Contents

Foreword i

Contents iii

List of exhibits vii

1 Introduction 1 - 1

> 1.1 Background 1 - 1
>
> 1.2 Purpose 1 - 3
>
> 1.3 Objectives 1 - 3
>
> 1.4 Scope 1 - 4
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> 1.5 Process 1 - 5
>
> 1.7 Using this document 1 - 9
>
> 1.8 Format 1 -11
>
> 1.9 Superceded documents 1 -14
>
> 1.10 Future of this document 1 -15

2 General design requirement 2 - 1

> 2.1 Basic design elements 2 - 1
>
> 2.2 Simplicity 2 - 2
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> 2.3 Consistency 2 - 2
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> 2.4 Standardization 2 - 3
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> 2.5 Safety 2 - 4
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> 2.6 User-centered perspective 2 - 6
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> 2.7 Support .. 2 - 8
>
> 2.8 Maintenance 2 - 8

3 Automation 3 - 1

> 3.1 General 3 - 1
>
> 3.2 Design and evaluation . 3 - 6
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> 3.3 System response and feedback . 3 - 7
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> 3.4 Interface . 3 - 8
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> 3.5 User acceptance and trust 3 - 9
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> 3.6 Modes 3 -10
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> 3.7 Monitoring 3 -12
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> 3.8 Fault management 3 -16
>
> 3.9 False alarms 3 -18
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> 3.10 Training 3 -19
>
> 3.11 Function allocation/levels of automation 3 -21
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> 3.12 Information automation 3 -23
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> 3.13 Adaptive automation 3 -26
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> 3.14 Decision aids 3 -28
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> 3.15 Control automation 3 -33

4 Designing equipment for maintenance 4 - 1

> 4.1 General 4 - 1
>
> 4.2 Designing equipment for handling 4 - 5
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> 4.3 Packaging, arrangement, and mounting of equipment 4 -15
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> 4.4 Access openings 4 -27
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> 4.5 Cases, covers, guards, and shields 4 -33
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> 4.6 Fasteners 4 -40
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> 4.7 Connectors 4 -51
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> 4.8 Lines and cables 4 -59
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> 4.9 Packaging, layout, and mounting of internal components 4 -79
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> 4.10 Adjustment controls 4 -89
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> 4.11 Fuses and circuit breakers 4 -91
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> 4.12 Test points and service points 4 -97
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> 4.13 Test equipment 4 -103
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> 4.14 Tools 4 -110

5 Displays and printers 5 - 1

> 5.1 Displays . 5 - 1
>
> 5.2 Cathode ray tube displays 5 - 7
>
> 5.3 Flat-panel displays \.... 5 -13
>
> 5.4 Liquid crystal displays 5 -15
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> 5.5 Gas plasma displays 5 -17
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> 5.6 Electroluminescent displays 5 -17
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> 5.7 Large-screen displays 5 -18
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> 5.8 Stereoscopic displays 5 -21
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> 5.9 Printers 5 -22
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> 5.10 Plotters and recorders 5 -23
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> 5.11 Accommodating people with disabilities 5 -25

6 Controls and visual indicators 6 - 1

> 6.1 Controls 6 - 1
>
> 6.2 Visual indicators 6 -52
>
> 6.3 Visual indicator-control integration 6 -72
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> 6.4 Accommodating people with disabilities 6 -79

7 Alarms, audio, and voice 7 - 1

> 7.1 Alarms and alerts 7 - 1
>
> 7.2 Audio signals and audio alarms 7 - 5
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> 7.3 Voice signals and voice alarms 7 -14
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> 7.4 Voice communication systems 7 -16

8 Computer-human interface 8 - 1

> 8.1 Screen design 8 - 1
>
> 8.2 Text entry and display 8 - 6
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> 8.3 Graphical information 8 -31
>
> 8.4 Concealed information 8 -52

8.5 Dynamic information update 8 -52

8.6 Coding 8 -54

8.7 Interaction 8 -69

> 8.8 General interactive techniques . 8 -94
>
> 8.9 User-initiated interrupts 8 -104
>
> 8.10 File management functions 8 -106
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> 8.11 Selection methods 8 -108
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> 8.12 Transaction options 8 -112
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> 8.13 Controls 8 -115
>
> 8.14 Windows 8 -132
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> 8.15 System Operations 8 -161
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> 8.16 Help 8 -176
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> 8.17 Data communication 8 -184
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> 8.18 Accommodating people with disabilities 8 -189

9 Input devices 9 - 1

> 9.1 Keyboards 9 - 4
>
> 9.2 Fixed-function keys 9 - 6
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> 9.3 Pointing devices 9 - 7
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> 9.4 Alternative input devices (non-keyboard, non-pointing devices) 9
> -21
>
> 9.5 Interchangeability among input devices 9 -25
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> 9.6 Accommodating people with disabilities 9 -26

10 Workstation and Workplace design 10 - 1

> 10.1 General 10 - 1
>
> 10.2 Workstations and consoles 10 - 2
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> 10.3 Workplace layout 10 -22
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> 10.4 Design of passageways 10 -26

11 System security 11 - 1

> 11.1 General design practice 11 - 2
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> 11.2 Physical security and access control 11 - 2
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> 11.3 Identification and authentication 11 - 3
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> 11.4 Auditing . 11 - 6
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> 11.5 Information and data protection . 11 - 6
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> 11.6 Documentation of security safeguards 11 - 8

12 Personnel safety 12 - 1

> 12.1 General 12 - 1
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> 12.2 Work space safety 12 - 1
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> 12.3 Equipment-related safety 12 - 6
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> 12.4 Electrical hazards 12 - 7
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> 12.5 Physical hazards 12 -16
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> 12.6 Liquid and gas hazards 12 -20
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> 12.7 Toxic hazards . 12 -20
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> 12.8 Radiation hazards 12 -22
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> 12.9 Protection from special chemicals .. 12 -23
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> 12.10 Temperature hazards 12 -24
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> 12.11 Fire protection 12 -25
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> 12.12 Noise hazards 12 -26
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> 12.13 Explosion and implosion hazards 12 -29
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> 12.14 Radiant energy hazards . 12 -30
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> 12.15 Laser hazards 12 -34
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> 12.16 Safety labels and placards 12 -35

13 Environment 13 - 1

> 13.1 General 3 - 1
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> 13.2 Ventilation 13 - 2
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> 13.3 Temperature and humidity 13 - 4
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> 13.4 Illumination 13 - 9
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> 13.5 Noise 13 -18

14 Anthropometry and biomechanics 14 - 1

> 14.1 General application of anthropometric and biomechanic data 14 - 2
>
> 14.2 Anthropometric variability factors 14 -13
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> 14.3 Anthropometric and biomechanics data 14 -13
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> 14.4 Reach 14 -35
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> 14.5 Human strength and handling capacity . 14 -42
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> 14.6 Wheelchair anthropometrics 14 -52

15 User documentation 15 - 1

> 15.1 General 15 - 1
>
> 15.2 Writing user documentation 15 - 4
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> 15.3 Layout and formatting 15 -18
>
> 15.4 Components of documents 15 -31
>
> 15.5 Specific user document contents . 15 -50
>
> 15.6 Accommodating people with disabilities 15 -68