**Chinese**

**RULES OF APPLICATION**

**Romanization**

1\. ALA‑LC romanization of ideographic characters used for the Chinese
language follows the principles of the Pinyin (\"*spell sound*\")
system. The Pinyin system was developed in the mid 20th century for
creating Latin script readings for Chinese script ideographic
characters. It replaces the Wade‑Giles system of romanization specified
in earlier editions of the *ALA‑LC Romanization Tables*. The Pinyin
system as outlined in *Han yu pin yin fang an* 汉语拼音方案 (1962) is
followed closely for creating romanizations except that the ALA‑LC
guidelines do not include the indication of tone marks.

2\. Standard Chinese national (PRC) pronunciation is used as the basis
for creating the Latin script reading of a character. When it is
necessary to make semantic distinctions between multiple readings of a
single character, rely upon the usage of the most recent comprehensive
edition of *Ci hai* 辞*海* (published in China by Shanghai ci shu chu
ban she). To determine contemporary pronunciation, or when there is a
conflict in pronunciation between different sources, it is appropriate
to follow the guidance of a more recent dictionary (such as *Xian dai
Han yu ci dian* 现代汉语词典*, Zhonghua da zi dian* 中華大字典 , *Han yu
da ci dian* 漢語大詞典, and/or *Xin Hua zi dian* 新华字典). More
specialized dictionaries (such as *Zhongguo li dai yi jia zhuan lu*
中國歷代醫家傳錄 , pub. 1991) may be consulted if necessary. Judgment
should be used in choosing between modern authoritative dictionaries and
older standard dictionaries.

3.  Romanize words of non-Chinese origin systematically in all cases,
    even though normalized non‑systematic romanizations are known or the
    word comes from a Latin script language.

> 乌鲁木齐 Wulumuqi *not* Urumchi

哈尔滨市 Haerbin Shi *not* Harbin

芝加哥 Zhijiage *not* Chicago

東京 Dongjing *not* Tokyo

# Separation of Syllables

> Separate the romanization of each Chinese character with a space. This
> includes corporate names, terms of address and titles of royalty. Do
> not join syllables of general, non-specific geographic terms.

明清小说比较研究 Ming Qing xiao shuo bi jiao yan jiu

李白和他的诗歌 Li Bai he ta de shi ge

地震文化与社会发展 Di zhen wen hua yu she hui fa zhan

商務印書館 Shang wu yin shu guan

李登輝先生言論集 Li Denghui xian sheng yan lun ji

塔尔寺修缮工程报告 Ta er si xiu shan gong cheng bao gao

中国老年文物研究学会 Zhongguo lao nian wen wu yan jiu xue hui

西北国棉四厂 Xi bei guo mian si chang

1\. Terms of address. A term of address may follow a surname, a courtesy
name, or another appellation. Separate syllables in the term of address.
If a term appearing as an integral part of a name is not a title or term
of address, romanize the name in running form, as a forename (see
below).

林老师 Lin lao shi

韋大夫 Wei dai fu

白沙先生 Baisha xian sheng

晦菴先生 Huian xian sheng

蔣經國先生 Jiang Jingguo xian sheng

2\. Titles, and titles of royalty. Syllables in a title should be
separated and written in lower-case. If a term appearing as an integral
part of a name is not a title or term of address, romanize the name in
running form, as a forename. An epithet is separated from the name of a
person, using lower case letters and separated syllables.

董鄂妃 Donge fei

慈禧皇后 Cixi huang hou

秦始皇帝 Qin shi huang di

楊太后 Yang tai hou

3\. General, non-specific geographic terms. Some terms have both general
and specific usage, depending upon context. For example, when the term
东北 refers to the direction northeast, or, in a general way, to the
Northeast, separate syllables; when it is used to refer specifically to
Manchuria, capitalize and join syllables.

华东 Hua dong

西北 xi bei

东北 dong bei

陕北 Shan bei

But:

东北林学院 Dongbei lin xue yuan

> **Connection of syllables.**
>
> 1\. Join together (without spaces or hyphens) the syllables associated
> with multi-character surnames and given names. Also join together
> given names, Buddhist names, courtesy names, etc., in more than one
> syllable. For example:

孫中山 Sun Zhongshan

歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu

司馬相如 Sima Xiangru

尼克森 Nikesen

康有為 Kang Youwei

1A. Forenames, given names, courtesy names. A forename does not include
a person\'s surname. Only capitalize the first letter of a forename. If
a term appearing as an integral part of a name is not a title or term of
address, romanize the name in running form.

無 名氏 Wumingshi

梧岗主人 Wugangzhuren

雲谷老人 Yungulaoren

孔子 Kongzi

老子 Laozi

浩然 Haoran

1B. Married women. Separate and capitalize family names.

蔣宋美齡 Jiang Song Meiling

陳趙月英 Chen Zhao Yueying

1C. Fictional characters. The names of fictional characters are
romanized in the same manner as those of real people.

骆驼祥子 Luotuo Xiangzi

秦可卿 Qin Keqing

1D. Names of persons of religious vocation. Separate a term of address
from a family name or forename.

惠能 Huineng

釋吉藏 shi Jizang

智顗大師 Zhiyi da shi

沙門元賢 sha men Yuanxian

1E. Personal names appearing as part of the names of corporate bodies
and meetings are romanized in the same manner as all other personal
names. **(See also Section 2J)**

中山大學 Zhongshan da xue

《刘少奇研究论文集》编辑组 "Liu Shaoqi yan jiu lun wen ji" bian ji zu

周恩来研究学术讨论会 Zhou Enlai yan jiu xue shu tao lun hui

> 2\. Join together (without spaces or hyphens) the syllables associated
> with multi-character geographic names. Do not join the names of
> jurisdictions and topographical features to geographic names, but
> separate them from the proper name by a space.

中华人民共和国史稿 Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo shi gao

臺灣省立博物館 Taiwan sheng li bo wu guan

西藏自治区文物管理委员会 Xizang Zizhiqu wen wu guan li wei yuan

hui

东北林学院 Dongbei lin xue yuan

扬子江 Yangzi Jiang

广州市 Guangzhou Shi

安徽省 Anhui Sheng

商丘地区 Shangqiu Diqu

鹿港镇 Lugang Zhen

纽约市 Niuyue Shi

甘南藏族自治州 Gannan Zangzu Zizhizhou

翠亨村 Cuiheng Cun

浦棠乡 Putang Xiang

海南岛 Hainan Dao

2A. Names of countries. Connect syllables according to the practice
followed by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.

中华人民共和国 Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo

朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 Chaoxian Minzhu Zhuyi Renmin Gongheguo

中華民國 Zhonghua Minguo

民国档案与民国史学术讨论会论文集

> Minguo dang an yu Minguo shi xue shu tao lun hui lun wen ji

俄国戏剧史概要 Eguo xi ju shi gai yao

2B. Generic terms for geographical features are capitalized and
separated from the names of the features.

海南岛 Hainan Dao

太平洋 Taiping Yang

长江 Chang Jiang

长江大饭店 Chang Jiang da fan dian

汾河 Fen He

梵净山 Fanjing Shan

黄土高原 Huangtu Gaoyuan

印度半島 Yindu Bandao

**NOTE: PROPOSED CHANGE: add three sentences; the highlighted examples
have been changed to conform:**

**The syllables of the name of a jurisdiction or geographic feature that
are included within another place name are connected together. These
practices are also followed when geographic names appear within
corporate names. In case of doubt, separate.**

**长江口 Changjiang Kou**

**汾河水库 Fenhe Shuiku**

**梵净山自然保护区 Fanjingshan Ziran Baohuqu**

2C. Two-syllable place names, in which the second syllable is a generic
term. Separate and capitalize a generic term for the jurisdiction.

吳縣 Wu Xian

祁縣 Qi Xian

2D. Place names consisting of more than two syllables. Separate and
capitalize a generic term for the jurisdiction.

安徽省 Anhui Sheng

广州市 Guangzhou Shi

高雄市 Gaoxiong Shi

宝山区 Baoshan Qu

鹿港镇 Lugang Zhen

翠亨村 Cuiheng Cun

商丘地区 Shangqiu Diqu

甘南藏族自治州 Gannan Zangzu Zizhizhou

2E. Obsolete terms for administrative units are romanized in the same
manner as the names of contemporary places.

福寧州 Funing Zhou

昌平州 Changping Zhou

錦州府 Jinzhou Fu

安順府 Anshun Fu

2F. Names of non-Chinese jurisdictions are romanized in the same manner
as the names of Chinese jurisdictions.

加州 Jia Zhou

紐約市 Niuyue Shi

亞洲 Ya Zhou

東南亞 Dong nan Ya

2G. Terms for archaeological sites, bridges, and other constructions of
geographic extent are capitalized and separated from the names
themselves. Individual syllables of multi-syllable generic terms are
connected together.

**NOTE: PROPOSED CHANGE: change the second sentence; the highlighted
examples have been changed to conform:**

**Individual syllables of multi-syllable generic terms are connected
together, as are the syllables of the names of a jurisdiction or
geographic feature that are included within the term.**

**泸州长江大桥 Luzhou Changjiang Daqiao**

**黄壁庄水库 Huangbizhuang Shuiku**

京杭运河 Jing Hang Yunhe

2H. Names of buildings and other constructions of less than geographic
extent. Syllables are separated and not capitalized, except for proper
nouns.

黄鶴楼 Huang he lou

聖果寺 Sheng guo si

2I. Names of continents and regions. Generic terms are separated and
capitalized in the names of continents and regions. Distinguish when a
term refers to a region, and when it refers to direction or position.

亞洲 Ya Zhou

東南亞 Dong nan Ya

北美洲 Bei Mei Zhou

東北 dong bei (when referring to direction or position)

but:

東北 Dongbei (when referring to the particular area formerly known as
Manchuria)

> 2J. Personal names appearing as part of geographic names are romanized
> in the same manner as all other personal names.

**NOTE: PROPOSED CHANGE: change Section 2J to read as follows; change
the example, and add two others:**

> **The syllables of personal names that appear within geographic names
> are connected together. The generic term for the jurisdiction or
> geographic feature is separated. This rule is an exception to Section
> 1E.**
>
> **张自忠路 Zhangzizhong Lu**
>
> **左权县 Zuoquan Xian**
>
> **鲁迅公园 Luxun Gongyuan**
>
> 3\. Join together transliterations of two or more characters
> comprising the names of racial, linguistic, or tribal groupings of
> mankind**.** Join the term zu (for tribe or people) to a name only in
> proper names of places.

基督徒 Jidu tu

桐城派 Tongcheng pai

毛南族 Maonan zu

美国人 Meiguo ren

客家话 Kejia hua

苗族风情录 Miao zu feng qing lu

But:

德宏傣族景颇族自治州 Dehong Daizu Jingpozu Zizhizhou

4\. Add an apostrophe before joined syllables that begin with a vowel in
cases of ambiguity. For example:

長安市 Chang'an Shi *to distinguish it from* Changan Shi

延安市 Yan'an Shi *to distinguish it from* Yanan Shi

张章昂 Zhang Zhang'ang *to distinguish it from*

张占钢 Zhang Zhangang

劉正安 Liu Zheng'an *to distinguish it from*

刘镇干 Liu Zhengan

王健安 Wang Jian'an *to distinguish it from*

王佳南 Wang Jianan

# Capitalization

> 1\. Capitalize the first word of a proper noun.
>
> 2\. Capitalize the first word of a corporate name. Capitalize the
> first word of the name of a corporate subdivision appearing in
> conjunction with the name of the larger body only when the subdivision
> is used in headings.
>
> 3\. Capitalize each separately written word of a geographical name.
> Capitalize the first word of the names of a dynasty.
>
> 4\. Capitalize the first word of the title of a book, periodical, or
> series.

# Punctuation

1\. Transcribe a centered point ( • ) indicating coordinate words as a
comma. Represent a centered point indicating a space by a space.

索尔 • 呗娄 Suoer Bailou

理查 • M • 尼克逊 Licha M Nikexun

理想 • 劳动 • 幸福 li xiang, lao dong, xing fu

> 2\. Transcribe brackets (┌ ... ┛) or angle brackets (\< ... \>) used
> in the manner of quotation marks ("\... ") as quotation marks.

\<淇 县 志 \>编 纂 委 员 会 "Qi Xian zhi" bian zuan wei yuan hui

# Dates

> 1\. Romanize non-numerical dates as separated syllables, except for
> reign periods that are also the names of emperors. For example:

光緒己丑 \[1889\] Guangxu ji chou \[1889\]

清光緒 15 年 \[1889\] Qing Guangxu 15 nian \[1889\]

嘉靖乙卯 \[1555\] Jiajing yi mao \[1555\]

民國 79 \[1990\] Minguo 79 \[1990\]

康德 3 \[1936\] Kangde 3 \[1936\]

明治 1 \[1868\] Mingzhi 1 \[1868\]

一九九八年 \[1998\] yi jiu jiu ba nian \[1998\]

一九九零年 \[1990\] yi jiu jiu ling nian \[1990\]

# SPECIAL CHARACTERS IN ROMANIZATION

##  Special Character Name USMARC hexadecimal code

\' apostrophe 27

¨ umlaut E8

**CORRESPONDENCE OF WADE-GILES TO PINYIN**

The table below presents Wade-Giles syllabic readings found in *Di ming
Han zi yi yin biao* 地名漢字譯音表 (1971) and the ALA-LC romanization
tables (1997), and Pinyin equivalents based on sounds and romanizations
found in *Xian dai Han yu ci dian* 現代汉语词典 (1983). This table is
provided as a devise to show the usual relationship between Wade-Giles
and Pinyin romanizations. This list is not exhaustive but presents most
of the Wade-Giles romanizations that are likely to be found in older
cataloging records. Similarly, the syllables which are possible using
the Pinyin system of romanization are not limited to those contained in
this list.

## Wade-Giles Pinyin

a a

ai ai

an an

ang ang

ao ao

cha zha

ch'a cha

chai zhai

ch'ai chai

chan zhan

ch'an chan

chang zhang

ch'ang chang

chao zhao

ch'ao chao

che zhe

ch'e che

chen zhen

ch'en chen

cheng zheng

ch'eng cheng

chi ji

ch'i qi

chia jia

ch'ia qia

chiang jiang

ch'iang qiang

chiao jiao

ch'iao qiao

chieh jie

ch'ieh qie

chien jian

ch'ien qian

chih zhi

ch'ih chi

chin jin

ch'in qin

ching jing

ch'ing qing

chiu jiu

ch'iu qiu

chiung jiong

ch'iung qiong

cho zhuo

ch'o chuo

chou zhou

ch'ou chou

chu zhu

ch'u chu

chua zhua

chuai zhuai

ch'uai chuai

chuan zhuan

ch'uan chuan

chuang zhuang

ch'uang chuang

chui zhui

ch'ui chui

chun zhun

ch'un chun

chung zhong

ch'ung chong

chü ju

ch'ü qu

chüan juan

ch'üan quan

chüeh jue

ch'üeh que

chün jun

ch'ün qun

en en

erh er

fa fa

fan fan

fang fang

fei fei

fen fen

feng feng

fo fo

fou fou

fu fu

ha ha

hai hai

han han

hang hang

hao hao

hei hei

hen hen

heng heng

ho he

hou hou

hsi xi

hsia xia

hsiang xiang

hsiao xiao

hsieh xie

hsien xian

hsin xin

hsing xing

hsiu xiu

hsiung xiong

hsü xu

hsüan xuan

hsüeh xue

hsün xun

hu hu

hua hua

huai huai

huan huan

huang huang

hui hui

hun hun

hung hong

huo huo

i yi

jan ran

jang rang

jao rao

je re

jen ren

jeng reng

jih ri

jo ruo

jou rou

ju ru

juan ruan

jui rui

jun run

jung rong

ka ga

k'a ka

kai gai

k'ai kai

kan gan

k'an kan

kang gang

k'ang kang

kao gao

k'ao kao

kei gei

ken gen

k'en ken

keng geng

k'eng keng

ko ge

k'o ke

kou gou

k'ou kou

ku gu

k'u ku

kua gua

k'ua kua

kuai guai

k'uai kuai

kuan guan

k'uan kuan

kuang guang

k'uang kuang

kuei gui

k'uei kui

kun gun

k'un kun

kung gong

k'ung kong

kuo guo

k'uo kuo

la la

lai lai

lan lan

lang lang

lao lao

le le

lei lei

leng leng

li li

liang liang

liao liao

lieh lie

lien lian

lin lin

ling ling

liu liu

lo luo

lou lou

lu lu

luan luan

lun lun

lung long

lü lü

lüan luan

lüeh lüe

ma ma

mai mai

man man

mang mang

mao mao

mei mei

men men

meng meng

mi mi

miao miao

mieh mie

mien mian

min min

ming ming

miu miu

mo mo

mou mou

mu mu

na na

nai nai

nan nan

nang nang

nao nao

nei nei

nen nen

neng neng

ni ni

niang niang

niao niao

nieh nie

nien nian

nin nin

ning ning

niu niu

no nuo

nu nu

nuan nuan

nung nong

nü nü

nüeh nüe

o e

ou ou

pa ba

p'a pa

pai bai

p'ai pai

pan ban

p'an pan

pang bang

p'ang pang

pao bao

p'ao pao

pei bei

p'ei pei

pen ben

p'en pen

peng beng

p'eng peng

pi bi

p'i pi

piao biao

p'iao piao

pieh bie

p'ieh pie

pien bian

p'ien pian

pin bin

p'in pin

ping bing

p'ing ping

po bo

p'o po

pou ou

pu bu

p'u pu

sa sa

sai sai

san san

sang sang

sao sao

se se

sen sen

seng seng

sha sha

shai shai

shan shan

shang shang

shao shao

she she

shen shen

sheng sheng

shih shi

shou shou

shu shu

shua shua

shuai shuai

shuan shuan

shuang shuang

shui shui

shun shun

shuo shuo

so suo

sou sou

ssu si

su su

suan suan

sui sui

sun sun

sung song

szu si

ta da

t'a ta

tai dai

t'ai tai

tan dan

t'an tan

tang dang

t'ang tang

tao dao

t'ao tao

te de

t'e te

teng deng

t'eng teng

ti di

t'i ti

tiao diao

t'iao tiao

tieh die

t'ieh tie

tien dian

t'ien tian

ting ding

t'ing ting

tiu diu

to duo

t'o tuo

tou dou

t'ou tou

tu du

t'u tu

tuan duan

t'uan tuan

tui dui

t'ui tui

tun dun

t'un tun

tung dong

t'ung tong

tzu zi

tz'u ci

tsa za

ts'a ca

tsai zai

ts'ai cai

tsan zan

ts'an can

tsang zang

ts'ang cang

tsao zao

ts'ao cao

tse ze

ts'e ce

tsei zei

tsen zen

ts'en cen

tseng zeng

ts'eng ceng

tso zuo

ts'o cuo

tsou zou

ts'ou cou

tsu zu

ts'u cu

tsuan zuan

ts'uan cuan

tsui zui

ts'ui cui

tsun zun

ts'un cun

tsung zong

ts'ung cong

wa wa

wai wai

wan wan

wang wang

wei wei

wen wen

weng weng

wo wo

wu wu

ya ya

yai yai

yang yang

yao yao

yeh ye

yen yan

yin yin

ying ying

yo yo

yu you

yung yong

yü yu

yüan yuan

yüeh yue

yün yun