers -- beginning in January 2007

-   The field is composed of a source followed by a slash followed by an
    accession number.

-   Use the \[si\] search tag.

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| **Ex      | *genbank/af113832 \[si\]*                                |
| amples:** |                                                          |
|           | *clinicaltrials.gov/nct00000419 \[si\]*                  |
|           |                                                          |
|           | *clinicaltrials.gov \[si\]*                              |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

####  

#### Unique Identifier Searching \[pmid\]

-   To search using the PubMed Unique Identifier (PMID), type in the
    number with or without the search field tag \[pmid\].

**Example:** *11073054*

-   You can search for several Unique Identifier numbers by entering
    each number in the query box separated by a space, PubMed will OR
    them together. Do *not* enter the OR connector.

**Example:** *7715939 11073054*

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Unique   | ![](media/image118.png){width="5.084027777777778in"      |
| Ide       | height="2.0409722222222224in"}                           |
| ntifiers* |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *as       |                                                          |
| entered   |                                                          |
| in the*   |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *query    |                                                          |
| box.*     |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *PubMed   |                                                          |
| finds the |                                                          |
| 2         |                                                          |
| ci        |                                                          |
| tations.* |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]       | To find the PubMed Central unique identifier (PMCID),    |
| (media/im | see the MEDLINE, Abstract or AbstractPlus format for the |
| age4.jpeg | record in PubMed, or use the PMID: PMCID Converter at    |
| ){width=" | <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pmctopmid>            |
| 0.8125in" |                                                          |
| height=   |                                                          |
| "0.75in"} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

#### 

#### Affiliation \[ad\]

-   May include the institutional affiliation and address (including
    e-mail address) of the ***first*** author of the article as it
    appears in the journal.

-   Use the \[ad\] search tag.

-   This field can be used to search for work done at specific
    institutions.

-   The data is how it appears in the original journal article. It is
    not standardized, therefore the same institution may appear in
    variant forms.

**Example:** *cleveland \[ad\] AND clinic \[ad\]*

#### Grant Number \[gr\]

-   Research grant numbers, contract numbers, or both that designates
    financial support by:

    -   an agency of the US PHS (Public Health Service)

    -   the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, or

    -   eight funding sources from the United Kingdom

-   For Public Health Services agencies, the number is followed by the
    Institute acronym; followed by the agency's hierarchical structure
    from lower to higher entity, when known; and then followed by the
    country name.

**Examples:** LM05545/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States

> CA47147/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States

-   For other funding organizations, the number is followed by the name
    of the organization; followed by the country name.

**Examples:** GR072308/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom

> 066866/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom

Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States

-   Use the \[gr\] search tag.

**Example:** *lm05545/lm/nlm nih hhs/united states \[gr\]*

The four pieces of the grant number (e.g., LM05545 -- number; LM --
acronym; NLM NIH HHS -- parts of, or the entire string of the agency's
hierarchical structure; and funding country) are each individually
searchable using the \[gr\] tag.

**Examples:** *lm05545 \[gr\] wellcome trust \[gr\]*

> *nlm \[gr\] united kingdom \[gr\]*

  ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8125in"   PubMed's online Help links to a Web page detailing Grant
  height="0.625in"}                         Number Information Found in the GR Field in MEDLINE/PubMed
                                            (<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/grant_acronym.html>).

  ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

##  Journals Database

The PubMed Journals database allows you to look up information about a
PubMed journal and search for that title. You can search for a journal
using:

-   journal title

-   MEDLINE/PubMed title abbreviation

-   NLM ID (NLM\'s unique journal identifier)

-   ISO (International Organization for Standardization) abbreviation

-   print and electronic International Standard Serial Numbers (pISSNs
    and eISSNs)

-   subject terms (see page 94 of this workbook)

**How to get there:**

-   Click on Journals links from the bottom of the Advanced Search
    screen; Click on the Journals Database link from the database
    selection menu and use the search box; or click on Journals Database
    link from PubMed's homepage sidebar:

  ----------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  *Type your  ![](media/image119.png){width="5.465277777777778in"
  term(s) in  height="2.2291666666666665in"}
  the query   
  box.*       

  ----------- -----------------------------------------------------------

**Result:**

+-------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
| ![](media/image120.png){width="4.991666666666666in"   | *Use the     |
| height="1.1145833333333333in"}                        | **NLM ID**   |
|                                                       | to link to   |
|                                                       | the **NLM    |
|                                                       | Catalog**    |
|                                                       | for further  |
|                                                       | information  |
|                                                       | about the    |
|                                                       | journal.*    |
|                                                       |              |
|                                                       | *Use the     |
|                                                       | **PubMed**   |
|                                                       | link from    |
|                                                       | the Links    |
|                                                       | pull-down to |
|                                                       | retrieve     |
|                                                       | citations    |
|                                                       | for an       |
|                                                       | individual   |
|                                                       | journal in   |
|                                                       | PubMed.*     |
+-------------------------------------------------------+--------------+

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.7736111111111111in"   Retrieval display order is alphabetical, except if term has
  height="0.6763888888888889in"}                        an exact match, which will display first.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

-   Click on the hyperlinked journal title or choose the Full display
    format to see more information about the title:

![](media/image121.png){width="5.509722222222222in"
height="3.102777777777778in"}

**Limit to currently indexed titles, by language or by subset**

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click   | ![](media/image122.png){width="5.478472222222222in"       |
| on       | height="3.678472222222222in"}                             |
| Limits   |                                                           |
| tab.*    |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Use the |                                                           |
| checkbox |                                                           |
| to limit |                                                           |
| your     |                                                           |
| search   |                                                           |
| to       |                                                           |
| c        |                                                           |
| urrently |                                                           |
| indexed  |                                                           |
| MEDLINE  |                                                           |
| journal  |                                                           |
| titles   |                                                           |
| or other |                                                           |
| cr       |                                                           |
| iteria.* |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| > ![]    | The Journals database includes journals in ***all***      |
| (media/i | Entrez databases (e.g., PubMed, Nucleotide, Protein).     |
| mage4.jp |                                                           |
| eg){widt | Use the **Only PubMed journals** option on the Limits     |
| h="0.816 | page to limit to journals in PubMed.                      |
| 66666666 |                                                           |
| 66667in" |                                                           |
| > height |                                                           |
| ="0.9013 |                                                           |
| 88888888 |                                                           |
| 8889in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

**Subject Term \[st\]**

-   Subject terms are assigned by NLM to describe the overall scope of
    MEDLINE-indexed journals.

-   Subject terms will display in the Full display format.

-   Use the \[st\] tag.

**Example:** *pediatrics \[st\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.7743055555555556in"   Searching for non-tagged terms, e.g., pediatrics in the
  height="0.8166666666666667in"}                         Journals database, will retrieve all journals that include
                                                         the word pediatrics in the title as well as journals with
                                                         the Subject Term, Pediatrics

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| > !        | The complete list of terms is available at the Journal  |
| [](media/i | Subject Terms Web page                                  |
| mage4.jpeg | (<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/journals/subjects.html>).  |
| ){width="0 |                                                         |
| .816666666 |                                                         |
| 6666667in" |                                                         |
| >          |                                                         |
| height="0. |                                                         |
| 9013888888 |                                                         |
| 888889in"} |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

**Building a PubMed query for multiple journals**

+-------+---+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
| *     | ! |                                                        |   |
| Click | [ |                                                        |   |
| in    | ] |                                                        |   |
| the   | ( |                                                        |   |
| **    | m |                                                        |   |
| check | e |                                                        |   |
| box** | d |                                                        |   |
| to    | i |                                                        |   |
| the   | a |                                                        |   |
| left  | / |                                                        |   |
| of    | i |                                                        |   |
| de    | m |                                                        |   |
| sired | a |                                                        |   |
| jo    | g |                                                        |   |
| urnal | e |                                                        |   |
| ti    | 1 |                                                        |   |
| tle.* | 2 |                                                        |   |
|       | 3 |                                                        |   |
| *C    | . |                                                        |   |
| hoose | p |                                                        |   |
| **S   | n |                                                        |   |
| earch | g |                                                        |   |
| Box** | ) |                                                        |   |
| *     | { |                                                        |   |
| *with | w |                                                        |   |
| OR**  | i |                                                        |   |
| from  | d |                                                        |   |
| the   | t |                                                        |   |
| Send  | h |                                                        |   |
| to    | = |                                                        |   |
| m     | " |                                                        |   |
| enu.* | 5 |                                                        |   |
|       | . |                                                        |   |
| *Once | 7 |                                                        |   |
| fin   | 4 |                                                        |   |
| ished | 6 |                                                        |   |
| bui   | 5 |                                                        |   |
| lding | 2 |                                                        |   |
| your  | 7 |                                                        |   |
| se    | 7 |                                                        |   |
| arch, | 7 |                                                        |   |
| click | 7 |                                                        |   |
| **S   | 7 |                                                        |   |
| earch | 7 |                                                        |   |
| Pub   | 7 |                                                        |   |
| Med** | 7 |                                                        |   |
| but   | 7 |                                                        |   |
| ton.* | 8 |                                                        |   |
|       | i |                                                        |   |
|       | n |                                                        |   |
|       | " |                                                        |   |
|       | h |                                                        |   |
|       | e |                                                        |   |
|       | i |                                                        |   |
|       | g |                                                        |   |
|       | h |                                                        |   |
|       | t |                                                        |   |
|       | = |                                                        |   |
|       | " |                                                        |   |
|       | 3 |                                                        |   |
|       | . |                                                        |   |
|       | 3 |                                                        |   |
|       | 8 |                                                        |   |
|       | 5 |                                                        |   |
|       | 4 |                                                        |   |
|       | 1 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 6 |                                                        |   |
|       | 5 |                                                        |   |
|       | i |                                                        |   |
|       | n |                                                        |   |
|       | " |                                                        |   |
|       | } |                                                        |   |
+-------+---+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
| ![    |   | Use Save Search and My NCBI to facilitate the task of  |   |
| ](med |   | limiting searches to a specific group of journals.     |   |
| ia/im |   |                                                        |   |
| age81 |   | ![](media/image124.png){width="0.7736111111111111in"   |   |
| .jpeg |   | height="0.2534722222222222in"}See the **E-mail Alerts  |   |
| ){wid |   | for Articles from Your Favorite Journals** Quick Tour  |   |
| th="0 |   | at <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmed.html>.    |   |
| .8159 |   |                                                        |   |
| 72222 |   |                                                        |   |
| 22222 |   |                                                        |   |
| 22in" |   |                                                        |   |
| heigh |   |                                                        |   |
| t="0. |   |                                                        |   |
| 90069 |   |                                                        |   |
| 44444 |   |                                                        |   |
| 44444 |   |                                                        |   |
| 5in"} |   |                                                        |   |
+-------+---+--------------------------------------------------------+---+

**Journals Lists**

-   On the Journals database screen, click on **links to full-text web
    sites** for a list of full-text journals available on the Web to
    which PubMed is currently linked.

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](media/ | Some journals may require that you register, subscribe, |
| image4.jpe | or pay a fee in order to view the full-text of an       |
| g){width=" | article.                                                |
| 1.04236111 |                                                         |
| 1111111in" | Contact the journal publishers as noted on their        |
| height="1. | individual Web sites for specific access information.   |
| 1694444444 |                                                         |
| 444445in"} |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

-   Click on Entrez journals to FTP a list of all journals that are
    included in PubMed in the GNU Zip, Uncompressed, UNIX Compress, or
    PKZIP format.

**[NOTES]{.underline}**

## Practice Exercises: Search Tags

Use search field tags when doing these exercises. Remember you can use
the History feature to obtain search statement numbers to combine
searches.

1.  Find references to articles written by the author Singh who was
    affiliated with Harvard at the time of publication.\
    (Notice that you will only retrieve affiliation information for the
    first author.)

2.  Find references to articles about Winston Churchill.

### Suggested Answers: Search Tags

1.  Find references to articles written by the author Singh who is
    affiliated with Harvard.\
    (Notice that you will only retrieve affiliation information for the
    first author.)

![](media/image125.png){width="3.7597222222222224in"
height="0.3090277777777778in"}

2.  Find references to articles about Winston Churchill.

> ![](media/image126.png){width="3.8465277777777778in"
> height="0.33819444444444446in"}

# Managing the Results

## Display Options

### Summary Format

Multiple PubMed citations are initially displayed in the **Summary**
format.

  ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image127.png){width="2.64375in"   ![](media/image128.png){width="3.3847222222222224in"
  height="0.875in"}                           height="0.9375in"}

  ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------

The Summary format may include the following:

-   **Title of the article:** The article title serves as the link to
    the AbstractPlus format. Most foreign language titles will be
    translated into English and placed within brackets.

-   **Author Name(s):** Author names are displayed.

-   **Corporate Author:** Identifies the corporate authorship of an
    article.

-   **Source:** Includes journal title abbreviation, date of
    publication, volume, issue, and pagination. Mouseover of journal
    title abbreviation displays full journal title.

-   PubMed Unique Identifier (PMID).

-   A status tag: **\[PubMed - as supplied by publisher\], \[PubMed - in
    process\], \[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE\], \[PubMed - OLDMEDLINE\]
    or \[PubMed\]**

-   **Related Articles:** Link to the Related Articles set of citations.

-   **Free Article in PMC \| at journal site:** Either both or one of
    these links appears when ***free*** full text is available.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   May also include language (for non-English articles) and Publication
    Type if the article is a review or retracted publication. Articles
    without abstracts will display the notation: "No abstract
    available".

-   Annotations to associated citations (e.g., Errata).

### Other Display Formats

The **Display** pull-down allows the user to select available display
formats:

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
  ![](media/image129.png){width="1.7597222222222222in"   ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.7041666666666667in"   Summary, Abstract, AbstractPlus,
  height="1.6125in"}                                     height="0.775in"}                                     Citation, MEDLINE, and Related
                                                                                                               Articles are the most appropriate
                                                                                                               display selections for bibliographic
                                                                                                               information.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

### Abstract Format

May include the following information:

+---------+-----------------------+---------------------------------+---+
| -       |                       | -   Abstract (if present) from  |   |
|  Source |                       |     published article           |   |
|     (   |                       |                                 |   |
| journal |                       | -   Publication Types (except   |   |
|         |                       |     for "Journal Article") with |   |
|   title |                       |     search links                |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| abbrevi |                       | -   Annotations to associated   |   |
| ation - |                       |     citations (e.g., errata)    |   |
|     mo  |                       |                                 |   |
| useover |                       | -   PMID                        |   |
|     for |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       | -   Status tag                  |   |
|    full |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       | -   Links                       |   |
|   title |                       |                                 |   |
|     and |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|    link |                       |                                 |   |
|     for |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|  search |                       |                                 |   |
|     o   |                       |                                 |   |
| ptions; |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|    date |                       |                                 |   |
|     of  |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|   publi |                       |                                 |   |
| cation; |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| volume; |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|  issue; |                       |                                 |   |
|     and |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|    pagi |                       |                                 |   |
| nation) |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| -       |                       |                                 |   |
|   Title |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| -   On  |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|    non- |                       |                                 |   |
| English |                       |                                 |   |
|     l   |                       |                                 |   |
| anguage |                       |                                 |   |
|     ar  |                       |                                 |   |
| ticles, |                       |                                 |   |
|     \[  |                       |                                 |   |
| Article |                       |                                 |   |
|     in  |                       |                                 |   |
|     lan |                       |                                 |   |
| guage\] |                       |                                 |   |
|     tag |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| -   Au  |                       |                                 |   |
| thor(s) |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|    with |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|  author |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|   names |                       |                                 |   |
|     di  |                       |                                 |   |
| splayed |                       |                                 |   |
|     as  |                       |                                 |   |
|     \   |                       |                                 |   |
| "search |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| links\" |                       |                                 |   |
|     to  |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|  author |                       |                                 |   |
|     se  |                       |                                 |   |
| arches. |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| -   Co  |                       |                                 |   |
| rporate |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|  Author |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| -       |                       |                                 |   |
|    Affi |                       |                                 |   |
| liation |                       |                                 |   |
|     (a  |                       |                                 |   |
| ddress) |                       |                                 |   |
|     of  |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|   first |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
|  author |                       |                                 |   |
+---------+-----------------------+---------------------------------+---+
| *Click  | ![](media             |                                 |   |
| on the  | /image130.png){width= |                                 |   |
| journal | "4.605555555555555in" |                                 |   |
| title   | height="2             |                                 |   |
| link    | .7618055555555556in"} |                                 |   |
| for     |                       |                                 |   |
| search  |                       |                                 |   |
| op      |                       |                                 |   |
| tions.* |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| *Click  |                       |                                 |   |
| on the  |                       |                                 |   |
| linked  |                       |                                 |   |
| name to |                       |                                 |   |
| run a   |                       |                                 |   |
| search  |                       |                                 |   |
| for     |                       |                                 |   |
| that    |                       |                                 |   |
| author  |                       |                                 |   |
| name.*  |                       |                                 |   |
|         |                       |                                 |   |
| *Click  |                       |                                 |   |
| on link |                       |                                 |   |
| for     |                       |                                 |   |
| search  |                       |                                 |   |
| op      |                       |                                 |   |
| tions.* |                       |                                 |   |
+---------+-----------------------+---------------------------------+---+

###  AbstractPlus Format

May include the following additional information:

-   Related Links including the first 5 Related Articles & Related
    Review articles

-   Patient Drug information links

![](media/image131.png){width="6.667361111111111in"
height="2.5409722222222224in"}

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8444444444444444in"   AbstractPlus is the default format when a single citation is
  height="0.8319444444444445in"}                        retrieved. See My NCBI User Preferences to change your
                                                        default format.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

###  

### Citation Format

May include the following additional information:

-   MeSH Terms with search links

-   Personal Name as Subject (if present)

-   Chemical substances (if present) with search links

-   Grant numbers (if present) with search links

-   ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number with search links

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click on | ![](media/image132.png){width="4.95in"                   |
| the       | height="5.011805555555555in"}                            |
| journal   |                                                          |
| title     |                                                          |
| link for  |                                                          |
| search    |                                                          |
| options.* |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Click on |                                                          |
| the       |                                                          |
| linked    |                                                          |
| name to   |                                                          |
| run a     |                                                          |
| search    |                                                          |
| for that  |                                                          |
| author    |                                                          |
| name.*    |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Click on |                                                          |
| links for |                                                          |
| search    |                                                          |
| options.* |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

###  

### MEDLINE Format

Two- to four-character tagged field format displaying all fields of the
PubMed record.

![](media/image133.png){width="6.668055555555555in" height="6.94375in"}

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]      | Use this format for downloading records into              |
| (media/i | bibliographic management software programs.               |
| mage4.jp |                                                           |
| eg){widt | For further information on the data found in the fields   |
| h="0.923 | found on the MEDLINE display format, see                  |
| 61111111 | MEDLINE^®^/PubMed^®^ Data Element (Field) Descriptions    |
| 11112in" | (<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html>)   |
| height   |                                                           |
| ="1.0451 |                                                           |
| 38888888 |                                                           |
| 8888in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

## Show...

-   PubMed initially displays search results in batches of 20 citations
    per page.

![](media/image134.png){width="6.030555555555556in"
height="1.2597222222222222in"}

-   Click on the **Show** pull-down menu to select a higher/lower
    number.

-   PubMed redisplays the citations based on your selection.

## Sort by...

-   To sort items by author, journal, article title, or publication
    date, click on the **Sort by** pull-down menu to select a sort
    field.

![](media/image135.png){width="5.780555555555556in"
height="1.3541666666666667in"}

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8444444444444444in"   You can sort directly from the results screen, or you can
  height="0.8319444444444445in"}                        collect citations on the Clipboard and sort the items
                                                        there.

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

## Send to... 

### Send to Text

![](media/image136.png){width="5.780555555555556in"
height="1.5930555555555554in"}

-   Use Text to redisplay citations omitting the Web or HTML components.

-   Send to Text displays the citations with Author names on top
    followed by title.

-   Text will display either selected citations, or if no citations are
    selected, all the citations on the page.

-   Before using the **Text** option, consider changing the display
    format and the number of items displayed on each page.

-   Select **Text** from the **Send to** pull-down menu. When finished
    with the Text display, use your Web browser's Back button to return
    to your results in the regular format.

### Send to File

![](media/image137.png){width="5.832638888888889in"
height="1.5319444444444446in"}

-   To save and send your **entire set of search results** to a file,
    use the Display pull-down menu to select the desired format. Then
    select **File** from the **Send to** menu. This saves the results in
    the display format selected.

-   To mark **selected citations** to save and send to a file, click on
    the check-box to the left of the item number as you go through each
    page of your retrieval. After you have finished selecting citations,
    choose a display format. Then select File from the Send to menu.

-   Send to File displays the citations with Author names on top
    followed by title.

### Send to Printer

![](media/image138.png){width="5.801388888888889in"
height="1.4381944444444446in"}

-   Use the Printer option under the Send to menu to print search
    results.

-   Choose the items you want to print and the display format before
    using the Send to Printer option. If you do not make any selections,
    the \"print page\" that is created will include the items in the
    display format currently shown on the search results screen.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The Send to Printer option creates a printer-friendly page. Click
    the **Print this page** button.

-   Use the Print dialog box of your operating system to choose your
    printer and print. Click the **Go Back** button to return to your
    search results after printing.

> ![](media/image139.png){width="5.363888888888889in"
> height="2.0833333333333335in"}

### Send to Clipboard 

### ![](media/image140.png){width="6.66875in" height="1.78125in"}

-   The Clipboard allows you to collect selected citations from one
    search or several searches that you may want to print, save, or
    order.

-   The maximum number of items that can be placed in the Clipboard is
    **500**.

-   To place an item in the Clipboard, click on the box to the left of
    the citation and select **Clipboard** from the Send to menu.

-   Once you have added a citation to the Clipboard, the item number
    color will change and the Clipboard link displays to the right of
    the search box.

![](media/image141.png){width="6.670138888888889in"
height="1.2597222222222222in"}

**Clipboard Tips:**

-   If you send items to the **Clipboard** without selecting citations
    using the check-box, PubMed will add up to 500 citations from your
    retrieval to the clipboard.

-   The maximum number of items that can be added to the clipboard is
    500.

-   The clipboard will be lost after 8 hours of inactivity.

### Using the Clipboard

-   To view the contents of your clipboard, click on Clipboard link to
    the right of the search box:

> ![](media/image142.png){width="6.663888888888889in"
> height="0.4576388888888889in"}
>
> You are directed to the Clipboard screen:
>
> ![](media/image143.png){width="6.075694444444444in"
> height="3.9277777777777776in"}

-   You can sort, print, save, order, or send to My NCBI collections the
    citations on the Clipboard.

**Deleting citations from the Clipboard**

-   To delete citations on the Clipboard, click on the check-box to the
    left of the item number, and then select **Clip Remove** from the
    Send to menu.

-   To empty the Clipboard, select **Clip Remove** from the Send to
    menu.

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](med   | Citations on the Clipboard may be incorporated into a    |
| ia/image8 | search statement using #0. For example, limit the items  |
| 1.jpeg){w | on the Clipboard to English language citations using the |
| idth="0.8 | following search:                                        |
| 333333333 |                                                          |
| 333334in" | #0 AND english \[la\]                                    |
| h         |                                                          |
| eight="0. | This does not affect or replace the Clipboard contents.  |
| 90625in"} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

###  Send to E-mail

![](media/image144.png){width="5.926388888888889in" height="1.84375in"}

-   Select E-mail from the Send to menu.

-   You are brought to an options screen:

+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| *Settings on | ![](media/image145.png){width="5.029861111111111in"   |
| the options  | height="3.602777777777778in"}                         |
| screen       |                                                       |
| reflect      |                                                       |
| selections   |                                                       |
| on the       |                                                       |
| Results page |                                                       |
| and can be   |                                                       |
| modified if  |                                                       |
| desired. We  |                                                       |
| have         |                                                       |
| modified the |                                                       |
| format to    |                                                       |
| Abstract.*   |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| *Add a       |                                                       |
| message if   |                                                       |
| you wish.*   |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| *Enter       |                                                       |
| e-mail       |                                                       |
| address.*    |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| *Click       |                                                       |
| **Mail**     |                                                       |
| button.*     |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

**E-mail Tips:**

-   You may E-mail up to 500 items.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The HTML option allows the PubMed e-mail messages to display as a
    results page with hyperlinks to Related Articles, etc. The
    recipient\'s e-mail service must be set for HTML view to allow for
    proper display.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   A default E-mail address may be stored via My NCBI User Preferences.

Send to Collections: See page 111

Send to RSS Feed: See page 119

Send to Order: See page 125

+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| ## My NCBI Collections              | ![](media/image146.png         |
|                                     | ){width="1.7319444444444445in" |
|                                     | height="0.4791666666666667in"} |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------+

**My NCBI Features**

-   My Saved Data

    -   Searches: save search strategies to get updates, including
        automatic e-mail updates.

    -   Collections: save search results.

    -   My Bibliography: collect citations for your publications.

-   Search Filters: group your retrieval by topics of interest to you.

-   Preferences: select your default citation display and highlighting

  ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8125in"   If your Web browser is set to block pop-ups, you will need
  height="0.9069444444444444in"}            to allow pop-ups from NCBI Web pages to use My NCBI.

  ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

Getting to My NCBI

+---------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| -   PubMed\'s banner will display links to  | ![](medi               |
|     My NCBI.                                | a/image147.png){width= |
|                                             | "1.2395833333333333in" |
| -   The **My NCBI** link goes to the My     | height="               |
|     NCBI home page.                         | 0.5305555555555556in"} |
|                                             |                        |
| -   **Sign In** links to the Sign In page.  |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| -   **Register** links to the My NCBI       |                        |
|     registration page.                      |                        |
+---------------------------------------------+------------------------+

**Registering for My NCBI**

-   To use My NCBI you need to register for an account.

-   If you choose to include an e-mail address, you will receive a
    confirmation e-mail

(see page 117 for details).

###  {#section-18 .PubMed-H3}

### Sign In:  {#sign-in .PubMed-H3}

+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| ###  {                  | ![](media                                  |
| #section-19 .PubMed-H3} | /image148.png){width="4.301388888888889in" |
|                         | height="1.6590277777777778in"}             |
| ### Session-Only or Aut |                                            |
| omatic {#session-only-o |                                            |
| r-automatic .PubMed-H3} |                                            |
|                         |                                            |
| *Check the "Keep me     |                                            |
| signed in" and/or       |                                            |
| "Remember my username"  |                                            |
| boxes if you are using  |                                            |
| your own computer to    |                                            |
| access My NCBI.*        |                                            |
|                         |                                            |
| *Click **About          |                                            |
| automatic sign in** for |                                            |
| more information.*      |                                            |
|                         |                                            |
| **"Linked" Accounts**   |                                            |
|                         |                                            |
| *If you have an eRA     |                                            |
| Commons or NIH account, |                                            |
| click on **See more     |                                            |
| sign in options for My  |                                            |
| NCBI partner            |                                            |
| organizations**. You    |                                            |
| may be able to use your |                                            |
| NIH or eRA Commons      |                                            |
| credentials to sign     |                                            |
| into My NCBI.*          |                                            |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

###  

### Collections

###  {#section-21 .PubMed-H3}

-   Use Collections to save search results within My NCBI.

**Create a Collection**

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Step 1:   | ![](media/image149.png){width="5.258333333333334in"     |
| Select     | height="2.9902777777777776in"}                          |
| search     |                                                         |
| result     |                                                         |
| items you  |                                                         |
| wish to    |                                                         |
| save*      |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Step 2:   |                                                         |
| Choose     |                                                         |
| **Send to  |                                                         |
| Col        |                                                         |
| lections** |                                                         |
| from the   |                                                         |
| Send to    |                                                         |
| menu.*     |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *If you    |                                                         |
| are not    |                                                         |
| already    |                                                         |
| signed     |                                                         |
| into My    |                                                         |
| NCBI, you  |                                                         |
| will be    |                                                         |
| prompted   |                                                         |
| to do so.* |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.7743055555555556in"   If you do not select items, all items (up to 500) will be
  height="0.7743055555555556in"}                         saved to the collection you are creating.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Step 3:*  | ![](media/image150.png){width="5.436805555555556in"     |
|            | height="2.140972222222222in"}                           |
| *Choose to |                                                         |
| create a   |                                                         |
| new        |                                                         |
| co         |                                                         |
| llection.* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Rename    |                                                         |
| your       |                                                         |
| co         |                                                         |
| llection.* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Click     |                                                         |
| **Save**.* |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

**Append to a collection**

-   Choose **Append to an existing collection** from the Save Collection
    pop-up window.

-   Choose the collection to which you want to add items and click
    **OK**.

![](media/image151.png){width="5.083333333333333in"
height="2.1819444444444445in"}

+--------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]    | Y |                                                         |
| (media | o |                                                         |
| /image | u |                                                         |
| 4.jpeg | c |                                                         |
| ){widt | a |                                                         |
| h="0.5 | n |                                                         |
| 972222 | a |                                                         |
| 222222 | d |                                                         |
| 222in" | d |                                                         |
| heig   | u |                                                         |
| ht="0. | p |                                                         |
| 55in"} | t |                                                         |
|        | o |                                                         |
|        | a |                                                         |
|        | m |                                                         |
|        | a |                                                         |
|        | x |                                                         |
|        | i |                                                         |
|        | m |                                                         |
|        | u |                                                         |
|        | m |                                                         |
|        | o |                                                         |
|        | f |                                                         |
|        | 1 |                                                         |
|        | 5 |                                                         |
|        | 0 |                                                         |
|        | 0 |                                                         |
|        | i |                                                         |
|        | t |                                                         |
|        | e |                                                         |
|        | m |                                                         |
|        | s |                                                         |
|        | t |                                                         |
|        | o |                                                         |
|        | a |                                                         |
|        | c |                                                         |
|        | o |                                                         |
|        | l |                                                         |
|        | l |                                                         |
|        | e |                                                         |
|        | c |                                                         |
|        | t |                                                         |
|        | i |                                                         |
|        | o |                                                         |
|        | n |                                                         |
|        | . |                                                         |
+--------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| **Edit |   |                                                         |
| a      |   |                                                         |
| collec |   |                                                         |
| tion** |   |                                                         |
+--------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *From  |   | ![](media/image152.png){width="5.272222222222222in"     |
| the My |   | height="2.842361111111111in"}                           |
| NCBI   |   |                                                         |
| Colle  |   |                                                         |
| ctions |   |                                                         |
| page   |   |                                                         |
| you    |   |                                                         |
| may:*  |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -      |   |                                                         |
|  *Sort |   |                                                         |
|     by |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| column |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|  using |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|    the |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| column |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| name.* |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -      |   |                                                         |
|  *View |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|    the |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|   coll |   |                                                         |
| ection |   |                                                         |
|     in |   |                                                         |
|     a  |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| PubMed |   |                                                         |
|     r  |   |                                                         |
| esults |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| screen |   |                                                         |
|     to |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| print, |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|   save |   |                                                         |
|     or |   |                                                         |
|     e- |   |                                                         |
| mail.* |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -      |   |                                                         |
|  *Edit |   |                                                         |
|     c  |   |                                                         |
| ollect |   |                                                         |
| ions.* |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -      |   |                                                         |
| *Merge |   |                                                         |
|     c  |   |                                                         |
| ollect |   |                                                         |
| ions.* |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -   *  |   |                                                         |
| Delete |   |                                                         |
|     c  |   |                                                         |
| ollect |   |                                                         |
| ions.* |   |                                                         |
+--------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *From  |   | ![](media/image153.png){width="5.366666666666666in"     |
| the    |   | height="1.40625in"}                                     |
| Edit   |   |                                                         |
| Coll   |   |                                                         |
| ection |   |                                                         |
| page   |   |                                                         |
| you    |   |                                                         |
| may:*  |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -   *  |   |                                                         |
| Delete |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|  items |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|   from |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|    the |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|  colle |   |                                                         |
| ction* |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -   *  |   |                                                         |
| Rename |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|    the |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| collec |   |                                                         |
| tion.* |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -      |   |                                                         |
|  *View |   |                                                         |
|     in |   |                                                         |
|     P  |   |                                                         |
| ubMed* |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| -      |   |                                                         |
|  *Sort |   |                                                         |
|     by |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|  publi |   |                                                         |
| cation |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|  date, |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
|  first |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| author |   |                                                         |
|     or |   |                                                         |
|     a  |   |                                                         |
| rticle |   |                                                         |
|        |   |                                                         |
| title* |   |                                                         |
+--------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+

## My Bibliography

My Bibliography is designed to make it easier for authors to search and
collect citations for their publications.

**Create Your Bibliography**

-   In the My Saved Data section of My NCBI, click on the link to My
    Bibliography:

![](media/image154.png){width="6.667361111111111in" height="1.78125in"}

-   On the My Bibliography page, select the
    ![](media/image155.png){width="0.23958333333333334in"
    height="0.23958333333333334in"} to create or add items to a
    bibliography:

![](media/image156.png){width="5.410416666666666in"
height="1.4791666666666667in"}

-   Create a search for your citations:

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| -   *Enter | ![](media/image157.png){width="5.125694444444444in"     |
|     your   | height="4.986805555555556in"}                           |
|     name   |                                                         |
|     in the |                                                         |
|     Author |                                                         |
|     Name   |                                                         |
|     field* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| -   *If    |                                                         |
|     you    |                                                         |
|     have   |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|    written |                                                         |
|     under  |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|    another |                                                         |
|     name,  |                                                         |
|     select |                                                         |
|     Add    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|    another |                                                         |
|     author |                                                         |
|     name*  |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| -   *Show  |                                                         |
|     all    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|  citations |                                                         |
|     to     |                                                         |
|     create |                                                         |
|     your   |                                                         |
|     bib    |                                                         |
| liography* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| -   *To    |                                                         |
|     dif    |                                                         |
| ferentiate |                                                         |
|     your   |                                                         |
|     work   |                                                         |
|     from   |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|    another |                                                         |
|     author |                                                         |
|     with   |                                                         |
|     the    |                                                         |
|     same   |                                                         |
|     name,  |                                                         |
|     select |                                                         |
|     filter |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|  options.* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| -   *Alte  |                                                         |
| rnatively, |                                                         |
|     enter  |                                                         |
|     PubMed |                                                         |
|     IDs    |                                                         |
|     for    |                                                         |
|     your   |                                                         |
|     c      |                                                         |
| itations.* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| -   *Click |                                                         |
|     Go to  |                                                         |
|     run    |                                                         |
|     the    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|   search.* |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| -   *Select | ![](media/image158.png){width="5.251388888888889in"    |
|     your    | height="2.1979166666666665in"}                         |
|             |                                                        |
|   citations |                                                        |
|     using   |                                                        |
|     the     |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
|  checkboxes |                                                        |
|     to the  |                                                        |
|     left.*  |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

-   When finished selecting your citations from all pages of results,
    select the ![](media/image159.png){width="1.4791666666666667in"
    height="0.2951388888888889in"} button at the bottom of the page.

-   Your bibliography is created. You can add items to the bibliography
    by returning to Saved Data \> My Bibliography and using the
    ![](media/image155.png){width="0.23958333333333334in"
    height="0.23958333333333334in"}.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc219860665 .anchor}**Saving the Search**

## Saving Searches with My NCBI

-   Run your PubMed search.

-   From the Results page, click on the **Save Search** link to the
    right of the query box.

+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| ![](                                            | *Click*            |
| media/image160.png){width="4.614583333333333in" |                    |
| height="1.9479166666666667in"}                  | *here.*            |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+

-   PubMed will open a separate window in your browser to start the
    saving process. (If you are not already signed into My NCBI, you
    will be prompted to do so).

-   Be aware that the default search name does not include any Boolean
    operators, search statement numbers or search tags, if entered. This
    name does not affect the strategy, so it is advisable to edit it to
    something short, yet meaningful.

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| -   *You   | ![](media/image161.png){width="5.436805555555556in"     |
|     can    | height="1.7465277777777777in"}                          |
|     edit   |                                                         |
|     the    |                                                         |
|     name   |                                                         |
|     of the |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|   search.* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| -   *This  |                                                         |
|     name   |                                                         |
|     will   |                                                         |
|     be     |                                                         |
|     part   |                                                         |
|     of the |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|    Subject |                                                         |
|     line   |                                                         |
|     of     |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|  automatic |                                                         |
|     e-mail |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
|  updates.* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| -   *Click |                                                         |
|     Save.* |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

Your search is saved and the Saved Search Settings Window is displayed
(see next page).

### Setting Up Automatic Updating

Set up your updates using the Saved Search Settings Window:

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| -   *Modify the  | ![]                                               |
|     name of the  | (media/image162.png){width="4.6194444444444445in" |
|     search, if   | height="5.2in"}                                   |
|     desired.*    |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| -   *Enter an    |                                                   |
|     **e-mail**   |                                                   |
|     address for  |                                                   |
|     the account  |                                                   |
|     if you       |                                                   |
|     haven't      |                                                   |
|     already.*    |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| -   *Select how  |                                                   |
|     often you    |                                                   |
|     want to get  |                                                   |
|     updates -    |                                                   |
|     monthly,     |                                                   |
|     weekly, or   |                                                   |
|     daily.*      |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| -   *Select      |                                                   |
|     either an    |                                                   |
|     HTML or text |                                                   |
|     e-mail and   |                                                   |
|     the          |                                                   |
|     **format**   |                                                   |
|     (Summary,    |                                                   |
|     Abstract,    |                                                   |
|     etc.).*      |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| -   *Select the  |                                                   |
|     **Number of  |                                                   |
|     items** to   |                                                   |
|     be sent with |                                                   |
|     each update. |                                                   |
|     A link in    |                                                   |
|     the e-mail   |                                                   |
|     will take    |                                                   |
|     you to the   |                                                   |
|     total update |                                                   |
|     results in   |                                                   |
|     PubMed.*     |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| -   *If you want |                                                   |
|     to know when |                                                   |
|     an update    |                                                   |
|     retrieved no |                                                   |
|     citations,   |                                                   |
|     select       |                                                   |
|     **Send even  |                                                   |
|     when there   |                                                   |
|     aren't any   |                                                   |
|     new          |                                                   |
|     results**.*  |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| -   *The text    |                                                   |
|     box is a     |                                                   |
|     place to add |                                                   |
|     a note. This |                                                   |
|     text will    |                                                   |
|     display on   |                                                   |
|     each e-mail  |                                                   |
|     update as    |                                                   |
|     "Sender's    |                                                   |
|     message."*   |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| -   *Click       |                                                   |
|     Save.*       |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Partial e-mail update results:**

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on the ![](media/image163.png){width="5.651388888888889in"
  word,         height="3.6534722222222222in"}
  "**here**" to 
  view the      
  complete      
  results. For  
  this example, 
  to see all 7  
  citations.*   

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

**Important Facts about the E-mail for My NCBI Account**

-   Each My NCBI account can have **only one** e-mail address that will
    be used for all automatic e-mail updates saved in that account.

-   If, at a later time, you change the e-mail address for your account,
    the new e-mail address will be used for **all** automatic updates
    following confirmation (see below).

-   To change the e-mail address on an account, go to **Preferences** on
    the My NCBI sidebar.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8166666666666667in"   The address for PubMed's Send to E-mail feature *can* be
  height="0.9013888888888889in"}                        changed for individual e-mails on the Send to E-mail page
                                                        without affecting the e-mail address used for the My NCBI
                                                        account.

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

**The Confirmation E-mail**

-   The first time an automatic e-mail update is created for an account,
    or if the e-mail is changed in User Preferences, a confirmation
    e-mail will be sent to that address.

-   No automatic updates will be sent to an address until it has been
    confirmed.

### Manually Updating Searches

-   To manually update a search, go to My Saved Data \> Saved Searches
    \> Manage in My NCBI.

-   Check the box to the left of the search to be updated and click
    **Show What's New** at the bottom of the page.

-   My NCBI will indicate if there are any new citations retrieved by
    the strategy since your last update.

-   If you link to the results, i.e., complete the update, your saved
    search list will reflect the date and time of the update.

**About the Updates**

-   The update strategies used for My NCBI are detailed in PubMed's
    Help.

-   New or modified searches can be generated no sooner than the next
    day. For example, this morning, you changed the frequency for an
    update from Monthly to Daily. The first update will be sent
    tomorrow.

**Additional Functions available from the Saved Searches page**

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| *Saved      | ![](media/image164.png){width="5.185416666666667in"    |
| searches    | height="3.4770833333333333in"}                         |
| can be run  |                                                        |
| to retrieve |                                                        |
| total       |                                                        |
| results,    |                                                        |
| i.e., not   |                                                        |
| limited to  |                                                        |
| new         |                                                        |
| citations.  |                                                        |
| Click on    |                                                        |
| the name of |                                                        |
| the search. |                                                        |
| (This will  |                                                        |
| not affect  |                                                        |
| future      |                                                        |
| updates.)*  |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *Click on   |                                                        |
| *           |                                                        |
| *Settings** |                                                        |
| to go to    |                                                        |
| the Saved   |                                                        |
| Search      |                                                        |
| Settings    |                                                        |
| page where  |                                                        |
| you can     |                                                        |
| make        |                                                        |
| changes     |                                                        |
| (e.g., to   |                                                        |
| frequency   |                                                        |
| or format   |                                                        |
| of e-mail   |                                                        |
| updates).*  |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *Hold your  |                                                        |
| cursor over |                                                        |
| the data in |                                                        |
| the **Last  |                                                        |
| Searched**  |                                                        |
| column to   |                                                        |
| show the    |                                                        |
| date the    |                                                        |
| last e-mail |                                                        |
| update was  |                                                        |
| sent or     |                                                        |
| manually    |                                                        |
| updated.*   |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

**Modifying a Strategy: Save a New One and Delete the Old**

-   Saved search strategies cannot be edited. To modify a strategy,
    re-save it with your changes.

-   To delete a search, select the search using the check box and click
    on the **Delete PubMed Searches** button at the bottom of the page.

**Changing the E-mail Address for an Account**

+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| -   **Preferences** is accessible via a link on the  | ![](media/ima |
|     My NCBI sidebar. You can change the e-mail       | ge165.png){wi |
|     address for your My NCBI account here.           | dth="1.380555 |
|                                                      | 5555555555in" |
| -   Keep in mind, anytime you change the e-mail for  | heig          |
|     an account, all automatic updates will be sent   | ht="1.4506944 |
|     to that address following confirmation.          | 444444445in"} |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+

## Send to RSS Feed

+---------+---+----------------------------------------------------------+---+
| ![      | R |                                                          |   |
| ](media | S |                                                          |   |
| /image4 | S |                                                          |   |
| .jpeg){ | f |                                                          |   |
| width=" | e |                                                          |   |
| 0.84444 | e |                                                          |   |
| 4444444 | d |                                                          |   |
| 4444in" | s |                                                          |   |
| he      | b |                                                          |   |
| ight="0 | r |                                                          |   |
| .831944 | i |                                                          |   |
| 4444444 | n |                                                          |   |
| 445in"} | g |                                                          |   |
|         | c |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | ( |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | k |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | w |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | ) |                                                          |   |
|         | f |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | u |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | p |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | u |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | c |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | W |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | b |                                                          |   |
|         | p |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | g |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | . |                                                          |   |
|         | T |                                                          |   |
|         | h |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | f |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | y |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | c |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | y |                                                          |   |
|         | u |                                                          |   |
|         | p |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | w |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | f |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | c |                                                          |   |
|         | h |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | u |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | c |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | . |                                                          |   |
|         | A |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | R |                                                          |   |
|         | S |                                                          |   |
|         | S |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | q |                                                          |   |
|         | u |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | y |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | v |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | b |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | w |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | f |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | f |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | o |                                                          |   |
|         | m |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | h |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | W |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | b |                                                          |   |
|         | . |                                                          |   |
|         | E |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | c |                                                          |   |
|         | h |                                                          |   |
|         | R |                                                          |   |
|         | S |                                                          |   |
|         | S |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | b |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | h |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | v |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | p |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | y |                                                          |   |
|         | s |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | a |                                                          |   |
|         | d |                                                          |   |
|         | i |                                                          |   |
|         | f |                                                          |   |
|         | f |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | r |                                                          |   |
|         | e |                                                          |   |
|         | n |                                                          |   |
|         | t |                                                          |   |
|         | l |                                                          |   |
|         | y |                                                          |   |
|         | . |                                                          |   |
+---------+---+----------------------------------------------------------+---+
| >       |   | ![](media/image166.png){width="5.770138888888889in"      |   |
| *Select |   | height="1.8541666666666667in"}                           |   |
| > **RSS |   |                                                          |   |
| >       |   |                                                          |   |
|  Feed** |   |                                                          |   |
| > from  |   |                                                          |   |
| > the   |   |                                                          |   |
| > Send  |   |                                                          |   |
| > to    |   |                                                          |   |
| >       |   |                                                          |   |
|  menu.* |   |                                                          |   |
|         |   |                                                          |   |
| #       |   |                                                          |   |
| ##  {#s |   |                                                          |   |
| ection- |   |                                                          |   |
| 22 .Pub |   |                                                          |   |
| Med-H3} |   |                                                          |   |
+---------+---+----------------------------------------------------------+---+
|         |   |                                                          |   |
+---------+---+----------------------------------------------------------+---+

-   You are brought to an options screen:

+-------------+---+----------------------------------------------+--------+
| *Change     | ! |                                              |        |
| these       | [ |                                              |        |
| selections  | ] |                                              |        |
| if needed.* | ( |                                              |        |
|             | m |                                              |        |
| *Click      | e |                                              |        |
| **Create    | d |                                              |        |
| Feed**      | i |                                              |        |
| button.*    | a |                                              |        |
|             | / |                                              |        |
|             | i |                                              |        |
|             | m |                                              |        |
|             | a |                                              |        |
|             | g |                                              |        |
|             | e |                                              |        |
|             | 1 |                                              |        |
|             | 6 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | . |                                              |        |
|             | p |                                              |        |
|             | n |                                              |        |
|             | g |                                              |        |
|             | ) |                                              |        |
|             | { |                                              |        |
|             | w |                                              |        |
|             | i |                                              |        |
|             | d |                                              |        |
|             | t |                                              |        |
|             | h |                                              |        |
|             | = |                                              |        |
|             | " |                                              |        |
|             | 4 |                                              |        |
|             | . |                                              |        |
|             | 3 |                                              |        |
|             | 2 |                                              |        |
|             | 4 |                                              |        |
|             | 3 |                                              |        |
|             | 0 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | 5 |                                              |        |
|             | i |                                              |        |
|             | n |                                              |        |
|             | " |                                              |        |
|             | h |                                              |        |
|             | e |                                              |        |
|             | i |                                              |        |
|             | g |                                              |        |
|             | h |                                              |        |
|             | t |                                              |        |
|             | = |                                              |        |
|             | " |                                              |        |
|             | 2 |                                              |        |
|             | . |                                              |        |
|             | 2 |                                              |        |
|             | 0 |                                              |        |
|             | 9 |                                              |        |
|             | 0 |                                              |        |
|             | 2 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 7 |                                              |        |
|             | 6 |                                              |        |
|             | i |                                              |        |
|             | n |                                              |        |
|             | " |                                              |        |
|             | } |                                              |        |
+-------------+---+----------------------------------------------+--------+
| *Click the  |   | ![](med                                      |        |
| XML icon to |   | ia/image168.png){width="4.705555555555556in" |        |
| display a   |   | height="2.0in"}                              |        |
| screen of   |   |                                              |        |
| XML. You    |   |                                              |        |
| don\'t need |   |                                              |        |
| the code,   |   |                                              |        |
| just the    |   |                                              |        |
| URL from    |   |                                              |        |
| the address |   |                                              |        |
| line.*      |   |                                              |        |
+-------------+---+----------------------------------------------+--------+

  --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Copy and paste ![](media/image169.png){width="5.579861111111111in"
  the URL into    height="0.2708333333333333in"}
  the             
  \"subscribe\"   
  form in your    
  RSS reader.*    

  --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

#  

# Practice Exercises: Managing the Results and Saving the Search

1.  Create a My NCBI account and sign in (or sign in to your existing
    account).

2.  Using the Advanced Search screen, find English-language articles on
    clinical trials using light therapy to treat seasonal depressive
    disorder. Show all results in Citation format on one page. Select
    three or four citations and save them in a Collection.

3.  Save your light therapy search and set up weekly automatic updates
    in AbstractPlus format.

### 

### 

Finished? Sign up for NLM Announces at
<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html> to receive a weekly
e-mail with important news about PubMed and other NLM services.

### Suggested Answers: Managing the Results and Saving the Search

See pages 110 and 115-116 for instructions on #1 and #3.

2.  Using the Advanced Search screen, find English-language articles on
    clinical trials using light therapy to treat seasonal depression.
    Show all results in Citation format on one page. Select three or
    four citations and save them in a Collection.

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| *Run a      | ![](media/image170.png){width="5.165277777777778in"    |
| search for  | height="4.29375in"}                                    |
| light       |                                                        |
| therapy     |                                                        |
| seasonal    |                                                        |
| depressive  |                                                        |
| disorder.*  |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *Select     |                                                        |
| Clinical    |                                                        |
| Trial as    |                                                        |
| Type of     |                                                        |
| Article     |                                                        |
| (           |                                                        |
| publication |                                                        |
| type) and   |                                                        |
| English as  |                                                        |
| language.*  |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| *      | ![](media/image171.png){width="5.684722222222222in"         |
| Change | height="2.2506944444444446in"}                              |
| D      |                                                             |
| isplay |                                                             |
| to     |                                                             |
| Cita   |                                                             |
| tion.* |                                                             |
|        |                                                             |
| *      |                                                             |
| Change |                                                             |
| Show   |                                                             |
| to     |                                                             |
| 200.*  |                                                             |
|        |                                                             |
| *      |                                                             |
| Select |                                                             |
| cit    |                                                             |
| ations |                                                             |
| of     |                                                             |
| inte   |                                                             |
| rest.* |                                                             |
|        |                                                             |
| *      |                                                             |
| Select |                                                             |
| Send   |                                                             |
| to     |                                                             |
| C      |                                                             |
| ollect |                                                             |
| ions.* |                                                             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+

### 

# Getting the Articles 

PubMed does not include copies of journal articles. However, PubMed does
offer links to the full text of journal articles when links are
available. Access to some articles will be free. Access to others will
require payment.

## LinkOut

-   Links to full text resources from PubMed are available through a
    service called LinkOut.

-   When you click on LinkOut icons or links in the LinkOut display in
    PubMed, you leave PubMed and are directed to the full text at an
    external site.

-   The National Library of Medicine does not hold the copyright to this
    material, and cannot give permission for its use. Users should
    review all copyright restrictions set forth by the full text
    provider before reproducing, redistributing, or making commercial
    use of material accessed through LinkOut.

-   LinkOut provides links from PubMed and other Entrez databases to a
    wide variety of relevant web‑accessible online resources including
    full‑text publications.

-   Look for icon links to full text resources on the Abstract,
    AbstractPlus or Citation display formats.

  ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *The icon links to     ![](media/image172.png){width="5.339583333333334in"
  full-text from the     height="3.407638888888889in"}
  AbstractPlusformat.*   

  ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------
  *To see the     ![](media/image173.png){width="3.6868055555555554in"
  full list of    height="3.9604166666666667in"}
  web accessible  
  online          
  resources for   
  an item, select 
  **LinkOut**     
  from the        
  Display menu.*  

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------

+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| *     | ![](media/image174.png){width="5.519444444444445in"          |
| Click | height="4.345833333333333in"}                                |
| on    |                                                              |
| **i   |                                                              |
| con** |                                                              |
| to    |                                                              |
| view  |                                                              |
| a     |                                                              |
| l     |                                                              |
| egend |                                                              |
| of    |                                                              |
| icon  |                                                              |
| displ |                                                              |
| ays.* |                                                              |
|       |                                                              |
| *Li   |                                                              |
| nkOut |                                                              |
| Libr  |                                                              |
| aries |                                                              |
| aft   |                                                              |
| er"J" |                                                              |
| was   |                                                              |
| selec |                                                              |
| ted.* |                                                              |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+

##  Send to Order

![](media/image175.png){width="6.520138888888889in"
height="2.1458333333333335in"}

-   Select **Order** from the Send to menu to use an automated document
    ordering program called **Loansome Doc**.

-   You can also **Order** directly from the Clipboard.

**What is Loansome Doc?**

The Loansome Doc feature allows you to order the full-text of an article
from a Loansome Doc participating library. Prior to using this feature,
you need to establish an agreement with a Loansome Doc participating
library. Your Loansome Doc library will provide you with their **Library
ID**, which is needed when setting up the service within PubMed or the
NLM Gateway.

**What does it cost?**

The library providing you this service will explain their ordering fees,
if any. This service is generally **not** free.

**What library can provide me with this kind of service?**

Call your Regional Medical Library at **1-800-338-7657** Monday-Friday,
8:30 A.M. -- 5:00 P.M. in all time zones to find out which medical
library in your area can set you up with the Loansome Doc ordering
service. Or visit
[**http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/loansome_doc.html**](http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/loansome_doc.html)
to find out more about Loansome Doc.

To order articles, select the citations for the articles by clicking on
the check-box to the left of each item.

-   Select **Order** from the **Send to** menu.

-   You are brought to the page shown below:

![](media/image176.png){width="6.665277777777778in"
height="4.179166666666666in"}

On this page you can:

-   log into Loansome Doc using your Email address

-   obtain a status report of your orders

-   update your Loansome Doc account information

-   sign up for a Loansome Doc account

-   link to FAQs

-   learn more about Loansome Doc

# 

For more information about obtaining full text articles, see the
tri-fold handout, *Full Text and PubMed* at
<http://nnlm.gov/training/resources/fulltexttri.pdf>.

# Additional Tools 

## Filters

-   My NCBI includes a Filters feature which groups search results by
    areas of interest.

-   You can have up to **five** active filters using My NCBI.

### Default Tabs

-   "All" tab shows the total retrieval for the search. "Review" tab
    shows the total retrieval for review articles.

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| *The        | ![](media/image177.png){width="5.063888888888889in"    |
| **All** tab | height="2.0930555555555554in"}                         |
| shows the   |                                                        |
| total       |                                                        |
| retrieval   |                                                        |
| for the     |                                                        |
| search. The |                                                        |
| **Review**  |                                                        |
| tab shows   |                                                        |
| the total   |                                                        |
| retrieval   |                                                        |
| for review  |                                                        |
| articles.*  |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *To the     |                                                        |
| right of    |                                                        |
| the         |                                                        |
| "Review"    |                                                        |
| tab, the    |                                                        |
| hammer and  |                                                        |
| wrench icon |                                                        |
| links you   |                                                        |
| to My NCBI  |                                                        |
| where you   |                                                        |
| can add or  |                                                        |
| modify your |                                                        |
| filter      |                                                        |
| choices.*   |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

### Adding Filters

-   Use the ![](media/image40.png){width="0.19791666666666666in"
    height="0.1875in"} icon to link to the **My PubMed Filters menu**
    (you must sign in to My NCBI if not already signed in)

-   This page displays the filters currently applied to PubMed, and
    provides links to the Frequently Requested Filters, and the Browse
    and Search options:

![](media/image178.png){width="6.665972222222222in"
height="2.9569444444444444in"}

-   Click on **Frequently Requested Filters** to add common filters to
    your display:

  ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click in    ![](media/image179.png){width="5.2375in"
  the          height="3.604861111111111in"}
  checkboxes   
  to select or 
  deselect     
  filters.*    

  ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------

#### Browse

-   Click on Browse to see additional options for PubMed filters.

-   On the Browse page there are three categories:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   LinkOut

-   Links

-   Properties

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Users interested in **subject-related filters** for their searches
    should look at **Properties**.

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  *There are over 70 ![](media/image180.png){width="5.379166666666666in"
  filter options     height="2.16875in"}
  under              
  **Properties.***   

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

Under Properties, use the links to see the available filters for each
sub-category. Here's the one for Publication Types:

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click  | ![](media/image181.png){width="5.379166666666666in"        |
| in the  | height="3.29375in"}                                        |
| c       |                                                            |
| heckbox |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| select  |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| f       |                                                            |
| ilter.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *A      |                                                            |
| confi   |                                                            |
| rmation |                                                            |
| message |                                                            |
| will    |                                                            |
| di      |                                                            |
| splay.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

### LinkOut Filters

-   Filters in this category group results by full text providers,
    libraries, and other outside resources.

#### Adding your library's holdings as a filter

-   From the PubMed "Browse" filters page:

  ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on        ![](media/image180.png){width="5.379166666666666in"
  **LinkOut***     height="2.16875in"}

  *Click on        ![](media/image182.png){width="5.420833333333333in"
  **Libraries***   height="3.7041666666666666in"}
  ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

This will bring up a page with all of the LinkOut-participating
libraries.

-   Use your browser's Find feature to locate your library.

-   Click on the desired library link.

-   Then click on the checkboxes to add a result tab and/or display the
    library's icon:

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Notice   | ![](media/image183.png){width="5.290972222222222in"      |
| the use   | height="2.0840277777777776in"}                           |
| of        |                                                          |
| "br       |                                                          |
| eadcumbs" |                                                          |
| on the    |                                                          |
| Filters   |                                                          |
| pages.*   |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Each     |                                                          |
| b         |                                                          |
| readcrumb |                                                          |
| for a     |                                                          |
| higher    |                                                          |
| level is  |                                                          |
| a link to |                                                          |
| that      |                                                          |
| page.*    |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Click in |                                                          |
| the       |                                                          |
| c         |                                                          |
| heckboxes |                                                          |
| to add    |                                                          |
| these     |                                                          |
| sel       |                                                          |
| ections.* |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![      | -   Results tabs for LinkOut providers display the LinkOut |
| ](media |     user name.                                             |
| /image4 |                                                            |
| .jpeg){ | -   Place your cursor over this ID to see the name of the  |
| width=" |     provider.                                              |
| 0.81666 |                                                            |
| 6666666 | -   Users who connect to PubMed with a URL that includes a |
| 6667in" |     library\'s holdings parameter will continue to see     |
| he      |     their library icon even if they do not select their    |
| ight="0 |     library in My NCBI. Users should select their library  |
| .901388 |     filter if they want to see a filter tab for their      |
| 8888888 |     library in the search results.                         |
| 889in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

### Using the Filter Tabs

-   Click on a filter tab to go to the citations for a particular
    filter. Select any display format you wish.

-   When you click on the filter name (tab) to see the results for a
    filter, a tack symbol will appear in the tab:

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *        | ![](media/image185.png){width="5.413888888888889in"       |
| Clicking | height="3.435416666666667in"}                             |
| on the*  |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| ![](m    |                                                           |
| edia/ima |                                                           |
| ge184.pn |                                                           |
| g){width |                                                           |
| ="0.1826 |                                                           |
| 38888888 |                                                           |
| 88888in" |                                                           |
| height=  |                                                           |
| "0.19652 |                                                           |
| 77777777 |                                                           |
| 7777in"} |                                                           |
| *icon    |                                                           |
| \        |                                                           |
| "tacks\" |                                                           |
| that     |                                                           |
| filter   |                                                           |
| onto the |                                                           |
| search   |                                                           |
| query    |                                                           |
| box.*    |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|          |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](     | -   Filters added using the tack icon will display in the |
| media/im |     query box with the \[Filter\] tag.                    |
| age81.jp |                                                           |
| eg){widt | -   If you want to save this search, click on Save        |
| h="0.985 |     Search.                                               |
| 41666666 |                                                           |
| 66667in" | -   Many filter topics can be added to the search via the |
| height   |     Limits page. Either way will yield the same results.  |
| ="1.1263 |                                                           |
| 88888888 |                                                           |
| 8889in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

##  My NCBI User Preferences

-   Available from My NCBI sidebar.

-   Change the display format for the Links menu on your search results
    screen.

-   Save an e-mail address for Send to E-mail as well as automatic
    e-mail updates.

-   Set your document delivery and/or Outside Tool preferences

-   Choose to highlight PubMed search words in retrieval when you are
    signed into My NCBI.

-   Change single citation display default from AbstractPlus format to
    another format.

> ![](media/image186.png){width="6.6618055555555555in"
> height="3.1875in"}

**Changing default for single citation display:**

-   Select Single Citation Display under PubMed Preferences:

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  *Click the   ![](media/image187.png){width="5.374305555555556in"
  radio button height="2.1666666666666665in"}
  to select    
  your default 
  single       
  citation     
  display      
  format and   
  click Save.* 

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.5916666666666667in"   See demos on various My NCBI features. Click on Tutorials
  height="0.6569444444444444in"}                        from the PubMed home page or go directly to:
                                                        <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/myncbi.html>

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

## Clinical Queries

-   Available on PubMed homepage sidebar; also available from Clinical
    link at the bottom of the Advanced Search screen

-   There are 3 search filters available from this page:

> Search by Clinical Study Category
>
> Find Systematic Reviews
>
> Medical Genetics Searches

### Search by Clinical Study Category

-   This specialized search query is intended for clinicians and has
    built-in search \"filters\" based on research done by R. Brian
    Haynes, M.D., Ph.D. at McMaster University in Canada.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Five study categories or filters are provided:                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| -   etiology                                                          |
|                                                                       |
| -   diagnosis                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| -   therapy                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| -   prognosis                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| -   clinical prediction guidelines                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Two emphasis categories or filters are provided:                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| -   narrow, specific search \-- will get more precise, relevant       |
|     citations but less retrieval                                      |
|                                                                       |
| -   broad, sensitive search \-- includes relevant citations but       |
|     probably some less relevant; will get more retrieval              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Example**: *Find citations on having a rash with a fever using the
defaults of therapy and narrow, specific search.*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image188.png){width="5.522222222222222in"
  height="3.1152777777777776in"}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

### Find Systematic Reviews

-   This feature is provided to help clinicians locate systematic
    reviews and similar articles.

-   It retrieves systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews of clinical
    trials, evidence-based medicine, consensus development conferences,
    and guidelines. Citations from journals specializing in clinical
    review studies are also included.

**Example:** *Find Systematic Reviews on inhalation therapy for
pneumonia.*

+----------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Enter   |   | ![](media/image189.png){width="5.228472222222222in"     |
| search   |   | height="1.6243055555555554in"}                          |
| terms in |   |                                                         |
| the      |   |                                                         |
| query    |   |                                                         |
| box.*    |   |                                                         |
+----------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](     | T |                                                         |
| media/im | h |                                                         |
| age81.jp | i |                                                         |
| eg){widt | s |                                                         |
| h="0.901 | s |                                                         |
| 38888888 | u |                                                         |
| 88889in" | b |                                                         |
| height   | s |                                                         |
| ="0.9006 | e |                                                         |
| 94444444 | t |                                                         |
| 4445in"} | c |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | b |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | o |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | b |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | d |                                                         |
|          | d |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | w |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | h |                                                         |
|          | o |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | h |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | h |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | u |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | g |                                                         |
|          | A |                                                         |
|          | N |                                                         |
|          | D |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | \ |                                                         |
|          | [ |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | b |                                                         |
|          | \ |                                                         |
|          | ] |                                                         |
|          | . |                                                         |
|          | F |                                                         |
|          | o |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | x |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | p |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | , |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | d |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | A |                                                         |
|          | N |                                                         |
|          | D |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | \ |                                                         |
|          | [ |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | b |                                                         |
|          | \ |                                                         |
|          | ] |                                                         |
|          | . |                                                         |
|          |   |                                                         |
|          | A |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | v |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | , |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | o |                                                         |
|          | u |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | S |                                                         |
|          | y |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | R |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | v |                                                         |
|          | i |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | w |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | f |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | o |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | h |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | S |                                                         |
|          | u |                                                         |
|          | b |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | p |                                                         |
|          | u |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | l |                                                         |
|          | - |                                                         |
|          | d |                                                         |
|          | o |                                                         |
|          | w |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | m |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | u |                                                         |
|          | o |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | t |                                                         |
|          | h |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | A |                                                         |
|          | d |                                                         |
|          | v |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | d |                                                         |
|          | S |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | a |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | h |                                                         |
|          | s |                                                         |
|          | c |                                                         |
|          | r |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | e |                                                         |
|          | n |                                                         |
|          | . |                                                         |
+----------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+

### Medical Genetics Searches

-   Finds citations related to various topics in medical genetics.

-   Default is to **All** topics. Click on All check box to deselect;
    then click on topic(s) of interest.

-   Developed in conjunction with the staff of GeneReviews: Genetic
    Disease Online Reviews at GeneTests, University of Washington,
    Seattle.

**Example**: *Find citations about sickle cell anemia using the Medical
Genetics Searches categories: Genetic Counseling; Genetic Testing*

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Enter    | ![](media/image190.png){width="5.283333333333333in"      |
| search    | height="2.1465277777777776in"}                           |
| terms in  |                                                          |
| the query |                                                          |
| box.*     |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Select   |                                                          |
| topics of |                                                          |
| i         |                                                          |
| nterest.* |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

## Special Queries -- Health Services Research (HSR) Queries

**Why?**

-   Provides a search interface to find PubMed citations relating to
    **health care quality** and health care costs

**Where?**

-   Click on **Special Queries** from PubMed homepage sidebar; or click
    on Topic-Specific link from bottom of the Advanced Search screen

-   Click on **Health Services Research (HSR) Queries** from the Special
    Queries page

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click on | ![](media/image191.png){width="5.227083333333334in"      |
| "**defin  | height="4.325in"}                                        |
| itions**" |                                                          |
| to        |                                                          |
| display   |                                                          |
| helpful   |                                                          |
| exp       |                                                          |
| lanations |                                                          |
| of the    |                                                          |
| HSR       |                                                          |
| cat       |                                                          |
| egories.* |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Enter    |                                                          |
| search    |                                                          |
| terms     |                                                          |
| here.*    |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Choose   |                                                          |
| ap        |                                                          |
| propriate |                                                          |
| category  |                                                          |
| and       |                                                          |
| scope.*   |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

## Linking to PubMed

### Creating Links to PubMed Citations and Searches

To create a link to PubMed citations for use in a bookmark, Web page, or
e-mail message, create or generate a customized URL. With this URL, you
can link to specific citations or link to the current results of your
PubMed search strategy.

> ![](media/image192.png){width="6.055555555555555in"
> height="3.2430555555555554in"}Recent publications from the [Washington
> University School of Medicine
> faculty](http://becker.wustl.edu/services/news/recent.php) (Bernard
> Becker Medical Library). The PMID number links to the citation in
> PubMed in AbstractPlus format.

**To create a link to a single citation in PubMed:**

1.  View the citation in the Summary format

2.  Click the title link to display the AbstractPlus format

3.  Bookmark this page, or copy the URL from the browser's address bar
    to paste as a link in a Web page or e-mail message

> ![](media/image193.png){width="5.372916666666667in"
> height="5.177083333333333in"}
>
> Copy the URL from the address bar when viewing a single citation in
> the AbstractPlus display.

**To create a customized link to one or more citations in your preferred
format:**

Use the base URL for PubMed:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

then add the PMID. For multiple PMIDs, use commas (but no spaces)
between each number, as follows:

> 18235850,17701905

Add **?&report=** followed by your preferred display format (docsum,
brief, abstract, abstractplus, citation, medline, xml, asn1 or
externallink -- see PubMed Help at
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.table.pubmedhelp.T40>
for descriptions), as follows:

> ?&report=citation

Strung together, your URL now looks like:

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235850,17701905?&report=citation>

Note that there are no spaces.

**To create a link to the results for a short PubMed search (e.g., an
author's name):**

1.  Run the search

2.  Go to the Details tab

3.  Click on the URL button, below the search details

4.  Bookmark this page, or copy the URL from the browser's address bar

![](media/image194.png){width="5.606944444444444in"
height="3.8270833333333334in"}

> A personal home page with a link that runs a search for the author's
> citations in PubMed.

![](media/image195.png){width="4.395138888888889in"
height="2.7909722222222224in"}

> Click on the URL button on the Details page to create a link to a
> PubMed search.

Note: Some browsers have a size limit for URLs in the address bar. If
your link doesn't work, the search string may be too long for your
browser. Use the "customized link" method, described below.

**To create a customized link to PubMed search results:**

A customized search link allows you to select the display format and
number of citations in the PubMed results page.

Use the base URL for a PubMed "search" function:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=

Add your search terms. Use the "+" sign between terms instead of spaces,
as follows:

> gastrointestinal+stromal+tumors

To use specific search fields, use the field tag (see Search Field
Descriptions and Tags
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip>).
For example, to limit the above search to articles published in the last
ten years, use the \[dp\] tag, as follows:

> +AND+"last+10+years"\[dp\]

Optionally, add **&report=** followed by your preferred display format
(docsum, brief, abstract, abstractplus, citation, medline, xml, asn1 or
externallink), as follows:

> &report=abstract

Add **&dispmax=** followed by the number of items to display on each
page, as follows:

> &dispmax=100

Your finished URL will look like:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=gastrointestinal+stromal+tumors+AND+"last+10+years"\[dp\]&report=abstract&dispmax=100

Note that there are "&" symbols between each element, and there are no
spaces.

**Troubleshooting:**

If your URL isn't working, the special characters may not be interpreted
properly by PubMed. Try the following substitutions:

-   Use **&amp;** instead of **&**

-   Use **%20** instead of **+**

-   Use **%5B** instead of **\[**

-   Use **%5D** instead of **\]**

-   Use **%22** instead of **"**

For more details on creating links to PubMed or other Entrez databases,
see Creating a Web Link to the Entrez Databases at
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helplinks.chapter.linkshelp>

## E-Utilities

-   E-Utilities provide access to Entrez data outside of the regular web
    query interface.

> Why use E-Utilities?

-   E-Utilities are useful for retrieving large sets of PMIDs or
    records, or counts of records, matching a search strategy.

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="0.8104166666666667in"
height="0.9013888888888889in"}There are specific instructions and
requirements for using E-Utilities in order to manage the workload on
NCBI servers. See the E-Utilities documentation on the PubMed sidebar.
You may consider asking your institution's IT staff for technical
support.

# Review Exercises

Choose one or two of the below case studies to review what you've
learned about PubMed. Use My NCBI Save Search and Collections features
to save your work.

1.  Emergency department physicians are concerned about the number of
    patients who leave the department without being seen (usually
    because they feel they have waited too long). Find articles about
    this phenomena using PubMed.

2.  Locate information on the Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease. Please
    search back to 1988. Do the Clinical Queries help you find
    information on etiology?

3.  What are the economic effects of breast cancer on a community?
    Consider using MeSH subheadings and/or the Health Services Research
    (HSR) Queries (follow the link to Special Queries on the PubMed
    homepage).

4.  Find the latest review articles on Edwards Syndrome.

5.  A woman presents with dementia and the neuropathological findings
    suggest a prominent contribution by Cerebrovascular disease. Find
    information on diagnosis and treatment. Try the Clinical Queries,
    Search by Clinical Study Category.

6.  Explore the ethical issues raised by the deaf community regarding
    cochlear implants. Consider using a subset, or looking specifically
    at audiology journals (see the broad subject term in the Journals
    Database).

7.  Find systematic reviews for accidents caused by sleep deprivation.

Finished? Sign up for NLM Announces at
<https://list.nih.gov/archives/nlm-announces.html> to receive a weekly
e-mail with important news about PubMed and other NLM services.

### Review Exercises: Suggested Answers

1.  Emergency department physicians are concerned about the number of
    patients who leave the department without being seen (usually
    because they feel they have waited too long). Find articles about
    this phenomena using PubMed.

One approach:

emergency service, hospital AND patient dropouts AND time factors

![](media/image196.png){width="5.874305555555556in"
height="5.259027777777778in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.9013888888888889in"   Use natural language to begin your search and then review
  height="1.0in"}                                        MeSH headings used to index relevant articles to determine
                                                         patterns of indexing for pertinent articles.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

2.  Locate information on the Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease. Please
    search back to 1988. Do the Clinical Queries help you find
    information on etiology?

![](media/image197.png){width="6.663194444444445in"
height="3.5097222222222224in"}

Using Clinical Queries (Search by Clinical Study Category) to locate
etiology information:

![](media/image198.png){width="6.082638888888889in"
height="3.140972222222222in"}

3.  What are the economic effects of breast cancer on a community?
    Consider using MeSH subheadings and/or the Health Services Research
    (HSR) Queries (follow the link to Special Queries on the PubMed
    homepage).

Possible strategy using MeSH/subheadings:

![](media/image199.png){width="6.679166666666666in"
height="3.576388888888889in"}

Using Health Services Research Queries from the Special Queries page:

![](media/image200.png){width="6.6625in" height="3.522222222222222in"}

4.  Find review articles on Edwards Syndrome.

-   Search: "edwards syndrome" as a phrase so PubMed's automatic term
    mapping does not break it apart.

-   Then review the citations and the MeSH headings used to index the
    citations to figure out what Edward Syndrome is. From that review,
    you should ascertain that Edwards Syndrome is a Trisomy,
    specifically Trisomy 18.

-   If you check the MeSH Database, you will find that Trisomy 18 is not
    a MeSH heading.

-   When you continue to review relevant citations, you will find the
    indexing pattern using the two MeSH Headings of Trisomy and
    Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 for Edwards Syndrome.

-   Therefore, a recommended search strategy could be:

(trisomy \[mh\] AND chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 \[mh\])

-   Click on the Review tab to view the Review articles subset of this
    retrieval.

5.  A woman presents with dementia and the neuropathological findings
    suggest a prominent contribution by Cerebrovascular disease. Find
    information on diagnosis and treatment. Try the Clinical Queries,
    Search by Clinical Study Category.

Because you can only select one Clinical Study Category at a time, you
must run 2 separate searches from the Clinical Queries page and then
using the Advanced Search screen History feature combine those searches
together for your final result. (Hint: There is a link to Clinical
Queries at the bottom of the Advanced Search screen.)

Clinical Study Category search for the diagnosis focus:

![](media/image201.png){width="6.664583333333334in" height="3.0in"}

Clinical Study Category search for the treatment or "therapy" focus:

![](media/image202.png){width="6.665277777777778in"
height="3.029861111111111in"}

Using the History function, combine the two separate searches using the
Boolean connector OR:

![](media/image203.png){width="6.669444444444444in"
height="2.7395833333333335in"}

6.  Explore the ethical issues raised by the deaf community regarding
    cochlear implants. Consider using a subset, or looking specifically
    at audiology journals (use the broad subject term in the Journals
    Database).

Using the Bioethics Subset Limit via the Advanced Search screen:

![](media/image204.png){width="6.663194444444445in"
height="5.788888888888889in"}

If you wish, you may limit this search to audiology journals:

![](media/image205.png){width="6.1819444444444445in" height="2.45in"}

Click on Audiology:

![](media/image206.png){width="6.658333333333333in"
height="4.479166666666667in"}

Go to Limits and select currently indexed PubMed journals:

![](media/image207.png){width="6.663888888888889in"
height="3.1243055555555554in"}

Now select the Audiology journals of interest to you and select "Send
to: Search Box with OR."

![](media/image208.png){width="6.395138888888889in"
height="4.947222222222222in"}

Then click the Search PubMed button under the larger query box.

![](media/image209.png){width="5.884722222222222in"
height="0.9791666666666666in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image81.jpeg){width="0.9013888888888889in"   Alternatively, select **PubMed Links** from the Display
  height="0.9006944444444445in"}                         pull-down -- this option selects ***all*** the journal
                                                         titles displayed and searches them in PubMed.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

Now go to History and combine the two searches:

![](media/image210.png){width="6.66875in" height="2.7506944444444446in"}

7.  Find systematic reviews for accidents caused by sleep deprivation.

![](media/image211.png){width="6.6625in" height="6.011805555555555in"}

**[NOTES]{.underline}**