CURRICULUM VITAE

**Dennis Martin Bier, M.D.**

**PERSONAL:**

Born: ..................................

Married: .......

Children: .................................

Home Address: ................................

**EDUCATION:** Le Moyne College, B. S. Biology, 1962

New Jersey College of Medicine, M. D., 1966

**APPOINTMENTS:**

Current: 1993 - Professor of Pediatrics

Chief, Nutrition Section

Department of Pediatrics

Baylor College of Medicine

1993 - Director

United States Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service

Children\'s Nutrition Research Center

Baylor College of Medicine

1994 - Program Director, NIH General Clinical Research Center

Baylor College of Medicine

2004 President-Elect, American Society of Nutrition Science

1990 - Associate Editor, *Annual Review of Nutrition*

2003. Member, Board of Trustees

> International Life Sciences Institute

1994 - Scientific Advisor

Human Nutrition Institute

International Life Sciences Institute

1996 - Member, Advisory Committee on Improving Child & Adolescent Health

Through Physical Activity & Nutrition

International Life Sciences Institute

1996 - Member, Expert Advisory Panel on Nutrition & Electrolytes

The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.

1998. Member, Physician Advisory Committee

> The Gerber Company

1998. Member, Mars Nutrition Research Council

> Masterfoods, Inc.

2002. Member, International Scientific Advisory Board for the Centre for
      Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster (Chair, starting 2005)

2003- Member, Global Advisory Council

McDonald's Corporation

2003- Member, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine
Committee on Prevention of Obesity in Children and Youth

2004. Member, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine
      Committee on Adolescent Health and Development

> 2004- President Elect, American Society for Nutritional Sciences

**APPOINTMENTS:**

Previous:

1994 -- 1999 Chairman, Human Studies Review Committee

United States Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service

1997 - 1999 President, International Pediatric Research Foundation

1998 - 1999 Chairman, Grain Nutrition Board

The Kellogg Company

1993 - 1997 Trustee, International Pediatric Research Foundation

1996 - 1997 Member, Expert Panel on Assessment of Nutrient Requirements

for Infant Formulas

Life Sciences Research Office

Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

1991 - 1998 Councilor, American Pediatric Society

1994 - 1995 Member, Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee

U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Health & Human Services

1993 - 1994 Chairman, Scientific Advisory Committee

Pediatric Clinical Research Center

Texas Children\'s Hospital

Baylor College of Medicine

1992 - 1994 Member, Food Advisory Committee

Food and Drug Administration

1992 - 1994 Member, Folic Acid Subcommittee

Food and Drug Administration

1990 - 1996 Member, Food and Nutrition Board

Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences

1983 - 1993 Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine

Co-Director: Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism Division

Washington University School of Medicine

1989 - 1993 Editor-in-Chief, *Pediatric Research*

1979 - 1993 Director: NIH NCRR Mass Spectrometry Resource

Washington University School of Medicine

1988 - 1993 Director: Pediatric Clinical Research Center

Washington University School of Medicine

1990 - 1992 Chairman, General Clinical Research Centers Committee

National Institutes of Health

1988 - 1992 General Clinical Research Centers Committee

National Institutes of Health

1990 - 1991 President, American Society for Clinical Nutrition

1983 - 1990 Professor of Pediatrics; Associate Professor of Medicine

Washington University School of Medicine

1989 - 1990 Vice President, American Society for Clinical Nutrition

1988 - 1990 Chairman, Expert Panel

Five Year Plan: Nutritional Research & Training

National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, NIH

1986 - 1988 Councilor, American Society for Clinical Nutrition

1985 -- 1986 Steering Committee, Pediatric Scientist Training Program

1984 - 1986 Task Force, Pediatric Scientist Training Program

1982 - 1985 Medical Science Advisory Board, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation

1979 - 1982 Medical Science Review Committee, Juvenile Diabetes
Foundation

1979 - 1982 Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Assistant Professor of
Medicine

Washington University School of Medicine

1980 - 1982 Chairman, Nutrition Study Section

National Institutes of Health

1978 - 1982 Member, Nutrition Study Section

National Institutes of Health

1976 - 1987 Visiting Staff Member

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, New Mexico

1976 - 1981 Chairman, Advisory Board

National Stable Isotopes Resource

Los Alamos National Laboratory

1976 - 1993 Assistant Professor of Medicine & Pediatrics

Washington University School of Medicine

1973 - 1976 Assistant Professor of Pediatrics

University of California, San Francisco

1973 - 1976 Assistant Director, Pediatric Clinical Research Center

University of California, San Francisco

1971 - 1973 USPHS-NIAMDD Fellow (Metabolism-D.M. Kipnis)

Department of Medicine

Washington University School of Medicine

1969 - 1971 Active Duty, Lieutenant Commander, USNR

1968 - 1969 Bay Area Heart Association Fellow (Metabolism-R.J. Havel)

Cardiovascular Research Institute

Departments of Medicine & Pediatrics

University of California at San Francisco

1967 - 1968 Resident in Pediatrics

University of California, San Francisco

1966 - 1967 Intern in Pediatrics

University of California, San Francisco

**HONORS:**

2004 Distinguished Service Award, Washington University, St. Louis

2004 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science

2003 Bluebonnet Award, Texas Dietetic Association

1998 Lucille Hurley Lecture, University of California, Davis

1998 Bramham Lecture, University of California, San Francisco

1997 Member, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences

1997 NIH GCRC Award for Excellence in Clinical Research

1991 E.V. McCollum Award, American Society for Clinical Nutrition

1989 Alpha Omega Alpha

1982 Mary Jane Kugel Award, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation

1980 Grace A. Goldsmith Award, American College of Nutrition

**LICENSURE:**

1996 Texas .....

1972 Missouri .....

1967 California ......

**CERTIFICATION:**

1974 American Board of Pediatrics

1967 National Board of Medical Examiners

**MEMBERSHIPS:**

American Society for Clinical Investigation

Society for Pediatric Research

American Pediatric Society

American Academy of Pediatrics

Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society

American Diabetes Association

American Society for Clinical Nutrition

American Society for Nutritional Sciences

American College of Nutrition

**EDITORIAL BOARDS:**

1989 - Annual Review of Nutrition

1989 - 1994 Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

1990 - 1993 Diabetes Care

1989 - 1993 Pediatric Research

1982 - 1988 American Journal of Physiology

1982 - 1986 Journal of the American College of Nutrition

**PUBLICATIONS:**

1.  Ammann AJ, Good RA, Bier DM, Fudenberg HH. Long-term plasma
    infusions in a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia and deficient IgA
    and IgE. *Pediatr.* 44:672-676, 1969.

2.  Bier DM. The Prader-Willi Syndrome. *Calif. Med.* 112:65-73, 1970.

3.  Bier DM, Havel RH. Activation of lipoprotein lipase by lipoprotein
    fractions of human serum. *J. Lipid Res.* 11:565-570, 1970.

4.  Havel RJ, Shore VG, Shore B, Bier DM. Role of specific glycopeptides
    of human serum lipoproteins in the activation of lipoprotein lipase.
    *Circulation Res.* 27:595-600, 1970.

5.  Pearson KD, Steinbach HL, Bier DM. Roentgenographic manifestations
    of the Prader-Willi syndrome. *Radiology* 100:369-377, 1971.

6.  Balasse EO, Bier DM, Havel RJ. Early effects of anti-insulin serum
    on hepatic metabolism of plasma free fatty acids in dogs. *Diabetes*
    21:280-288, 1972.

7.  Bier DM, Sherman WR, Holland WH, Kipnis DM. The *In vivo*
    measurement of alanine and glucose turnover with deuterium labeled
    metabolites. *In* Proceedings of the First International Conference
    on Stable Isotopes in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Argonne
    National Laboratory, May 9-11, 1973. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
    Technical Publication Conference 730525, pp. 397-403.

8.  Holmes WF, Holland WH, Shore BL, Bier DM, Sherman WR. Versatile
    computer generated variable accelerating voltage circuit for
    magnetically scanned mass spectrometers: Use for assays in the
    picogram range and for assays of stable isotope tracers. *Analyt.
    Chem.* 45:2063-2071, 1973.

9.  Garber AJ, Bier DM, Cryer PE, Pagliara AS. Hypoglycemia in
    compensated chronic renal insufficiency: substrate limitation of
    gluconeogenesis. *Diabetes* 23:982-986, 1974.

10. Gruenke LD, Craig JC, Bier DM. Multiple ion detection by
    accelerating voltage alteration in conjunction with voltage
    sweeping. *Biomed. Mass Spectrometry* 1:418-422, 1974.

11. Gerich JE, Tsalikian E, Lorenzi M, Karam JH, Bier DM. Plasma
    glucagon and alanine responses to acute insulin deficiency in man.
    *J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.* 40:526-529, 1975.

12. Gerich JE, Lorenzi M, Bier DM, Schneider V, Tsalikian E, Karam JH,
    Forsham, PH. Prevention of human diabetic ketoacidosis by
    somatostatin. Evidence for an essential role of glucagon. *New
    Engl. J. Med.* 292:985-989, 1975.

13. Bier DM, Leake RD, Gruenke LD, Sperling MA. Measurement of
    deuterium-labeled glucose flux in newborn infants by the continuous
    isotopic infusion technique. *In* Proceedings of the Second
    International Conference on Stable Isotopes, Klein PD, and Klein,
    E.R. (Eds.), Oak Brook Ill, Oct 20-23, 1975. National Technical
    Information Service, ERDA Conference 751027, 1976, pp. 344-350.

14. Gerich JE, Schneider VS, Lorenzi M, Tsalikian E, Karam JH, Bier DM,
    Forsham PH. Role of glucagon in human diabetic ketoacidosis: Studies
    using somatostatin. *Clin. Endocrinol.* 5 (Suppl):299s-305s, 1976.

15. Gerich JE, Lorenzi M, Bier DM, Tsalikian E, Schneider V, Karam JH,
    Forsham PH. Effects of physiologic levels of glucagon and growth
    hormone on human carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. *J. Clin.
    Invest.* 57:875-884, 1976.

16. Bier DM, Kaplan SL, Havel RJ. The Prader-Willi Syndrome: Regulation
    of fat transport. *Diabetes* 26:874-881, 1977.

17. Bier DM, Arnold KJ, Sherman WR, Holland WJ, Holmes WF, Kipnis DM.
    *In vivo* measurement of glucose and alanine metabolism with stable
    isotopic tracer. *Diabetes* 26:1005-1015, 1977.

18. Bier DM, Leake RD, Haymond MW, Arnold KJ, Gruenke LD, Sperling MA,
    Kipnis DM. Measurement of \"true\" glucose production rates in
    infancy and childhood with 6,6-dideuteroglucose. *Diabetes*
    26:1016-1023, 1977.

19. Bier DM, O\'Donnell JJ, Kaplan SL. Cephalothoracic lipodystrophy
    with hypocomplementemic renal disease: Discordance in identical twin
    sisters. *J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.* 46:800-807, 1978.

20. Daughaday WH, Molitoris BA, Hruska KA, Harter H, Bier DM, Yang S.
    Hormonal effects on *myo*-inositol metabolism in the dog. *In*
    Cyclitols and Phosphoinositides, W.W. Wells and F. Eisenberg, Jr.
    (eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1978, P. 375-382.

21. Matthews DE, Ben-Galim E, Bier DM. Determination of stable isotopic
    enrichment in individual plasma amino acids by chemical ionization
    mass spectrometry. *Anal. Chem.* 51:80-84, 1979.

22. Bier DM, Christopherson HL. Rapid micromethod for determination of
    ^15^N enrichment in plasma lysine: Application to measurement of
    whole body protein turnover. *Anal. Biochem.* 94:242-248, 1979.

23. Haymond MW, Strauss AW, Arnold KJ, Bier DM. Glucose homeostasis in
    children with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease. *J.
    Pediatr.* 95:220-227, 1979.

24. Burke JF, Wolfe RR, Mullany CJ, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Glucose
    requirements following burn injury: Parameters of optimal glucose
    infusion and possible hepatic and respiratory abnormalities
    following excessive glucose intake. *Ann. Surg.* 190:274-285, 1979.

25. Kalhan SC, Bier DM, Savin SM, Adam PAJ. Estimation of glucose
    turnover and ^13^C recycling in the human newborn by simultaneous
    \[1-^13^C\] glucose and \[6,6-^2^H~2~\]glucose tracers. *J. Clin.
    Endocrinol. Metab.* 50:456-460, 1980.

26. Caprioli RM, Bier DM. Use of Stable Isotopes. *In* Biochemical
    Applications of Mass Spectrometry, First Supplementary Volume,
    Waller, G.R. and Dermer, O.C. (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
    1980, p. 895-925.

27. Conley SB, Rose GM, Robson AM, Bier DM. The effects of dietary
    intake and hemodialysis on protein turnover in uremic children.
    *Kidney International* 17:837-846, 1980.

28. Matthews DE, Motil KJ, Rohrbaugh DK, Burke JF, Young VR, Bier DM.
    Measurement of leucine metabolism in man from a primed, continuous
    infusion of L-\[1-^13^C\]leucine. *Am. J. Physiol.* 238:E473-E479,
    1980.

29. Matthews DE, Ben-Galim E, Haymond MW, Bier DM. Alloisoleucine
    formation in maple syrup urine disease: Isotopic evidence for the
    mechanism. *Pediatr. Res.* 14:854-857, 1980.

30. Clutter WE, Bier DM, Shah SD, Cryer PE. Epinephrine plasma metabolic
    clearance rates and physiologic thresholds for metabolic and
    hemodynamic actions in man. *J. Clin. Invest.* 66:94-101, 1980.

31. Leake RD, Chan GM, Zakauddin S, Dodge ME, Fiser RH, Bier DM, Oh W.
    Glucose perturbation in experimental hyperviscosity. *Pediatr. Res.*
    14:1320-1323, 1980.

32. Conway JM, Bier DM, Motil KJ, Burke JF, Young VR. Whole-body lysine
    flux in young adult men: Effects of reduced total protein and of
    lysine intake. *Am. J. Physiol.* 239:E192-E200, 1980.

33. Bier DM, Schedewie H, Larner J, Olefsky J, Rubenstein A, Fiser RH,
    Craig JW, Elders M.J. Glucose kinetics in leprechaunism: Accelerated
    fasting due to insulin resistance. *J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.*
    51:988-994, 1980.

34. Gersovitz M, Bier DM, Matthews D, Udall J, Munro HN, Young VR.
    Dynamic aspects of whole body glycine metabolism: Influence of
    protein intake in young adult and elderly males. *Metabolism*
    29:1087-1094, 1980.

35. Bier DM. Talking to the Families of Juvenile Diabetics, Colloquy,
    Oct., 1980, pp. 3-7.

36. Schwarz HP, Karl IE, Bier DM. The α-ketoacids of branched-chain
    amino acids: Simplified derivatization for physiological samples and
    complete separation as quinoxalinols by packed column gas
    chromatography. *Anal. Biochem.* 108:360-366, 1980.

37. Ben Galim E, Hruska K, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Haymond MW.
    Branched-chain amino acid nitrogen transfer to alanine *in vivo* in
    dogs: Direct isotopic determination with \[^15^N\]leucine. *J. Clin.
    Invest.* 66:1295-1304, 1980.

38. Gruenke LD, Craig JC, Bier DM. An improved selected ion recording
    system for precise isotope ratio determination. *Biomed. Mass
    Spectrom.* 7:381-384, 1980.

39. Matthews DE, Starren JB, Drexler AJ, Kipnis DM, Bier DM. Picomole
    assay for N^t^- methylhistidine by gas chromatography-mass
    spectrometry. *Anal. Biochem.* 110:308-317, 1981.

40. Matthews DE, Rennie MJ, Halliday D, Millward DJ, Clugston GC, Edward
    RHT, Bier DM. Modeling Leucine Metabolism in Man. *In* Metabolism
    and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain Amino and Ketoacids,
    Walser, M. and Williamson, J.R. (eds.), Elsevier/North Holland,
    Inc., New York, 1981. pp. 313-316.

41. Bier DM, Motil KJ, Matthews DE, Burke JF, Young VR. The effects of
    altering protein and energy intake on leucine turnover and oxidation
    in man. *In* Metabolism and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain
    Amino and Ketoacids, Walser, M. and Williamson, J.R., (eds.),
    Elsevier/North Holland, Inc., New York, 1981, pp. 337-340.

42. Galster AD, Clutter WE, Cryer PE, Collins JA, Bier DM. Epinephrine
    plasma thresholds for lipolytic effects in man: Measurements of
    fatty acid transport with \[1-^13^C\]palmitic acid. *J. Clin.
    Invest.* 67:1729-1738, 1981.

43. Frazer TE, Karl IE, Hillman LS, Bier DM. Direct measurement of
    gluconeogenesis from \[2,3-^13^C~2~\]alanine in the human neonate.
    *Am. J. Physiol.* 240:E615-E621, 1981.

44. Motil KJ, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Burke JF, Munro HN, Young VR.
    Whole-body leucine and lysine metabolism: Response to dietary
    protein intake in young men. *Am. J. Physiol.* 240:E712-E721, 1981.

45. Bier DM, Motil KJ, Matthews DE, Burke JF, Young VR. Energy Intake
    and Whole Body Protein Dynamics in Man. *In* Nutrition and Child
    Health: Perspectives for the 1980\'s. Tsang, R.C. and Nichols, B.L.
    (eds.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1981, p. 161-180.

46. Young VR, Scrimshaw NS, Bier DM. Whole body protein and amino acid
    metabolism: Relation to protein quality evaluation in human
    nutrition. *J. Agric. Food Chem.* 29:440-447, 1981.

47. Motil KJ, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Burke JF, Young VR: Whole body
    leucine and lysine metabolism studied with \[1-^13^C\]leucine and
    \[α-^15^N\]lysine; Response in healthy young men given excess energy
    intake. *Metabolism* 30:783-791, 1981.

48. Matthews DE, Conway JM, Young VR, Bier DM. Glycine nitrogen
    metabolism in man. *Metabolism* 30:886-893, 1981.

49. Young VR Bier DM. Stable Isotopes (^13^C and ^15^N) in the Study of
    Human Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism and Requirements. *In*
    Nutritional Factors: Modulating Effects on Metabolic Processes,
    Beers, R.F., Jr. and Bassett, E.G. (eds.), Raven Press, New
    York, 1981. pp. 267-308.

50. Young VR, Bier DM. Protein metabolism and nutritional state in man.
    *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society* 40:343-359, 1981.

51. Matthews DE, Bier DM, Rennie MJ, Edwards RHT, Halliday DJ, Clugston
    GA. Regulation of leucine metabolism in man: A stable isotope study.
    *Science* 214:1129-1131, 1981.

52. Matthews DE, Rennie MJ, Bier DM. A Model for Leucine Metabolism in
    the Human. *In* Nitrogen Metabolism in Man, J.C. Waterlow and J.M.L.
    Stephen (eds.), Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981, pp.
    117-123.

53. Young VR, Meguid M, Meredith C, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Recent
    Developments in Knowledge of Human Amino Acid Requirements. *In*
    Nitrogen Metabolism in Man, J.C. Waterlow and J.M.L. Stephen (eds.),
    Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981, pp. 133-153.

54. Bier DM, Matthews DE, Young VR. Practical Advantages of Gas
    Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Stable Isotope Measurement in
    Biological Samples. *In* Nitrogen Metabolism in Man, J.C. Waterlow
    and J.M.L. Stephen (eds.), Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981,
    pp. 289-294.

55. Young VR, Robert JJ, Motil KJ, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Protein and
    Energy Intake in Relation to Protein Turnover in Man. *In* Nitrogen
    Metabolism in Man, J.C. Waterlow and J.M.L. Stephen (eds.), Applied
    Science Publishers, London, 1981, pp. 419-447.

56. Robert JJ, Cummins JC, Wolfe RR, Durkot M, Matthews DE, Zhao XH,
    Bier DM, Young VR. Quantitative aspects of glucose production and
    metabolism in healthy elderly subjects. *Diabetes* 31:203-211, 1982.

57. Bougnères PF, Bier DM. Stable isotope dilution method for
    measurement of palmitate content and labeled palmitate tracer
    enrichment in microliter plasma samples. *J. Lipid Res.* 23:502-507,
    1982.

58. Schwarz HP, Zuppinger KA, Zimmerman A, Dauwalder H, Scherz R, Bier
    DM. Galactose intolerance in individuals with double heterozygosity
    for Duarte variant and galactosemia. *J. Pediatr.* 100:704-709,
    1982.

59. Matalon R, Matthews DE, Michals K, Bier DM. The use of deuterated
    phenylalanine for the *in vivo* assay of phenylalanine hydroxylase
    activity in children. *J. Inherited Metab. Dis.* 5:17-19, 1982.

60. Bier DM. Stable isotope methods for nutritional diagnosis and
    research. *Nutrition* *Reviews* 40:129-134, 1982.

61. Motil KJ, Grand RJ, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Maletskos CJ, Young VR.
    Whole body leucine metabolism in adolescents with Crohn\'s disease
    and growth failure during nutritional supplementation.
    *Gastroenterology* 82:1359-1368, 1982.

62. Bougnères PF, Karl IE, Hillman LS, Bier DM. Lipid transport in the
    human newborn: Palmitate and glycerol turnover and the contribution
    of glycerol to neonatal hepatic glucose output. *J. Clin. Invest.*
    70:262-270, 1982.

63. Malaisse WJ, Sener A, Malaisse-Legae F, Welsh M, Matthews DE, Bier
    DM, Hellerström C. The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino
    acid-induced insulin release: Metabolic response of pancreatic
    islets to L-glutamine and L-leucine. *J. Biol. Chem.* 257:8731-8737,
    1982.

64. Bier DM Matthews DE: Stable isotope tracer methods for *in vivo*
    investigations. *Fed. Proc.* 41:2679-2685, 1982.

65. Clarke JTR, Bier DM. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine in
    man. Direct measurement by continuous intravenous tracer infusions
    of L-\[*ring*-^2^H~5~\]phenylalanine and L-\[1-^13^C\]tyrosine in
    the postabsorptive state. *Metabolism* 31:999-1005, 1982.

66. Matthews DE, Schwarz HP, Yang RD, Motil KJ, Young VR, Bier DM.
    Relationship of plasma leucine and α-ketoisocaproate during a
    L-\[1-^13^C\]leucine infusion in man: A method for measuring human
    intracellular leucine tracer enrichment. *Metabolism* 31:1105-1112,
    1982.

67. Bier DM, Schwarz H. Stable isotope tracer studies of metabolic fuel
    transport in infancy and childhood. *Bull. Schweiz. Akad. Med.
    Wiss.* 211-221, 1982.

68. Roth SI, Schedewie HK, Bier DM, Conaway HH, Olefsky J, Rubenstein A,
    Elders MJ. Hepatic ultrastructure in leprechaunism: Hepatic
    ultrastructural evidence suggesting a syndrome with defective
    hepatic glucose release. *Virchows Arch.\[Path. Anat.\]*
    397:121-130, 1982.

69. Robert JJ, Bier DM, Zhao XH, Matthews DE, Young VR. Glucose and
    insulin effects on de-novo amino acid synthesis in young men:
    Studies with stable isotope labeled alanine, glycine, leucine, and
    lysine. *Metabolism* 31:1210-1218, 1982.

70. Meredith C, Bier DM, Meguid MM, Matthews DE, Wen, Z., Young VR.
    Whole body amino acid turnover with ^13^C tracers: A new approach
    for estimation of human amino acid requirements. *In* Clinical
    Nutrition \'81, R.I.C. Wesdorp and P.B. Soeters, eds., Churchill
    Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1982, p. 42-59.

71. Elders MJ, Schedewie HK, Olefsky J, Givens B, Char F, Bier DM,
    Baldwin D, Fiser RH, Seyedabadi S, Rubenstein A. Endocrine-metabolic
    relationships in patients with leprechaunism. *J. Nat. Med. Assoc.*
    74:1195-1210, 1982.

72. Young VR, Munro HN, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Relationship of energy
    metabolism to protein metabolism. *In* New Aspects of Clinical
    Nutrition, G. Kleinberger and E. Deutsch, eds., Karger, Basel, 1983,
    pp. 43-73.

73. White NH, Skor DA, Cryer PE, Levandoski LA, Bier DM, Santiago JV.
    Identification of type I diabetic patients at increased risk for
    hypoglycemia during intensive therapy. *N. Engl. J. Med.*
    308:485-491, 1983.

74. Young VR, Yang RD, Meredith C, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Modulation of
    amino acid metabolism by protein and energy intakes. *In* Amino
    Acids: Metabolism and Medical Applications, G.L. Blackburn, J.P.
    Grant, and V.R. Young (eds.), John Wright-PSG, Inc., Boston,
    1983, p. 13-28.

75. Meguid MM, Schwarz H, Matthews DE, Karl IE, Young VR, Bier DM. *In
    vivo* and *in vitro* branched-chain amino acid interactions. *In*
    Amino Acids: Metabolism and Medical Applications, G.L. Blackburn,
    J.P. Grant, and V.R. Young, (eds.), John Wright-PSG, Inc., Boston,
    1983, p. 147-154.

76. Matthews DE, Schwarz HP, Young RD, Motil KJ, Young VR, Bier DM.
    Relationship of plasma leucine and á-ketoisocaproate ^13^C
    enrichment during a L-\[1-^13^C\]leucine infusion in man. *In* Amino
    Acids: Metabolism and Medical Applications, G.L. Blackburn, J.P.
    Grant, and V.R., Young, (eds.), John Wright-PSG, Inc., Boston,
    1983, p. 159-165.

77. Glasgow AM, Engle AG, Bier DM, Perry LW, Dickie M, Todaro J, Brown
    BI, Utter MF. Hypoglycemia, hepatic dysfunction, muscle weakness,
    cardiomyopathy, free carnitine deficiency and long-chain
    acylcarnitine excess responsive to medium chain triglyceride diet.
    *Pediatr. Res.* 17:319-326, 1983.

78. Bier DM, Young VR. Unanswered questions concerning the roles of
    branched chain amino acids in infant nutrition. *In* Parenteral
    Nutrition in the Infant Patient, L.J. Filer and W.D. Leathem,
    (eds.), Abbot Laboratories, Chicago, 1983, p. 57-61.

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1.  Matthews DE, Bier DM. Stable isotope methods for nutritional
    investigation. *Ann. Rev. Nutr.* 3:309-339, 1983.

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79. Bier DM, Young VR. Exercise and blood pressure: Nutritional
    considerations. *Ann. Intern. Med.* 98:864-869, 1983.

80. Young VR, Meredith CM, Matthews DE, and Bier DM. Some aspects of
    amino acid metabolism and needs in the postoperative patient. *In*
    Nutritional Support of the Seriously Ill Patient, R.W. Winters and
    H.L. Greene, (eds.) Academic Press, New York, 1983, p. 195-206.

81. Rosen SG, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Miller JP, Bier DM, Cryer PE. Direct
    α-adrenergic stimulation of hepatic glucose production in human
    subjects. *Am. J. Physiol.* 245:E616-E626, 1983.

82. Santiago JV, White NH, Skor DA, Levandoski LA, Bier DM, Cryer PE.
    Defective glucose counterregulation limits intensive therapy of
    diabetes mellitus. *Am. J. Physiol.* 247:E215-E220, 1984.

83. Robert JJ, Bier DM, Schoeller D, Wolfe R, Matthews DE, Munro HN,
    Young VR. Effects of intravenous glucose on whole body leucine
    dynamics, studied with 1-^13^C-leucine, in healthy young and elderly
    adults. *J. Gerontology* 39:673-681, 1984.

84. Yang RD, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Lo C, Young VR. Alanine kinetics in
    humans: influence of different isotopic tracers. *Am. J. Physiol.*
    247:E634-E638, 1984.

85. Bier DM. What are the uses of stable isotopes or mass spectrometry
    in the study of burn injury? *J. Trauma* 24:S147-149, 1984.

86. Gelfand RA, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Sherwin RS. Role of
    counterregulatory hormones in the catabolic response to stress. *J.
    Clin. Invest.* 74:2238-2248, 1984.

87. Staten MA, Bier DM, Matthews DE. Regulation of valine metabolism in
    man: a stable isotope study. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 40:1224-1234,
    1984.

88. Galster AD, Bier DM, Cryer PE, Monafo WW. Plasma palmitate turnover
    in subjects with thermal injury. *J. Trauma* 24:938-945, 1984.

89. Bier DM, Young VR. Whole body protein turnover: Is leucine a
    representative tracer? *In* Branched Chain Amino and Keto Acids in
    Health and Disease, S.A. Adibi, W. Fekl, U. Langenbeck, and P.
    Schauder, (eds.), Karger, Basel, 1984, p. 147-161.

90. Robert JJ, Beaufrere B, Koziet J, Desjeux JF, Bier DM, Young VR,
    Lestradet H. Whole body de novo amino acid synthesis in type I
    (insulin-dependent) diabetes studied with stable isotope-labeled
    leucine, alanine, and glycine. *Diabetes* 34:67-73, 1985.

91. Yu YM, Yang RD, Matthews DE, Wen ZM, Burke JF, Bier DM, Young VR.
    Quantitative aspects of glycine and alanine nitrogen metabolism in
    postabsorptive young men: effects of level of nitrogen and
    indispensable amino acid intake. *J. Nutr.* 115:399-410, 1985.

92. Hoffer LJ, Yang RD, Matthews DE, Bistrian BR, Bier DM, Young VR.
    Effects of meal consumption on whole body leucine and alanine
    kinetics in young adult men. *Brit. J. Nutr.* 53:31-38, 1985.

93. Bier DM, Matthews DE, Young VR. Interpretation of amino acid kinetic
    studies in the context of whole-body protein metabolism. *In*
    Substrate and Energy Metabolism. 3rd CRC International Symposium.
    J.S. Garrow and D. Halliday, (eds.) John Libbey and Co. Ltd., 27-36,
    1985.

94. Young VR, Meredith C, Hoerr R, Bier DM, Matthews DE. Amino acid
    kinetics in relation to protein and amino acid requirements: The
    primary importance of amino acid oxidation. *In* Substrate and
    Energy Metabolism. 3rd CRC International Symposium. J.S. Garrow
    and D. Halliday, (eds.), John Libbey and Co. Ltd., London, 119-134,
    1985.

95. Matthews DE, Yang RD, Bier DM, Young VR. What is whole body alanine
    metabolism when studied with labeled alanine tracers? *In* Substrate
    and Energy Metabolism. 3rd CRC International Symposium. J.S. Garrow
    and D. Halliday, (eds.), John Libbey and Co. Ltd., London, 187-194,
    1985.

96. Fernhoff PM, Lubitz D, Danner DJ, Dembure PP, Schwartz HP, Hillman
    R, Bier DM, Elsas LJ. Thiamine response in Maple Syrup Urine
    Disease. *Pediatr. Res.* 19:1011-1016, 1985.

97. Young VR, Moldawer LL, Hoerr R, Bier DM. Mechanisms of adaptation to
    protein malnutrition. *In* Nutritional Adaptation in Man: K.L.
    Blaxter and J.C. Waterlow, (eds.), John Libbey and Co. Ltd., London,
    189-216, 1985.

98. Fukagawa NK, Minaker KL, Rowe JW, Goodman MN, Matthews DE, Bier DM,
    Young VR. Insulin-mediated reduction of whole body protein
    breakdown: Dose-response effects on leucine metabolism in
    postabsorptive men. *J. Clin. Invest.* 76:2306-2311, 1985.

99. Darmaun D, Robert JJ, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Young VR. *In vivo*
    study of the metabolism of non-essential amino acids using stable
    isotopes. Application to alanine, glutamine and glutamate. *Annales
    d\'Endocrinologie* 46:355-356, 1985.

100. Bier DM. What is our current understanding of the role of
     nonprotein nitrogen in meeting protein requirements? *In* Protein:
     Architect of Function. L.J. Filer, Jr., (ed.), Health Learning
     Systems, Inc., Lyndhurst, NJ, 7-8, 1986.

101. Yang RD, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Wen ZM, Young VR. Response of
     alanine metabolism in humans to manipulation of dietary protein and
     energy intakes. *Am. J. Physiol.* 250:E39-E46, 1986.

102. Bougnères PF, Lemmel C, Ferré P, Bier DM. Ketone body transport in
     the human neonate and infant. *J. Clin. Invest.* 77:42-48, 1986.

103. Downey RS, Monafo WM, Karl IE, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Protein
     dynamics in skeletal muscle after trauma: Local and systemic
     effects. *Surgery* 99:265-273, 1986.

104. Bougnères PF, Balasse EO, Ferré P, Bier DM. Determination of ketone
     body kinetics using a D-(-)-3-hydroxy\[4,4,4-^2^H~3~\]butyrate
     tracer. *J. Lipid Res.* 27:215-220, 1986.

105. Meguid MM, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Meredith CN, Soeldner JS, Young
     VR. Leucine kinetics at graded leucine intakes in young men.
     *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 43:770-780, 1986.

106. Meguid MM, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Meredith CN, Young VR. Valine
     kinetics at graded valine intakes in young men. *Am. J. Clin.
     Nutr.* 43:781-786, 1986.

107. Meredith CN, Wen ZM, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Young VR. Lysine
     kinetics at graded lysine intakes in young men. *Am. J. Clin.
     Nutr.* 43:787-794, 1986.

108. Zhao XH, Wen ZM, Meredith CN, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Young VR.
     Threonine kinetics at graded threonine intakes in young men.
     *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 43:795-802, 1986.

109. Bier DM, Young VR. Assessent of whole-body protein-nitrogen
     kinetics in the human infant. *In* Energy and Protein Needs During
     Infancy. S.J. Fomon and W.C. Heird, (eds.), Academic Press, Inc.,
     Orlando, 107-125, 1986.

110. Darmaun D, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Glutamine and glutamate kinetics
     in humans. *Am. J. Physiol.* 251:E117-E126, 1986.

111. Downey RS, Karl IE, Bier DM. Branched-chain amino acid interactions
     in skeletal muscle: Isoleucine and L-alloisoleucine. *J. Parenteral
     and Enteral Nutr.* 10:456-462, 1986.

112. Staten MA, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Leucine metabolism in Type II
     diabetes mellitus. *Diabetes* 35:1249-1253, 1986.

113. Young VR, Fukagawa N, Bier DM, Matthews D. Some aspects of *in
     vivo* human protein and amino acid metabolism, with particular
     reference to nutritional modulcation. *In* C.A. Barth and P. Fürst,
     eds. Symposium Wahl der Nahrungsproteine-Grundlagen und Diatetik.
     J.F. Berhmann Verlag, München.

114. Bristow J, Bier DM, Lange LG. Regulation of adult and fetal
     myocardial PFK: Relief of cooperativity and competition between
     fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, ATP, and cirtrate. *J. Biol. Chem.*
     262:2171-2175, 1986.

115. Darmaun D, Robert JJ, Matthews DE, Young VR, Bier DM. *In vivo*
     study using amino acids labeled with stable isotopes. *Journ. Annu.
     Diabetol. Hotel-Dieu,* 55-63, 1986.

116. Fomon SJ, Matthews D, Bier DM, Rogers RR, Rebouché CJ, Edwards BB,
     Nelson SE. Bioavailability of dietary urea nitrogen in the infant.
     *J. Pediatr.* 111:221-224, 1987.

117. Young VR, Bier DM. Amino acid requirements in the adult human: How
     well do we know them? *J. Nutr.* 117:1484-1487, 1987.

118. Staten MA, Matthews DE, Cryer PE, Bier DM. Physiological increments
     in epinephrine stimulate metabolic rate in humans. *Am. J.
     Physiol.* 253:E322-E330, 1987.

119. Young VR, Bier DM. A kinetic approach to the determination of human
     amino acid requirements. *Nutrition Rev.* 45:289-298, 1987.

120. Bier DM, Young VR. A kinetic approach to assessment of amino acid
     and protein replacement needs of individual sick patients. *J.
     Parenteral and Enteral Nutr.* 11:95S-97S, 1987.

121. Cobelli C, Toffolo G, Bier DM, Nosadini R. Models to interpret
     kinetic data in stable isotope tracer studies. *Am. J. Physiol.*
     253:E551-E564, 1987.

122. Young VR, Gucalp C, Rand WM, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Leucine kinetics
     during three weeks at submaintenance-to-maintenance intakes of
     leucine in men: Adaptation and accomodation. *Human
     Nutrition:Clinical Nutrition* 41C:1-18, 1987.

123. Bier DM. The use of stable isotopes in metabolic investigation..
     *Baillières Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.* 1:817-836, 1987.

124. Darmaun D, Matthews DE, Desjeux JF, Bier DM. Glutamine and
     glutamate nitrogen exchangeable pools in cultured fibroblasts: a
     stable isotope study. *J. Cell Physiol.* 134:143-148, 1988.

125. Fukagawa NK, Minaker KL, Rowe JW, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Young VR.
     Glucose and amino acid metabolism in aging man: Differential
     effects of insulin. *Metabolism* 37:371-377, 1988.

126. Dempsher DP, Tollefsen SE, Heath-Monnig E, Trivedi B, Gavin JR III,
     Daughaday WH, Bier DM. Assessing selected aspects of adequacy of
     the growth hormone-somatomedin axis in short children with
     quantitatively normal growth hormone secretion. *In* \"Advances in
     Growth Hormone: Basic and Clinical Aspects,\" B.B. Bercu (ed.),
     Plenum Press, New York, p. 1-8, 1988.

127. Darmaun D, Matthews DE, Bier DM. Physiological hypercortisolemia
     increases proteolysis, glutamine and alanine production. *Am. J.
     Physiol.* 255:E366-E373, 1988.

128. Fomon SJ, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Rogers RR, Edwards BB, Ziegler EE,
     Nelson SE. Bioavailability of dietary urea nitrogen in the
     breast-fed infant. *J. Pediatrics* 113:515-517, 1988.

129. Haymond MW, Pagliara AS, Bier DM. Endocrine and metabolic aspects
     of fuel homeostasis in the fetus and neonate. *In* Endocrinology,
     L.J. DeGroot, et al. (ed.), Second Edition, W.B. Saunders,
     Philadelphia, p. 2215-2241, 1988.

130. Cortiella J, Matthews DE, Hoerr RA, Bier DM, Young VR. Leucine
     kinetics at graded intakes in young men: quantitative fate of
     dietary leucine. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 48:998-1009, 1988.

131. Hoffer LJ, Yang RD, Matthews DE, Bistrian BR, Bier DM, Young VR.
     Alanine flux in obese and healthy humans as evaluated by ^15^N- and
     ^2^H~3~-labeled alanines. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 48:1010-1014, 1988.

132. Bier DM, Dempsher DP. Growth hormone and whole body protein
     metabolism *in vivo. In* \"Disorders of Human Growth: Advances in
     Research and Treatment,\" G.D. Grave and F.G. Cassorla (eds.),
     Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, p. 221-233, 1988.

133. Young VR, Fukagawa NK, Storch KJ, Hoerr R, Jaksic T, Bier DM.
     Stable isotope probes: Potential for application in studies of
     amino acid utilization in the neonate. *In* \"Perinatal Nutrition,
     Volume 6,\" B.L. Lindblad (ed.), Academic Press, San Diego, p.
     221-241, 1988.

134. Fukagawa NK, Minaker KL, Young VR, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Rowe JW.
     Leucine metabolism in aging humans: Effect of insulin and substrate
     availability. *Am. J. Physiol.* 256:E288-E294, 1989.

135. Bier DM. Intrinsically difficult problems: The kinetics of body
     proteins and amino acids in man. *Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews*
     5:111-132, 1989.

136. Schauder P, Arends J, Schäfer G, Langer K, Bier DM. Einbau von
     ^15^N-Glyzin in VLDL und LDL: In-vivo-Synthese von Apolipoprotein B
     beim Menschen postabsorptiv und im Fastenzustand. *Klin. Wschr.*
     67:280-285, 1989.

137. Brainard JR, Downey RS, Bier DM, London RE. Use of multiple
     ^13^C-labeling strategies and ^13^C NMR to detect low levels of
     exogenous metabolites in the presence of large endogenous pools:
     Measurement of glucose turnover in a human subject. *Anal.
     Biochem.* 176:307-312, 1989.

138. Young VR, Bier DM, Pellett PL. A theoretical basis for increasing
     current estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult man, with
     experimental support. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 50:80-92, 1989.

139. Avogaro A, Bristow JD, Bier DM, Cobelli C, Toffolo G. Stable-label
     intravenous glucose tolerance test minimal model. *Diabetes*
     38:1048-1055, 1989.

140. Staten MA, Matthews DE, Cryer PE, Bier DM. Epinephrine\'s effect on
     metabolic rate is independent of changes in plasma insulin or
     glucagon. *Am. J. Physiol.* 257:E185-E192, 1989.

141. Avogaro A, Bier DM. Contribution of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate to the
     measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate in human plasma: comparison of
     enzymatic and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays in
     normal and in diabetic subjects. *J. Lipid Res.* 30:1811-1817,
     1989.

142. Toffolo G, Cobelli C, Bier DM, Avogaro A, Nosadini R. Compartmental
     modeling of stable isotope tracer data: The general non linear, the
     linearized and the linar case. *In* \"Modeling and control in
     biomedical systems,\" Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 139-143, 1989.

143. Bier DM. Non-invasive approaches for estimating protein turnover in
     man. *In* \"Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems,\" C.
     Cobelli and L. Mariani, (eds.) Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 319-325,
     1989.

144. Schauder P, Arends J, Schäfer G, Bier DM. Einbau von ^15^N-glyzin
     und 1-^13^C-leuzin in apolipoprotein B des VLDL sowie LDL *in vivo*
     bei gesunden probanden. *Beitr. Infusionther.* 25:423-429, 1989.

145. Couet C, Fukagawa NK, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Young VR. Plasma amino
     acid kinetics during acute states of glucagon deficiency and excess
     in healthy adults. *Am J. Physiol.* 258:E78-E85, 1990.

146. Lajara R, Galgani JP, Dempsher DP, Bier DM, Rotwein P. Low
     prevalence of insulin-like growth factor-I gene mutations in human
     growth disorders. *J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.* 70:687-692, 1990.

147. Devlin JT, Brodsky I, Scrimgeour A, Fuller S, and Bier DM. Amino
     acid metabolism after intense exercise. *Am. J. Physiol.*
     258:E249-E255, 1990.

148. Coggan AR, Kohrt WM, Spina RJ, Bier DM, and Holloszy JO. Endurance
     training decreases plasma glucose turnover and oxidation during
     moderate-intensity exercise in men. *J. Appl. Physiol.* 68:990-996,
     1990.

149. Avogaro A, Nosadini R, Bier DM, Cobelli C, Toffolo G, Doria A,
     Valerio A, Christopherson H. Ketone body kinetics *in vivo* using
     simultaneous administration of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate
     labelled with stable isotopes. *Acta. Diabetol. Lat.* 27:41-51,
     1990.

150. Dempsher DP, Bier DM, Tollefsen SE, Rotwein PS, Daughaday WH,
     Jensen MD, Galgani JP, Heath-Monnig E, Trivedi B. Whole body
     nitrogen kinetics and their relationship to growth in short
     children treated with recombinant human growth hormone. *Pediatr.
     Res.* 28:394-400, 1990.

151. Bier DM. Mass spectrometry and stable isotopes. *In* \"Inborn
     Metabolic Disease,\" Fernandes, J., Saudubray, J.M., Tada, K.,
     (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 45-53, 1990.

152. Consoli A, Nurjhan N, Reilly JJ, Bier DM, Gerich JR. Contribution
     of liver and skeletal muscle to alanine and lactate metabolism in
     humans. *Am. J. Physiol.* 259:E677-E684, 1990.

153. Consoli A, Nurjhan N, Reilly JJ, Bier DM, Gerich JR. Mechanims of
     increased gluconeogenesis in non insulin-dependent diabetes
     mellitus: role of alterations in systemic, hepatic, and muscle
     lactate and alanine metabolism. *J. Clin. Invest.* 86:2038-2045,
     1990.

154. Cobelli C, Bier DM, Ferrannini E. Modeling glucose metabolism in
     man: Theory and practice. *Hormone and Metabolic Research*, Suppl.
     24:1-10, 1990.

155. Arends J, Chiu F, Bier DM. Analysis of plasma hippurate in humans
     using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: concentration and
     incorporation of infused \[^15^N\]glycine.*Anal. Biochem.*,
     191:401-410, 1990.

156. Cryer PE, Avogaro A, Bier DM. Interplay of epinephrine and insulin
     in the regulation of fatty acid and glucose flux in humans. *In*
     \"Diabetes, Obesity and Hyperlipidemias-IV,\" Crepaldi, G., Tiengo,
     A., and Enzi, G. (eds.), Elsevier Science, pp 283-288, 1990.

157. Avogaro A, Nosadini R, Doria A, Valerio A, Gnudi L, Dorella M,
     Miola M, Tiengo A, Cryer PE, Crepaldi G, Bier DM. Euglycemic type I
     insulin dependent diabetic subjects have normal ketogenic
     epinephrine responsiveness. *In* \"Diabetes, Obesity and
     Hyperlipidemias-IV,\" Crepaldi, G., Tiengo, A., and Enzi, G.
     (eds.), Elsevier Science, pp 289-292, 1990.

158. Young VR, Bier DM, Pellet P. Amino acid requirements in adult man.
     Reply to J. Millward \[letter\]. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.*, 51:494-496,
     1990.

159. Bier DM, Fulginiti VA, Garfunkel JM, Lucey JD, Spranger J, Valman
     HB, Chiswick ML, Zetterstrom R. Duplicate publication and related
     problems \[editorial, simultaneous publication\]. (December 1990)
     *Pediatr. Res.*, 28:561; *Pediatr.*, 86;997-998; *J. Pediatr.*,
     117:903-904; *Am. J. Dis. Child.*, 144:1293-1294; *Arch. Dis.
     Child.*, 65:1289-1290; *Eur. J. Pediatr.*, 150:77-78.

160. Grumbach MM, Bier DM, Blumenthal H et al. Bovine somatotropin.
     National Institutes of Health. Technology Assessment Conference
     Statement 1990 Dec 5-7; p. 1-16.

161. Fukagawa NK, Bier DM. Modification of protein metabolism due to
     disease. *In* \"Neonatal and Fetal Medicine - Physiology and
     Pathology,\" R.A. Polin and W.F. Fox (eds.), W.B. Saunders,
     Philadelphia, p. 472-476, 1991.

162. Hoerr RA, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Young VR. Leucine kinetics from
     \[^2^H~3~\]- and \[^13^C\] leucine infused simultaneously by gut
     and vein. *Am. J. Physiol.* 260:E111-E117, 1991.

163. Parhofer KG, Barrett PHR, Bier DM, Schonfeld G. Determination of
     kinetic parameters of apolipoprotein B metabolism using amino acids
     labeled with stable isotopes. *J. Lipid Res.*, 32:1311-1323, 1991.

164. Bier DM. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I:
     Nutritional pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. *Acta
     Paediatr. Scandianvica*, 374:119-128, 1991.

165. Bier DM. Methodology for the study of metabolism: Kinetic
     Techniques. *In* \"Principles of perinatal-Neonatal Metabolism,\"
     R.M. Cowett, Ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 1-14, 1991.

166. Coggan AR, Spina RJ, Kohrt WM, Bier DM, and Holloszy JO. Plasma
     glucose kinetics in a well trained cyclist fed glucose throughout
     exercise. *Int. J. Sport. Nutr.*, 1:279-288, 1991.

167. Connacher AA, Bennet WM, Jung RT. Bier DM, Smith CCT, Scrimgeour
     CM, Rennie MJ. Effect of adrenaline infusion on fatty acid and
     glucose turnover in lean and obese human subjects in the
     postabsorptive and fed states. *Clin. Sci.*, 81:635-644, 1991.

168. Arends J, Bier DM. Labeled amino acid infusion studies of in-vivo
     protein synthesis with stable isotope tracers and gas
     chromatography-mass spectrometry. *Anal. Chim. Acta.*, 247:255-263,
     1991.

169. Consoli A, Nurjhan N, Gerich, J.E., Bier DM. Correction of
     tricarboxylic acid cycle exchange in gluconeogenesis: why the y\'s
     are wrong. Reply to B.R. Landau \[letter\]. *Metabolism* 262-264,
     1991.

170. Yarasheski KE, Campbell JA, Smith, K., Rennie MJ, Holloszy JO, Bier
     DM. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle
     growth in young men. *Am. J. Physiol.*, 262:E261-E267, 1992.

171. Kneteman NM, Marchetti P, Tordjman K, Bier DM, Santiago JV, Swanson
     CJ, Olack BJ, Scharp DW. Effects of cyclosporine on insulin
     secretion and insulin sensitivity in dogs with intrasplenic islet
     autotransplanst. *Surgery*, 111:430-437, 1992.

172. Parhofer KG, Barrett PHR, Bier DM, Schonfeld G. Lipoproteins
     containing the truncated apolipoprotein, apo B-89, are cleared from
     human plasma more rapidly than apo B-100 containing lipoproteins
     *in vivo*. *J. Clin. Invest.*, 89:1931-1937, 1992.

173. Boyle PJ, Avogaro A, Smith L, Bier DM, Pappu AS, Illingworth DR,
     Cryer PE. Role of GH in regulating nocturnal rates of lipolysis and
     plasma mevalonate levels in normal and diabetic humans. *Am. J.
     Physiol.*, 263:E168-E172, 1992.

174. Avogaro A, Cryer PE, Bier DM. Epinephrine\'s ketogenic effect in
     humans is mediated principally by lipolysis. *Am. J. Physiol.*,
     263:E250-E260, 1992.

175. Avogaro A, Doria A, Gnudi L, Carraro A, Duner E, Brocco E, Tiengo
     A, Crepaldi G, Bier DM, Nosadini R. Forearm ketone body metabolism
     in normal and in insulin-dependent diabetec patients. *Am. J.
     Physiol.*, 263:E261-E267, 1992.

176. Thompson K, Dempsher DP, Bier DM, Tollefsen SE. Low prevalence of
     autoantibodies to the insulin-like growth factor I receptor in
     children with short stature. *Pediatr. Res.*, 32:455-459, 1992.

177. Yarasheski KE, Smith K, Rennie MJ, Bier DM. Measurement of muscle
     protein fractional synthetic rate by capillary gas
     chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. *Biomed.
     Mass Spectrom.*, 21:486-490, 1992.

178. Abrams SE, Klein PD, Young VR, Bier DM. Letter of concern regarding
     a possible shortage of separated isotopes. *J. Nutr.*, 122:2053,
     1992.

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1.  Coggan AR, Kohrt WM, Spina RJ, Kirwan JP, Bier DM, Holloszy JO.
    Plasma glucose kinetics during exercise in subjects with high and
    low lactate thresholds. *J. Appl. Physiol.*, 73:1873-1880, 1992.

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179. Bier DM. Protein metabolism in type II Diabetes Mellitus. *In*
     \"Protein Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus,\" K.S. Nair, Ed.,
     Smith-Gordon and Co., Ltd. London, pp. 243-247, 1992.

180. Bier DM. Whole body protein kinetic measurements. *In* \"Protein
     Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus,\" K.S. Nair, Ed., Smith-Gordon and
     Co., Ltd. London, pp. 61-68, 1992.

181. Marchetti P, Scharp DW, Olack BJ, Swanson CJ, Bier DM, Cobelli C,
     Toffolo G, Newton M, Navalesi, R. Glucose metabolism, insulin
     sensitivity, and glucagon secretion in dogs with intraportal or
     intrasplenic islet autografts. *Transplantation Proc.*
     24:2828-2829, 1992.

182. Fjeld CR, Cole FS, Bier DM. Energy expenditure, lipolysis, and
     glucose production in preterm infants treated with theophylline.
     *Pediatr. Res.*, 32:693-698, 1992.

183. Young VR, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Pellet PL. Stable isotope tracer
     studies of amino acid balance and human indispensable amino acid
     requirements. Reply to J. Millward \[letter\]. *Am. J. Clin.
     Nutr.*, 57:83-85, 1993.

184. Rivera A, Bell EF, Bier DM. Effect of intravenous amino acids on
     protein metabolism of preterm infants during the first three days
     of life. *Pediatr. Res.*, 33:106-111, 1993.

185. Avogaro A, Gnudi L, Valerio A, Maran A, Miola M, Opportuno A,
     Tiengo A, Bier DM. Effects of different plasma glucose
     concentrations on lipolytic and ketogenic responsiveness to
     epinephrine in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects. *J.
     Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.*, 76:845 1993.

186. Hoerr RA, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Young VR. Effects of protein
     restriction and acute refeeding on leucine and lysine kinetics in
     young men. *Am. J. Physiol.*, 264:E567-E575, 1993.

187. Lim VS, Bier DM, Flanigan MJ, Sum-Ping ST. The effect of
     hemodialysis on protein metabolism. *J. Clin. Invest.*,
     91:2429-2436, 1993.

188. Levin EY, Bier DM. Research directions in nutrition: View from the
     NICHD. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 57:603-604, 1993.

189. Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Bier DM. Short-term
     growth hormone treatment does not increase muscle protein synthesis
     in experienced weight lifters. *J. Appl. Physiol.*, 74:3073-3076,
     1993.

190. Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Bier DM. Acute effects of resistance
     exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate in young and elderly men
     and women. *Am. J. Physiol.* 265:E210-E214, 1993.

191. Bier DM. Milk IGF-1:A paracrine gastrointestinal hormone? New
     Perspectives in Infant Nutrition, Symposium Antwerp, Georg Thieme
     Verlag Stuttgart, New York. Edited by B. Renner and G. Sawatzki, pp
     176-181, 1993.

192. Arends J, Bier DM, Schäfer G, Armstrong VW, Thiery J, Seidel D,
     Schauder P. No evidence for feedback inhibition of hepatic
     apolipoprotein B (apo B) production after extracorporeal low
     density lipoprotein precipitation as determined by
     \[1-^13^C\]leucine infusion in normal volunteers. *Eur. J. Clin.
     Invest.*, 23:602-614, 1993.

193. Martin WH III, Dalsky GP, Hurley BF, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Hagberg
     JM, Rogers MA, King DS, Holloszy JO. Effect of endurance training
     on plasma free fatty acid turnover and oxidation during exercise.
     *Am. J. Physiol.* 265:E708-E714, 1993.

194. Bonadonna RC, Del Prato S, Saccomani MP, Bonora E, Gulli G,
     Ferrannini E, Bier DM, Cobelli C, De Fronzo RA. Transmembrane
     glucose transport in skeletal muscle of patients with
     non-insulin-dependent diabetes. *J. Clin. Invest.*, 92:486-494,
     1993.

195. Bier DM. Impact of biotechnology on the food supply \[Symposium
     Introduction\]. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 58:247S-248S, 1993.

196. Nosadini R, Avogaro A, Bier DM. Ketone and lactate metabolism: An
     exchange of conclusions \[letter\]. *Metabolism* 42:260, 1993.

197. Hsu FF, Wang L. Bier DM. Determination of cortisol in human plasma
     by gas chromatrography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass
     spectrometry. *Anal. Biochem.* 216:401-405, 1994.

198. Zachwieja JJ, Bier DM, Yarasheski KE. Growth hormone administration
     in older adults: effects on albumin synthesis. *Am. J. Physiol.*
     266:E840-E844, 1994.

199. Darmaun D, Haymond MW, Bier DM. Metabolic aspects of fuel
     homeostasis in the fetus and neonate. *In* Endocrinology, L.J.
     DeGroot, et al. (eds.), Third Edition, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia,
     pp. 2258-2286, 1994.

200. Rombeau JL, Bandini L, Barr R, Bier DM et al. Bioelectrical
     impedance analysis in body composition measurement. National
     Institutes of Health. Technology Assessment Conference Statement
     1994 Dec 12-14; 1-35 and *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 64:524S-532S, 1996.

201. Nurjhan N, Bucci A, Perriello G, Stumvoll M, Dailey G, Bier DM,
     Toft I, Jenssen TG, Gerich JE. Glutamine: A major gluconeogenic
     precursor and vehicle for interorgan carbon transport in Man. *J.
     Clin. Invest.* 95:272-277, 1995.

202. Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Campbell JA, Bier DM. Effect of growth
     hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in
     older men. *Am. J. Physiol.* 268:E268-E276, 1995.

203. Alpers DH, Stenson W, Bier DM (eds.): *Manual of Nutritional
     Therapeutics*, 3^rd^ Ed., Little Brown & Co., Boston, 1995.

204. Kilani RA, Cole FS, Bier DM: Phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in
     preterm infants: Istyrosine a conditionally essential amino acid?
     *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 61:1218-1223, 1995.

205. Kopple JD, Bernard D, Messana J, Swartz R, Bergstrom J, Lindholm B,
     Lim V,Brunori G, Leiserowitz M, Bier DM, Stegink LD, Martis L,
     Algrim-Boyle C, Serkes KD,Vonesh E, Jones MR. Treatment of
     malnourished CAPD patients with an amino acid based dialysate.
     *Kidney International* 47:1148-1157, 1995.

206. Perriello G, Jorde R, Nurjhan N, Stumvoll M, Dailey G, Jenssen T,
     Bier DM, Gerich JE. Estimation of glucose-alanine-lactate-glutamine
     cycles in postabsorptive humans: role of skeletal muscle. *Am. J.
     Physiol.* 269:E443-E450, 1995.

207. Arends J, Schafer G, Schauder P, Bircher J, Bier DM. Comparison of
     serine and hippurate as precursor equivalents during infusion of
     \[^15^N\]glycine for measurement of fractional synthetic rates of
     apolipoprotein B of very-low density lipoprotein. *Metabolism*
     44:1253-1258, 1995.

208. Vlachopapadopoulou E, Slonim AE, Zachwieja JJ, Gertner JM, Manzione
     D, Bier DM, Matthews DE, Slonim AE. Metabolic and clinical response
     to recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I in myotonic
     dystrophy - A clinical research center study. *J. Clin. Endocrinol.
     Metab*. 80:3715-3723, 1995.

209. Saccomani MP, Bonadonna RC, Bier DM, DeFronzo RA, Cobelli C. A
     model to measure insulin effects on glucose transport and
     phosphorylation in muscle: a three-tracer study. *Am. J. Physiol*.
     270:E170-E185, 1996.

210. Zachwieja JJ, Toffolo G, Cobelli C, Bier DM, Yarasheski KE.
     Resistance exercise and growth hormone administration in older men:
     effects of insulin sensitivity and secretion during a stable-label
     intravenous glucose tolerance test. *Metabolism* 45:254-260, 1996.

211. Stumvoll M, Perriello G, Nurjhan N, Bucci A, Welle S, Jansson PA,
     Dailey G, Bier DM, Jenssen TG, Gerich, J.E. Glutamine and alanine
     metabolism in NIDDM. *Diabetes* 45:863-868, 1996.

212. Bonadonna RC, Del Prato S, Bonora E, Saccomani MP, Gulli G, Natali
     A, Frascerra Pecori N., Ferranini E, Bier DM, Cobelli C,
     DeFronzo A. Roles of glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation
     in muscle insulin resistance of NIDDM. *Diabetes* 45:915-925, 1996.

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1.  Huseman CA, Colombo JL, Brooks MA, Smay JE, Greger NG, Sammut PH,
    Bier DM. Anabolic effect of biosynthetic growth hormone in cystic
    fibrosis patients. *Pediatric Pulmonology* 22:90-95, 1996.

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213. Perriello G, Nurjhan N, Stumvoll M, Bucci A, Welle S, Dailey G,
     Bier DM, Toft I, Jenssen TG, Gerich JE. Regulation of
     gluconeogenesis by glutamine in normal postabsorptive humans.
     *Am. J. Physiol.* 272 (Endocrinol. Metab. 35):E437-E445, 1997.

214. Bier DM. Stable isotopes in biosciences, their measurement and
     models for amino acid metabolism. *Eur J Pediatr* 156 (Suppl
     1):S2-S8, 1997.

215. Bier DM. Stable isotope tracers: Technological tools that have
     emerged. In: Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research.
     Carlson-Newberry S.J. and Costello R.B. (eds). National Academy
     Press, Washington, DC, pp 203-213, 1997.

216. Bier DM, Yarasheski KE. Protein metabolism in healthy elderly
     adults. In: Amino acid and protein metabolism in health and
     disease: nutritional implications. Tessari, P., Soeter,, P.B.,
     Pittoni, G., Tiengo, A., (eds). Smith-Gordon and Co. Ltd., London,
     105-109, 1997.

217. Bier DM. Methodology for the study of metabolism and general
     principles. In: Principles of Perinatal Neonatal Metabolism, Second
     Edition. Cowett, R.M. (ed). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp 3-16,
     1998.

218. Bier DM, Fukagawa N. Modification of protein metabolism because of
     disease. In: Fetal and neonatal physiology. Polin, R.A., Fox, W.W.,
     (eds). 2nd Ed., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp
     665-669,1998.

219. Vicini P, Zachwieja JJ, Yarasheski K, Bier DM, Caumo A, Cobelli C.
     Glucose production during an IVGTT by deconvolution: validation
     with the tracer-to-tracee clamp technique. *Am J Physiol* .
     276:E285-E294, 1999.

220. Bier DM. Glutamate: An Essential, Non-essential Amino Acid*. Kagaku
     to Seibutu (Chemistry and Biology).* Vol 37, No. 1, 1999:49-53

221. Sunehag AL, Haymond, M. W., Schanler RJ, Reeds PJ, Bier DM.
     Gluconeogenesis in very low birth weight infants receiving total
     parenteral nutrition. *Diabetes* 48:791-800, 1999.

222. Bier DM, Brosnan JT, Flatt JP, Hanson RW, Heird W, Hellerstein MK,
     Jéquier E, Kalhan S, Koletzko B, Macdonald I, Owen O, Uauy R.
     Report of the IDECG Working Group on lower and upper limits of
     carbohydrate and fat intake. *Eur J Clin Nutr*. Vol 53, Suppl
     1:S177-S178, 1999.

223. Bier DM. The energy costs of protein metabolism: Lean and mean on
     Uncle Sam's team. In*: The Role of protein and amino acids in
     sustaining and enhancing performance.* Committee on Military
     Nutrition Research. National Academy Press, Washington;
     1999:109-119.

224. Caumo A, Vicini P, Zachwieja JJ, Avogaro A, Yarasheski K, Bier DM,
     Cobelli C. Undermodeling affects minimal model indices: insights
     from a two-compartment model. *Am. J. Physio*. 276:E1171-E1193,
     1999

225. Darmaun D, Haymond MW, Bier DM. Metabolic aspects of fuel
     homeostasis in the fetus and the

> neonate. In: DeGroot LJ, Besser M, Burger HG, Jameson LL, Loriaux DL,
> Marshall JC, Odell WD, Potts JT, Rubenstein AH, eds. *Endocrinology,
> 3^rd^ ed.* Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1999:2258-2286

229\. Bier DM, Lauer RM, Simell O. Preface: Fat intake during childhood.
*Am J Clin Nutr*

72(suppl):1245S, 2000.

230\. Bier DM, Lauer RM, Simell O. Summary: Fat intake during childhood.
*Am J Clin Nutr*

72(suppl):1410S-1413S, 2000.

231\. Sunehag AL, Treuth MS, Toffolo G, Butte NF, Cobelli C, Bier DM,
Haymond MW. Glucose

production, gluconeogenesis, and insulin sensitivity in children and
adolescents: An evaluation

of their reproducibility. *Pediatr Res.* 50:115-123, 2001

232\. Bier DM, Finley DA, Eds.: Innovative non- or minimally invasive
technologies for health

monitoring and nutritional status in mothers and young children. *J
Nutr* 131:1589S-1645S, 2001.

233\. Kalhan S, Bier DM, Yaffe S, Catz C, Grave G. Amino acid metabolism
and nutrition in very low

birth weight infants. *J Perinatol*. 21:320-323, 2001.

234\. Miller TL, Easely KA, Zhang W, Orav EJ, Bier DM, Luder E, Ting A,
Shearer WT, Vargas JH,

Lipshultz SE. Maternal and infant factors associated with failure to
thrive in children with

vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection: The prospective P2C2 HIV
multicenter study.

*Pediatr.* 108:1287-1296, 2001.

235\. Sunehag AL, Toffolo G, Treuth MS, Butte NF, Cobelli C, Bier DM,
Haymond MW. Effects of

dietary macronutrient content on glucose metabolism in children. *J Clin
Endocrinol. & Metab.* 87

(11):5168-5178, 2002.

236\. Bier DM. Current uses and future perspectives of recombinant
modifications in food production. In:

*Genetic Expression and Nutrition.* Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series
Pediatric Program, Volume 50.

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 201-218, 2002.

237\. Treuth MS, Sunehag AL, Trautwein LM, Bier DM, Haymond MW, Butte
NF. Metabolic adaptation to high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in
children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 77:479-89, 2003.

238\. Bier DM. Amino acid pharmacokinetics and safety assessment. J
Nutr. Jun;133(6 Suppl 1):2034S-2039S, 2003.

239\.
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240\.
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