**References on Plant and Algae Studies for Bioregenerative Life
Support:**

**Notes:**

> Citations restricted to studies directed at bioregenerative life
> support questions, or basic physiological or horticultural
> observations associated with using plants and algae for
> bioregenerative systems.
>
> Citation list is by no means complete, particularly for algae studies
> prior to 1970, as well as for much of the Russian and Japanese
> bioregenerative literature. For excellent reviews of "early" research
> on algae and plants for bioregenerative life support, see Miller and
> Ward (1966) and Taub (1974).
>
> Several food processing and waste processing studies for plants and
> algae for bioregenerative systems are included, but the list is
> largely incomplete in these topics.
>
> If I have missed some citations on plant / algal bioregenerative
> research that you would like to add, or there are errors for some of
> the existing citations, please email me at:
> <raymond.m.wheeler@nasa.gov>

1.  Aglan, H., E. Smith, R. Tshitahe, D. Mortley, P. Loretan, and W.
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2.  Aglan, H, R. Tshitahe, C. Morris, D. Mortley, P. Loretan, and W.
    Hill. 1995. Microporous membrane nutrient delivery systems for
    sweetpotato in microgravity. Soc. Automotive Eng. Tech. Paper
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3.  Ahn, D.J., O. Adeola, and S.S. Nielsen. 2001. Effect of environment
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4.  Akers, C.P., S.W. Akers, and C.A. Mitchell. 1985. The minitron
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5.  Aglan, H. R. Tshitahe, C. Morris, D. Mortley, P. Loretan, W. Hill,
    and R. Prince. 1995. Microporous membrane nutrient delivery systems
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6.  Aglan, H. D. Mortley, A. Trotman, P. Loretan, and W. Hill. 1998.
    Sweetpotato growth using a microporous tube system with lunar
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7.  Albright, L.D., A.J. Both, E.F. Wheeler, and R.W. Langhans. 1999.
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8.  Albright, L.D., A.J. Both, and A.J. Chiu. 2000. Controlling
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9.  Alexander, D.B., D.A. Zuberer, and D.H. Hubbell. 1989.
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10. Almazan, A.M. 1995. Antinutritional factors in sweetpotato
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11. Almazan, A.M. and X. Zhou. 1995. Total dietary fiber content of some
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12. Alamazon, A.M., F. Begum, and C. Johnson. 1997. Nutritional quality
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13. Alamazon, A.M. and X. Zhou. 1997. Biomass yield and composition of
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14. Alexander, D.B., D.A. Zuberer, and D.H. Hubbell. 1989.
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15. Allen, E.R., D.W. Ming, L.R. Hossner, D.L. Henninger, and C.
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16. Alvarez, M.N., D. Mortley, C. Bonsi, and J. Hill. 2002. A rapid
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17. Andre, M., H. Du Cloux, and Ch. Richaud. 1986. Wheat response to
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18. Andre, M. and Ch. Richaud. 1986. Can plants grow in a quasi-vacuum?
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19. Andre, M., F. Cote, A. Gerbaud, D. Massimino, J. Massimino, and C.
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20. Andre, M. and D. Massimino. 1992. Growth of plants at reduced
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21. Andre, M. and P. Chagvardieff. 1997. CELSS research: Interaction
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22. Aslam, M. and R. Huffaker. 1982. *In vivo* nitrate reduction in
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23. Aslam, M. and R. Huffaker. 1989. Role of nitrate and nitrite in the
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24. Aslam, M., J.L. Rosichan, and R. Huffaker. 1987. Comparative
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25. Averner, M. 1981. An approach to the mathematical modeling of a
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26. Averner, M., M. Karel, and R. Radmer. 1984. Problems associated with
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27. Averner, M.M., B. Moore, I. Bartholomew, and R. Wharton. 1984.
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28. Averner, M.M. 1989. Controlled ecological life support system. *In*:
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29. Averner, M. 1993. NASA Advanced Life Support Program Plan. Office of
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30. Barker, A.V., K.A. Corey, and L.E. Craker. 1989. Nutritional
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31. Barnes, D. and B.G. Bugbee. 1991. Morphological responses of wheat
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32. Barnes, C. and B. Bugbee. 1992. Morphological responses of wheat to
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33. Barnes, C., T. Tibbitts, J. Sager, G. Deitzer, D. Bubenheim, G.
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34. Barta, D.J. and T.W. Tibbitts. 1986. Effects of artificial enclosure
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36. Barta, D.J., T.W. Tibbitts, R.J. Bula, and R.C. Morrow. 1992.
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37. Barta, D.J., M. Edeen, and C. Clark. 1993. Detailed test report for
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38. Barta, D.J. and D.L. Henninger. 1996. Johnson Space Center's
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39. Barta, D.J. and K. Henderson. 1998. Performance of wheat for air
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42. Batten, J.H., G.W. Stutte, and R.M. Wheeler. 1996. Volatile organic
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     menus for advanced life support. Life Support and Biosphere Science
     8:199-210.

837. Wharton, R.A., D. T. Smernoff, and M.M. Averner. 1988. Algae in
     space. *In*: C.A. Lembi and J.R. Waaland (*eds*.) Algae and Human
     Affairs. pp 485-509. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.

838. Wheeler, R.M. and T.W. Tibbitts. 1984. Controlled Ecological Life
     Support System: Higher Plant Flight Experiments. NASA Contract
     Report 177323 Washington, DC.

839. Wheeler, R.M., S.H. Schwartzkopf, T.W. Tibbitts, and R.W.
     Langhans. 1985. Elimination of toxicity from polyurethane foam
     plugs used for plant culture. HortScience 20:448-449.

840. Wheeler, R.M. 1986. Potato leaf explants as a spaceflight plant
     test system. *In*: R.D. MacElroy, M.V. Martello, and D.T. Smernoff
     (*eds*.) Controlled Ecological Life support Systems: CELSS '85
     Workshop. NASA Tech. Memorandum 88215. NASA Ames Research Center,
     Moffett Field, CA. pp. 555-564.

841. Wheeler, R.M. and T.W. Tibbitts. 1986. Growth and tuberization of
     potato (*Solanum tuberosum* L) under continuous light. Plant
     Physiol. 801-804.

842. Wheeler, R.M., K.L Steffen, T.W. Tibbitts, and J.P. Palta. 1986.
     Utilization of potato for life support systems. II. The effects of
     temperature under 24-h and 12-h photoperiod. Amer. Potato J.
     63:639-647.

843. Wheeler, R.M. and T.W. Tibbitts. 1987. Utilization of potatoes for
     life support systems in space. III. Productivity at successive
     harvest dates under 12-h and 24-h photoperiods. Amer. Potato J.
     64:311-320.

844. Wheeler, R.M., D.J. Hannapel, and T.W. Tibbitts. 1988. Comparison
     of axillary bud growth and patatin accumulation in potato leaf
     cuttings as assays for tuber induc­tion. Annals of Botany 62:25-30.

845. Wheeler, R.M. and T.W. Tibbitts. 1988. Utilization of potatoes for
     life support systems in space. IV. Effects of CO~2~ . Amer.
     Potato J. 66:25-34.

846. Wheeler, R.M., T.W. Tibbitts, and A.H. Fitzpatrick. 1989. Potato
     growth in response to relative humidity. HortScience 24:482-484.

847. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C. Sager, and W.M. Knott. 1990.
     Effects of atmospheric CO~2~ on photosynthetic characteristics of
     soybean leaves. *In*: R.D. MacElroy (*ed*.) Controlled Ecological
     Life Support Systems: CELSS '89 Workshop. NASA Tech. Mem. 102277.
     pp. 93-105.

848. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C. Sager, W.M. Knott, and C.R.
     Hinkle. 1990. Potato growth and yield using nutrient film
     technique. Amer. Potato J. 67:177-187.

849. Wheeler, R.M., T.W. Tibbitts, and A.H. Fitzpatrick. 1991. Carbon
     dioxide effects on potato growth under different photoperiods and
     irradiance. Crop Science 31:1209-1213.

850. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, and J.C. Sager. 1991. Soybean stem
     growth under high-pressure sodium with supplemental blue lighting.
     Agronomy J. 83:903-906.

851. Wheeler, R.M. 1992. Gas-exchange measurements using a large, closed
     plant growth chamber. HortScience 27:777-780.

852. Wheeler, R.M, R.C. Morrow, T.W. Tibbitts, and R.J. Bula. 1992.
     Scenarios for optimizing potato produc­tivity in a lunar CELSS.
     *In*: W.W. Mendell (*ed*.) Second conference on lunar bases and
     space activities of the 21^st^ century. NASA Conf. Pub. 3166. pp
     543-546.

853. Wheeler, R.M., K.A. Corey, J.C. Sager, and W.M. Knott. 1993a. Gas
     exchange rates of wheat stands grown in a sealed chamber. Crop Sci.
     33:161-168.

854. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, L.M. Siegriest, and J.C. Sager.
     1993b. Supraoptimal carbon dioxide ef­fects on growth of soybean
     (*Glycine max* (L.) Merr.). J. Plant Physiol. 142:173-178.

855. Wheeler, R.M., W.L. Berry, C. L. Mackowiak, K.A. Corey, J.C. Sager,
     M.M. Heeb, and W.M. Knott. 1993. A data base of crop nutrient use,
     water use, and carbon dioxide exchange in a 20 m^2^ growth
     chamber. 1. Wheat as a case study. J. Plant Nutrition 16:1881-1915.

856. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C. Sager, N.C. Yorio, W.M. Knott,
     and W.L. Berry. 1994. Growth and gas exchange by lettuce stands in
     a closed, controlled environment. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
     119:610-615.

857. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C. Sager, W.M. Knott, and W.L.
     Berry. 1994. Proximate nutritional composition of CELSS crops grown
     at different CO~2~ partial pressures. Adv. Space Res. 14:171-176.

858. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C. Sager, and W.M. Knott. 1994.
     Growth of soybean and potato at high CO~2~ partial pressure. Adv.
     Space Res. 14:251-255.

859. Wheeler, R.M., G.W. Stutte, C.L. Mackowiak, N.C. Yorio, and L.M.
     Ruffe. 1995. Accumulation of possible potato tuber-inducing factor
     in continuous use recirculating NFT systems. HortScience 30:790.

860. Wheeler, R.M. 1996. Gas balance in a plant-based CELSS. *In*: H.
     Suge (*ed*.), Plants in Space Biology, Inst. Genetic Ecology,
     Tohoku Univ. pp. 207-216.

861. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C. Sager, W.M. Knott, and W.L.
     Berry. 1996a. Proximate composition of CELSS crops grown in NASA's
     biomass production chamber. Adv. Space Res. 18(4/5):43-47.

862. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, G.W. Stutte, J.C. Sager, N.C. Yorio.
     L.M. Ruffe, R.E. Fortson, T.W. Dres­chel, W.M. Knott, and K.A.
     Corey. 1996b. NASA\'s Biomass Production Chamber: A testbed for
     bioregenerative life support studies. Adv. Space Res.
     18(4/5)215-224.

863. Wheeler, R.M., B.V. Peterson, J.C. Sager, and W.M. Knott. 1996c.
     Ethylene production by plants in a closed environment. Adv. Space
     Res. 18(4/5):193-196.

864. Wheeler, R.M. and T.W. Tibbitts. 1997. Influence of changes in
     daylength and carbon dioxide on the growth of potato. Ann. Botany
     79:529-533.

865. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, G.W. Stutte, N.C. Yorio, and W.L.
     Berry. 1997. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on nutritional
     quality of tomato. Adv. Space Res. 20(10):1975-1978.

866. Wheeler, R.M. C.L. Mackowiak, W.L. Berry, G.W. Stutte, N.C. Yorio,
     and L.M. Ruffe. 1997. Ten years of hydroponic research in NASA's
     Biomass Production Chamber. Proc. 18^th^ Ann. Conf., Hydroponic
     Society of America, pp 103-113.

867. Wheeler, R.M. and R.F. Strayer. 1997. Use of bioregenerative
     technologies for Advanced Life Support: Some considerations for
     BIO-Plex and related testbeds. NASA Tech. Memorandum 113229.

868. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, W.L. Berry, G.W. Stutte, N.C. Yorio,
     and J.C. Sager. 1999. Nutrient, acid, and water budgets of
     hydroponically grown crops. Acta Hort. 481:655-661.

869. Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, N.C. Yorio, and J.C. Sager. 1999.
     Effects of CO~2~ on stomatal conductance: Do stomata open at very
     high CO~2~ concentrations? Ann. Botany 83:243-251.

870. Wheeler, R.M. 1999. Bioregenerative life support system testing at
     NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Proc. Intl. Com. Material Circulation
     in Geo-Hydrospheres and Applications. pp. 59-65. Rokkasho, Aomori,
     Japan.

871. Wheeler, R.M. 2000. Bioregenerative life support and nutritional
     implications for planetary exploration. *In*: H.W. Lane and D.A.
     Schoeller (*eds*.) Nutrition in space flight and weightlessness
     models. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp. 41-67.

872. Wheeler, R.M. 2000. Can CO~2~ be used as a pressurizing gas for
     Mars greenhouses? *In*: R.M. Wheeler and C. Martin-Brennan (*eds*.)
     Mars greenhouses: Concept and Challenges. NASA Tech. Memorandum
     208577.

873. Wheeler, R.M. and C. Martin-Brennan. 2000. Mars greenhouses:
     Concept and Challenges. Proceedings from a 1999 Workshop. NASA
     Tech. Memorandum 208577.

874. Wheeler, R.M. and T.W. Tibbitts. 2000. Preface: Flight equipment
     design and flight experiment results in CELSS research. Adv. Space
     Res. 26(2): 245.

875. Wheeler, R.M. and B. Bugbee. 2001. Biomass Production. *In*: Proc.
     Bioastronautics Investigators' Wkshp, Jan. 17-19, 2001, Galveston,
     TX.

876. Wheeler, R.M., N.C. Yorio, G.D. Goins, G.W. Stutte, N.A. Cranston,
     and L.M. Ruffe. 2001. Candidate crop evaluation for Advanced Life
     Support. *In*: Proc. Bioastronautics Investigators' Wkshp, Jan.
     17-19, 2001, Galveston, TX.

877. Wheeler, R.M., G.W. Stutte, G.V. Subbarao, and N.C. Yorio. 2001.
     Plant growth and human life support for space travel. *In*: M.
     Pessarakli (*ed*.), 2^nd^ Edition. Handbook of Plant and Crop
     Physiology. pp. 925-941. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

878. Wheeler, R.M. V.Ye. Rygalov, P.A. Fowler, K.A. Corey, C.P. Guidi,
     and J.C. Sager. 2001. Mars greenhouses: A step toward
     bioregenerative life support systems. *In*: Y. Tako, M.
     Shinohara, O. Komatusbara, and K. Nitta (*eds*.) Advanced
     Technology of Environment Control and Life Support. Institute for
     Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan. pp. 81-86.

879. Wheeler, R.M. 2003. Carbon balance in bioregenerative life support
     systems: Effects of system closure, waste management, and crop
     harvest index. Adv. Space Res. 31(1):169-175.

880. Whitney, G. 1989. Geochemistry of soils for lunar base agriculture:
     Future research needs. *In*: D.W. Ming and D.L. Henninger (*eds*.)
     Lunar Base Agriculture: Soils for Plant Growth. Amer. Soc.
     Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 213-235.

881. Wilson, C.D., R. D. Pace, E. Bromfield, G. Jones, and J.Y.
     Lu. 1998. Consumer acceptance of vegetarian sweetpotato products
     intended for space mission. Life Sup. Biosphere Sci. 5:339-346.

882. Wilson, C.D., R. D. Pace, E. Bromfield, G. Jones, and J.Y.
     Lu. 1998. Sweetpotato in a vegetarian menu plan for NASA's Advanced
     Life Support Program. Life Support Biosphere Sci. 5:347-351.

883. Wilson, D.A., R.C. Weigel, R.M. Wheeler, and J.C. Sager. 1993.
     Light spectral quality effects on the growth of potato (*Solanum
     tuberosum* L.) nodal cuttings in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.
     29:5-8.

884. Wignarajah, K, D. Bubenheim, and T. Wydeven. 1992. Performance of
     lettuce in gray-water streams. Ames Research Center Research and
     Technology Report, pp. 165-66.

885. Wolverton, B.C., R.C. McDonald, and W.R. Duffer. 1983.
     Microorganisms and plants for waste water treatment. J. Environ.
     Qual. 12:236-242.

886. Wolverton, B.C., R.C. McDonald, E.A. Watkins. 1984. Foliage plants
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     Economic Botany 38(2):224-228.

887. Wright, B.D. 1984. A hydroponic method for plant growth in
     microgravity. Proc. of 35^th^ Intnl. Astronautical Federation, Oct.
     1984, Lausanne, Switzerland.

888. Wright, B.D., W.C. Bausch, and W.M. Knott. 1988. A hydroponic
     system for microgravity plant experiments. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric.
     Eng. 31:440-446.

889. Wright, B.D. and A. Garcia. 1989. CELSS engineering: Proportional
     control of CO~2~ using higher plants. Soc. Automotive Eng. Tech.
     Paper No. 891573.

890. Wu, W-H., J.Y. Lu, A.R. Jones, D.G. Mortley, P.A. Loretan, C.K.
     Bonsi, and W.A. Hill. 1997. Proximate composition, amino acid
     profile, fatty acid composition, and mineral content of peanut
     seeds hydroponically grown at elevated CO~2~ levels. J. Agric. Food
     Chem. 45:3863-3866.

891. Yandell, B.S., A. Najar, R.M. Wheeler, and T.W. Tibbitts. 1988. Use
     of response sur­face methodology to model the effects of light,
     carbon dioxide, and temperature on the growth of potato. Crop
     Science 28:811-818.

892. Yorio, N.C., C.L. Mackowiak, R.M. Wheeler, and J.C. Sager. 1995.
     Vegetative growth of potato under high-pressure sodium,
     high-pressure sodium SON-AGRO, and metal halide lamps. HortScience
     30:374-376.

893. Yorio, N.C., R.M. Wheeler, G.D. Goins, M.M. Sanwo-Lewandowski, C.L.
     Mackowiak, C.S. Brown, J.C. Sager, and G.W. Stutte. 1998. Blue
     light requirement for crop plants used in bioregenerative life
     support systems. Life Sup. Biosphere Sci. 5:119-128.

894. Yorio, N.C., M.P. Alazraki, J.L. Garland, T.H. Englert, and L.M.
     Ruffe. 1999. The utilization of recovered nutrients from composted
     inedible wheat biomass to support plant growth for BLSS. Soc.
     Automotive Eng. Tech. Paper 1999-01-2062.

895. Yorio, N.C., J.E. Judkins, J.L. Garland, M.E. Hummerick, and T.H.
     Englert. 2001. Utilization of recovered inorganic nutrients from
     composted fresh or oven-dried inedible plant biomass for supporting
     growth of wheat in a BLSS. Soc. Automotive Eng. Tech. Paper
     2001-02-2273.

896. Yorio, N.C., G.D. Goins, H.R. Kagie, R.M. Wheeler, and J.C.
     Sager. 2001. Improving spinach, radish, and lettuce growth under
     red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with blue light supplementation.
     HortScience 36:380-383.

897. Zuraw, E.A. 1962. Algae-primate gas exchange in a closed gas
     system. Developments in Industrial Microbiology 3:140-149.