# NISTIR 6518

**1999 Survey of Forensic**

**Reference Materials**

United States Department of
Commerce![](media/image1.wmf){width="1.6993055555555556in"
height="0.4486111111111111in"}

Technology Administration

National Institute of Standards and Technology

**ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS**

**STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM**

The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is
sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National
Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program
responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979,
which directed NIJ to encourage research and development to improve the
criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal,
State, and local agencies.

The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an
applied research effort that determines the technological needs of
justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific
devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards,
and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice
agencies nationally and internationally.

The program operates through:

The *Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council*
(LECTAC), consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice
practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses
technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items
to be evaluated and tested.

The *Office of Law Enforcement Standards* (OLES) at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, which develops voluntary national
performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual
items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies.
The standards are based upon laboratory testing and evaluation of
representative samples of each item of equipment to determine the key
attributes, develop test methods, and establish minimum performance
requirements for each essential attribute. In addition to the highly
technical standards, OLES also produces technical reports and user
guidelines that explain in nontechnical terms the capabilities of
available equipment.

The *National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center
(NLECTC),* operated by a grantee, which supervises a national compliance
testing program conducted by independent laboratories. The standards
developed by OLES serve as performance benchmarks against which
commercial equipment is measured. The facilities, personnel, and testing
capabilities of the independent laboratories are evaluated by OLES prior
to testing each item of equipment, and OLES helps the NLECTC staff
review and analyze data. Test results are published in Equipment
Performance Reports designed to help justice system procurement
officials make informed purchasing decisions.

Publications are available at no charge through the National Law
Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. Some documents are also
available online through the Internet/World Wide Web. To request a
document or additional information, call 800--248--2742 or
301--519--5060, or write:

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center

P.O. Box 1160

Rockville, MD 20849--1160

E-Mail: *asknlectc@nlectc.org*

World Wide Web address: *http://www.nlectc.org*

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office        |
|                                                                       |
| of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice        |
|                                                                       |
| Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile  |
| Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of     |
| Crime.                                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**NISTIR 6518**

**1999 Survey of Forensic**

**Reference Materials**

Aspen Systems Corporation

Applied Management Sciences Group

2277 Research Boulevard

Rockville, MD 20850­--3166

Coordination by:

Office of Law Enforcement Standards

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899--8102

November 2000

![](media/image2.wmf){width="1.0in" height="1.0083333333333333in"}

**U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE**

**Norman Y. Mineta, Secretary**

**TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION**

**Dr. Cheryl L. Shavers, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology**

**NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY**

**Raymond G. Kammer, Director**

**ACKNOWLEDGMENTS**

The report reflects the insight and expertise of many people. The Office
of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) wishes to acknowledge funding from the
National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the special contributions of
individuals whose efforts and suggestions have significantly influenced
this report. Notably, the nine members of the Technical Advisory Panel
(TAP) for Reference Materials for Forensic Science deserve special
recognition:

> Lynne D. Herold, Ph.D., Senior Criminalist, Los Angeles County
>
> Sheriff\'s Department
>
> Max M. Houck, Supervisory Physical Scientist, Federal Bureau of
>
> Investigation
>
> Kevin Lothridge, Special Projects Director, National Forensic Science
>
> Technology Center
>
> Donal L. McClamroch, Jr., Section Chief, Arson, Bureau of Alcohol,
>
> Tobacco, and Firearms Forensic Lab
>
> Skip Palenik, Senior Research Microscopist, Microtrace
>
> Nelson A. Santos, Program Manager, Laboratory Operations Section, Drug
>
> Enforcement Administration
>
> Stephanie L. Smith, Senior Forensic Chemist, U.S. Postal Inspection
> Service
>
> Kenneth B. Zercie, Board of Directors, International Association for
>
> Identification
>
> Marc Caplan, Deputy Director, Technology Assistance Division, National
>
> Institute of Justice

This report benefitted greatly from the guidance and direction of Alim
A. Fatah, Ph.D., Project Officer and Program Manager for Chemical
Systems and Materials at the Office of Law Enforcement Standards. OLES
would like to acknowledge the work of Aspen Systems Corporation,
especially the efforts of Marie Pogozelski, Project Director and Manager
of Aspen's Survey Operations Center, as well as William Tillstone,
Ph.D., of the National Forensic Science Technology Center, who serves as
a consultant to Aspen Systems. OLES also wishes to recognize the support
services provided by Aspen's Communications, Word Processing, Library
Services, and Health Programs Divisions, and the sponsorship of Dr.
David G. Boyd, Director, Office of Science and Technology at NIJ.

Sincerely,

![](media/image3.png){width="1.6090277777777777in"
height="0.6048611111111111in"}

Kathleen M. Higgins, Director

Office of Law Enforcement Standards

## FOREWORD

The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) furnishes technical support to the
National Institute of Justice (NIJ) program to strengthen law
enforcement and criminal justice in the United States. OLES's function
is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal
justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

OLES is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and
evaluation, and (2) conducting research leading to the development of
several series of documents, including national standards, user guides,
and technical reports.

This document covers research conducted by OLES under the sponsorship of
the National Institute of Justice. Additional reports as well as other
documents are being issued under the OLES program in the areas of
protective clothing and equipment, communications systems, emergency
equipment, investigative aids, security systems, vehicles, weapons, and
analytical techniques and reference materials used by the forensic
community.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning this report are invited
from all interested parties. They may be addressed to the Office of Law
Enforcement Standards, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899--8102.

Kathleen M. Higgins, Director

Office of Law Enforcement Standards

iii

**CONTENTS**

**[SECTION]{.underline} [PAGE]{.underline}**

Foreword iii

Executive Summary vi

Reference Materials and Collections 1

Survey Design 2

Findings: Laboratory Director Survey 2

Scientific Working Group Guidelines 4

National Repository 5

Current Use of Reference Materials 7

Findings: Section Supervisor Survey 8

Reference Materials Needed 9

Reference Collections 11

National Repository 15

APPENDIX A: Survey Instruments A--1

APPENDIX B: Laboratory Directors' Comments B--1

APPENDIX C: Laboratory Directors' Results by Type of Laboratory C--1

APPENDIX D: Methodology . .D--1

APPENDIX E: Reference Materials - Physical Objects and Drugs .E--1

APPENDIX F: Reference Collections - Physical Objects and Drugs F--1

APPENDIX G: Future Reference Collections - Physical Objects and Drugs
G--1

**EXHIBITS**

**[PAGE]{.underline}**

Exhibit 1. Response by type of laboratory 3

Exhibit 2. ASCLD accreditation by type of laboratory 4

Exhibit 3. Use of Scientific Working Group guidelines 5

Exhibit 4. Importance of a National Repository 5

Exhibit 5. Primary use of a National Repository identified by Laboratory
Directors 6

Exhibit 6. National Repository funding 7

Exhibit 7. Use of reference materials 7

Exhibit 8. Reference materials by primary groups 11

Exhibit 9. Reference collections by primary groups 14

Exhibit 10. Future collections by primary groups 15

Exhibit 11. Primary use of a National Repository identified by Section
Supervisors 16

v

**EXECUTIVE SUMMARY**

As demands on the Nation's crime laboratories escalate in response to
technological advances and new legal requirements for processing
evidence, many forensic scientists face a critical deficiency of
essential reference materials and collections required to perform their
jobs. This disturbing conclusion is based on a comprehensive, scientific
survey of public crime laboratories sponsored by the Office of Law
Enforcement Standards of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology and funded by the National Institute of Justice. The survey
was conducted to assess the reference materials and collections that
were available in forensic laboratories and to determine which were not
available and in greatest demand. This report presents the results of
that survey.

The survey included laboratories from every region of the United States.
They ranged in size and services provided, from small, single-service
drug analysis facilities to full-service laboratories. More than half
were State crime laboratories. The majority of laboratories surveyed
were accredited by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors.

More than 550 survey responses were processed, including 121 from
laboratory directors and 431 from section supervisors within the
laboratories. Because the questionnaire was customized for each of the
two groups, the responses of the laboratory directors and section
supervisors were analyzed separately.

The laboratory directors indicated that the most common uses of
reference materials in their laboratories were for interpretation of
test results, as training or instructional aids, and for classification
of evidence. The vast majority of directors were aware of the guidelines
established by Scientific Working Groups in various forensic disciplines
and indicated that the most frequently used guidelines were those for
DNA, controlled substances, and trace analysis. The survey found
widespread support among laboratory directors for the creation of a
national repository for standard reference collections.

The responses of the 451 section supervisors comprise the vital core of
this survey. Their responses are especially significant because these
supervisors are the frontline scientists in U.S. crime laboratories.
Overwhelmingly, they expressed a critical need for basic information
resources that should be available in every laboratory. These
resourcesbooks, journals, printed and computer databases, reference
manuals----are readily available yet severely lacking in the
laboratories. Under current accreditation standards, literature and
electronic information are not considered essential items. Consequently,
management may have less incentive to provide these items. But, it is
clear from the survey results that bench scientists consider books,
journals, printed databases, and computer databases essential to proper
job performance.

vi

The survey sought to determine which reference materials and reference
collections the scientists needed most and which collections they felt
they needed in the 21^st^ century. All reference materials and
collections are important to forensic scientists, of course, regardless
of whether a material is used every day or once a year. Any material
that facilitates the identification of crime scene evidence is critical.
The reference materials and collections that the supervisors indicated
they needed were organized into 23 primary groups of physical objects
and 2 primary groups of drugs. Since the responses within these primary
groups varied widely, from very specific to generic, many of the groups
were further classified and organized into useful and meaningful
subcategories.

The discrete physical **reference materials** that supervisors needed
most were fiber, biological specimens, and DNA. Within the fiber group,
the materials cited most often were fibers by end use (e.g., insulation,
carpet fibers, and modacrylic fibers), synthetic fibers, and
nonspecified natural fibers. The largest subgroups within biological
specimens were blood toxicology and human sperm. The DNA requests were
for qualitative and quantitative standards regardless of the analytical
methods.

Other physical materials in the top third were ammunition, paint,
explosives, accelerants, and glass. The largest concentrations within
the paint group were physical specimens of automotive (domestic and
foreign) and nonspecific (architectural and automotive) paints. Within
the ammunition, explosives, accelerants, and glass groups, however, no
individual subgroup accounted for a majority of the materials cited.

Drugs were analyzed separately, grouped by noncontrolled and controlled
substances. Although crime laboratories are primarily concerned with the
analysis of illicit drugs, requests for samples of noncontrolled drugs
outnumbered those for controlled substances. One possible explanation
may be that when laboratories do encounter noncontrolled substances,
they do not have or cannot obtain the needed reference samples.

In **reference collections**, two of the top three reference materials
cited----fiber and biological specimens----were also among the top three
reference collections cited. The other primary groups cited in the top
third of the collections were hair, ammunition, paint, accelerants, and
firearms.

In the fiber group, which ranked first in both materials and
collections, the need for reference collections was highest in the areas
of synthetic fibers, nonspecified natural fibers, and generic fibers of
all types. In the biological specimens area, collections of human and
nonhuman blood and semen had the most citations.

vii

An analysis of the other top primary groups in reference collections
revealed a need for collections of both animal and human hair. Within
the paint group, physical samples of both foreign and domestic
automotive paint collections accounted for more than half of the
citations. Within the accelerants group, ignitable liquids accounted for
the majority of citations. In both ammunition and firearms, the top
subgroups were general descriptions of ammunition and firearms
collections. Since drugs were evaluated individually, not as
collections, there was less interest in collections of drugs than in
collections of physical objects.

**Future collections----**those that scientists indicated they would
need in the century ahead----may be collections that already exist or
collections that are no longer available through a commercial source or
from the manufacturer. The fiber and paint groups remain on top of the
list. Among the fiber subgroups, the most frequently cited future
collections were nonspecified natural fibers, fibers by end use, and
synthetic fibers. The supervisors indicated a continued need for foreign
and domestic automotive paint specimens, along with nonspecific paint,
including both automotive and architectural paint specimens. Laboratory
personnel may not be aware that some of these collections are available
through commercial firms and government agencies. It is also possible
that their need for these collections can be traced to insufficient
funds. Although not a subject of this survey, the problem of inadequate
funding for public crime laboratories nationwide emerged repeatedly as a
pressing issue that needs to be addressed.

This survey clearly identifies the specific reference materials and
collections that crime laboratories require today, as well as those that
will be needed in the years ahead. Based on these survey results, the
Federal and State governments can target initiatives for developing
reference materials and collections. The Scientific Working Groups
sponsored by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Drug Enforcement
Administration may also use these results to produce and distribute
these essential reference materials. In focusing attention on the vital
reference and collection needs of the Nation's public crime
laboratories, the survey is also likely to foster greater communication
and cooperation within the forensic science community.

viii

**COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS**

A ampere H henry nm nanometer

ac alternating current h hour No. number

AM amplitude modulation hf high frequency o.d. outside diameter

cd candela Hz hertz (c/s) Ω ohm

cm centimeter i.d. inside diameter p. page

CP chemically pure in inch Pa pascal

c/s cycle per second IR infrared pe probable error

d day J joule pp. pages

dB decibel L lambert ppm parts per million

dc direct current L liter qt quart

C degree Celsius lb pound rad radian

F degree Fahrenheit lbf pound‑force rf radio frequency

dia diameter lbfin pound‑force inch rh relative humidity

emf electromotive force lm lumen s second

eq equation ln logarithm (base e) SD standard deviation

F farad log logarithm (base 10) sec. section

fc footcandle M molar SWR standing wave ratio

fig. figure m meter uhf ultrahigh frequency

FM frequency modulation min minute UV ultraviolet

ft foot mm millimeter V volt

ft/s foot per second mph miles per hour vhf very high frequency

g acceleration m/s meter per second W watt

g gram N newton λ wavelength

gr grain Nm newton meter wt weight

area=unit^2^ (e.g., ft^2^, in^2^, etc.); volume=unit^3^ (e.g., ft^3^,
m^3^, etc.)

**PREFIXES**

d deci (10^-1^) da deka (10)

c centi (10^-2^) h hecto (10^2^)

m milli (10^-3^) k kilo (10^3^)

μ micro (10^-6^) M mega (10^6^)

n nano (10^-9^) G giga (10^9^)

p pico (10^-12^) T tera (10^12^)

**COMMON CONVERSIONS**

**(See ASTM E380)**

> 0.30480 m =1ft 4.448222 N = 1 lbf

2.54 cm = 1 in 1.355818 J =1 ftlbf

> 0.4535924 kg = 1 lb 0.1129848 Nm = 1 lbfin

0.06479891g = 1gr 14.59390 N/m =1 lbf/ft

> 0.9463529 L = 1 qt 6894.757 Pa = 1 lbf/in^2^
>
> 3600000 J = 1 kWhr 1.609344 km/h = 1 mph

Temperature: T~C~ = (T~F~32)5/9

Temperature: T~F~ = (T~C~9/5)+32

ix

**1999 SURVEY OF FORENSIC REFERENCE MATERIALS**

This survey of the Nation's public crime laboratories was conducted in
response to a critical need identified by the Office of Law Enforcement
Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST). That need---to determine the current status of, and need for,
reference materials (RMs) and standard reference collections (SRCs) in
U.S. crime laboratories---reflects significant developments that have
transformed the judicial environment since the last such survey was
conducted more than two decades ago. The 1977 survey, *Standard
Reference Collections of Forensic Science Materials: Status and Needs,*
was considered groundbreaking at the time. Its relevance has diminished,
however, as new technologies and new legal requirements have changed the
way crime laboratories operate. Scientific advances such as DNA analysis
and digital image technology, along with legal requirements for
scientifically evaluated evidence, have added to the workload of public
crime laboratories, many of which are understaffed and operating with
inadequate funds.

In response to the rising demand for laboratory services, moreover, the
number of public crime laboratories has increased rapidly, with little
national or regional planning and coordination. Because the separation
of Federal and State powers precludes the creation of a national system
of crime laboratories, a growing number of independent laboratories also
have emerged at the national, State, and local levels. This survey
sought to enhance cooperation and communication among State, county,
Federal, municipal, and regional crime laboratories by giving every
public crime laboratory in the United States an opportunity to express
its need for reference materials and standard reference collections.

# Reference Materials and Collections 

Access to reference materials and collections is essential to crime
laboratory efforts to identify and assign values to materials, calibrate
instruments, assess measurement methods, and provide training and
education for law enforcement personnel. Furthermore, certified
reference materials and collections improve efficiency, enabling cases
to be closed more quickly and to withstand the critical scrutiny of
expert witnesses.

A reference material (RM) is a material or substance one or more of
whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established
to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a
measurement method, or for assigning values to materials. RMs aid
forensic scientists in identifying items found at a crime scene by
comparing them to a known material or substance. The number of RMs is
limitless and may include paints, natural fibers, firearms, shoeprints,
hair, glass, human body fluids, drugs, or cosmetics. An SRC is an
accumulation of like substances that can be used to assist in the
classification and individualization of evidential materials collected.
SRC forms include physical specimens, spectra, photomicrographs,
characterization data, and identification markings.

Currently, the major Federal crime laboratories---those of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; the Bureau
of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; and the U.S. Postal
Service---maintain a limited number of RMs and SRCs. In addition, State
and municipal crime laboratories have purchased or developed a small
number of reference materials and collections for training or
investigative use.

This survey is a systematic, scientific study of the RMs and SRCs that
crime laboratories need in order to expand their investigative
capabilities and improve their efficiency. In the process, the survey
also identifies what reference collections will be needed in the future.
The results presented in this report will enable OLES to target
initiatives for developing the reference materials and collections that
are in greatest demand.

# Survey Design

The 1999 *Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science* was
intentionally designed to capture the opinions of frontline scientists
in the Nation's public crime laboratories. To this end, data were
gathered from the laboratories using a two-part, self-administered mail
survey: one for laboratory directors and one for section supervisors.
The first part, the laboratory director questionnaire, captured
information on basic laboratory characteristics, the use of Scientific
Working Group guidelines, the need for and usefulness of a national
repository of reference materials, and the use of certified reference
materials. The head of each department or unit within the laboratory
(e.g., DNA Analysis, Questioned Documents, Trace Evidence) completed the
second part, the Section Supervisor Questionnaire. While only one
Laboratory Director Questionnaire was completed per facility, the
manager of each unit or service within the laboratory was asked to
complete a Section Supervisor Questionnaire. This design was necessary
to capture the diversity of services provided by these crime
laboratories, which ranged from a single-service drug analysis
laboratory to a full-service facility.

To ensure that the laboratory directors and section supervisors had a
shared understanding of the terms used in the questionnaires, standard
definitions of a reference material and a reference collection were
provided on the first page of each questionnaire. The survey instruments
are presented in appendix A.

# Findings: Laboratory Director Survey

The public crime laboratories surveyed for this report represent a
diverse population. They varied in size from small municipal or county
laboratories to large, statewide systems of laboratories providing
specialized services.

The laboratory director questionnaire ascertained basic laboratory
characteristics such as the type of laboratory (e.g., Federal, State,
municipal); whether the laboratory was part of a system of laboratories
(to determine if the survey covered other laboratories and if so, how
many); whether the laboratory was accredited by the American Society of
Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD) and if not, whether such
accreditation would be sought in the future; and the organizational
structure of the laboratory. The survey also asked laboratory directors
if they were aware of the guidelines established by Scientific Working
Groups (SWGs), formerly known as Technical Working Groups (TWGs), and if
so, which of the SWG guidelines they currently use or plan to use in the
future. The questionnaire then asked the laboratory directors about the
need for a national repository for SRCs, the primary and top three uses
of such a repository (ranked from a predetermined list), what kinds of
specimens or data should be archived at the repository, whether the
director's laboratory was a potential resource for physical specimens or
data, and how a national repository should be funded. Finally, the
survey asked laboratory directors to identify, from a predetermined
list, how the laboratory uses RMs and SRCs.

The overall response rate, based on the number of laboratory director
questionnaires returned, was 34.3 % (121 of 352). Exhibit 1, which
presents the percentage of responses by type of laboratory, indicates
that more than half of the responses came from State crime laboratories.

### *Exhibit 1. Response by type of laboratory*

+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| **Type of lab**     | ## Percentage         | **Number**              |
+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| State               | 51.2                  | 62                      |
+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| Municipal           | 17.4                  | 21                      |
+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| County              | 16.5                  | 20                      |
+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| Regional            | 8.3                   | 10                      |
+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| Federal/National    | 6.6                   | 8                       |
+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| ## Total            | 100.0                 | 121                     |
+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+

Slightly less than half of the laboratory directors (48.8 %, n=59)
indicated that their laboratories were part of a system. Of those who
reported being part of a system, slightly more than a quarter (28.8 %,
n=17) incorporated data from other system laboratories in their surveys.
Each of these 17 laboratories included data for between one and seven
additional laboratories, for a total of 60 other laboratories. Most of
the laboratories that included other system laboratories in their
responses (15 of the 17) were State laboratories. With the 60 additional
system laboratories included, the adjusted response rate for the survey
was 51.4 % or 181 laboratories. Statistics cited for the laboratory
director survey, however, are based on the 121 surveys completed.

When asked about accreditation by ASCLD, slightly more than half of the
laboratories (52.9 %, n=64) reported that they were accredited. The
majority of laboratory directors whose laboratories were not accredited
indicated that they would be seeking accreditation in the future (89.3
%, n=50). Since physical plant is one factor in accreditation, some
laboratories need to obtain funding for either a new facility or
renovation of the existing facility. The highest proportion of
accredited laboratories was found among State laboratories, nearly a
third of which were accredited (30.6 %, n=37). ASCLD accreditation by
type of laboratory is presented in Exhibit 2.

![](media/image4.wmf)

Only a few laboratory directors (10.7 %, n=6) indicated that they were
not planning to seek accreditation for their laboratories. Two of those
laboratories were municipal and four were State facilities. One
laboratory did not respond to the question.

## Scientific Working Group Guidelines

The vast majority of laboratory directors (90.9 %, n=110) indicated that
they were aware of the guidelines established by SWGs in various
forensic disciplines. Laboratory directors were asked whether they
currently use some or all of the SWG guidelines or plan to use them in
the future. The top three SWG guidelines being used were SWGDAM for DNA
(33.48 %, n=75), SWGDRUG for controlled substances (16.07 %, n=36), and
SWGMAT for trace analysis (14.29 %, n=32). The widespread use of the DNA
guidelines can be attributed to several factors. SWGDAM, which was
created in 1988, has the oldest established guidelines, and use of those
guidelines is mandatory for receipt of Federal funds for DNA analysis.

The relatively low usage of the guidelines for SWGFEX for explosives
(4.46 %, n=10) and SWGIT for image technology (2.23 %, n=5) can be
traced to the fact that compliance with these guidelines is voluntary.
In addition, some SWGs, such as SWGDE for digital evidence, have not yet
published their guidelines. Furthermore, while laboratory directors are
probably aware of the SWG guidelines, they may have only limited
knowledge about whether the guidelines are actually used in the
laboratories, since the directors are not responsible for writing the
manuals and guidelines that are used in the laboratories. Exhibit 3
presents the use of each SWG's guidelines.

### *Exhibit 3. Use of Scientific Working Group guidelines*

+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ###           | **Cur  |        | **Plan |        | **No   |        |
|               | rently |        | to use |        | plan   |        |
| **Scientific  | use    |        | guid   |        | to use |        |
| Working       | so     |        | elines |        | guid   |        |
| Group**       | me/all |        | in     |        | elines |        |
|               | guidel |        | fu     |        | in     |        |
|               | ines** |        | ture** |        | fu     |        |
|               |        |        |        |        | ture** |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|               | #####  | **Nu   | **     | **Nu   | **     | **Nu   |
|               | # Perc | mber** | Percen | mber** | Percen | mber** |
|               | entage |        | tage** |        | tage** |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| DNA           | 33.48  | 75     | 1.80   | 5      | 0.0    | 0      |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (SWGDAM)      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Drugs         | 16.07  | 36     | 16.19  | 45     | 10.26  | 8      |
| (SWGDRUG)     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Trace         | 14.29  | 32     | 15.83  | 44     | 10.26  | 8      |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (SWGMAT)      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Firearms      | 10.71  | 24     | 14.39  | 40     | 11.54  | 9      |
| (SWGGUN)      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Fingerprints  | 10.27  | 23     | 10.79  | 30     | 14.10  | 11     |
| (SWGFAST)     |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Documents     | 6.25   | 14     | 10.07  | 28     | 14.10  | 11     |
| (SWGDOC)      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Explosives    | 4.46   | 10     | 10.79  | 30     | 7.68   | 6      |
| (SWGFEX)      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Image         | 2.23   | 5      | 8.99   | 25     | 16.67  | 13     |
| Technology    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (SWGIT)       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Digital       | 2.23   | 5      | 11.15  | 31     | 15.38  | 12     |
| Evidence      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (SWGDE)       |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

## National Repository

When asked about the need for a national repository for standard
reference collections, most laboratory directors (91.1 %, n=109) felt
that such an archive was needed. Not surprisingly, the vast majority
(97.1 %, n=104) believed that the creation of a national repository was
either very important (58.4 %, n=62) or somewhat important (38.7 %,
n=41). When asked to elaborate on why they thought the repository was
important, the primary reasons were to improve standards and uniformity,
improve forensic science, and assist individual laboratories that lack
resources (see exhibit 4). The verbatim responses of the laboratory
directors are presented in appendix B.

*Exhibit 4. Importance of a national repository*

  ------------------------------------------ ---------------- -------------
  **Importance**                             **Percentage**   **Number**

  Improve standards and uniformity           23.4             18

  Improve forensic science                   19.5             15

  Assist individual laboratories lacking     14.3             11
  resources                                                   

  Save time and resources                    13.0             10

  Better access to rare collections          10.4             8

  Improve knowledge of what is available     6.5              5

  Not practical and too expensive            5.2              4

  Useful depending upon need                 3.9              3

  Miscellaneous                              3.9              3
  ------------------------------------------ ---------------- -------------

Laboratory directors were also asked to choose, from a predetermined
list, which of nine possible uses for a national repository were the
primary ones. Training and instructional uses (13.9 %) were cited most
frequently, followed by a tie between classification (13.4 %), and
interpretation of test results (13.4 %). In a follow-up question, they
were asked to rank the top three uses of such a repository. Overall, the
laboratory directors ranked the following uses as their top three
selections: interpretation of test results, baseline calibration, and
acceleration of analysis (see exhibit 5).

### *Exhibit 5. Primary use of a national repository identified by laboratory directors*

+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| ### Prim                         | **Ra    | **Primary |             |
| ary use of a national repository | nking** | use       |             |
|                                  |         | se        |             |
|                                  |         | lection** |             |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
|                                  |         | **Per     | **Number**  |
|                                  |         | centage** |             |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Interpretation of test results   | 1.70    | 13.4      | 79          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Baseline calibration             | 1.71    | 9.5       | 56          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Acceleration of analysis         | 2.00    | 7.6       | 45          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Individualization                | 2.02    | 11.7      | 69          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Classification                   | 2.04    | 13.4      | 79          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Training or instructional aids   | 2.09    | 13.9      | 82          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Share cost and expense of        | 2.15    | 11.7      | 69          |
| materials and collections        |         |           |             |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Research                         | 2.19    | 10.9      | 64          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Clearinghouse                    | 2.21    | 7.0       | 41          |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+
| Other                            | 2.40    | 0.8       | 5           |
+----------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+

When these data are sorted by type of laboratory, however, the top three
rankings vary. For directors of Federal laboratories, the top rankings
were interpretation of test results, training or instructional aids, and
classification. Among State laboratory directors, the number one ranking
went to interpretation of test results, followed by baseline calibration
and classification. For county laboratory directors, research was
followed by interpretation of test results, and several primary uses
were tied for third place. Regional laboratory directors rated baseline
calibration and shared expenses as the repository's primary use.
Municipal laboratory directors judged baseline calibration as the
leading use of a national repository.

In response to questions about the contents of a national repository for
forensic science, most laboratory directors (88 %, n=106) felt that the
repository should include both physical specimens and technical data.
More than half (55.5 %, n=61) were willing to contribute both physical
specimens and technical data to the national repository, and a small
group (18.2 %, n=20) were prepared to contribute technical data only.

Another question asked how a national repository should be funded. Not
surprisingly, more than half (57.9 %, n=73) of laboratory directors
believed the repository should be funded by Government (see exhibit 6).
A minority of laboratory directors (13.5 %, n=17) thought the repository
should be funded by annual subscription, while a smaller group (9.5 %,
n=12) favored a combination of annual subscription and Government
sponsorship. It is interesting that nearly a quarter of the laboratory
directors realized that they would have to provide some of the funding
themselves; a few years ago, the percentage in favor of Federal
Government sponsorship would have been much higher.

![](media/image5.wmf)

## Current Use of Reference Materials

The final question asked laboratory directors how their laboratories
currently use reference materials. As exhibit 7 indicates, the foremost
uses were interpretation of test results, training or instructional
aids, and classification. Given the laboratory directors' customary
focus on expeditious case processing, one unexpected finding was how few
of them cited acceleration of analysis (6.3 %) and significance
assessment (5.8 %).

### *Exhibit 7. Use of reference materials*

  ---------------------------- ------------------- -----------------------
  **Use of reference           **Percentage**      **Number**
  materials**                                      

  Interpretation of test       17.1                95
  results                                          

  Training or instructional    16.1                89
  aids                                             

  Classification               15.2                84

  Individualization            12.5                69

  Baseline calibration         9.7                 54

  Research                     8.7                 48

  Population statistics        7.4                 41

  Acceleration of analysis     6.3                 35

  Significance assessment      5.8                 32

  Comparisons                  0.9                 5

  Standards and controls       0.4                 2
  ---------------------------- ------------------- -----------------------

The results of the laboratory director survey are presented by type of
laboratory in appendix C.

# Findings: Section Supervisor Survey

Since the 1999 *Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science* was
designed to capture the opinions of frontline scientists in the Nation's
crime laboratories, the responses of the section supervisors comprise
the heart of this survey. A total of 431 section supervisors from the
121 crime laboratories completed the questionnaire. The response ranged
from one to nine questionnaires per laboratory for an average of 3.7
questionnaires per laboratory.

The section supervisor questionnaire asked four key questions, three of
them open-ended, to ascertain the following information:

-   What reference materials the section supervisors needed in order to
    expand their investigative capabilities, to improve their
    efficiency, and to perform their jobs more effectively.

-   What reference collections were currently available to bench
    scientists at the laboratory.

-   What reference collections the supervisors would like to see in the
    future.

The fourth question, the only close-ended question in the section
supervisor survey, asked respondents about the primary uses of a
national repository for SRCs. Like the laboratory directors, section
supervisors were given a list of possible uses of such a repository and
asked to rank the top three. This was the only survey question put to
*both* laboratory directors and section supervisors.

The first item on the questionnaire requested the name of the
supervisor's section, division, or unit. The responses produced 42
different classifications. Twenty of the sections handled a single,
primary discipline such as firearms, toxicology, trace, or subcategories
of trace. The other 22, however, were combinations of two or more
primary sections (e.g., prints and trace, firearms and toolmarks) and
were therefore more difficult to classify. Strategies for classifying
the combined sections ranged from grouping them by task or activity to
organizing them according to the five major academic categories:
chemistry (e.g., trace, controlled substances); biology (e.g., latent
prints); physical sciences (e.g., firearms, toolmarks); physiology
(e.g., blood alcohol, toxicology); and computer science (e.g., computer
crime). Ultimately, the structure of the laboratories was accepted as
is, because the issue was not directly relevant to the goals of the
survey. The critical need was to determine which materials were needed
by functional discipline regardless of the laboratory section title or
internal structure. Furthermore, many of the same materials (e.g., trace
evidence and DNA analysis) were needed by more than one section.

In keeping with the purpose of the survey---to determine the current
status of, and need for, reference materials and standard reference
collections in the Nation's crime laboratories---this report identifies
the discrete, physical objects that can be assembled as reference
materials or collections through Federal and State government
sponsorship. To this end, the report has identified the materials that
laboratory scientists requested over and over again. An assessment of
which physical collections they wanted was conducted by examining the
frequency with which discrete physical objects or related drugs or
chemicals were cited, and then identifying key words and search strings.
For further discussion of this analysis, refer to appendix D.

## Reference Materials Needed

The section supervisors were asked to list the reference materials they
needed to expand their investigative capabilities, to improve their
efficiency, and to better perform their jobs. The survey provided the
following definition of a reference material:

> A reference material is a material or substance, having one or more
> properties which are sufficiently established so that the established
> property(ies) can be used to assign a value to material, calibrate an
> apparatus, assess a measurement method, identify a material or
> substance, or provide training and education. A material or substance
> may be a single item or part of a single item.

In addition to discrete physical objects, section supervisors listed
books, journals, printed databases, and computer databases, many of
which are readily available yet severely lacking in the laboratories.
This critical need for basic information resources is a key finding of
this survey. Given the inadequacy of funding in the Nation's crime
laboratories, this finding was not surprising. Scientists in many
laboratories, for example, do not have access to the Internet.
Overwhelmingly, laboratory personnel requested basic resources that
should be available in the laboratories. Because current accreditation
standards do not regard literature and electronic information as
essential items, management may assign lower priority to these
resources. However, it is clear from the survey results that bench
scientists consider books, journals, printed databases, and computer
databases essential to proper job performance.

The following subject-specific reference books were requested most
frequently:

[Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis]{.underline}, Volumes I-V, by Mills
and Robertson (18)

[The Logo Index for Tablets and Capsules by DEA]{.underline} (12)

[Isolation and Identification of Drugs by Clarke]{.underline} (12)

[HAAS Typewriter Atlas]{.underline} (12)

[General Rifling Characteristics File by FBI]{.underline} (10)

[The Particle Atlas]{.underline} (9)

[Forensic Science Handbook]{.underline}, Volumes I to III (8)

[FT-IR Condensed Phase Library]{.underline} by Nicolet and Aldrich (7)

The most popular journals were the *Journal of Forensic Science* (10)
and *AFTE Journal* (9), and DEA's *Microgram* (6). Also listed were
databases such as the Drug Identification Database (DRUGBASE) (5), Shoe
Outersole Data Base (5), and MicroMEDEX Identix Medical Pharmaceutical
Database (4).

In the area of general reference guides, both *The Merck Index* (11) and
the *Physicians' Desk* *Reference* (PDR) (11) were listed frequently.
Both firearm schematics/diagrams (10) and ammunition (7) were listed for
product literature.

Reference materials identified by the section supervisors were divided
into physical objects and drugs. These materials are presented in rank
order in exhibit 8. In reviewing the list of reference materials, it is
important to note that regardless of how often a material is cited, any
material that facilitates the identification of crime scene evidence is
critical.

The physical objects were categorized into 23 primary groups. Fiber,
biological specimens, and DNA headed the list of materials needed as
reference sources. Because the forensic scientists surveyed were asked
to write in the reference materials they needed, rather than select the
materials from a list, their responses varied widely, from very specific
(e.g., asbestos grouped as a mineral fiber) to generic (e.g., fiber).
The primary groups were further classified to organize the materials
into useful and meaningful subcategories. Appendix E presents a detailed
list of the materials, arranged in alphabetical order by primary group.

The largest primary group---fibers---was organized into 11 subgroups.
These subgroups were created to capture generic, nonspecific categories,
such as manufactured and natural fibers, as well as synthetics,
vegetable, mineral, and animal fibers. Within the subgroups, the
materials cited most often were fibers by end use, such as insulation,
carpet fibers, and modacrylic fibers (as found in wigs); synthetic
fibers; and nonspecified natural fibers.

The biological specimens group was organized into seven subgroups, the
largest of which were blood toxicology and human sperm. Responses that
were nonspecific or generic were included in more than one subcategory.
For example, aged bloodstains were listed in both the human and animal
blood categories, and semen samples with documented P30 concentrations
were listed in both human and animal semen.

DNA requests were for qualitative and quantitative standards regardless
of the different methods, e.g., Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR),
Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), and Short Tanden Repeat
(STR), used by the laboratory. The paint subgroups of (both foreign and
domestic) automotive paint and nonspecific paint (both automotive and
architectural) led the group. As exhibit 8 indicates, only four of the
remaining primary groups---ammunition, explosives, accelerants, and
glass---had more than 30 citations. Within each of these groups, no
individual subgroup accounted for a majority of the materials cited.

Drugs, which were analyzed separately and grouped by noncontrolled and
controlled substances, are listed alphabetically by individual drug.
Although crime laboratories are primarily concerned with the analysis of
illicit drugs, requests for samples of noncontrolled drugs outnumbered
those for controlled substances. One possible explanation may be that
when laboratories do encounter noncontrolled substances, they do not
have or cannot obtain the needed reference samples.

### *Exhibit 8. Reference materials by primary groups*

+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
| ###              | #### Primary Group      | #### Number            |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  |                         |                        |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
| **Physical       | Fiber                   | 131                    |
| Objects**        |                         |                        |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Biological Specimens    | 94                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Paint                   | 65                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | DNA                     | 59                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Ammunition              | 50                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Explosives              | 38                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Accelerants             | 36                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Glass                   | 32                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Hair                    | 22                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Firearms                | 19                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Polymer                 | 18                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Tape                    | 16                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Clay, Minerals, &       | 16                     |
|                  | Metals                  |                        |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Shoe/Foot               | 16                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Botanical               | 12                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Tires                   | 12                     |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Wood/Pollen             | 9                      |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Ink                     | 8                      |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Paper                   | 8                      |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Rope                    | 7                      |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Typewriter              | 6                      |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Toolmarks               | 5                      |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Dyes                    | 3                      |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  |                         |                        |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
| **Drugs**        | Noncontrolled           | 313                    |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|                  | Controlled              | 280                    |
+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+

## 

## Reference Collections

Section supervisors also were asked which reference collections were
currently available to bench scientists in their laboratories and which
collections they anticipated would be needed in the future. A reference
collection was defined in the survey as follows:

> A reference collection is an accumulation of actual samples (e.g.,
> samples of drugs, automotive paint, natural fibers, or shoeprints) for
> use in the identification and comparison of evidence. A collection may
> be physical specimens or other characterization data including, but
> not limited to, spectra, manufacturing data, identification markings,
> and photomicrographs. The collection may be gathered from a crime
> scene[^1] (street samples), compiled by a colleague for internal
> laboratory use or part of his or her educational program, or
> commercially manufactured. The collection may not be 100 % complete
> but is a substantial portion of the materials or substance.

Reference collections and future collections were organized in the same
way as reference materials. Once again, the focus was on physical
objects, such as fiber, paint, hair, footwear, and ammunition, along
with drugs.

Many of the reference collections cited already exist, but laboratory
personnel were not aware of them. Some of the reference materials and
collections identified are available through commercial firms and
government agencies:

-   Controlled drugs (can be purchased from Aldrich, USP).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   DNA, through the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Cigarette butts.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Animal hair (companies in Alaska sell hair from various species).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Paint (FBI maintains a national automobile paint file; paint data
    are also available through the Paint Data Query (PDQ).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Auto carpet fiber (FBI is assembling an auto carpet fiber file;
    Collaborative Testing Services, Inc., (CTS) data on fiber no longer
    exist).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Tire prints (annual tire tread manual).

The data indicate that the laboratories have identified a need for these
collections and are trying to meet that need by generating their own
reference collections. It is important; therefore, to assess the
usefulness of collections available to bench scientists at individual
laboratories: What is the quality of these collections? Are they
complete?

With the exception of the annual tire tread design guide, existing
collections are not complete and they are not authenticated, that is,
the collections are not from a known source that is documented with a
letter or certificate stating one or more properties of the materials or
substance. For instance, there is no standardized footwear collection;
any footwear collection is a local one. U.S. Customs officials
photograph the soles of all imported shoes, but the photos are discarded
when the shoes get through Customs because hard-pressed public crime
laboratories do not have the staff to process and archive the photos.

Digital cameras, which produce very high-quality pictures, could be used
to help alleviate the difficulties of creating footwear and other
reference collections. If Customs officials photographed the imported
shoe soles with a digital camera, for example, the photos on the disc
could be transmitted to any crime laboratory. This technology could be
used to generate a variety of needed reference collections.

Another potential SRC---a fiber collection---could be created with
minimal resources and a dedicated staff to track the source and maintain
the collection. Worldwide production of fiber is more than 80 billion
pounds, half of which is cotton. To assemble a collection, 80 to 100
samples would be needed. These samples could come from end rolls that
are discarded, but manufacturers have been unwilling to cooperate in
such an effort. Yet gathering 100 samples is not an unreasonable
assignment. Producing 500 collections (while keeping one) is a doable
task.

The reference collections identified by the section supervisors are
presented by rank in exhibit 9. Seven of the 23 primary groups were
cited at least 50 times as needed reference collections. Two of the top
three reference materials cited---fiber and biological specimens---are
also among the top three reference collections cited. The other primary
groups cited in the top seven collections were hair, ammunition, paint,
accelerants, and firearms. DNA, which ranked second among needed
reference materials, ranked number 13 among reference collections.

In the fiber group, which ranked first in both materials and
collections, the need for reference collections was highest in the areas
of synthetic fibers, nonspecified natural fibers, and generic fibers of
all types. The fiber group included generalized, nonspecific responses
that were interpreted as being part of all seven fiber subcategories.
Examples of these responses are the names of specific commercial fiber
collections, such as CTS and McCrone Fiber Reference Collection, along
with broader descriptions, such as fibers and reference fibers. In the
biological specimens area, collections of human and nonhuman blood and
semen had more citations than either blood or urine toxicology.

An analysis of the other top primary groups in reference collections
revealed a need for collections of both animal and human hair, but not
domestic animal hair or textile fur hair. Within the paint group, the
automotive subgroup accounted for more than half of the citations. This
subgroup included both foreign and domestic paint collections for
various model years. Within the accelerants group, ignitable
liquids---nonspecified ignitable liquids, as well as gasoline, kerosene,
and turpentine---accounted for the majority of citations. In both
ammunition and firearms, the top subgroups were very general
descriptions of ammunition and firearms collections. The remaining 16
primary groups included no outstanding subgroups.

Since drugs were evaluated individually, not as collections, there was
less interest in collections of drugs than in collections of physical
objects. A detailed list of the reference collections of physical
objects and drugs cited most frequently by section supervisors is
presented in

appendix  F.

### *Exhibit 9. Reference collections by primary groups*

  ------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------
                      **Primary group**       **Number**

                                              

  **Physical          Fiber                   138
  objects**                                   

                      Hair                    104

                      Biological Specimens    82

                      Ammunition              72

                      Paint                   70

                      Accelerants             65

                      Firearms                61

                      Explosives              43

                      Glass                   35

                      Clay, Minerals, &       30
                      Metals                  

                      Typewriter              28

                      Wood/Pollen             24

                      Shoe/Foot               23

                      DNA                     21

                      Polymer                 16

                      Tire                    12

                      Botanical               9

                      Toolmarks               6

                      Tape                    6

                      Paper                   4

                      Ink                     2

                      Dyes                    1

                      Rope                    0

                                              

  **Drugs**           Controlled              8

                      Noncontrolled           1
  ------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------

Looking to the future, section supervisors cited collections that are
needed for the next century. These collections may already exist or may
no longer be available through a commercial source or from the
manufacturer. The fiber and paint groups remain on top of the list, with
more than 50 citations each. Among the fiber subgroups, the most
frequently cited future collections were nonspecified natural fibers,
fibers by end use, and synthetic fibers. The paint subgroups cited most
often were foreign and domestic automotive paint, nonspecific paint
(both automotive and architectural) and paint components (binders,
pigments, extenders, solvents, and additives). The future collections
are presented in rank order in exhibit 10 and further detailed in
appendix G.

### *Exhibit 10. Future collections by primary groups*

+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | #### Primary group       | #### Number        |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      |                          |                    |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
| **Physical objects** | ##### Fiber              | 79                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Paint                    | 70                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Ammunition               | 47                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Accelerants              | 46                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Biological Specimens     | 34                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Explosives               | 34                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Firearms                 | 33                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Shoe/Foot                | 30                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Glass                    | 25                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Tape                     | 23                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Ink                      | 22                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | DNA                      | 19                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Polymer                  | 19                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Hair                     | 18                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Tire                     | 17                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Wood/Pollen              | 13                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Typewriter               | 11                 |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Paper                    | 9                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Clay, Minerals, & Metals | 8                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Toolmarks                | 8                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Dyes                     | 7                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Botanical                | 4                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Rope                     | 4                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      |                          |                    |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
| **Drugs**            | Noncontrolled            | 6                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+
|                      | Controlled               | 2                  |
+----------------------+--------------------------+--------------------+

## National Repository

Like the laboratory directors, the section supervisors were asked what
they considered the primary uses of a national repository and how they
would rank the top three uses (see

exhibit 5 for laboratory directors' responses). The differences in how
the two groups ranked the uses of the repository were striking. Both
agreed that the interpretation of test results was the primary use of a
national repository. For second and third places in the ranking of uses,
however, the section supervisors selected individualization and
classification, while the laboratory directors chose baseline
calibration and acceleration of analysis. It was not surprising that the
laboratory directors ranked acceleration of analysis higher than the
section supervisors did, because a primary goal of the director is to
expedite the case through the laboratory.

### *Exhibit 11. Primary use of a national repository identified by section supervisors*

+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| **Primary use of a national     | ####     | #### Pri  |            |
| repository**                    |  Ranking | mary use  |            |
|                                 |          | selection |            |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
|                                 |          | **Per     | #          |
|                                 |          | centage** | ### Number |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Interpretation of test results  | 1.76     | 14.4      | 233        |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Classification                  | 1.79     | 14.0      | 226        |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Individualization               | 1.79     | 11.7      | 189        |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Clearinghouse                   | 2.00     | 5.3       | 86         |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Baseline calibration            | 2.02     | 5.0       | 81         |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Acceleration of analysis        | 2.11     | 7.7       | 124        |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Training or instructional aids  | 2.16     | 18.5      | 299        |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Research                        | 2.20     | 11.8      | 191        |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Share cost and expense of       | 2.37     | 9.5       | 153        |
| materials and collections       |          |           |            |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+
| Other                           | 1.61     | 2.3       | 37         |
+---------------------------------+----------+-----------+------------+

## *Appendix A: Survey Instruments*

#  Form Approval

# OMB: 0693-0028

# Expires: May 31, 2002

## NIST's Office of Law Enforcement Standards

## Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science

## Laboratory Director Questionnaire

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) has provided funding for this
survey to address the needs and concerns of the forensic science
community.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated
  to average 20 minutes per questionnaire, including the time for
  reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and
  maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the
  collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate
  or any other aspect of this collection of information, including
  suggestions for reducing this burden, to U.S. Department of Commerce
  Reports Clearance Officer, ATTN: Linda Englemier, Department Forms
  Clearance Officer, U. S. Department of Commerce, Room 5327, 14^th^ and
  Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20230.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**INSTRUCTION**: Please complete and return one copy of the Laboratory
Director Questionnaire. In addition, please distribute one copy of the
Supervisor Questionnaire to **EACH** of your sections, departments, or
units to be completed and returned. Additional copies of the Supervisor
Questionnaire may be duplicated as needed. For an electronic copy of the
survey, send an E-mail request to
[survey@aspensys.com](mailto:survey@aspen.com) or call
1--800--441--7080.

# 

# DEFINITIONS 

**Reference Material:** A material or substance, having one or more
properties which are sufficiently established so that the established
property(ies) can be used to assign a value to material, calibrate an
apparatus, assess a measurement method, identify a material or
substance, or provide training and education. A material or substance
may be a single item or part of a single item.

# 

**Reference Collection:** An accumulation of actual samples (e.g.,
samples of drugs, automotive paint, natural fibers, or shoeprints) for
use in the identification and comparison of evidence. A collection may
be physical specimens or other characterization data including but not
limited to spectra, manufacturing data, identification markings, and
photomicrographs. The collection may be gathered from a crime scene
(street samples), compiled by a colleague for internal laboratory use or
part of his/her educational program, or commercially manufactured. The
collection may not be 100 % complete but is a substantial portion of the
materials or substances.

# 

# LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS 

1\. Which of the following best describes your lab? (CHECK ONLY ONE BOX)

 Municipal  Regional  Federal/National  Private/Corporate

 County  State  International

2\. Is your lab part of a system?

 Yes  No

2a. ***If yes***, does this report cover other labs?

 Yes, how many? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  No

3\. Is your lab ASCLD/LAB accredited?

 Yes  No

3a. ***If no***, will you be seeking accreditation in the future?

 Yes  No

4\. We are interested in learning about the organizational structure of
your laboratory. Please list the names of each of the sections,
departments, or units within your laboratory. **DO NOT LIMIT YOUR
LISTING TO TRACE EVIDENCE. ATTACH ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY, ALONG
WITH A COPY OF YOUR ORGANIZATIONAL CHART.**

1.  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7.
    \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2.  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8.
    \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

3.  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9.
    \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

4.  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10.
    \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

5.  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 11.
    \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

6\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 12.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

###### SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS (SWGs) formerly Technical Working Groups (TWG)

5.  Are you aware of the guidelines established by the SWGs/TWGs?

>  Yes (CONTINUE)  No (SKIP TO Q6)
>
> 5a. ***If yes***, does your laboratory voluntarily utilize SWG
> (formerly TWG) guidelines or do you plan to utilize the guidelines in
> the future? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
>
> Yes, currently use Yes, plan to in No future Not
>
> some or all the future plans Applicable
>
> SWG guidelines
>
> DNA (SWGDAM)    
>
> Trace (SWGMAT)    
>
> Fingerprints (SWGFAST)    
>
> Documents (SWGDOC)    
>
> Imagery (SWGIT)    
>
> Digital Image (SWGDE)    
>
> Firearms (SWGFT)    
>
> Drugs (SWGDRUG)    
>
> Explosives (SWGFX)    

#### 

#### NATIONAL REPOSITORY

6\. Do you see a need for a national repository or archive to serve as a
source and custodian of reference collections for forensic science in
the United States?

>  Yes (CONTINUE)  No (SKIP TO Q 9)

7\. How important is the need for a national repository or archive of
reference materials for forensic science?

 Very important

 Somewhat important

 Neither important nor unimportant

 Somewhat unimportant

>  Very unimportant

7a. Please elaborate on your response in question 7 above. (PLEASE
PRINT.)

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

8.  What do you see as the primary use of a national repository?

> 8a. Check all that apply. 8b. Rank your top three selections.

 Classification \_\_\_\_\_

 Individualization \_\_\_\_\_

 Baseline calibration \_\_\_\_\_

 Interpretation of test results \_\_\_\_\_

 Research \_\_\_\_\_

 Training or instructional aids \_\_\_\_\_

>  Clearinghouse \_\_\_\_\_
>
>  Share cost expense of materials/collections \_\_\_\_\_

 Acceleration of analysis \_\_\_\_\_

 Other (SPECIFY): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_

9\. If a national repository for forensic science were established,
should it contain physical specimens, technical data, or both physical
specimens and technical data? Data includes photomicrographs, spectra,
characterization information, manufacturing sources/samples, and
identification markings.

>  Physical specimens/samples/materials only
>
>  Technical data only
>
>  Both physical specimens and technical data
>
>  Other (SPECIFY):
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

10\. If a national repository were established, would your laboratory be
interested in contributing or being a resource for either physical
specimens or data?

>  Physical specimens/samples/materials (current or historical) only
>
>  Technical data only
>
>  Both physical specimens and technical data
>
>  Other
> (SPECIFY):\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

11\. How should a national repository of forensic science materials be
funded?

11.  By annual subscription

 Pay-as-needed basis

>  Government sponsorship
>
>  Other (SPECIFY): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

##### **REFERENCE MATERIALS**

12. In general, how does your laboratory use reference materials and/or
    collections?

(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)

>  Classification
>
>  Individualization
>
>  Baseline calibration
>
>  Population statistics
>
>  Significance assessment
>
>  Interpretation of test results
>
>  Research
>
>  Training or instructional aid
>
>  Acceleration of analysis
>
>  Other (SPECIFY):\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THE**

**SURVEY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE**

####### Please return: Laboratory Director Questionnaire,

**Section Supervisor Questionnaires, and**

**Laboratory Organizational Chart**

**by June 25, 1999**

**MAIL TO: Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science**

**2277 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850--3166**

**or**

**FAX TO: Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science**

**(301) 519--6300**

**For an electronic copy of the survey, send an E-mail request to**
[survey@aspensys.com](mailto:survey@aspen.com) **or call
1--800--441--7080.**

# Form Approval

# OMB: 0693-0028

# Expires: May 31, 2002

## 

## NIST's Office of Law Enforcement Standards

## Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science

### Section Supervisor Questionnaire

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) has provided funding for this
survey to address the needs and concerns of the forensic science
community.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated
  to average 30 minutes per questionnaire, including the time for
  reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and
  maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the
  collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate
  or any other aspect of this collection of information, including
  suggestions for reducing this burden to U.S. Department of Commerce
  Reports Clearance Officer, ATTN: Linda Englemier, Department Forms
  Clearance Officer, U.S. Department of Commerce, Room 5327, 14^th^ and
  Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20230.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

# NAME OF SECTION, DIVISION OR UNIT: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**INSTRUCTION:** NIJ and the Office of Law Enforcement Standards are
interested in obtaining the opinions of technical bench supervisors and
working analysts on the status and needs for reference materials and
collections. **Please make additional copies of the questionnaire, as
necessary**. For an electronic copy of the survey, send an E-mail
request to [survey@aspensys.com](mailto:survey@aspen.com) or call
1--800--441--7080.

# 

# DEFINITIONS 

**Reference Material:** A material or substance, having one or more
properties which are sufficiently established so that the established
property(ies) can be used to assign a value to material, calibrate an
apparatus, assess a measurement method, identify a material or
substance, or provide training and education. A material or substance
may be a single item or part of a single item.

# 

**Reference Collection:** An accumulation of actual samples (e.g.,
samples of drugs, automotive paint, natural fibers, or shoeprints) for
use in the identification and comparison of evidence. A collection may
be physical specimens or other characterization data including but not
limited to spectra manufacturing data, identification markings, and
photomicrographs. The collection may be gathered from a crime scene
(street samples), compiled by a colleague for internal laboratory use or
part of his or her educational program, or commercially manufactured.
The collection may not be 100 % complete but is a substantial portion of
the materials or substance.

**Manufactured** -- A collection that is commercially produced and
distributed for analytical use such as Collaborative Testing Services
(CTS).

**Controlled** -- A collection for analytical use that is created from
evidence found at crime scenes (street samples).

**Authenticated** -- A collection of samples/specimens from a known
source that is documented with a letter or certificate stating one or
more properties of the materials or substance.

1\. What **reference materials** do you need to expand your
investigative capabilities, improve your

efficiency, and thus better enable you to perform your job? Please list
as many reference materials as

you feel would be helpful regardless of how frequently you use the
reference material (several times per

week or once a year).

>  Not Applicable/No Need
>
> **Material** (PLEASE PRINT ONE MATERIAL PER LINE) Office Use Only
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2\. What **reference collections (**e.g., automotive paint, natural
fibers, firearms, and shoeprints) does your lab/section have available
to bench scientists. Since reference collections come from a variety of
sources, please list collections that were gathered from crime scenes
(street samples), compiled by a colleague for internal laboratory use or
as part of his or her educational program, or commercially manufactured.
For each collection listed, please indicate the source of the collection
that is manufactured, controlled, or authenticated. (See definitions on
page 1 of the Section Supervisor Questionnaire.)

>  Not Applicable/No Collections

2a. **COLLECTION** (PLEASE PRINT) **TYPE** (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

> **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
>  Physical samples  Technical data
>
> 2a.1 What is the source or composition of the collection? (CHECK ALL
> THAT APPLY)
>
>  Manufactured  Authenticated
>
>  Controlled  Other (SPECIFY):
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2b. **COLLECTION** (PLEASE PRINT) **TYPE** (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

> **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
>  Physical samples  Technical data
>
> 2b.1 What is the source or composition of the collection? (CHECK ALL
> THAT APPLY)
>
>  Manufactured  Authenticated
>
>  Controlled  Other (SPECIFY):
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2c. **COLLECTION** (PLEASE PRINT) **TYPE** (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

> **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
>  Physical samples  Technical data
>
> 2c.1 What is the source or composition of the collection? (CHECK ALL
> THAT APPLY)
>
>  Manufactured  Authenticated
>
>  Controlled  Other (SPECIFY):
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2d. **COLLECTION** (PLEASE PRINT) **TYPE** (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

> **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
>  Physical samples  Technical data
>
> 2d.1 What is the source or composition of the collection? (CHECK ALL
> THAT APPLY)
>
>  Manufactured  Authenticated
>
>  Controlled  Other (SPECIFY):
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2e. **COLLECTION** (PLEASE PRINT) **TYPE** (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

> **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
>  Physical samples  Technical data
>
> 2e.1 What is the source or composition of the collection? (CHECK ALL
> THAT APPLY)
>
>  Manufactured  Authenticated
>
>  Controlled  Other (SPECIFY):
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2f. **COLLECTION** (PLEASE PRINT) **TYPE** (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

> **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
>  Physical samples  Technical data
>
> 2f.1 What is the source or composition of the collection? (CHECK ALL
> THAT APPLY)
>
>  Manufactured  Authenticated
>
>  Controlled  Other (SPECIFY):
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

3\. What reference collections would you like to see in the future?
Please list collections that are not available, are not adequate for
your needs, or have not yet been developed.(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)

 Not Applicable/No Collections

**COLLECTION** (PLEASE PRINT) **TYPE**

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
 Physical samples  Technical data

#### NATIONAL REPOSITORY

4.  If a national repository or archive was developed to serve as a
    source and custodian of reference collections for forensic science
    in the United States, what would you see as its primary use, as it
    pertains to your section?

> 4a. Check all that apply. 4b. Rank your top three selections.

 Classification \_\_\_\_\_

 Individualization \_\_\_\_\_

 Baseline calibration \_\_\_\_\_

 Interpretation of test results \_\_\_\_\_

 Research \_\_\_\_\_

 Training or instructional aids \_\_\_\_\_

>  Clearinghouse \_\_\_\_\_
>
>  Share cost expense of materials/collections \_\_\_\_\_

 Acceleration of analysis \_\_\_\_\_

 Other (SPECIFY): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_

Completed By:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Telephone: (\_\_\_\_\_)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THE**

**SURVEY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE**

**Please return Section Supervisor Questionnaire to your Laboratory
Director, or**

**his/her representative for inclusion with other sections of this
survey.**

**ALL SURVEY RESPONSES ARE DUE**

**BY NO LATER THAN JUNE 25, 1999**

####### MAIL TO: Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science

**2277 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850--3166**

**or**

**FAX TO: Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science**

**(301) 519--6300**

**For an electronic copy of the survey, send an E-mail request to**
<survey@aspensys.com> **or call 1--800--441--7080.**

## *Appendix B: Laboratory Directors'*

##  *Comments*

APPENDIX B

LABORATORY DIRECTORS' COMMENTS

7a. Please elaborate on the need for a national repository or archive of
reference materials for forensic science.

**Improve Standards and Uniformity**

A central location for reference collections would provide each
laboratory with uniform samples. This would aid in the exchange of data
between laboratories.

It would be an area where all laboratories can access the same
information.

I think it could benefit the forensic science field tremendously by
providing training and education. It would also be used in the
identification and comparison of evidence.

In forensic work, due to the paucity of traceable standards and
reference materials, it is extremely difficult to estimate how good most
of the methods used are. The only alternative that is available to the
forensic area is to participate actively in external proficiencies once
a year. But then again, we are not aware of how good the proficiencies
are.

In the area of proficiency testing, a better quality of source materials
would be available. This would allow for a closer comparison of
laboratory capabilities and competencies.

It would meet the increased need for accurate, NIST-traceable standards
in all fields demanded by court and ASCLD/LAB.

It is important for labs to have accessible standards for
comparison/identification of case samples, as well as for QC purposes.

It would help standardize results, not methodology.

One major difficulty is to find authenticated samples. The recent
proficiency test involving natural fibers is a good case in point.

Reference materials are absolutely necessary for identification and/or
comparison at every level of forensic science.

Standardization and accessibility.

The availability of appropriate reference materials is critical for
appropriate validation, standardization, and verification of methods.

Consistent standards are important to the forensic community. Analysis
should be consistent using standardized methods; reference materials and
collections should be consistent everywhere tests are performed.

It would be helpful for references and possibly for consistency of
information distributed and accessed.

I think most agencies will continue to maintain their own collections.
The sharing of the physical specimens may be a logistical problem; the
data should be easy enough. I do not think anybody will stop production
if one does not exist. It may be a step towards national
standardization.

It is important that all forensic science work in law enforcement is
scientifically acceptable work.

Standards that are verified by a national repository assists in
appropriate QA & QC.

Due to continual changes in technology, it is important to have
continual up-to-date reference materials for review. Even with sending
analysts to school and workshops, there are numerous topics that cannot
be covered thoroughly in this fashion alone.

**Improve Forensic Science**

A source of reference materials and data is essential to the practice of
forensic science due to the varied samples and databases required in
characterizing materials and assigning weight to their value in
assisting the court systems of our country in determining guilt and
innocence.

Attempts should be made to consolidate reference materials currently
held by several Federal agencies.

Economically it makes sense. A national reference collection would
assist both large and small labs/systems.

The FBI has been providing reference collections in the past. However,
forensic science needs a better method to distribute their samples. The
automotive paint collection is a good example of a program that failed.

If a reference file that was available in a particular location was
available throughout the entire United States, it would be of great
value.

It does not exist and would be very useful to have!

It is very important to allow us to have access to a national repository
of fingerprints through our AFIS system.

It's a good idea that should be implemented and available to forensic
labs.

The reference materials are very important for forensic scientists to
improve the forensic analysis in terms of weight and impact in the
system.

A national repository for known criminal fingerprints, firearm marking
and identification (especially for those made outside the United
States), and other technical data specific to forensic science would be
helpful.

Databases such as DNA, fingerprints, and automated bullet comparison
systems are very important to the continued advancement of our field and
cannot be handled fully at the State or local level!

It would be useful to have a centralized source for reference materials
for identification of unknown substances.

Most labs have their own (limited) reference materials. But, it would be
helpful to have one large, complete archive available to supplement
local and State materials because it's often not practical for each and
every lab to maintain a complete inventory.

Some collections, like the national automobile paint collections, are
very important for identification; others, like a collection of
cigarettes, are merely useful to have.

Such a repository supports the goals of SWG guidelines. Forensic science
will elevate itself on a national basis through such an endeavor.

**Assist Individual Laboratories Lacking Resources**

A national repository would provide a known and easily accessible source
for reference materials that individual labs might not have in their own
collections.

At the present time, there is no national repository or Federal labs.
For the most part, they do not have a staff or funds to maintain
reference materials in all the different areas of forensic science.

Having a national repository would enhance the resources of all
laboratories nationwide. It would probably be more beneficial for labs
in isolated rural areas.

Smaller laboratories with stretched resources need this type of
repository, an archive to continue with the latest, most efficient use
of reference materials.

Smaller laboratories, which probably cannot afford expensive performance
collections, should still have access to those collections.

It would provide reference materials for agencies otherwise unable to
collect and maintain reference collections.

It's too expensive to maintain individual collections.

Individual labs do not have the resources to create repositories.

Individual labs do not have resources to maintain an
exhaustive/validated database on most material. The ability to have a
large expensive repository would be of great assistance.

In some areas, it would be nearly impossible to maintain an adequate
repository locally, e.g., automotive paints.

It's needed in some areas, not in others. It would be great if reference
collections could be obtained by all "legal" forensic labs at no cost to
labs.

**Save Time and Resources**

A standardized national repository of both physical specimens and
technical data would save a laboratory both time and money. It should be
connected electronically with the latest search capabilities, as well as
be updated frequently as new information and technology become
available.

All labs require reference materials, but few can afford to keep and
update them.

It would appear to be the one source for reference material without the
time or expense of searching. I imagine it would be accessible to all
labs and maintain consistency between labs.

It would save us time and resources if a central repository were set up.

Many control and/or comparison samples are difficult to locate in a
cost-effective and timely manner.

The relatively low volume of casework performed in State and local labs
pertaining to many types of evidence (e.g., glass, fibers, paints)
preclude the cost-effective maintenance of reference materials.

Too much time is wasted on a major case attempting to collect samples.
Need to go to only one source to get materials.

A single source for all reference materials would greatly diminish time
spent searching for sources of such materials. It also helps in
presentation of testimony if such a source is officially recognized.

It is too time-consuming to try and maintain a current reference
collection in every area.

It would save a considerable amount of time and resources if a national
repository of reference materials were maintained.

Better Access to Rare Collections

It is impossible for every lab to compile and maintain collections,
especially for those items that are not used frequently.

It is very difficult to find many of the items necessary to perform an
analysis. Many of the drug standards are not available, such as
L-Propoxyphene or lysergic acid methyl propylamide (LAMPA). Cost is also
a prohibitive factor.

It would benefit all of forensic science if we had a resource to go to
and obtain reference materials for the more exotic or rarely encountered
exhibits, instead of each lab having to invent the wheel each time such
submissions are encountered.

The availability of unusual reference samples to even the smallest
forensic lab would be of great assistance.

It's needed for unusual casework requiring standards not usually found
in C.L., like wood, minerals, cigarette butts, insects, etc.

It would be beneficial if all forensic labs had access to the most
inclusive reference materials and collections possible instead of
individually attempting to keep up current collections.

Many standards and references must be available quickly and on hand at
the laboratory. Rare items could be archived at a national level.

There are so few reference sources in some disciplines, and in others it
is hard to verify the source.

**Improve Knowledge of What Is Available**

A national repository would enhance the quantity and quality of
materials available by increasing the base of contribution from the
standpoint of reference materials and financial resources.

Knowledge of what is available is critical. Oftentimes labs are not
aware of what is available. A national repository online would answer
this concern.

Many analyses are comparative if QST/STD are available. If no local STD,
then a national database would be required to identify possible sources
of est \[sic\]-local labs not equipped to create these databases. Often,
we are asked how common/rare a material is or what other sources of it
there are.

There are few reference collections readily available for firearms,
fibers, hairs, and footwear.

Without such collections, we will never be able to assign uniqueness to
evidence in casework.

**Not Practical and Too Expensive**

It is nice in theory, but we do not know if it would be practical (what,
how much, and who decides on what to save as reference). How available
will it be at a reasonable cost?

The data collections are very important and the access by users is
imperative, but the cost of application must be considered.

The need for a national archive of law enforcement reference standards
is probably "somewhat" real and "somewhat" important. However, it is
contradictory by definition in that the needs are usually "local" (and
immediate) and a national archive will likely be "distant" (and delayed)
for most all of the Nation's crime laboratories. A national repository
concept could work only if it will provide the needed materials/data on
an immediate time-frame basis. Numerous other complex issues must be
considered and adequately addressed before a concept such as this is
moved forward. Some examples include the huge number and wide variety of
materials encountered as evidence; ever-changing and newly developed
materials; issues of security, safety, confidentiality, restricted
access, and authorization to use "law enforcement" forensic science
reference standards; the issue of manufacturer's proprietary
information; legal issues on validation of
materials/standards/data/collections in the repository; and most
importantly "Who pays?" The concept sounds good, but realistically it is
far too complex, cumbersome, and costly to be an effective,
comprehensive resource for the public forensic laboratories in the
United States.

It would be nice to have the help; but not essential.

**Useful Depending Upon Need**

It could be useful depending on needs.

The importance of the repository would be based on its scope,
accessibility, cost, and relevance.

The need for external reference material is infrequent. We have access
to material from laboratory contacts and library and electronic sources.

### Miscellaneous

A library of mass spectra of drugs, especially these recently approved
by the FDA, would be useful.

If access is simple, inexpensive, and quick -- this is a good source.

We use reference collections in typewriters, automotive paints, shoe
prints, and tire prints.

## *Appendix C: Laboratory Directors'*

## *Results by Type of*

## *Laboratory*

***Table 1. Labs that are part of a system by type of lab***

+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **Type of lab**                | # (N              |                |
|                                | umber) Percentage |                |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
|                                | #                 | **Not part of  |
|                                |  Part of a system | a system**     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Municipal                      | (N=0)             | (N=21)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 0.00%             | 17.36%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Regional                       | (N=5)             | (N=5)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 4.13%             | 4.13%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Federal/National               | (N=5)             | (N=3           |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 4.13%             | 2.48%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| County                         | (N=2)             | (N=18)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 1.65%             | 14.88%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| State                          | (N=47)            | (N=15)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 38.84%            | 12.40%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Total                          | (N=59)            | (N=62)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 48.76%            | 51.24%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+

***Table 2. System labs that include other labs by type of lab***

+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ######## Type of lab           | # (N              |                |
|                                | umber) Percentage |                |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
|                                | # Ot              | **Other labs   |
|                                | her labs included | not included** |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Municipal                      | (N=0)             | (N=0)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 0.00%             | 0.0%           |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ## Regional                    | (N=1)             | (N=4)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 1.69%             | 6.78%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Federal/National               | (N=0)             | (N=5)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 0.00%             | 8.47%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| County                         | (N=1)             | (N=1)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 1.69%             | 1.69%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| State                          | (N=15)            | (N=32)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 25.42%            | 54.24%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Total                          | (N=17)            | (N=42)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 28.81%            | 71.19%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+

*Table 3. ASCLD accreditation by type of lab*

+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **Type of lab**                | # (N              |                |
|                                | umber) percentage |                |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
|                                | # Accredited      | **Not          |
|                                |                   | accredited**   |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Municipal                      | (N=6)             | (N=15)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 4.96%             | 12.40%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ## Regional                    | (N=5)             | (N=5)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 4.13%             | 4.13%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Federal/National               | (N=6)             | (N=2)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 4.96%             | 1.65%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| County                         | (N=10)            | (N=10)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 8.26%             | 8.26%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| State                          | (N=37)            | (N=25)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 30.58%            | 20.66%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Total                          | (N=64)            | (N=57)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 52.89%            | 47.11%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+

*Table 4. Labs seeking accreditation in the future by type of lab*

+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ######## Type of lab           | # (N              |                |
|                                | umber) percentage |                |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
|                                | # Seek            | **Not seeking  |
|                                | ing accreditation | a              |
|                                |                   | ccreditation** |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Municipal                      | (N=12)            | (N=2)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 21.43%            | 3.57%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ## Regional                    | (N=5)             | (N=0)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 8.93%             | 0.00%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Federal/National               | (N=2)             | (N=0)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 3.57%             | 0.00%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| County                         | (N=10)            | (N=0)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 17.86%            | 0.00%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| State                          | (N=21)            | (N=4)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 37.50%            | 7.14%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Total                          | (N=50)            | (N=6)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 89.29%            | 10.71%         |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+

*Table 5. Organizational structure of laboratory by type of lab*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><h2 id="section-10"></h2>
<h2 id="section-11"></h2>
<h2 id="section-12"></h2>
<h2 id="type-of-lab-2">Type of lab</h2></td>
<td colspan="14"><h1 id="number-percentage-4">(Number)
Percentage</h1></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h2 id="section-13"></h2>
<h2 id="alcohol">Alcohol</h2></td>
<td><strong>Field services</strong></td>
<td><h1 id="section-14"></h1>
<h1 id="section-15"></h1>
<h1 id="miscellaneous-1">Miscellaneous</h1></td>
<td><p><strong>Chemical analysis/ controlled substances/</strong></p>
<p><strong>drugs</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>DNA/CODIS/</strong></p>
<p><strong>biochemistry/</strong></p>
<p><strong>biology/</strong></p>
<h4 id="serology">serology</h4></td>
<td><p><strong>Fire</strong></p>
<p><strong>and</strong></p>
<p><strong>explosive</strong></p>
<p><strong>debris</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Firearms</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>AFIS/</strong></p>
<p><strong>latent</strong></p>
<p><strong>fingerprint</strong></p>
<p><strong>examination</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Questioned</strong></p>
<p><strong>documents</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Shoeprint/</strong></p>
<p><strong>tiretrack/</strong></p>
<p><strong>footprint/</strong></p>
<p><strong>firearm/</strong></p>
<p><strong>toolmark</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Toxi-cology</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Trace/</strong></p>
<p><strong>micro-</strong></p>
<p><strong>scopy:</strong></p>
<h5 id="biochemistry"><strong>biochemistry</strong></h5></td>
<td><strong>Special services</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Support</strong></p>
<p><strong>services</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="municipal">Municipal</h2></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>1.42%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>2.84%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=15)</p>
<p>3.55%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>1.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=8)</p>
<p>1.89%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>1.42%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=13)</p>
<p>3.07%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h2 id="regional-3">Regional</h2></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=9)</p>
<p>2.13%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>1.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><h2 id="federal-national">Federal/ National</h2></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>1.42%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h2 id="county">County</h2></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>1.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=13)</p>
<p>3.07%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=14)</p>
<p>3.31%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=8)</p>
<p>1.89%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>2.84%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>State</td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>1.42%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>1.42%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=43)</p>
<p>10.17%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=34)</p>
<p>8.04%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>2.84%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=20)</p>
<p>4.73%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=16)</p>
<p>3.78%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=18)</p>
<p>4.26%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=19)</p>
<p>4.49%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=34)</p>
<p>8.04%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.47%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.24%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Total</td>
<td><p>(N=11)</p>
<p>2.60%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>1.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=21)</p>
<p>4.96%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=83)</p>
<p>19.62%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=68)</p>
<p>16.08%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=10)</p>
<p>2.36%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=29)</p>
<p>6.86%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=36)</p>
<p>8.51%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=27)</p>
<p>6.38%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=30)</p>
<p>7.09%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=29)</p>
<p>6.86%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=65)</p>
<p>15.37%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.71%</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

*Table 6. Aware of SWG/TWG guidelines by type of lab*

+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **Type of Lab**                | # (Number)        |                |
|                                |  percentage {#num |                |
|                                | ber-percentage-5} |                |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
|                                | # Aware           | **Not aware**  |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Municipal                      | (N=20)            | (N=1)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 16.53%            | 0.83%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Regional                       | (N=9)             | (N=1)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 7.44%             | 0.83%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Federal/National               | (N=8)             | (N=0           |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 6.61%             | 0.00%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| County                         | (N=19)            | (N=1)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 15.70%            | 0.83%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| State                          | (N=54)            | (N=8)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 44.63%            | 6.61%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Total                          | (N=110)           | (N=11)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 90.91%            | 9.09%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+

*Table 7A. Municipal laboratory usage of SWG guidelines by type of
guidelines*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Utilization of guidelines</strong></td>
<td><p>DNA</p>
<p>(SWGDAM)</p></td>
<td><p>Trace</p>
<p>(SWGMAT)</p></td>
<td><p>Fingerprints</p>
<p>(SWGFAST)</p></td>
<td><p>Documents</p>
<p>(SWGDOC)</p></td>
<td><p>Image</p>
<p>technology</p>
<p>(SWGIT)</p></td>
<td><p>Digital</p>
<p>evidence</p>
<p>(SWGDE)</p></td>
<td><p>Firearms</p>
<p>(SWGGUN)</p></td>
<td><p>Drugs</p>
<p>(SWGDRUG)</p></td>
<td><p>Explosives</p>
<p>(SWGFEX)</p></td>
<td>Total</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Currently use some/all guidelines</td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>33.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>16.67%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>13.89%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>2.78%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>2.78%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>19.44%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>2.78%</p></td>
<td>36</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Plan to use in the future</td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>4.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>16.28%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>11.63%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>13.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>2.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>6.98%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>16.28%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>13.95%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>13.95%</p></td>
<td>43</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No future plans to use</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>16.67%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>16.67%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>16.67%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>16.67%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Total</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>91</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

*Table 7B. Regional laboratory usage of SWG guidelines by type of
guidelines*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Utilization of guidelines</strong></td>
<td><p>DNA</p>
<p>(SWGDAM)</p></td>
<td><p>Trace</p>
<p>(SWGMAT)</p></td>
<td><p>Fingerprints</p>
<p>(SWGFAST)</p></td>
<td><p>Documents</p>
<p>(SWGDOC)</p></td>
<td><p>Image</p>
<p>technology</p>
<p>(SWGIT)</p></td>
<td><p>Digital evidence</p>
<p>(SWGDE)</p></td>
<td><p>Firearms</p>
<p>(SWGGUN)</p></td>
<td><p>Drugs</p>
<p>(SWGDRUG)</p></td>
<td><p>Explosives</p>
<p>(SWGFEX)</p></td>
<td>Total</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Currently use some/all guidelines</td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>41.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>5.88%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>5.88%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>5.88%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>17.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>17.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>5.88%</p></td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Plan to use in the future</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>20.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>13.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>3.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>13.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>13.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>13.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>16.67%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>6.67%</p></td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No future plans to use</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>50.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>25.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>25.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Total</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>51</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

*Table 7C. Federal/national laboratory usage of SWG guidelines by type
of guidelines*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Utilization of guidelines</strong></td>
<td><p>DNA</p>
<p>(SWGDAM)</p></td>
<td><p>Trace</p>
<p>(SWGMAT)</p></td>
<td><p>Fingerprints</p>
<p>(SWGFAST)</p></td>
<td><p>Documents</p>
<p>(SWGDOC)</p></td>
<td><p>Image</p>
<p>technology</p>
<p>(SWGIT)</p></td>
<td><p>Digital evidence</p>
<p>(SWGDE)</p></td>
<td><p>Firearms</p>
<p>(SWGGUN)</p></td>
<td><p>Drugs</p>
<p>(SWGDRUG)</p></td>
<td><p>Explosives</p>
<p>(SWGFEX)</p></td>
<td>Total</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Currently use some/all guidelines</td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>25.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>16.67%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>8.33%</p></td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Plan to use in the future</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>9.09%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>18.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>18.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>9.09%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>18.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>27.27%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No future plans to use</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Total</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>23</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

*Table 7D. County laboratory usage of SWG guidelines by type of
guidelines*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Utilization of guidelines</strong></td>
<td><p>DNA</p>
<p>(SWGDAM)</p></td>
<td><p>Trace</p>
<p>(SWGMAT)</p></td>
<td><p>Fingerprints</p>
<p>(SWGFAST)</p></td>
<td><p>Documents</p>
<p>(SWGDOC)</p></td>
<td><p>Image</p>
<p>technology</p>
<p>(SWGIT)</p></td>
<td><p>Digital evidence</p>
<p>(SWGDE)</p></td>
<td><p>Firearms</p>
<p>(SWGGUN)</p></td>
<td><p>Drugs</p>
<p>(SWGDRUG)</p></td>
<td><p>Explosives</p>
<p>(SWGFEX)</p></td>
<td>Total</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Currently use some/all guidelines</td>
<td><p>(N=17)</p>
<p>48.57%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>17.14%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>5.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>2.86%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>8.57%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>11.43%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>5.71%</p></td>
<td>35</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Plan to use in the future</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=9)</p>
<p>14.52%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>4.84%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>11.29%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>11.29%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=9)</p>
<p>14.52%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=9)</p>
<p>14.52%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>19.35%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>9.68%</p></td>
<td>62</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No future plans to use</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>11.76%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>11.76%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>17.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>17.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>11.76%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>11.76%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>5.88%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>11.76%</p></td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Total</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>114</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

*Table 7E. State laboratory usage of SWG guidelines by type of
guidelines*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Utilization of guidelines</strong></td>
<td><p>DNA</p>
<p>(SWGDAM)</p></td>
<td><p>Trace</p>
<p>(SWGMAT)</p></td>
<td><p>Fingerprints</p>
<p>(SWGFAST)</p></td>
<td><p>Documents</p>
<p>(SWGDOC)</p></td>
<td><p>Image</p>
<p>technology</p>
<p>(SWGIT)</p></td>
<td><p>Digital evidence</p>
<p>(SWGDE)</p></td>
<td><p>Firearms</p>
<p>(SWGGUN)</p></td>
<td><p>Drugs</p>
<p>(SWGDRUG)</p></td>
<td><p>Explosives</p>
<p>(SWGFEX)</p></td>
<td>Total</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Currently use some/all guidelines</td>
<td><p>(N=38)</p>
<p>30.65%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=18)</p>
<p>14.52%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>9.68%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=10)</p>
<p>8.06%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>2.42%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>3.23%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=14)</p>
<p>11.29%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=20)</p>
<p>16.13%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>4.03%</p></td>
<td>124</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Plan to use in the future</td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>2.27%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=21)</p>
<p>15.91%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=16)</p>
<p>12.12%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>9.09%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=12)</p>
<p>9.09%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=13)</p>
<p>9.85%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=20)</p>
<p>15.15%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=19)</p>
<p>14.39%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=16)</p>
<p>12.12%</p></td>
<td>132</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No future plans to use</td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>8.89%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=8)</p>
<p>17.78%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>11.11%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>15.56%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>15.56%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>13.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>11.11%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>6.67%</p></td>
<td>45</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Total</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>301</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

*Table 8. Need for a national repository by type of lab*

+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **Type of lab**                | # (Number)        |                |
|                                |  percentage {#num |                |
|                                | ber-percentage-6} |                |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
|                                | # Needed          | **Not needed** |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Municipal                      | (N=20)            | (N=1)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 16.53%            | 0.83%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Regional                       | (N=10)            | (N=0)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 8.26%             | 0.00%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Federal/National               | (N=3)             | (N=5)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 2.48%             | 4.13%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| County                         | (N=19)            | (N=1)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 15.70             | 0.83%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| State                          | (N=57)            | (N=5)          |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 47.11%            | 4.13%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Total                          | (N=109)           | (N=12)         |
|                                |                   |                |
|                                | 90.08%            | 9.92%          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+

*Table 9. Importance of a national repository by type of lab*

+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| ### Type of la     | # (Numbe  |           |            |           |
| b {#type-of-lab-3} | r) percen |           |            |           |
|                    | tage {#nu |           |            |           |
|                    | mber-perc |           |            |           |
|                    | entage-7} |           |            |           |
+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
|                    | ###       | **S       | *          | **Very**  |
|                    | ###  {#se | omewhat** | *Neither** |           |
|                    | ction-16} |           |            | **unim    |
|                    |           | **im      | #          | portant** |
|                    | ##        | portant** | ###### imp |           |
|                    | #### Very |           | ortant nor |           |
|                    |           |           |            |           |
|                    | **im      |           | **uni      |           |
|                    | portant** |           | mportant** |           |
+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| Municipal          | (N=8)     | (N=11)    | (N=0)      | (N=0)     |
|                    |           |           |            |           |
|                    | 7.55%     | 10.38%    | 0.00%      | 0.00%     |
+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| Regional           | (N=4)     | (N=6)     | (N=0)      | (N=0)     |
|                    |           |           |            |           |
|                    | 3.77%     | 5.66%     | 0.00%      | 0.00%     |
+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| Federal/National   | (N=2)     | (N=1)     | (N=0)      | (N=0)     |
|                    |           |           |            |           |
|                    | 1.89%     | 0.94%     | 0.00%      | 0.00%     |
+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| State              | (N=37)    | (N=15)    | (N=2)      | (N=1)     |
|                    |           |           |            |           |
|                    | 34.91%    | 14.15%    | 1.89%      | 0.94%     |
+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| Total              | (N=62)    | (N=41)    | (N=2)      | (N=1)     |
|                    |           |           |            |           |
|                    | 58.49%    | 38.68%    | 1.89%      | 0.94%     |
+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+

###### *Table 10. Primary use of a national repository by type of lab*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="9"><strong>(Number) Percentage</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p id="type-of" class="heading">Type of</p>
<p><strong>lab</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Assist individual labs lacking resources</strong></td>
<td><strong>Save time and resources</strong></td>
<td><strong>Better access to rare collections</strong></td>
<td><strong>Improve standards and uniformity</strong></td>
<td><strong>Improve forensic science</strong></td>
<td><strong>Not practical and too expensive</strong></td>
<td><strong>Improve knowledge of what is available</strong></td>
<td><strong>Useful depending upon need</strong></td>
<td><strong>Miscellaneous</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Municipal</td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>6.49%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>2.60%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Regional</td>
<td><p>(N=01)</p>
<p>1.30</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>2.60%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>2.60%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Federal/National</td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>County</td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>5.19%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
<td><p>N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>State</td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>6.49%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>5.19%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=9)</p>
<p>14.29%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=9)</p>
<p>11.69%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Total</td>
<td><p>(N=11)</p>
<p>14.29%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=10)</p>
<p>12.99%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=8)</p>
<p>10.39</p></td>
<td><p>(N=15)</p>
<p>23.38%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=14)</p>
<p>19.48%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>5.19</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>6.49%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>3.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>1.30%</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

***Table 11. Primary use of a national repository by type of lab***

+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
|          | **(     |         |          |           |              |
|          | Number) |         |          |           |              |
|          | perce   |         |          |           |              |
|          | ntage** |         |          |           |              |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| **Type   | **T     | **Cl    | **Interp | **I       | **Share cost |
| of lab** | raining | assific | retation | ndividual | and expense  |
|          | or      | ation** | of test  | ization** | of           |
|          | instru  |         | r        |           | materials/c  |
|          | ctional |         | esults** |           | ollections** |
|          | aids**  |         |          |           |              |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| State    | (N=42)  | (N=35)  | (N=42)   | (N=32)    | (N=30)       |
|          |         |         |          |           |              |
|          | 7.13%   | 5.94%   | 7.13%    | 5.43%     | 5.09         |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| County   | (N=13)  | (N=16)  | (N=15)   | (N=15)    | (N=14)       |
|          |         |         |          |           |              |
|          | 2.21%   | 2.72%   | 2.55%    | 2.55%     | 2.38%        |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| M        | (N=16)  | (N=17)  | (N=12)   | (N=14)    | (N=15)       |
| unicipal |         |         |          |           |              |
|          | 2.72%   | 2.89%   | 2.04%    | 2.38%     | 2.55%        |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| Regional | (N=9)   | (N=8)   | (N=7)    | (N=6)     | (N=8)        |
|          |         |         |          |           |              |
|          | 1.53%   | 1.36%   | 1.19%    | 1.02%     | 1.36%        |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| Federal/ | (N=2)   | (N=3)   | (N=3)    | (N=2)     | (N=2)        |
| National |         |         |          |           |              |
|          | 0.34%   | 0.51%   | 0.51%    | 0.34%     | 0.34%        |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| Total    | (N=82)  | (N=79)  | (N=79)   | (N=69)    | (N=69)       |
|          |         |         |          |           |              |
|          | 13.92%  | 13.41%  | 13.41%   | 11.71%    | 11.71%       |
+----------+---------+---------+----------+-----------+--------------+

***Table 12. Primary use of a national repository by rank and type of
lab***

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="10"><strong>Ranking</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Type of lab</strong></td>
<td><strong>Classification</strong></td>
<td><strong>Individualization</strong></td>
<td><strong>Baseline calibration</strong></td>
<td><strong>Interpretation of test results</strong></td>
<td><strong>Research</strong></td>
<td><strong>Training or instructional aids</strong></td>
<td><strong>Clearinghouse</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Share cost and expense of materials/</strong></p>
<p><strong>collections</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Acceleration of analysis</strong></td>
<td><strong>Other</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Municipal</td>
<td>2.18</td>
<td>2.20</td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td>2.13</td>
<td>3.00</td>
<td>2.13</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>1.86</td>
<td>1.75</td>
<td>1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Regional</td>
<td>1.75</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>2.80</td>
<td>1.50</td>
<td></td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td>2.25</td>
<td>2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Federal/National</td>
<td>2.50</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td></td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>3.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>County</td>
<td>2.38</td>
<td>2.18</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>1.36</td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td>2.40</td>
<td>2.60</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>State</td>
<td>1.88</td>
<td>1.91</td>
<td>1.88</td>
<td>1.72</td>
<td>2.09</td>
<td>2.06</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>2.54</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>3.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Total</td>
<td>2.04</td>
<td>2.02</td>
<td>1.71</td>
<td>1.70</td>
<td>2.19</td>
<td>2.09</td>
<td>2.21</td>
<td>2.15</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>2.40</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

### *Table 13. Contents of a national repository by type of lab*

+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
|             | **(Number)     |            |              |          |
|             | percentage**   |            |              |          |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
| **Type of   | **Physical     | *          | **Both       | *        |
| lab**       | speci          | *Technical | physical     | *Other** |
|             | mens/samples** | data       | specimens    |          |
|             |                | only**     | and          |          |
|             | **materials    |            | technical    |          |
|             | only**         |            | data**       |          |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
| Municipal   | (N=1)          | (N=1)      | (N=19)       | (N=0)    |
|             |                |            |              |          |
|             | 0.83%          | 0.83%      | 15.83%       | 0.00%    |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
| Regional    | (N=0)          | (N=2)      | (N=8)        | (N=0)    |
|             |                |            |              |          |
|             | 0.00%          | 1.67%      | 6.67%        | 0.00%    |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
| Feder       | (N=1)          | (N=2)      | (N=5)        | (N=0)    |
| al/National |                |            |              |          |
|             | 0.83%          | 1.67%      | 4.17%        | 0.00%    |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
| County      | (N=0)          | (N=0)      | (N=20)       | (N=0)    |
|             |                |            |              |          |
|             | 0.00%          | 0.00%      | 16.67%       | 0.00%    |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
| State       | (N=1)          | (N=5)      | (N=54)       | (N=1)    |
|             |                |            |              |          |
|             | 0.83%          | 4.17%      | 45.00%       | 0.83%    |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+
| Total       | (N=3)          | (N=10)     | (N=106)      | (N=1)    |
|             |                |            |              |          |
|             | 2.50%          | 8.33%      | 88.33%       | 0.83%    |
+-------------+----------------+------------+--------------+----------+

***Table 14. Contribution to national repository by type of lab***

+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
|         | **(Nu |       |          |     |       |       |         |
|         | mber) |       |          |     |       |       |         |
|         | pe    |       |          |     |       |       |         |
|         | rcent |       |          |     |       |       |         |
|         | age** |       |          |     |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
| **Type  | *     | *     | **       | **O | *     | **No  | **Unce  |
| of      | *Both | *Tech | Physical | the | *Need | cont  | rtain** |
| lab**   | phy   | nical | sp       | r** | more  | ribut |         |
|         | sical | data  | ecimens/ |     | inf   | ion** | **at    |
|         | spec  | o     | sa       |     | ormat |       | this    |
|         | imens | nly** | mples/** |     | ion** |       | time**  |
|         | and   |       |          |     |       |       |         |
|         | tech  |       | **m      |     |       |       |         |
|         | nical |       | aterials |     |       |       |         |
|         | d     |       | only**   |     |       |       |         |
|         | ata** |       |          |     |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
| State   | (     | (     | (N=5)    | (N  | (N=2) | (N=2) | (N=1)   |
|         | N=33) | N=10) |          | =4) |       |       |         |
|         |       |       | 4.55%    |     | 1.82% | 1.82% | 0.91%   |
|         | 30.00 | 9.09% |          | 5.  |       |       |         |
|         |       |       |          | 64% |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
| Mu      | (     | (N=2) | (N=4)    | (N  | (N=2) | (N=0) | (N=0)   |
| nicipal | N=10) |       |          | =1) |       |       |         |
|         |       | 1.82% | 3.64%    |     | 1.82% | 0.00% | 0.00%   |
|         | 9.09% |       |          | 0.  |       |       |         |
|         |       |       |          | 91% |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
| County  | (     | (N=4) | (N=0)    | (N  | (N=2) | (N=0) | (N=1)   |
|         | N=10) |       |          | =0) |       |       |         |
|         |       | 3.64% | 0.00%    |     | 1.82% | 0.00% | 0.91%   |
|         | 9.09% |       |          | 0.  |       |       |         |
|         |       |       |          | 00% |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
| R       | (N=5) | (N=2) | (N=1)    | (N  | (N=0) | (N=0) | (N=1)   |
| egional |       |       |          | =0) |       |       |         |
|         | 4.55% | 1.82% | 0.91     |     | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.91%   |
|         |       |       |          | 0.  |       |       |         |
|         |       |       |          | 00% |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
| Fe      | (N=3) | (N=2) | (N=0)    | (N  | (N=0) | (N=1) | (N=0)   |
| deral/N |       |       |          | =2) |       |       |         |
| ational | 2.73% | 1.82% | 0.00%    |     | 0.00% | 0.91% | 0.00%   |
|         |       |       |          | 1.  |       |       |         |
|         |       |       |          | 82% |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+
| Total   | (     | (     | (N=10)   | (N  | (N=6) | (N=3) | (N=3)   |
|         | N=61) | N=20) |          | =7) |       |       |         |
|         |       |       | 9.09%    |     | 5.45% | 2.73% | 2.73%   |
|         | 5     | 1     |          | 6.  |       |       |         |
|         | 5.45% | 8.18% |          | 36% |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+-------+----------+-----+-------+-------+---------+

***Table 15. National repository funding by type of lab***

+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
|         | **   |      |        |     |        |     |        |    |
|         | (Num |      |        |     |        |     |        |    |
|         | ber) |      |        |     |        |     |        |    |
|         | perc |      |        |     |        |     |        |    |
|         | enta |      |        |     |        |     |        |    |
|         | ge** |      |        |     |        |     |        |    |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
| **Type  | **Go | **By | **     | **  | **Gove | **O | ##     | #  |
| of      | vern | an   | Annual | Pay | rnment | the | #####  | No |
| lab**   | ment | nual | subscr | on  | spons  | r** | Subscr | t  |
|         | s    | su   | iption | as- | orship |     | iption | su |
|         | pons | bscr | and    | nee | with   |     |        | re |
|         | orsh | ipti | gove   | ded | m      |     | **(a   |    |
|         | ip** | on** | rnment | b   | inimal |     | nnual) |    |
|         |      |      | s      | asi | pay by |     | p      |    |
|         |      |      | ponsor | s** | need   |     | ay-as- |    |
|         |      |      | ship** |     | ac     |     | needed |    |
|         |      |      |        |     | cess** |     | basis  |    |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     | and    |    |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     | gove   |    |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     | rnment |    |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     | s      |    |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     | ponsor |    |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     | ship** |    |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
| State   | (N   | (    | (N=6)  | (N  | (N=2)  | (N  | (N=3)  | (  |
|         | =40) | N=8) |        | =4) |        | =2) |        | N= |
|         |      |      | 4.76%  |     | 1.59%  |     | 2.38%  | 0) |
|         | 31   | 6    |        | 3.  |        | 1.  |        |    |
|         | .75% | .35% |        | 17% |        | 59% |        | 0  |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | .0 |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | 0% |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
| County  | (N   | (    | (N=3)  | (N  | (N=1)  | (N  | (N=0)  | (  |
|         | =12) | N=3) |        | =2) |        | =1) |        | N= |
|         |      |      | 2.38%  |     | 0.79%  |     | 0.00%  | 0) |
|         | 9    | 2    |        | 1.  |        | 0.  |        |    |
|         | .52% | .38% |        | 59% |        | 79% |        | 0  |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | .0 |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | 0% |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
| Mu      | (N   | (    | (N=0)  | (N  | (N=3)  | (N  | (N=0)  | (  |
| nicipal | =13) | N=1) |        | =2) |        | =1) |        | N= |
|         |      |      | 0.00%  |     | 2.38%  |     | 0.00%  | 1) |
|         | 10   | 0    |        | 1.  |        | 0.  |        |    |
|         | .32% | .79% |        | 59% |        | 79% |        | 0  |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | .7 |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | 9% |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
| R       | (    | (    | (N=3)  | (N  | (N=0)  | (N  | (N=0)  | (  |
| egional | N=4) | N=3) |        | =0) |        | =0) |        | N= |
|         |      |      | 2.38%  |     | 0.00%  |     | 0.00%  | 0) |
|         | 3    | 2    |        | 0.  |        | 0.  |        |    |
|         | .17% | .38% |        | 00% |        | 00% |        | 0  |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | .0 |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | 0% |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
| Fe      | (    | (    | (N=0)  | (N  | (N=0)  | (N  | (N=0)  | (  |
| deral/N | N=4) | N=2) |        | =0) |        | =1) |        | N= |
| ational |      |      | 0.00%  |     | 0.00%  |     | 0.00%  | 1) |
|         | 3    | 1    |        | 0.  |        | 0.  |        |    |
|         | .17% | .59% |        | 00% |        | 79% |        | 0. |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | 79 |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+
| Total   | (N   | (N   | (N=12) | (N  | (N=6)  | (N  | (N=3)  | (  |
|         | =73) | =17) |        | =8) |        | =5) |        | N= |
|         |      |      | 9.52%  |     | 4.76%  |     | 2.38%  | 2) |
|         | 57   | 13   |        | 6.  |        | 3.  |        |    |
|         | .94% | .49% |        | 35% |        | 97% |        | 1  |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | .5 |
|         |      |      |        |     |        |     |        | 9% |
+---------+------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+----+

###  {#section-17}

***Table 16. Use of reference materials by type of lab***

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="11"><strong>(Number) percentage</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Type of lab</strong></td>
<td><strong>Interpreta-tion of test results</strong></td>
<td><strong>Training or instructional aid</strong></td>
<td><strong>Classification</strong></td>
<td><strong>Individualization</strong></td>
<td><strong>Baseline calibration</strong></td>
<td><strong>Research</strong></td>
<td><strong>Population statistics</strong></td>
<td><strong>Accelera-tion of analysis</strong></td>
<td><strong>Significance assessment</strong></td>
<td><strong>Comparisons</strong></td>
<td><strong>Standards and controls</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>State</td>
<td><p>(N=50)</p>
<p>9.03%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=46)</p>
<p>8.30%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=42)</p>
<p>7.58%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=32)</p>
<p>5.78%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=32)</p>
<p>5.78%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=24)</p>
<p>4.33%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=21)</p>
<p>3.79%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=21)</p>
<p>3.79%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=18)</p>
<p>3.25%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.54%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.18%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>County</td>
<td><p>(N=17)</p>
<p>3.07%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=15)</p>
<p>2.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=16)</p>
<p>2.89%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=14)</p>
<p>2.53%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=10)</p>
<p>1.81%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=10)</p>
<p>1.81%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=9)</p>
<p>1.62%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>0.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=8)</p>
<p>1.44%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Municipal</td>
<td><p>(N=15)</p>
<p>2.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=18)</p>
<p>3.25%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=15)</p>
<p>2.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=15)</p>
<p>2.71%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=10)</p>
<p>1.81%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=8)</p>
<p>1.44%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>1.26%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>0.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.72%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.18%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Regional</td>
<td><p>(N=8)</p>
<p>1.44%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=6)</p>
<p>1.08%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=7)</p>
<p>1.26%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>0.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.36%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.36%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.72%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.54%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=2)</p>
<p>0.36%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Federal/National</td>
<td><p>(N=5)</p>
<p>0.90%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.72%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.72%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=3)</p>
<p>0.54%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=4)</p>
<p>0.72%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=1)</p>
<p>0.18%</p></td>
<td><p>(N=0)</p>
<p>0.00%</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Total</td>
<td>95</td>
<td>89</td>
<td>84</td>
<td>69</td>
<td>54</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

## *Appendix D: Study Methodology*

## APPENDIX D

##  {#section-18}

## STUDY METHODOLOGY

The 1999 *Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science*, sponsored
by the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Office of Law
Enforcement Standards (OLES), was funded by the National Institute of
Justice (NIJ). The survey is a systematic, scientific, and comprehensive
study designed to determine which certified reference materials and
collections the Nation's crime laboratories need in order to expand
their investigative capabilities and improve their efficiency.

# Technical Advisory Panel

To assist in this effort, a Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) was formed to
provide input from the forensic science community. The TAP consisted of
nine individuals who were representative of the study population. The
panel included members of the American Society of Crime Laboratory
Directors (crime laboratory directors and/or section supervisors),
Scientific Working Group chairs or committee members (working
scientists), and representatives from four of the Federal crime
laboratories (Federal Bureau of Investigation; Drug Enforcement
Administration; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; and the U.S.
Postal Service).

## Site Visits and Pretest

During the survey design phase, six site visits to laboratories in
Connecticut, New York, Florida, Illinois, Virginia, and FBI Headquarters
were conducted to provide insight into the diversity of the
organizations, the services provided, the terminology used, and the data
elements that would be recorded.

In addition, the questionnaire was pretested in a number of crime
laboratories to assess the clarity of the instructions, language, and
definitions, as well as the time required to complete the laboratory
director questionnaire and the section supervisor questionnaire. The
following laboratories participated in the pretest:

-   Orange County (CA) Sheriff's Department ‑ Forensic Science Services

-   Georgia Bureau of Investigation ‑ Forensic Science Division

-   Florida Department of Law Enforcement Regional Laboratory

-   Miami‑Dade Police Department

-   Forensic Science Center at Chicago

-   Virginia Division of Forensic Science

-   Hamilton County (OH) Coroner\'s Lab

-   Huntington Beach (CA) Police Department

-   Albuquerque Police Department

# Survey Sample 

Because the *Survey of Reference Materials for Forensic Science* was
intentionally designed to capture the opinions of frontline scientists,
Aspen's Survey Research Center expanded the universe of laboratories
surveyed to include field laboratories as well as headquarters. A
universe of 352 public crime laboratories was created using mailing
lists obtained from the FBI and ASCLD. The FBI's Combined DNA Index
System (CODIS) list, updated through November 1998, included
headquarters and field laboratories, as well as mobile units. The CODIS
list was combined with the ASCLD membership list, which had been updated
through September 1998. To ensure that the list of public crime labs was
as comprehensive as possible, Aspen updated the ASCLD list based on
knowledge of individual labs and information from the ASCLD Workload
Survey Aspen conducted in January 1999. University labs, private and
foreign labs, the mobile units, and scientists who had retired from the
laboratories were removed from the newly combined universe. Each lab was
assigned a unique identification number that would be used to link the
ID printed on the surveys to the name and address of the lab.

# Data Collection

On May 21, 1999, the survey was mailed to 352 crime laboratories across
the Nation. The survey data were collected from May 21 to June 25, 1999.
Laboratory directors who had not responded by the initial due date of
June 25, 1999, were contacted by telephone between July 1 and July 7,
and encouraged to complete and return the survey. If the survey had been
lost or misplaced, another copy was mailed. Aspen processed all surveys
received through August 21, 1999.

## Response Rate

The overall response rate for the laboratory director survey was 34 %.
This figure is based solely on the number of surveys that were mailed to
crime laboratories (352) and the number of laboratory director
questionnaires that were returned (121). Seventeen of the 121 responding
laboratories reported that they were part of a system of laboratories
and that their survey responses covered the other laboratories as well
as their own. Each of these 17 laboratories included data for between
one and seven additional labs in their surveys, for a total of 60
additional labs. The adjusted response rate was 51 % (181 labs). The
response rate by type of laboratory, excluding the additional system
laboratories, was as follows:

***Response rate by type of laboratory***

+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| ####             | # Sample       | **Number of    | # Percen       |
|  Laboratory type |                | respondents**  | tage of sample |
+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| State            | 138            | 62             | 44.9           |
+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Municipal        | 73             | 21             | 28.7           |
+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| County           | 52             | 20             | 38.4           |
+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Regional         | 56             | 10             | 17.8           |
+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| Federal/National | #  33          | #  8           | 24.2           |
|                  |  {#section-19} |  {#section-20} |                |
+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| **Total**        | #  352         | #  121         | # 34.3         |
|                  |  {#section-21} |  {#section-22} |  {#section-23} |
+------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

In response to the section supervisor survey, a total of 431
questionnaires were returned. The response ranged from one to nine
questionnaires per laboratory and averaged 3.7 per laboratory.

## Analysis

The survey data were keyed into two separate systems. The close-ended
responses to the laboratory director questionnaire were keyed with 100 %
verification into an ASCII file and imported into the Statistical
Analysis System (SAS) analysis.

The section supervisor questionnaire began with a request for the name
of the supervisor's section, division, or unit. The request produced 42
different section classifications, each reflecting the operations of the
laboratory in a real-world environment. To facilitate the analysis, the
following 14 broad classifications were created:

-   AFIS/Latent Fingerprint Examination.

-   Alcohol.

-   Chemical Analysis/Controlled Substances/Drugs.

-   DNA/CODIS/Biochemistry/Biology/Serology.

-   Field Services.

-   Fire and Explosive Debris.

-   Firearms.

-   Miscellaneous.

-   Questioned Documents.

-   Shoeprint/Tiretrack/Footprints/Firearms/Toolmarks.

-   Special Services.

-   Support Services.

-   Toxicology.

-   Trace/Microscopy/Biochemistry.

The responses to the three open-ended questions on the section
supervisor survey were keyed into separate Excel spreadsheets for each
of the questions and classified into one of six categories as follows:

1.  Computer databases.

2.  Books and printed databases.

3.  Physical objects.

4.  Chemicals.

5.  Certified reference or calibration standards.

6.  Training aids or materials.

Once the data were entered, classified, and verified, they were imported
into the SAS to perform a series of keyword searches. Many of the needs
the supervisors reported were readily available resources such as books,
journals, and computer databases. These categories---1, 2, and 6---were
reviewed independently from the word search and classified into books,
journals, computer databases, manuals, reference guides, and product
literature. For data in Category 4, chemicals, the *Physicians' Desk
Reference* and the *Code of Federal Regulations: Food and Drugs* were
used to identify the drugs and classify them by type of controlled
substance schedule (I, II, III, IV, or V); prescription drugs; or
over-the-counter medications.

An initial list of keyword searches was identified, and the remaining
ungrouped words were reviewed for possible inclusion in the search
strings or the creation of additional primary categories. The primary
group search included the primary text string plus the various secondary
names listed in the search string. The listing was used *only once*
within a primary group but could be used in several different primary
groups. Any listings that were not in a primary group were assigned to
the category "Not Classified Elsewhere." Those listings were printed out
and reviewed for possible creation of a new group or for other
adjustments (e.g., combined groups). The primary categories and their
search strings are listed below:

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ## Primary group                  | ## Search string                  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Fiber                             | Animal hair; textile; natural;    |
|                                   | synthetic; fibers; carpet;        |
|                                   | man-made; upholstery; wigs;       |
|                                   | insulation; linen; flax;          |
|                                   | microfibers; modacrylic;          |
|                                   | polyester; rayon; silk; sisal;    |
|                                   | textile; asbestos; dacron; cloth. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Paint                             | Automotive; architectural; craft; |
|                                   | artistic media; primer;           |
|                                   | structural; house; pigments,      |
|                                   | binders; PDQ.                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Hair                              | Hair; fur; dog; cow; deer; horse; |
|                                   | llama; mouse; opossum; raccoon;   |
|                                   | rat.                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Shoe/Foot                         | Foot; footwear; shoe; shoeprints. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ## Primary group                  | ## Search string                  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Ammunition                        | Bullet; shotshells; pellets;      |
|                                   | cartridge case; casing; gun       |
|                                   | powder; gunshot; percussion caps; |
|                                   | BBs; ammo; cartridges.            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Firearms                          | Barrels; reloading; pistol;       |
|                                   | rifle; serial; weapons.           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Accelerants                       | Ignitable liquid; kerosene;       |
|                                   | explosives; gasoline; SAM;        |
|                                   | flammable; turpentine;            |
|                                   | accelerants; arson.               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Tire                              |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Glass                             | Auto; lamps; bulb; sheet;         |
|                                   | optical.                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Typewriter                        | Font; Bouffard; HAAS; type;       |
|                                   | print; check writer; fax.         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Wood/Pollen                       | Gymnosperm; hardwoods; pollen.    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Explosives                        | Black; black powder; smokeless;   |
|                                   | Pyrodex; powder; blasting caps.   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Paper                             | Watermarks; documents.            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Polymer                           | Plastic; rubber.                  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Ink                               | Toner; documents; photocopy.      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Tape                              | Adhesive; duct; package; masking; |
|                                   | vinyl; glue.                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Dyes                              |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Drugs, Controlled Substances      | Refer to *Code of Federal         |
|                                   | Regulations: Food and Drugs.*     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Drugs, Pharmaceuticals            | Refer to *Physicians' Desk        |
|                                   | Reference.*                       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Drugs, Over-the-Counter           | Brand names.                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Botanicals                        | Leaves; needles; coca; marijuana; |
|                                   | mushrooms; soil; plants.          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Toolmarks                         | Hand tools; knife; tool; locks;   |
|                                   | keys.                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Computer                          | Hard drive; printers;             |
|                                   | photocopiers; toners.             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Biological                        | Blood; sperm; semen; body fluid;  |
|                                   | urine; saliva; serology.          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| DNA                               | CODIS                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Clay, Minerals, & Metals          | Safe insulation; soil.            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ##### Rope                        | Cord; cordage; twine; jute;       |
|                                   | sisal.                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| NCE (Not Classified Elsewhere)    |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

## *Appendix E: Reference Materials*

**PHYSICAL OBJECTS**

**GROUP=Accelerants**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 36

  Explosives Standards (Low & High, Including Pyrotechnics) U.S.  15
  and Foreign                                                     

  Ignitable Liquids-Neat and Weathered with Analytical Data       21
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Ammunition**

+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| > **Material**                                                |   | *    |
|                                                               |   | *Cou |
|                                                               |   | nt** |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| TOTAL FOR GROUP                                               |   | 50   |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| General Ammunition                                            |   | 15   |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Gunpowders/Propellants                                        |   | 11   |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Bullets                                                       |   | 7    |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Gunshot Residue Standards                                     |   | 7    |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Metal Alloys Standards                                        |   | 3    |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Cartridge Cases                                               |   | 2    |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Primers                                                       |   | 2    |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Ammunition Test Results                                       |   | 1    |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Percussion Caps, BBs, Pellets                                 | 1 |      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+
| Wound Ballistic Profiles                                      | 1 |      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---+------+

**GROUP=Biological Specimens**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 94

  Toxicology, Blood                                               25

  Semen, Human                                                    18

  Toxicology, Urine                                               13

  Blood, Human                                                    12

  Semen, Nonhuman                                                 12

  Blood, Nonhuman                                                 8

  Body Fluids                                                     6
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Botanical**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 12

  Marijuana                                                       5

  Botanical Material Standards (Leaves/Needles, Type and Shape)   3

  Soil Material - Sand, Silica, etc.                              3

  Psilocybin Mushrooms (Dried)                                    1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Clay, Minerals, & Metals**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 16

  Metals                                                          4

  Soil Samples (for Size Gradation, Color Assay, and Clay Typing) 3

  Building Materials/Safe Insulation                              1

  Clays                                                           1

  Environmental Minerals                                          1

  Heavy Metals ICP-MS Standards for Toxicology Screens            1

  Metal End Caps (Manufacturer\'s)                                1

  Minerals                                                        1

  RI/Trace Metals in Glass                                        1

  Samples of Metals and Alloys Used in FIA and Ammo Manufacture   1

  Segmental Hair Standards (Heavy Metals)                         1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=DNA**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 59

  Human Origin Specimens -- Extracts of Known Quality (Type of    28
  Loci) and Quantity                                              

  Method Specific Quantization Standards and Molecular Weight     11
  Standards                                                       

  Human Origin Specimens -- Fluid/Tissue/Organ Standards          10
  (Including Saliva, Semen, Blood, Muscle, Bone and Teeth)        

  Other Method, Training and/or Validation Standards (Molecular   5
  Ladders, Mixtures of Known Proportion, CODIS Profiles, Lineage  
  Reference Set, Mock Case Samples)                               

  Human Origin Specimens -- Gender Standards (Male/Female)        4

  Nonhuman Origin Specimens                                       1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Dyes**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 3

  Bank Dyes                                                       1

  Dyes Associated with Tear Gas(es)                               1

  Dyes of Fibers (Yearly)                                         1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Explosives**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 38

  General Explosives                                              12

  General Gunpowder/Propellants                                   12

  Smokeless Powders                                               4

  Black Powder/Substitutes                                        2

  Chemistry of Powder and Explosives                              2

  Low Explosives                                                  2

  Black Pepper Spray                                              1

  Blasting Caps                                                   1

  Explosives Residues                                             1

  High Explosives                                                 1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Fiber**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 131

  Fibers by End Use                                               21

  Synthetic Fibers                                                17

  Natural Fibers                                                  16

  Mineral Fibers                                                  14

  Animal Fibers                                                   13

  Manufactured Fibers                                             13

  Fabric                                                          12

  Vegetable Fibers                                                12

  Analytical Data                                                 10

  Polymers                                                        2

  Textile Dyes                                                    1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Firearms**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 19

  General Firearms                                                14

  Consecutively Manufactured Barrels                              1

  Firearms Photographs                                            1

  Proficiency Test Materials                                      1

  Reloading Equipment                                             1

  Serial Numbers, Marks, and Patterns                             1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Glass**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 32

  Glass                                                           17

  NIST Glass Standards                                            6

  CTS Glass                                                       1

  Miscellaneous Refractive Index Standards                        2

  Calibration Standards for GRIM and GRIM2                        2

  Miscellaneous Composition Standards                             2

  Automobile Headlamps                                            2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Hair**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 22

  Animal Hairs                                                    10

  Domestic Animal Hairs                                           6

  Human Hairs                                                     4

  Textile Fur Hairs                                               2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Ink**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 8

  General Inks                                                    4

  Toners                                                          2

  Light Source for Examination of Documents                       1

  TLC Library of Inks                                             1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Paint**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 65

  Automotive Paint -- Physical Specimens (Both Foreign and        20
  Domestic)                                                       

  Paint Samples -- Physical Specimens, Nonspecific (Both          18
  Automotive and Architectural)                                   

  Samples of Paint Components -- Binders, Pigments, Extenders,    10
  Solvents, and Additives                                         

  Architectural Paint -- Physical Specimens                       9
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###  PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Paint (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Paint and Paint Component Data Bases -- Composition, Year, Make 4

  Collection of Spectra (IR, Pyrolysis, Chromatograms) from Paint 3
  and Paint Components                                            

  Proficiency Paint Test Samples                                  1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Paper**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 8

  Paper                                                           3

  Watermarks                                                      3

  Light for Examination of Documents                              1

  Paper Tapes                                                     1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Polymer**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 18

  Plastics                                                        8

  Polymers                                                        6

  Plasticizers-Reference Collection                               1

  Plastic-to-Spectra Couple Kinds (Useful for FTIR Calibration)   1

  Rubber                                                          1

  Thin Film for IR or Pyrolosis GC of Polymers Used in            1
  Manufacture of Synthetic Fibers and Paints                      
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Rope**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 7

  Rope, All Types                                                 7
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Shoe/Foot**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 16

  Shoe--Tread Design by Manufacturer                              16
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###  PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Tape**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 16

  Tapes                                                           7

  Duct Tape                                                       5

  Adhesives                                                       4
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Tires**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 12

  Tires by Manufacturer                                           12
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Toolmarks**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 5

  Knife Reference Collection                                      2

  Tool Reference Collection                                       2

  Examples of Sharp Force Trauma in Soft Tissue and Bone from     1
  Common \"Tools\" with Known Force Applied                       
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Typewriter**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 6

  Typewriter Collection                                           5

  Checkwriter                                                     1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Wood/Pollen**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 9

  Wood                                                            5

  Pollens                                                         4
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###   {#section-24}

### DRUGS

**GROUP=Noncontrolled**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 313

  Fluoxetine                                                      3

  Ibuprofen                                                       3

  Lidocaine                                                       3

  Quinine                                                         3

  Tramadol                                                        3

  Acetaminophen                                                   2

  Amitriptyline                                                   2

  Atropine                                                        2

  Benzocaine                                                      2

  Brompheniramine                                                 2

  Bupivacaine                                                     2

  Caffeine                                                        2

  Carbamazepine                                                   2

  Carbinoxamine                                                   2

  Carisoprodol                                                    2

  Chlorpromazine                                                  2

  Chlorzoxazone                                                   2

  Clozapine                                                       2

  Cyclobenzaprine                                                 2

  Desipramine                                                     2

  Diltiazem                                                       2

  Diphenhydramine                                                 2

  Doxepin                                                         2

  Doxylamine                                                      2

  Ephedrine                                                       2

  Guaifenesin                                                     2

  Hydroxyzine                                                     2

  Imipramine                                                      2

  Isoflurane                                                      2

  Maprotiline                                                     2

  Meclizine                                                       2

  Mesoridazine                                                    2

  Metoclopramide                                                  2

  Metoprolol                                                      2

  Naproxen, Naprosyn                                              2

  Nefazodone                                                      2

  Nicotine                                                        2

  Nortriptyline                                                   2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###  DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Noncontrolled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Orphenadrine                                                    2

  Papaverine                                                      2

  Paroxetine                                                      2

  Phenylpropanolamine                                             2

  Primidone                                                       2

  Procaine                                                        2

  Promethazine                                                    2

  Propafenone                                                     2

  Propoxyphene                                                    2

  Propranolol                                                     2

  Pseudoephedrine                                                 2

  Quinidine                                                       2

  Salicylamide                                                    2

  Salicylate                                                      2

  Sertraline                                                      2

  Theophylline                                                    2

  Thioridazine                                                    2

  Trazadone                                                       2

  Trimethoprim                                                    2

  Trimipramine                                                    2

  Valproic Acid                                                   2

  Venlafaxine                                                     2

  Verapamil                                                       2

  Warfarin                                                        2

  Acebutolol                                                      1

  Acetazolamide                                                   1

  Acetohexamide                                                   1

  Acetylsalicylic acid                                            1

  Albuterol                                                       1

  Amantadine                                                      1

  Amiodarone                                                      1

  Amoxapine                                                       1

  Analgesics (NSAIDs)                                             1

  Aniline                                                         1

  Anticonvulsants                                                 1

  Antihistamines                                                  1

  Antipyrine                                                      1

  Aspirin                                                         1

  Atenolol                                                        1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Noncontrolled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Atracurium                                                      1

  Azatadine                                                       1

  Baclofen                                                        1

  Benzonatate                                                     1

  Benztropine                                                     1

  Biperiden                                                       1

  Bisoprolol                                                      1

  Bumetanide                                                      1

  Bupropion                                                       1

  Buspirone                                                       1

  Camphor                                                         1

  Captopril                                                       1

  Chloroprocaine                                                  1

  Chloroquine                                                     1

  Chlorothiazide                                                  1

  Chlorpropamide                                                  1

  Chlorprothixene                                                 1

  Chlorthalidone                                                  1

  Cimetidine                                                      1

  Clomipramine                                                    1

  Clonidine                                                       1

  Colchicine                                                      1

  Cyproheptadine                                                  1

  Dantrolene                                                      1

  Dicyclomine                                                     1

  Diflunisal                                                      1

  Digitoxin                                                       1

  Digoxin                                                         1

  Dilantin                                                        1

  Dimethylsulfoxide                                               1

  Disopyramide                                                    1

  Disulfiram                                                      1

  Doxapram                                                        1

  Dyphylline                                                      1

  Enflurane                                                       1

  Ethosuximide                                                    1

  Ethotoin                                                        1

  Ethyl chloride                                                  1

  Etidocaine                                                      1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Noncontrolled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Etodolac                                                        1

  Felodipine                                                      1

  Fenoprofen                                                      1

  Flecainide                                                      1

  Fluconazole                                                     1

  Flumazenil                                                      1

  Fluorouracil, 5-                                                1

  Fluphenazine                                                    1

  Fructose                                                        1

  Furosemide                                                      1

  Glucose                                                         1

  Haldol                                                          1

  Haloperidol                                                     1

  Halothane                                                       1

  Hexachlorophene                                                 1

  Hydrochlorothiazide                                             1

  Hydroxychloroquine                                              1

  Indapamide                                                      1

  Indomethacin                                                    1

  Insulin                                                         1

  Ipecac                                                          1

  Isometheptene                                                   1

  Isoniazid                                                       1

  Isopropanol                                                     1

  Isoproterenol                                                   1

  Isosorbide dinitrate                                            1

  Ketoprofen                                                      1

  Ketorolac                                                       1

  Labetalol                                                       1

  Lindane                                                         1

  Lithium                                                         1

  Loxapine                                                        1

  Ludiomil                                                        1

  Mefenamic acid                                                  1

  Mephenytoin                                                     1

  Mepivacaine                                                     1

  Metaproterenol                                                  1

  Metaxalone                                                      1

  Metformin                                                       1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Noncontrolled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Methocarbamol                                                   1

  Methotrimeprazine                                               1

  Methsuximide                                                    1

  Methyl salicylate                                               1

  Methyldopa                                                      1

  Metronidazole                                                   1

  Minoxidil                                                       1

  Molindone                                                       1

  Moricizine                                                      1

  Nadolol                                                         1

  Nalbuphine                                                      1

  Naloxone                                                        1

  Naltrexone                                                      1

  Nicardipine                                                     1

  Nifedipine                                                      1

  Nimodipine                                                      1

  Nitrate                                                         1

  Nitrites for Greiss Test                                        1

  Nitrofurantoin                                                  1

  Nitroglycerin                                                   1

  Nitrous oxide                                                   1

  Nizatidine                                                      1

  Oxaprozin                                                       1

  Oxtriphylline                                                   1

  Oxyphenbutazone                                                 1

  Pancuronium bromide                                             1

  Paxil                                                           1

  Pentoxifylline                                                  1

  Perphenazine                                                    1

  Phenacetin                                                      1

  Phenazone                                                       1

  Phenelzine                                                      1

  Phenformin                                                      1

  Pheniramine                                                     1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Noncontrolled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Phenmetrazine                                                   1

  Phenol                                                          1

  Phensuximide                                                    1

  Phenylbutazone                                                  1

  Phenylephrine                                                   1

  Phenyltoloxamine                                                1

  Phenytoin                                                       1

  Pindolol                                                        1

  Piroxicam                                                       1

  Potassium                                                       1

  Prazosin                                                        1

  Prilocaine                                                      1

  Primaquine                                                      1

  Probenecid                                                      1

  Procainamide                                                    1

  Procaineamide                                                   1

  Prochlorperazine                                                1

  Procyclidine                                                    1

  Propofol                                                        1

  Propylene glycol                                                1

  Propylhexedrine                                                 1

  Protriptyline                                                   1

  Pyrilamine                                                      1

  Ranitidine                                                      1

  Salicylic Acid                                                  1

  Scopolamine                                                     1

  Selegiline                                                      1

  SKF-525A                                                        1

  Sotalol                                                         1

  Spermicides                                                     1

  Steroids (not anabolic)                                         1

  Succinylcholine                                                 1

  Sucrose                                                         1

  Sulfanilamide                                                   1

  Sulfathiazole                                                   1

  Sulindac                                                        1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Noncontrolled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Sympathominetrics, alpha                                        1

  Talcum powders                                                  1

  Terbutaline                                                     1

  Terfenadine                                                     1

  Tetrahchloroethylene                                            1

  Thiothixene                                                     1

  Timolol                                                         1

  Tocainide                                                       1

  Tolazamide                                                      1

  Tolmetin                                                        1

  Toradol                                                         1

  Tranylcypromine                                                 1

  Triamterene                                                     1

  Tricyclic antidepressants                                       1

  Trifluoperazine                                                 1

  Trihexyphenidyl                                                 1

  Tripelennamine                                                  1

  Tubocurarine                                                    1

  Yohimbine                                                       1

  Zidovudine                                                      1

  Zoloft                                                          1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Controlled**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 280

  Codeine                                                         5

  Flunitrazepam                                                   4

  Oxycodone                                                       4

  Amphetamine                                                     3

  Diazepam                                                        3

  Dihydrocodeine                                                  3

  Fentanyl                                                        3

  Hydromorphone                                                   3

  Levorphanol                                                     3

  Methaqualone                                                    3

  Phentermine                                                     3

  Psilocin                                                        3

  Psilocybin                                                      3

  Alfentanil                                                      2

  Alphaprodine                                                    2

  Alprazolam                                                      2

  Anabolic Steroids                                               2

  Anileridine                                                     2

  Barbital                                                        2

  Butalbital                                                      2

  Chlordiazepoxide                                                2

  Chlorpheniramine                                                2

  Clonazepam                                                      2

  Diphenoxylate                                                   2

  Etorphine                                                       2

  Hydrocodone                                                     2

  Meperidine                                                      2

  Meprobamate                                                     2

  Mescaline                                                       2

  Methadone                                                       2

  Midazolam                                                       2

  Morphine                                                        2

  Nordiazepam                                                     2

  Oxymorphone                                                     2

  Pentazocine                                                     2

  Pentobarbital                                                   2

  Phencyclidine                                                   2

  Phenobarbital                                                   2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Controlled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Secobarbital                                                    2

  Temazepam                                                       2

  Tetrahydrocannabinol                                            2

  Thiopental                                                      2

  Triprolidine                                                    2

  Zolpidem                                                        2

  2, 5-Dimethyoxyamphetamine                                      1

  3, 4, 5-Trimethoxy amphetamine                                  1

  3, 4-Methylenedioxy N-ethylamphetamine                          1

  3, 4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine                                  1

  3-Methylfentanyl                                                1

  3-Methylthiofentanyl                                            1

  4-Bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine                               1

  4-Methoxyamphetamine                                            1

  4-Methyl-2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine                              1

  5-Methoxy-3, 4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine                        1

  Acetorphine                                                     1

  Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl                                     1

  Acetyldihydrocodeine                                            1

  Acetylmethadol                                                  1

  Allylprodine                                                    1

  Alpha-methylfentanyl                                            1

  Alpha-methylthiofentanyl                                        1

  Amobarbital                                                     1

  Aprobarbital                                                    1

  Barbiturates                                                    1

  Benzethidine                                                    1

  Benzodiazepines                                                 1

  Benzphetamine                                                   1

  Benzylmorphine                                                  1

  Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl                                   1

  Beta-hydroxyfentanyl                                            1

  Betaprodine                                                     1

  Bezitramide                                                     1

  Bromazepam                                                      1

  Bufotenine                                                      1

  Buprenorphine                                                   1

  Butabarbital                                                    1

  Butorphanol                                                     1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Controlled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Carfentanil                                                     1

  Chloral hydrate (Trichloroethanol)                              1

  Chlorphentermine                                                1

  Cinnamoyl cocaine                                               1

  Clobazam                                                        1

  Clonitazene                                                     1

  Clorazepate (Nordiazepam)                                       1

  Cocaine (Benzoyl ecgonine) (Ecgonine methyl ester)              1
  (Cocaethylene)                                                  

  Codeine methylbromide                                           1

  Codeine-N-Oxide                                                 1

  Concentrate of Poppy Straw                                      1

  Cyprenorphine                                                   1

  Delta-1 cis tetrahydrocannabinol                                1

  Delta-1 trans tetrahydrocannabinol                              1

  Delta-3, 4 cis tetrahydrocannabinol                             1

  Delta-3, 4 trans tetrahydrocannabinol                           1

  Delta-6 cis tetrahydrocannabinol                                1

  Delta-6 trans tetrahydrocannabinol                              1

  Desalkylflurazepam                                              1

  Desomorphine                                                    1

  Dextromethorphan                                                1

  Diampromide                                                     1

  Diethylpropion                                                  1

  Diethylthiambutene                                              1

  Diethyltryptamine                                               1

  Difenoxin                                                       1

  Dihydromorphine                                                 1

  Dimenoxadol                                                     1

  Dimethlythiambutene                                             1

  Dioxaphetylbutyrate                                             1

  Dipipanone                                                      1

  Dronabinol                                                      1

  Drotebanol                                                      1

  Estazolam                                                       1

  Ethchlorvynol                                                   1

  Ethinamate                                                      1

  Ethylamine analog of Phencyclidine                              1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Controlled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Ethylmethythiambutene                                           1

  Ethylmorphine                                                   1

  Etonitazene                                                     1

  Etorphine hydrochloride                                         1

  Etoxeridine                                                     1

  Fenfluramine                                                    1

  Flurazepam                                                      1

  Flurazepam (Desalkyl-)                                          1

  Furethidine                                                     1

  Glutethimide                                                    1

  Granulated Opium                                                1

  Halazepam                                                       1

  Heroin                                                          1

  Hydromorphinol                                                  1

  Hydroxypethidine                                                1

  Ibogaine                                                        1

  Isomethadone                                                    1

  Ketamine                                                        1

  Ketobemidone                                                    1

  Levomethorphan                                                  1

  Levophenacylmorphan                                             1

  L-methorphan (levo-methorphan)                                  1

  Lorazepam                                                       1

  LSD                                                             1

  Mazindol                                                        1

  Mecloqualone                                                    1

  Medazepam                                                       1

  Mephobarbital                                                   1

  Metazocine                                                      1

  Methadone-intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,              1
  4-diphenylbutane                                                

  Methamphetamine                                                 1

  Methamphetamine, d-                                             1

  Methamphetamine, l-                                             1

  Metharbital                                                     1

  Methcathinone                                                   1

  Methotrexate                                                    1

  Methyl Phenidate                                                1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Controlled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Methyldihydromorphine                                           1

  Methylfentanyl                                                  1

  Methyprylon                                                     1

  Metopon                                                         1

  Monoacetylmorphine                                              1

  Morpheridine                                                    1

  Morphine methylbromide                                          1

  Morphine methylsulfonate                                        1

  Morphine N-Oxide                                                1

  Myrophine                                                       1

  N,N-dimethylamphetamine                                         1

  Nabilone                                                        1

  Nalorphine                                                      1

  N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate                                   1

  N-ethylamphetamine                                              1

  Nicocodeine                                                     1

  Nicomorphine                                                    1

  Nitrazepam                                                      1

  N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate                                  1

  Noracymethadol                                                  1

  Normethadone                                                    1

  Normorphine                                                     1

  Opiates                                                         1

  Opium Extracts                                                  1

  Opium Fluid Extracts                                            1

  Opium Poppy & Poppy Straw                                       1

  Opium, Powdered                                                 1

  Opium, Raw                                                      1

  Opium, Tincture                                                 1

  Oxazepam                                                        1

  Para-fluorofentanyl                                             1

  Paraldehyde                                                     1

  Paralexyl                                                       1

  Pemoline                                                        1

  PEPAP (1-(2-phenetyl)-4phenyl-4-acetoxypipcridine               1

  Pethidine (Meperidine)                                          1

  Pethidine-intermediate-A, 4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperdine    1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS (Continued)

**GROUP=Controlled (Continued)**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  Pethidine-intermediate-B,                                       1
  ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate                          

  Pethidine-intermediate-C,                                       1
  1-methyl-4-phenylpiperdine-4-carboxylic acid                    

  Peyote-Botanical Standard                                       1

  Phenadoxone                                                     1

  Phenampromide                                                   1

  Phenazocine                                                     1

  Phendimetrazine                                                 1

  Phenomorphan                                                    1

  Phenoperidine                                                   1

  Phenylacetone                                                   1

  Phenylacetone & methylamine                                     1

  Pholcodine                                                      1

  Piminodine                                                      1

  Piritramide                                                     1

  Prazepam (Nordiazepam)                                          1

  Proheptazine                                                    1

  Properidine                                                     1

  Propiram                                                        1

  Pyrrolidine analogy of Phencyclidine                            1

  Quazepam                                                        1

  Racemethorphan                                                  1

  Racemorphan                                                     1

  Sufentanil                                                      1

  Tetrahydrocannabinol carboxy metabolite                         1

  Thebacon                                                        1

  Thebaine                                                        1

  Thiophene analog of Phenecyclidine                              1

  Tilidine                                                        1

  Triazolam                                                       1

  Trimeperidine                                                   1

  Zolpidem (Ambien)                                               1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

## *Appendix F: Reference Collections*

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS

**GROUP=Accelerants**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 65

  Ignitable Liquids                                               49

  Explosives Standards                                            16
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Ammunition**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 72

  General Ammunition                                              49

  Bullets                                                         10

  Cartridge Cases                                                 7

  Gun Powder                                                      5

  Gunshot Residues                                                1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP= Biological Specimens**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 82

  Blood, Human                                                    20

  Semen, Nonhuman                                                 15

  Blood, Nonhuman                                                 13

  Semen, Human                                                    12

  Body Fluids                                                     11

  Toxicology, Blood                                               9

  Toxicology, Urine                                               2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###  {#section-25}

**GROUP=Botanical**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 9

  Plants/Seeds                                                    4

  Soils                                                           4

  Botanical/Spice Collection                                      1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Clay, Minerals, & Metals**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 30

  Minerals                                                        22

  Safe Insulation                                                 4

  Soils                                                           4
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=DNA**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 22

  Known DNA Standards (Including Casework Samples, Validation     13
  Sample, Proficiency Test Samples                                

  Population and/or Profile Databases (Including Local Area       6
  Racial Samples, CODIS)                                          

  NIST Profiling Standards                                        3
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Dyes**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 1

  Textile Fiber Dyes                                              1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Explosives**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 43

  General Explosives                                              16

  Gunpowder                                                       13

  Smokeless Powder                                                6

  Black Powder                                                    3

  Low Explosives                                                  3

  Explosive Residues                                              1

  High Explosives                                                 1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Fiber**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 138

  Synthetic Fibers                                                46

  Natural Fibers, Not Specified                                   31

  Fibers, All Types                                               29

  Fibers by End Use                                               14

  Manufactured Fibers, Not Specified                              7

  Mineral Fibers                                                  6

  Animal Fibers                                                   3

  Vegetable Fibers                                                1

  Fabric                                                          1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Firearms**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 61

  General Firearms                                                56

  Serial Number, Marks, and Patterns                              3

  Firearms Literature                                             2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Glass**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 35

  Glass                                                           26

  NIST Glass Standards                                            4

  Automobile Headlamps                                            3

  Glass Refractive Index Standards                                2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###  PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Hair**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 104

  Animal Hair                                                     53

  Human Hair                                                      39

  Domestic Animal Hairs                                           8

  Textile Fur Hairs                                               4
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Ink**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 2

  Ink, General                                                    2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Paint**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 70

  Automotive Paints -- Physical Specimens, Both Foreign and       44
  Domestic                                                        

  Paint Samples -- Physical Specimens, Nonspecific (Both          22
  Automotive and Architectural)                                   

  Samples of Paint Components -- Binders, Pigments, Extenders,    4
  Solvents, and Additives                                         
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Paper**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 4

  Paper                                                           4
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Polymer**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 16

  Polymer                                                         7

  Plastics                                                        6

  Chemicals                                                       1

  Foam Rubber                                                     1

  Plasticizers                                                    1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Shoe/Foot**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 23

  Shoe -- Tread Design by Manufacturer                            23
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Tape**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 6

  Duct Tape                                                       4

  Adhesives                                                       2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Tire**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 12

  Tires by Manufacturer                                           12
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Toolmarks**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 6

  Toolmarks                                                       4

  Knife Collection                                                1

  Locks, Keys                                                     1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Typewriter**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 28

  Typewriter Collection                                           22

  Checkwriters                                                    3

  Fax Collection                                                  3
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Wood/Pollen**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 24

  Wood                                                            19

  Pollen                                                          4

  Soils, Wood, Plants                                             1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS

**GROUP=Controlled**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 8

  Amphetamine                                                     1

  Cocaine                                                         1

  Cocaine Hydrochloride                                           1

  Heroin                                                          1

  LSD                                                             1

  LSD Blotter Papers                                              1

  Marijuana and Other Vegetation                                  1

  Methamphetamine                                                 1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Non-Controlled**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 1

  Steroid Drugs (not anabolic)                                    1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

Appendix G: Future Reference Collections

## *Appendix G: Future Reference Collections*

###  {#section-26}

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS

**GROUP=Accelerants**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 46

  Complete Collection of Components of Ignitable Liquids          46
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Ammunition**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 47

  General Ammunition                                              26

  Bullet                                                          7

  Gun Powder                                                      5

  Cartridge Cases                                                 3

  Primers                                                         3

  Gunshot Residue                                                 2

  Pellets                                                         1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Biological Specimens**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 34

  Blood, Nonhuman                                                 7

  Blood, Human                                                    6

  Toxicology, Blood                                               6

  Semen, Human                                                    5

  Semen, Nonhuman                                                 5

  Body Fluids                                                     4

  Toxicology, Urine                                               1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Botanical**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 4

  Soil                                                            3

  Plant Leaves                                                    1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Clay, Minerals, & Metals**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 8

  Metal and Alloy Samples                                         3

  Soil                                                            3

  Safe Insulations (to I.D. Type as Well as Manufacturer)         2
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=DNA**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 19

  Human Origin Specimens Extracts of Known Quality, Quantity,     7
  and/or Sequence Data                                            

  Nonhuman Specimens (Including Requests for Animals, Bacteria,   4
  Plants, and Fungus)                                             

  Human Origin Specimens -- Rare Type and Variants                3

  Human Origin Specimens Reference Standards --                   2
  Fluid/Tissue/Organ Standards (Including Saliva, Semen, Blood,   
  Muscle, Bone, and Teeth)                                        

  Other Request -- e.g., Teaching Aids, Data Collections          2

  Human Origin Specimens Reference Standards -- Gender Standard   1
  (Male/Female)                                                   
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Dyes**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 7

  Dyes, All Types                                                 3

  Fiber Dyes                                                      3

  Microspectrophotemetry of Fiber Dyes                            1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###  PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Explosives**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 34

  General Explosives                                              14

  General Gunpowder/Propellants                                   12

  Low Explosives                                                  4

  High Explosives                                                 3

  Smokeless Gunpowder                                             1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Fiber**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 79

  Natural Fibers                                                  15

  Fibers by End Use                                               14

  Synthetic Fibers                                                11

  Vegetable Fibers                                                7

  Fiber, All Types                                                7

  Fabric                                                          6

  Manufactured Fibers                                             5

  Mineral Fibers                                                  5

  Analytic Data                                                   4

  Textile Dyes                                                    4

  Animal Fibers                                                   1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Firearms**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 33

  General Firearms                                                24

  Firearm Photos                                                  3

  Serial Number, Marks, and Patterns                              3

  Consecutively Manufactured Barrels                              1

  Firearms Proficiency Test Material                              1

  Reloading Equipment                                             1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Glass**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 25

  Glass                                                           18

  Automobile Headlamps                                            4

  Calibration Standards for GRIM and GRIM2                        1

  CTS Glass                                                       1

  Miscellaneous Refractive Standards                              1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

###  {#section-27}

**GROUP=Hair**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 18

  Animal Hair                                                     10

  Human Hair                                                      7

  Domestic Animal Hairs                                           1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Ink**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 22

  Inks -- General                                                 13

  Toners                                                          8

  Palm Print Routine/4 Taken Via Livescan/Ink for Entry in        1
  Computer                                                        
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Paint**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 70

  Automotive Paint -- Physical Specimens, Both Foreign and        22
  Domestic                                                        

  Paint Samples -- Physical Specimens, Nonspecific (Both          18
  Automotive and Architectural)                                   

  Samples of Paint Components -- Binders, Pigments, Extenders,    16
  Solvents, Additives                                             

  Architectural Paint -- Physical Specimens                       9

  Collection of Sprectra (IR, Pyrolysis, Chromatograms) from      3
  Paint and Paint Components                                      

  Paint and Paint Component Databases -- Composition, Year, Make  1

  Proficiency Paint Test Samples                                  1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Paper**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 9

  Paper                                                           8

  Watermarks                                                      1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Polymer**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 19

  Plastic                                                         9

  Polymers                                                        5

  Rubbers, All Types                                              3

  Adhesives: Plumbers Putty, Rubber Cement, Epoxy, etc.           1

  Automotive Plastics                                             1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Rope**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 4

  Rope                                                            4
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Shoe/Foot**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 30

  Shoe-Tread Design by Manufacturer                               30
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Tape**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 23

  Duct tape                                                       10

  Tapes                                                           7

  Adhesives                                                       6
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Tire**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 17

  Tires by Manufacturer                                           17
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### PHYSICAL OBJECTS (Continued)

**GROUP=Toolmarks**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 8

  Tools                                                           5

  Batteries, Clocks, and Wires                                    1

  Examples of Sharp Force Trauma in Soft Tissue and Bone from     1
  Common "Tools" with Known Amount of Force Applied               

  Knife                                                           1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Typewriter**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 11

  Fonts, General                                                  5

  Collection of Fax standards                                     2

  Typewriter Collection                                           2

  Type Font Standards                                             1

  Typewriter Fonts                                                1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Wood/Pollen**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 13

  Pollen                                                          8

  Wood                                                            5
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

### DRUGS

**GROUP=Noncontrolled**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 6

  Steroids (Not Anabolic)                                         3

  Albuterol                                                       1

  Oxaprozin                                                       1

  Sertraline                                                      1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

**GROUP=Controlled**

  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Material**                                                    **Count**

  TOTAL FOR GROUP                                                 2

  Anabolic Steroids                                               1

  LSD Blotter Paper                                               1
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

[^1]: A collection gathered from a crime scene acknowledges that a
    forensic examiner/scientist may assemble a limited personal
    collection of reference materials. Examples include sand gathered
    from different locations within a geographic area, illicit drugs
    confiscated during an arrest, or original automobile paint samples
    gathered from body shops. All of these materials are properly stored
    or mounted, and labeled with identifying information such as the
    geographic location where it was gathered, vehicle identification
    number, and date collected.