**STS-83/STS-94 Crew Debrief Captions**

**Mike Blum**

**[Geologic Indicators of Climate and Global Sea Level
Change]{.underline}**

  ------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-742-10**   Galveston Bay and Bolivar Peninsula, Texas. Low
                      contrast picture, but one can still see a range of
                      riverine and coastal features indicative of global
                      climate and sea level change. These include (a)
                      large meander scars in Trinity Valley (e.g. Lake
                      Anahuac), carved during the last ice age under
                      different discharge regimes, and (b) cross-cutting
                      beach ridges of Bolivar Peninsula, with the oldest
                      one representing a possible former sea level
                      highstand just a few thousand years ago.

                      

  **STS094-721-08**   Padre Island and Baffin Bay. Illustrates subtle
                      linear feature, with superimposed deflationary
                      scallops, on Padre Island, between Baffin and
                      Corpus Christi Bays. Deflationary scallops
                      originated during the 1930Õs, due to overgrazing,
                      but the linear pattern itself has not yet been
                      recognized. One hypothesis would be that this is a
                      relict trough from a former shoreline position,
                      with the beach ridge itself having been removed by
                      deflation.

                      

  **STS094-721-76**   Gulf of Carpentaria Coast, North Australia. Oblique
                      view of coastline, illustrating multiple beach
                      ridges, with older set breached by modern river
                      channels. Older sets have been used to infer higher
                      than modern sea levels some 6000 years ago.

                      

  **STS094-731-06**   Nayarit Coast, Mexico. Alluvial-deltaic plain of
                      Rio Grande de Santiago, with multiple sets of beach
                      ridges. The beach ridges represent the type example
                      of a strandplain, and the cross-cutting patterns
                      have been interpreted to represent past changes in
                      wave approach and sediment transport due to climate
                      change.

                      

  **STS094-703-29**   Sua Pan, Botswana.. Part of the Ancient Lake
                      Makgadikgadi system. Now virtually dry, this
                      picture clearly shows many shoreline features
                      (beach ridges, cusps, etc.) that indicate a range
                      of higher lake levels in the past.

                      

  **STS094-733-07**   Um as Samim Playa, Oman and Saudi Arabia. Photo
                      illustrates relict shorelines indicating standing
                      water body, as well as a later generation of dunes
                      migrating across the now dry lake bed. As a side
                      note, Um as Samim is an isolated place, very
                      hostile, with a name that translates to ÒMother of
                      PoisonÓ.
  ------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

  ------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-729-77**   Zereh Depression, Afghanistan and Pakistan. No real
                      published literature from this site, but in looking
                      through photos over the course of this summer, this
                      site has jumped out as one that may prove very
                      informative. Contains close juxtaposition of
                      different environments and deposits that relate in
                      some way to the hydrological cycle (alluvial fans,
                      riverine, eolian, and lacustrine), and may
                      represent an excellent opportunity to study
                      geologic response to past climate change.

  ------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Pat Dickerson**

**[Crustal Plates, Collisions and Rifts]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-754-021**   Magnificent southward view of the Andes between
                       Copiapo, Chile and San Miguel de Tucum‡n,
                       Argentina. Volc‡n Copiapo, Laguna Verde. Low
                       viewing angle gives good impression of topographic
                       relief of major volcanoes rising above the high
                       plateau of the Andes. The great elevations of the
                       range and the nearly continuous chain of volcanoes
                       down most of its length are characteristic of
                       crustal plate boundaries where an oceanic plate
                       (the Nazca plate in this case) is descending
                       beneath a continental plate (South America, on the
                       American plate).

                       

  **STS094-754-015**   Argentina, state of Potos'. View to south of
                       Cordillera de L'pez. Laguna Colorada above center.
                       Salar de Chalviri, Laguna Verde. Detail of the high
                       conical volcanoes and moderately viscous lava flows
                       that typify this plate tectonic setting.

                       

  **STS094-709-027**   This view straight south down the Oman Peninsula
                       provides exceptional detail on the submarine lavas
                       and sediments (ophiolites) that were crumpled and
                       uplifted about 60 million years ago to form the
                       mountains of Oman. The steep, sharp, narrow folds
                       of Oman can be readily contrasted with the more
                       open folds of southern Iran and Qeshm Island, which
                       have cores of salt; folding of this segment of the
                       Zagros Mountains began about 24 million years ago.
                       Layers of rock salt behave plastically and flow
                       when force is applied, as here during a
                       mountain-building event.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-709-045**   This northwestward view orthogonal to the Oman
                       Peninsula (on the Arabian crustal plate)
                       beautifully illustrates the broader salt-cored
                       folded mountains of Iran (on the Eurasian plate)
                       and the sharpness of the folds in oceanic lavas and
                       sediments where salt was lacking.

                       

  **STS094-709-033**   Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia and Yemen, southward
                       from Jaza ir Farasan Islands. An uncommonly fine
                       photo straight down Red Sea rift faults, which have
                       served as conduits for young (very black) lavas.
                       Volcanoes are aligned along the faults and form
                       linear ridges rather than individual high volcanic
                       peaks. The companion features to these on the
                       opposite side of the Red Sea are the vents of Erte
                       Ale.

                       

  **STS094-728-010**   Across the Arabian Peninsula from the Red Sea is
                       the Dead Sea fault zone, another region of rifting
                       as well as strike-slip faulting. This view places
                       the Dead Sea zone in the grander context of
                       interactions among the African plate (Arabian
                       Peninsula, Israel, Lebanon), the Arabian plate
                       (Saudi Arabia, Syria), and the Eurasian plate
                       (Turkey, Gulf of Iskenderun in upper part of
                       photo).

                       

  **STS094-727-028**   Detail of STS094-728-010, showing the Dead Sea
                       fault zone from the north end of the Gulf of Aqaba
                       past the Sea of Galilee. The African-Arabian plate
                       boundary, like most plate boundaries, is irregular
                       with steps, jogs and differing styles of
                       deformation. The blocks flanking the long straight
                       faults of the Dead Sea zone are moving laterally
                       past each other, as well as rifting apart.

                       

  **STS094-727-031**   A more northerly detailed view of the
                       African/Arabian/Eurasian plate boundary, from the
                       Sea of Galilee to the Gulf of Iskenderun. Fine shot
                       of the jog in the Dead Sea zone. The orientation of
                       the boundary changes from north to northeast within
                       Lebanon and Syria, where the Arabian and African
                       blocks begin to interact with the Eurasian plate
                       and the Zagros Mountains have been uplifted.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-730-004**   Excellent photograph of the whole New Mexico
                       portion of the Rio Grande rift in its larger
                       context. The green band snaking down the center of
                       the view is the Rio Grande. From the Franklins near
                       El Paso, northward through Colorado, the mountain
                       ranges flanking the rift valley trend north. The
                       valleys are commonly asymmetrical
                       (half-grabens)---deeper on the side closest to the
                       range front. Along the length of the rift, the
                       ranges are separated from each other by transfer
                       fault zones that generally trend northeast in this
                       region.

                       

  **STS094-735-026**   One of a very few photos of the Rio Grande rift
                       showing the interaction between faults of the rift
                       valley, which head northward from El Paso, and
                       faults of the Border Corridor transform zone, which
                       head southeastward to Big Bend National Park. The
                       Franklin Mountains, within El Paso, trend north and
                       are typical of the rift ranges throughout New
                       Mexico and into Colorado. Sierra Samalayuca (SE of
                       Sierra Juarez near El Paso) trends southeast, as do
                       most ranges within the transform zone. Volcanoes
                       commonly mark such corners where major rift
                       structures change trend; the Potrillo Mountains
                       (dark area west of El Paso) are volcanic peaks in
                       that setting.

                       

  **STS094-732-077**   The Border Corridor transform fault zone and its
                       junction with the main Rio Grande rift near El
                       Paso. Ranges of the transform corridor trend
                       southeast, in contrast with the northerly
                       orientation of those in the rift proper. The
                       Carrizozo lava flow (dark black) and White Sands
                       (southern New Mexico) are visible in the upper
                       right; the northern Quitman Mountains and Sierra
                       Blanca (far west Texas) are near the bottom of the
                       photo.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Dave Amsbury**

**[Regional Geology]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-725-032**   Western Desert of Egypt. An excellent regional
                       view.

                       

  **STS094-737-056**   Regional shot of the head of the Red Sea.

                       

  **STS094-741-017**   Northeastern Red Sea Rift, showing paleodrainage
                       patterns.

                       

  **STS094-741-041**   Northeastern Egypt (Eastern Desert), showing
                       paleodrainage away from the Red Sea Rift.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**Kim Willis**

**[Clear Cutting in Brazil, and Comparative Planetology]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Comparison of clear cutting in Brazil from 1985   |
| STS094-702-113** | to the present.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS079-785-103** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS51G-41-0066** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Dust from the Rio Grande river in Bolivia.        |
| STS094-746-039** |                                                   |
|                  | Fires in the Nile delta.                          |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS094-713-058** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Hot spot volcanism on the Tibesti plateau in      |
| STS094-710-050** | Chad.                                             |
|                  |                                                   |
| **S86-37246**    | Olympus Mons, Mars (Yemen?)                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Possible impact crater in on the west coast of    |
| STS094-715-090** | Madagascar? Probably not.                         |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               | New impact crater in the Northern Territory of    |
| STS094-748-080** | Australia (northeast of Mount Conner)? Maybe.     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Richat structure in Mauritania in 3D!             |
| STS094-717-008** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Susan Runco**

**[Weather and Oceanography]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Hurricane Dolores in the Eastern Pacific          |
| *STS094-715-36** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-715-60** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Thunderstorm                                      |
| *STS083-726-23** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-730-23** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Thunderstorms                                     |
| *STS094-715-46** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-723-65** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Cloud patterns created by Guadeloupe Island in    |
| *STS094-749-79** | the Eastern Pacific                               |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                | Cloud Vortex created by wind interaction with a   |
| *STS094-721-32** | coast                                             |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Island wakes are visible behind the Canary        |
| *STS094-715-08** | Islands                                           |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                | Clouds showing the effects of an island           |
| *STS094-730-65** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Dust over the Atlantic Ocean persisting for two   |
| *STS094-725-16** | days (July 3-5)                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-710-43** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Wave patterns caused by islands                   |
| *STS094-717-37** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | An earth limb showing Thunderstorm development    |
| *STS094-719-58** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Cindy Evans**

**[Oceanography and Volcanoes]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Eastern Florida Bay and Key Largo                 |
| *STS083-712-40** |                                                   |
|                  | Whitings between Great Abaco and Grand Bahama     |
| *                | Islands                                           |
| *STS083-742-34** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Api Volcano Saengang Island, Indonesia            |
| *STS094-714-35** |                                                   |
|                  | Mayon Volcano, Luzon Island, Philippines          |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS083-747-88** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Monserrat, Soufreire Hills Volcano                |
| *STS094-714-50** |                                                   |
|                  | Popocatepetel showing the proximity to both       |
| *                | Mexico City and Puebla                            |
| *STS094-752-08** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Island of Hawaii in April                         |
| *STS083-708-18** |                                                   |
|                  | Island of Hawaii in July with steam plume         |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-751-93** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Atchafalaya Bay showing delta development         |
| *STS094-714-35** |                                                   |
|                  | Mississippi River main delta                      |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-714-36** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Justin Wilkinson**

**[Smoke, Smog and Dust]{.underline}**

  --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-750-031**    Rio de Janeiro, low oblique showing little
                        smog---7/15/97.

  **STS094-750-34**     Rio de Janeiro, high oblique showing smog blowing
                        offshore on same day (7/15/97) as STS094-750-031.

                        

  **STS083-709-036**    View south down Red Sea showing dust
                        storm---4/6/97.

                        

  **STS094-709-033**    Panorama looking south (high oblique) down Red Sea
                        showing dust storm---7/2/97.

  **STS094-711-006**    View south (high oblique) down Red Sea showing dust
                        storm---7/2/97.

                        

  **STS094-711-092**    Air Mountains, Algeria, protruding above very
                        widespread regional dust blanket, West-central
                        Sahara---7/3/97.

  **STS094-711-016**    NW-looking view of the Atlas Mts, Algeria, with a
                        dust source on its southern margin

                        

  **STS0944-747-038**   Coast of Mauritania with von Karman vortices
                        offshore and Saharan dust plume extending into the
                        Atlantic (no time).

  **STS094-710-042**    Saharan dust haze, east-central Atlantic---7/3/97.

                        

  **STS094-745-045**    Andes Altiplano with Lake Titicaca: panorama
                        looking south.

  **STS094-754-021**    South end Salar Uyuni, Southern Bolivia: High
                        oblique looking south to Chile's Antofagasta
                        province.
  --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-754-015**   Sajama Volcano and ice cap, Western Cordillera of
                       Altiplano, Southern Bolivia.

                       

  **STS094-752-048**   Southern Puna, Argentine Andes: high oblique
                       looking south without dust---7/11/97.

  **STS094-749-020**   Southern Puna, Argentine Andes: high oblique
                       looking south with dust event---7/12/97.

                       

  **STS094-746-040**   Dust plumes coming off Rio Grande, Southern
                       Bolivia.

                       

  **STS094-703-022**   Apex of Okavango River delta (CIR).

  **STS094-753-088**   Apex of Okavango River delta (CVIS).

                       

  **STS094-708-079**   Lesotho, southern Africa, with snow---looking south
                       (CIR).

  **STS094-748-031**   Lesotho, southern Africa, with snow---looking south
                       (CVIS).

                       

  **STS094-745-096**   Two gravity-wave train clouds, interfering.
  -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

**[Land Use and Global Ecolgy]{.underline}**

**Kam Lulla**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Lake Nasser. The April and July photographs show  |
| *STS083-712-93** | water changes in the lake.                        |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-714-54** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Gulf of Kutch, Western India. A regional          |
| *STS083-713-43** | photograph showing both the geology and the       |
|                  | anthropomorphic features.                         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Sambhar Salt Lake, Western India. Sunglint        |
| *STS094-712-20** | highlights the water in the view.                 |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Lake Chad. The entire lake documenting July water |
| *STS094-709-91** | level.                                            |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Joe C. Caruana**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Head of the Persian Gulf showing the human        |
| *STS094-727-37** | interactions with the ecosystem.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-737-62** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Closer views showing details of Shatt al Arab     |
| *STS094-739-89** | region.                                           |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-714-84** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | The April and July changes in the pivot           |
| *STS083-712-81** | irrigation agriculture in Saudi Arabia.           |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS094-714-84** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | The Water Hyacinths in Lake Victoria in CIR. The  |
| STS094-707-110** | sunglint and regular views.                       |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS094-707-106** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Mary Fae McKay**

**[Tropical Cities Plus]{.underline}**

  -------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------
                       Our data base of 
                       world city       
                       photos is        
                       provided in the  
                       form of an MS    
                       Word table on a  
                       PC-formatted     
                       diskette, which  
                       also includes a  
                       log of changes   
                       since 10-15-96,  
                       a list of cities 
                       for which we     
                       still do not     
                       have usable      
                       photos, and      
                       preliminary      
                       lists of the     
                       cities           
                       photographed on  
                       STS-83 and       
                       STS-94.          

                                        

  **STS094-750-041**                    Honolulu ÒcloseupÓ\
                                        Note the ships lined up in the long, narrow arm of
                                        Pearl Harbor.\
                                        Can you see where the U.S.S. *Arizona* memorial is?

  **STS065-96-007**                     Oahu in the summer of 1994\
                                        Compare this still-best photo of the island: Can you
                                        see a candidate item for a ÒSix DifferencesÓ puzzle?
                                        Does anyone know what it is?

                                        

  **STS094-721-052**                    San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico, an improvement
                                        over . . .

  **STS049-74-081**                     San Juan, as photographed in May of 1992

                                        

  **STS083-711-008**                    San JosŽ, the capital of Costa Rica, looking south\
                                        This photograph is an improvement over the formerly
                                        best, not only because it is less cloudy but also
                                        because it shows the city in relationship with the
                                        Pacific coast.

  **STS61C-31-056**                     San JosŽ, as photographed in January of 1986

                                        

  **STS094-720-004**                    Havana\
                                        IÕm not sure whether this is a better photo than the
                                        STS-51A photo shown here for comparison or than the
                                        more recent NM22-724-048, taken by John Blaha from
                                        *Mir,* but it is a very good photo, clearly showing
                                        the plethora of airports around the Cuban capital.

  **STS51A-36-076**                     Havana, as photographed in November of 1984

                                        

  **STS094-726-052**                    Though weÕve gotten good photos of these two
                                        vacation spots in the past, they hadnÕt prompted me
                                        to put these exotic cities into the world cities
                                        data base until now.\
                                        Maracaibo, on the channel between Lake Maracaibo and
                                        the GulfÊof Venezuela

  **STS094-731-017**                    Veracruz, on the Gulf of Mexico

                                        
  -------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS094-748-058**   The new best S‹o Paulo

  **STS065-89-098**    The old best S‹o Paulo, taken from STS-65 in the
                       summer of 1994

                       

  **STS094-750-026**   And this new photo of S‹o Paulo in the context of
                       the coast compares even more directly with the
                       STS-65 photo.

  **STS065-89-098**    

                       

  **STS094-726-091**   Though we have many good photographs of Kuwait City
                       and adjacent oil fields, this one tops them all in
                       crispness of detail.

  **STS055-92-077**    Compare this ÒAÓ photo from STS-55, taken in April
                       of 1993
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------