HH2. What are the trends in human disease and conditions for which
environmental pollutants are thought to be risk factors including across
population subgroups and geographic regions?

+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 097Birth Defects. Rate of |       |      |      |      |      |
| Live Births with Specific Birth |       |      |      |      |      |
| Defect (Congenital Anomaly),    |       |      |      |      |      |
| United States, 1999-2003^1^     |       |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
|                                 | 1999  | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Overall Rate                    | 114.8 | 1    | 1    | 1    | 1    |
|                                 |       | 14.6 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 05.0 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Congenital Anomaly              |       |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Anencephalus                    | 11.0  | 10.7 | 9.9  | 9.9  | 11.4 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Spina bifida/Meningocele        | 20.1  | 20.7 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 18.7 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Hydrocephalus                   | 21.5  | 23.7 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 22.2 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Microcephalus                   | 5.9   | 7.2  | 5.6  | 5.5  | 5.6  |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Other central nervous system    | 20.0  | 20.7 | 24.8 | 22.2 | 21.1 |
| anomalies                       |       |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Heart malformations             | 119.8 | 1    | 1    | 1    | 1    |
|                                 |       | 24.9 | 22.5 | 29.9 | 28.9 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Other circulatory/respiratory   | 140.6 | 1    | 1    | 1    | 1    |
| anomalies                       |       | 38.1 | 39.6 | 31.7 | 26.1 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Rectal atresia/stenosis         | 9.0   | 8.4  | 9.0  | 8.3  | 7.8  |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Tracheo-esophageal              | 13.3  | 12.1 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
| fistula/Esophageal atresia      |       |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Omphalocele/Gastroschisis       | 30.2  | 29.7 | 31.8 | 30.3 | 32.5 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Other gastrointestinal          | 29.8  | 29.9 | 34.2 | 36.1 | 33.0 |
| anomalies                       |       |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Malformed genitalia             | 76.3  | 84.2 | 88.4 | 86.6 | 79.7 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Renal agenesis                  | 13.7  | 13.8 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 14.0 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Other urogenital anomalies      | 99.0  | 99.3 | 1    | 1    | 90.2 |
|                                 |       |      | 02.8 | 01.8 |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Cleft lip/palate                | 80.9  | 82.1 | 80.6 | 78.5 | 75.9 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly | 87.9  | 87.2 | 82.4 | 82.2 | 76.4 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Clubfoot                        | 55.7  | 57.2 | 58.6 | 59.6 | 57.6 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Diaphragmatic hernia            | 13.1  | 10.8 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 11.4 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Other                           | 239.9 | 2    | 2    | 2    | 2    |
| musculoskeletal/integumental    |       | 17.0 | 26.4 | 28.9 | 08.2 |
| anomalies                       |       |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Down's syndrome                 | 45.5  | 46.9 | 45.5 | 46.7 | 46.5 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| Other chromosomal anomalies     | 36.9  | 39.7 | 36.2 | 31.6 | 30.1 |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+
| ^1^ Note: Rates are per 100,000 |       |      |      |      |      |
| live births                     |       |      |      |      |      |
|                                 |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Source : National Center for  |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Health Statistics. 2001.      |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Births: Final Data for 1999.  |       |      |      |      |      |
| > National Vital Statistics     |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Reports; vol 49 no.1          |       |      |      |      |      |
| > <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/     |       |      |      |      |      |
| data/nvsr/nvsr49/nvsr49_01.pdf> |       |      |      |      |      |
| > see Table 49                  |       |      |      |      |      |
| >                               |       |      |      |      |      |
| > National Center for Health    |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Statistics. 2002. Births:     |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Final Data for 2000. National |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Vital Statistics Reports; vol |       |      |      |      |      |
| > 50 no. 5                      |       |      |      |      |      |
| > <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/     |       |      |      |      |      |
| data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_05.pdf> |       |      |      |      |      |
| > see Table 49                  |       |      |      |      |      |
| >                               |       |      |      |      |      |
| > National Center for Health    |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Statistics. 2002. Births:     |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Final Data for 2001. National |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Vital Statistics Reports; vol |       |      |      |      |      |
| > 51 no.2                       |       |      |      |      |      |
| > <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/     |       |      |      |      |      |
| data/nvsr/nvsr51/nvsr51_02.pdf> |       |      |      |      |      |
| > see Table 49                  |       |      |      |      |      |
| >                               |       |      |      |      |      |
| > National Center for Health    |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Statistics. 2003. Births:     |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Final Data for 2002. National |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Vital Statistics Reports; vol |       |      |      |      |      |
| > 52 no.10                      |       |      |      |      |      |
| > <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/     |       |      |      |      |      |
| data/nvsr/nvsr52/nvsr52_10.pdf> |       |      |      |      |      |
| > see Table 49                  |       |      |      |      |      |
| >                               |       |      |      |      |      |
| > National Center for Health    |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Statistics. 2005. Births:     |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Final Data for 2003. National |       |      |      |      |      |
| > Vital Statistics Reports; vol |       |      |      |      |      |
| > 54 no.2                       |       |      |      |      |      |
| >                               |       |      |      |      |      |
| > <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/     |       |      |      |      |      |
| data/nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_02.pdf> |       |      |      |      |      |
| > see Table 49                  |       |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+