## Socioeconomics

***R.A. Fowler and M.J. Scott***

Activity on the Hanford Site plays a dominant role in the socioeconomics
of the Tri-Cities and other parts of Benton and Franklin counties
(Figure 4.7-1). The agricultural community also has a significant effect
on the local economy. Any major changes in Hanford activity would
potentially affect the Tri-Cities and other areas of Benton and Franklin
counties. Unless otherwise specifically cited, data in this section are
collected from interviews with the referenced organization.

### Local Economy

Three major sectors have been the principal driving forces of the
economy in the Tri-Cities since the early 1970s: 1) DOE and its
contractors operating the Hanford Site; 2) Energy Northwest (formerly
the Washington Public Power Supply System) in its construction and
operation of nuclear power plants; 3) the agricultural community,
including a substantial food-processing component. Increasingly, a
growing cluster of technology-based businesses, many with roots in the
Hanford Site and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, are playing a
role in the expansion and diversification of the local private business
sector.

In addition to these three major employment sectors, three other
components can be readily identified as contributors to the economic
base of the Tri-Cities. The first of these, loosely termed "other major
employers," includes the five major non-Hanford employers in the region
(discussed in more detail in subsection 4.7.1.4). The second component
is tourism. The Tri-Cities area has increased its convention business
substantially in recent years as well as recreational travel. The third
component to the economic base relates to the local purchasing power
generated from retired former employees. Government transfer payments,
specifically retirement and disability insurance benefit payments
constitute a significant proportion of the total spendable income in the
local economy.

#### DOE Contractors (Hanford)

DOE contractors compose the largest single source of employment in the
Tri-Cities. During fiscal year (FY) 2004, an average of 10,247 employees
were employed by DOE Office of River Protection (ORP) and its prime
contractor CH2M HILL Hanford Group, Inc.; DOE-Richland Operations Office
(RL) and its prime contractors Fluor Hanford, Inc.; Bechtel Hanford,
Inc.; AdvanceMed Hanford; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
which is operated by Battelle for the DOE Office of Science's Pacific
Northwest Site Office. Fiscal year 2004 year-end employment for all DOE
contractors was 10,225, down slightly from 10,288 at the end of FY 2003.
In addition to these totals, Bechtel National, Inc. (BNI) and its
subcontractors, including prime subcontractor Washington Group
International, employed 3780 at the end of FY 2004. (Bechtel Hanford is
a subsidiary of Bechtel National. During 2004, Bechtel Hanford was the
Environmental Restoration Contractor for the Hanford Site, planning,
managing, and executing a full range of activities to clean up
contaminated soils and inactive nuclear facilities under DOE\'s
Environmental Restoration Project.) As of August 2005, Washington
Closure, a limited liability corporation (LLC) formally replaces Bechtel
Hanford, Inc. Washington Closure LLC is a partnership consisting of
Washington Group International Inc., Bechtel National Inc., and CH2M
HILL Inc. During December 2000, ORP awarded a contract directly to BNI
to design, build, and start up waste treatment facilities for the
glassification of liquid radioactive waste.

![](media/image1.png){width="6.49375in" height="8.403472222222222in"}

**Figure 4.7-1**. Hanford Site, Washington, and Surrounding Communities

The annual average number of employees at Hanford has declined by nearly
5700 since FY 1994 when employment peaked at 19,200, but Hanford still
represents 14 percent of the total jobs in the economy. Total employment
in the Richland, Kennewick, and Pasco metropolitan statistical area
averaged 99,900 during 2004, up from 96,400 in 2003 (LMEA 2005a).

Based on employee records as of February 2005, 91 percent of the direct
employees of Hanford live in Benton and Franklin counties. Approximately
73 percent of Hanford employees reside in Richland, Pasco, or Kennewick.
More than 36 percent are Richland residents, 10 percent are Pasco
residents, and 26 percent live in Kennewick. Residents of other areas of
Benton and Franklin counties, including West Richland, Benton City, and
Prosser, account for about 17 percent of total Hanford Site employment.

#### Energy Northwest

Energy Northwest is a joint operating agency comprising 19 member public
utilities from across the state of Washington. Energy Northwest provides
electricity, at cost, to public utilities and municipalities in the
Northwest and operates four electricity generating stations: Columbia
Generating Station, Packwood Lake Hydroelectric Project, Nine Canyon
Wind Project, and the White Bluffs Solar Station. Although commercial
nuclear power plant construction activity ceased with the completion of
the 1157-megawatt (MW) WNP-2 nuclear reactor during 1983 (now named
Columbia Generating Station), Energy Northwest continues to be a major
employer in the Tri-Cities area. Headquarters personnel based in
Richland oversee the operation of the Columbia Generating Station.
Decommis-sioning of mothballed nuclear power plants WNP-1 and WNP-3,
which were never completed, began during 1995. Since 2000, Energy
Northwest has maintained an average of 20 employees at WNP-1, which is
located near the Columbia Generating Station. As part of an effort to
reduce electricity production costs, Energy Northwest headquarters
decreased the size of its total workforce from over 1900 during 1994 to
1016 at the end of 1999. At the end of calendar year 2004, employment
was 1240 personnel.

#### Agriculture

During 2004, over 11 percent of workers in Benton and Franklin counties
were employed in agriculture. The total agricultural employment was
11,200, an increase from the 2003 total of 10,920 (LMEA 2005b). Seasonal
farm workers are not included in that total but are estimated by the
U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) for the agricultural areas in the state
of Washington. During 2004, the number of seasonal farm workers averaged
5665 per month in Benton, Franklin, and Walla Walla counties, ranging
from 1671 workers during the winter pruning season to 12,764 workers at
the peak of harvest. An estimated average of 4091 seasonal workers were
classified as local (ranging from 1284 to 9546). An average of 46
workers were classified as intrastate (ranging from 0 to 143), and an
average of 423 were classified as interstate (ranging from 0 to 1112).
The weighted seasonal wage for 2004 ranged from \$7.27/hr to \$7.84/hr,
with an average wage of \$7.45/hr (DOL 2005).

According to the U.S. Department of Commerce's Regional Economic
Information System (REIS), 2288 people were classified as farm
proprietors in Benton and Franklin counties during 2003. Total
farm proprietors' income, according to this same source, was estimated
to be \$21.8 million (DOC 2005).

The area's farms and ranches generate a sizable number of jobs in
supporting activities, such as agricultural services (e.g., application
of pesticides and fertilizers and irrigation system development) and
wholesale trade (e.g., farm supply and equipment sales and fruit
packing). Although formally classified as a manufacturing activity, food
processing is a natural extension of the farm sector. As of March 2005,
56 processors in Benton and Franklin counties produce such items as
potato products, canned fruits and vegetables, wine, and animal feed.
During 2004, food manufacturing jobs accounted for 53 percent of all the
manufacturing jobs in the area.

#### Other Major Employers

The five largest non-Hanford and non-government employers employed
approximately 6522 people in Benton and Franklin counties during 2003.
These companies include 1) ConAgra/Lamb Weston, which employed 3063; 2)
Tyson Fresh Meats (formerly Iowa Beef Processing Inc.), which employed
1450; 3) Boise Cascade Corporation Paper and Corrugated Container
Divisions, which employed 862; 4) Framatome ANP, Richland Inc. (formerly
Siemens Power Corporation), which employed 747; and 5) Wal-Mart (two
stores), which employed 700. Both Boise Cascade and Tyson Fresh Meats
are located in western Walla Walla County, but most of their workforce
resides in Benton and Franklin counties. Four of the largest agriculture
growers and processors in the area, AgriNorthwest, Broetje Orchards,
J.R. Simplot Company, and Twin City Foods, Inc., employed approximately
2278 people during 2003; however, a large portion of the workers were
seasonal (BFCOG 2004).

Other area employers include three major school districts: Richland,
Kennewick, and Pasco, which employed a total of 4043; the three major
health care facilities: Kadlec Medical Center, Kennewick General
Hospital, and Lourdes Health Network, which employed a total of 2294;
local government offices: Benton and Franklin county and Richland,
Kennewick, and Pasco city offices, which employed 1833; and the
Tri-Cities Airport, which employed 400.

#### Tourism

A significant rise in the number of visitors to the Tri-Cities over the
last several years has resulted in tourism playing an increasing role in
helping to diversify and stabilize the area's economy. The Tri-Cities
Visitors and Convention Bureau reported that 114,635 attended meetings,
conventions, sporting, and group events, spending an estimated \$30.3
million in the mid-Columbia during 2004, up from 106,995 attendees and
down from \$35.3 million in spending during 2003. The number of people
attending conventions and group events has more than doubled since 1995
and more than tripled since 1991.

The importance of tourism is evidenced by the amount of money spent on
local goods and services. Overall tourism expenditures in the Tri-Cities
were over \$264 million during 2003, up from \$247 million during 2002.
Travel-generated employment in Benton and Franklin counties was about
4070 with an estimated \$70.3 million in payroll, up from an estimated
3660 employed and up from a \$63.8 million payroll during 2002. In
addition, tourism generated \$4.5 million in local taxes and \$17.6
million in state taxes during 2003 (OTED 2005).

#### Retirees

In the Tri-Cities, retirees are a major source of consumer spending.
Although Benton and Franklin counties have a relatively young population
(approximately 52 percent under the age of 35), 20,964 people over the
age of 65 resided in Benton and Franklin counties during 2004.
Washington State Office of Financial Management (OFM) reports the
portion of the total population 65 years and older in Benton and
Franklin counties accounts for 9.9 percent of the total population,
which is below the 11.3 percent for the state of Washington (OFM 2005a).
This segment of the population supports the local economy through income
received from government transfer payments and pensions, private pension
benefits, and prior individual savings. Although the retirees are not
employed, their income affects the local economy in much the same way as
local spending on salaries by the federal government and the area's
private sector employers.

Although information on private pensions and savings is not available,
data are available regarding the magnitude of government transfer
payments. REIS has estimated transfer payments by various programs at
the county level. Estimated major government transfer payments received
by the residents of Benton and Franklin counties during 2003 totals
greater than \$871 million (Table 4.7-1). Nearly 40 percent of the
payments are for retirement and disability insurance benefit payments,
which provide over \$343 million of spendable income to the local
economy.

> ^**Table\ 4.7-1**.\ Federal\ Government\ Transfer\ Payments\ in\ Benton\ County\ and\ Franklin\ County,\ Washington,\ 2003^
> (a)

+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| **Government Payments to           | **Benton | **F     | **Total   |
| Individuals**                      | County   | ranklin | (\$Mi     |
|                                    | (\$Mil   | County  | llions)** |
|                                    | lions)** | (\$Mill |           |
|                                    |          | ions)** |           |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Retirement and disability          | 275.3    | 68.6    | 343.9     |
| insurance payments                 |          |         |           |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Medical payments                   | 229.1    | 120.2   | 349.3     |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Income maintenance benefits        | 52.1     | 30.1    | 82.2      |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Unemployment insurance benefits    | 51.0     | 21.5    | 72.5      |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Veterans benefits                  | 13.7     | 3.0     | 16.7      |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| > Federal education and training   | 0.8      | 4.3     | 5.1       |
| > assistance                       |          |         |           |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Other payments to individuals      | 1.0      | 0.4     | 1.4       |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| **Total**                          | *        | **      | **871.1** |
|                                    | *623.0** | 248.1** |           |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+
| \_\_\_\_                           |          |         |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |          |         |           |
| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |          |         |           |
|                                    |          |         |           |
| \(a\) DOC 2005.                    |          |         |           |
+------------------------------------+----------+---------+-----------+

### Employment and Income

Nonagricultural employment in the Tri-Cities grew steadily from 1988 to
1994. The total annual average employment fell during 1995 and 1996, but
has grown every year since then. During 2004, nonagricultural employment
rose 1.7 percent (Table 4.7-2). There was an average of 84,500
non-agricultural jobs in the Tri-Cities during 2004, an increase of
approximately 1400 from the previous year.  Most of the gains were in
the services and government sectors. Modest gains were seen in
manufacturing, construction, natural resources, and mining; trade,
transportation, and utilities; and the finance, insurance, and real
estate sectors, while the information sector was down 10 percent (LMEA
2005c).

Three measures of area income are presented in this section: total
personal income, per capita income, and median household income. Total
personal income comprises all forms of income received by the populace,
including wages, dividends, and other revenues. Per capita income is
equivalent to total personal income divided by the number of people
residing in the area. Median household income is the point at which half
of the households have incomes greater than the median and half have
less.

During 2003, the total personal income was \$4.6 billion for Benton
County and \$1.2 billion for Franklin County, compared to the State of
Washington's total of \$203.9 billion. Per capita income during 2003 was
\$29,689 for Benton County, \$20,757 for Franklin County, and \$33,254
for Washington State (DOC 2005). The preliminary estimate of median
household income during 2003 for Benton County was \$50,425; Franklin
County was estimated at \$37,757. Estimated median incomes for both
counties were below the Washington State estimate of \$50,664 (OFM
2005b).

**Table 4.7-2**. Nonagricultural Wage and Salary Workers in Benton
County and Franklin County, Washington, 2003 and 2004 ^(a)^

+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| **Industry**          | **2003       | **2004      | **Change**    |
|                       | Annual       | Annual      |               |
|                       | Average      | Average     | **2003-2004   |
|                       | Employment** | E           | (Percent)**   |
|                       |              | mployment** |               |
|                       | *            |             |               |
|                       | *(Revised)** | **(Pre      |               |
|                       |              | liminary)** |               |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| Manufacturing         | 5,600        | 5,700       | 1.8           |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| Construction, natural | 4,900        | 5,000       | 2.0           |
| resources, and mining |              |             |               |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| Trade, transportation | 13,900       | 14,000      | 0.7           |
| and utilities         |              |             |               |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| Information           | 1,000        | 900         | -10.0         |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| Finance, insurance,   | 3,100        | 3,300       | 6.5           |
| and real estate       |              |             |               |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| Services              | 38,900       | 39,700      | 2.1           |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| Government            | 15,500       | 15,800      | 1.9           |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+
| **Total               | **83,100**   | **83,200**  | **1.7**       |
| nonagricultural wage  |              |             |               |
| and salary workers**  |              |             |               |
+-----------------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+

> \(a\) Source: Washington State Employment Security Department (LMEA
> 2005c).

### Demography

An estimated total of 155,100 people lived in Benton County and 57,000
lived in Franklin County during 2004, totaling 212,100, an increase of
almost 11 percent from the Census 2000 figure (OFM 2005c). According to
the 2000 Census, population totals for Benton and Franklin counties were
142,475 and 49,347, respectively (Census 2001a). Both Benton and
Franklin counties grew at a faster pace than Washington as a whole
during the 1990s. The population of Benton County grew 26.6 percent, up
from 112,560 during 1990. The population of Franklin County grew 31.7
percent, up from 37,473 during 1990 (Census 2001a).

The distribution of the 2004 Tri-Cities population by city is as
follows: Richland 42,660; Pasco 40,840; and Kennewick 58,970. The
combined populations of Benton City, Prosser, and West Richland totaled
17,640 during 2004. The unincorporated population of Benton County was
35,830. In Franklin County, incorporated areas other than Pasco had a
total population of 3855. The unincorporated population of Franklin
County was 12,305 (OFM 2005c).

During 2004, Benton and Franklin counties accounted for 3.4 percent of
Washington's population. The population demographics of Benton and
Franklin counties are quite similar to those found within Washington. In
general, the population of Benton and Franklin counties is somewhat
younger than that of Washington as a whole. The 0- to 14-year old age
group accounts for 24.6 percent of the total bi-county population
compared with 20.4 percent for Washington. The population in Benton and
Franklin counties under the age of 35 is 51.9 percent; it is 48.2
percent for the state of Washington (OFM 2005a).

Population estimates and percentages by race and Hispanic origin for
Benton, Franklin, Grant, Adams, and Yakima counties and within the 80-km
(50-mi) radius of the Hanford Site from the 2000 Census indicate Asians
and individuals of Hispanic origin from Benton and Franklin counties
represent lower and higher proportions of the population, respectively,
than in the state of Washington as a whole, (Table 4.7-3). During 2004,
county-level estimates of minority populations in Benton,
Franklin, Grant, Adams, and Yakima counties demonstrate similar trends
(Table 4.7-4).

Additional Hanford area demographic data are available from *Hanford
Area 2000 Population* (Elliott et al. 2004). This document includes 2000
Census estimates for the resident population by distance and compass
direction within an 80-km (50-mi) radius of the Hanford Site. Population
distributions are reported relative to five reference points centered on
meteorological stations within major operating areas of the Hanford
Site: the 100-F, 100-K, 200, 300, and 400 Areas. Data are presented in
both graphical and tabular format and are provided for total populations
residing within 80 km (50 mi) of the reference points, as well as for
Native American, Hispanic and Latino, total minority, and low-income
populations.

### Environmental Justice

Executive Order 12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice
in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations," (59 FR 7629),
directs federal agencies in the Executive Branch to
consider environmental justice so that their programs will not have
"disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental
effects" on minority and low-income populations. Executive Order 12898
further directs federal agencies to consider effects to "populations
with differential patterns of subsistence consumption of fish and
wildlife." The Executive Branch agencies also were directed to develop
plans for carrying out the order. The Council on Environmental Quality
(CEQ) later provided additional guidance for integrating environmental
justice (EJ) into the National Environmental Policy Act process in a
December 1997 document, *Environmental Justice Guidance under the
National Environmental Policy Act* (CEQ 1997).

Minority populations are defined as all nonwhite individuals plus all
white individuals of Hispanic origin. The most recent detailed counts
are reported in the 2000 Census (Census 2001b), while more recent
county-level estimates are reported by the Washington State Office of
Financial Management (OFM 2005d). Following federal Office of Management
and Budget guidance, the OFM estimates have re-evaluated the "other
race" category in the 2000 Census and have reassigned individuals to one
of the five Census races, where possible, in addition to accounting for
population growth. Low-income persons are defined as living in
households that report an annual income less than the United States'
official poverty level, as reported by the Census Bureau. The poverty
level varies by size and relationship of the members of the household.
The year 2000 poverty level was \$17,761 for a family of four (Census
2000, 2001a). Nationally, during 1999, 29.9 percent of all persons were
minorities, and 11.8 percent of all persons lived in households that had
incomes less than the poverty level (which was \$17,029 for a family of
four during that year) (Census 2000, 2001a). The 2000 Census reports
that 10.6 percent of Washington's population lived in poverty during
1999, while 10.3 percent of Benton County persons and 19.2 percent of
Franklin County persons were below the poverty level (Census 2003a). No
post-2000 Census estimates are available for local low-income
populations.

> **Table 4.7-3**. Population Estimates and Percentages by Race and
> Hispanic Origin by County in Washington State and Within the 80-km
> (50 mi) Radius of Hanford as Determined by the 2000 Census (Census
> 2003b)

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Subject</strong></td>
<td><strong>WA State</strong></td>
<td><strong>Percent</strong></td>
<td><strong>Benton/Franklin/Grant/Adams/ Yakima</strong></td>
<td><strong>Percent</strong></td>
<td><strong>Benton County</strong></td>
<td><strong>Franklin County</strong></td>
<td><strong>Grant County</strong></td>
<td><strong>Adams County</strong></td>
<td><strong>Yakima County</strong></td>
<td><strong>80-km (50-mi) Radius of
Hanford<sup>(a,b)</sup></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Total population</td>
<td>5,894,121</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>505,529</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>142,475</td>
<td>49,347</td>
<td>74,698</td>
<td>16,428</td>
<td>222,581</td>
<td>482,280</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Single race</td>
<td>5,680,602</td>
<td>96.4</td>
<td>489,206</td>
<td>96.8</td>
<td>138,646</td>
<td>47,302</td>
<td>72,451</td>
<td>15,977</td>
<td>214,830</td>
<td>466,626</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>White</td>
<td>4,821,823</td>
<td>81.8</td>
<td>367,283</td>
<td>72.7</td>
<td>122,879</td>
<td>30,553</td>
<td>57,174</td>
<td>10,672</td>
<td>146,005</td>
<td>347,047</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Black or African American</td>
<td>190,267</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>5,494</td>
<td>1.1</td>
<td>1,319</td>
<td>1,230</td>
<td>742</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>2,157</td>
<td>5,507</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>American Indian/Alaska Native</td>
<td>93,301</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>12,468</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>1,165</td>
<td>362</td>
<td>863</td>
<td>112</td>
<td>9,966</td>
<td>10,288</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Asian</td>
<td>322,335</td>
<td>5.5</td>
<td>6,809</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>3,134</td>
<td>800</td>
<td>652</td>
<td>99</td>
<td>2,124</td>
<td>6,681</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander</td>
<td>23,953</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>482</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>163</td>
<td>57</td>
<td>53</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>203</td>
<td>479</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Other race</td>
<td>228,923</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>96,670</td>
<td>19.1</td>
<td>9,986</td>
<td>14,300</td>
<td>12,967</td>
<td>5,042</td>
<td>54,375</td>
<td>96,625</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Two or more races</td>
<td>213,519</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>16,323</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3,829</td>
<td>2,045</td>
<td>2,247</td>
<td>451</td>
<td>7,751</td>
<td>15,654</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Hispanic origin (of any race)<sup>(c)</sup></td>
<td>441,509</td>
<td>7.5</td>
<td>150,951</td>
<td>29.9</td>
<td>17,806</td>
<td>23,032</td>
<td>22,476</td>
<td>7,732</td>
<td>79,905</td>
<td>149,588</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="11"><ol type="a">
<li><p>Includes a portion of Oregon</p></li>
<li><p>The Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Characterization Rev.14 (Neitzel 2002) shows the total population
“within” 80 km as 511,500, which was estimated by a geographical
information system from the populations of individual census block
groups, the smallest geographic area for which both minority and poverty
status were estimated in the 2000 Census. The higher number resulted
because the total population of a census block group was previously
assigned to the 80-km area if <em>any part</em> of the block group lay
within 80 km of the Hanford Meteorological Station in the middle of the
Hanford Site. The new estimate splits boundary block groups to include
only those portions within 80 km, which should result in a lower and
more accurate estimate.</p></li>
<li><p>Hispanic origin is not a racial category. It may be viewed as the
ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person
or person's parents or ancestors before arrival in the United States.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race and are counted in the
racial categories shown.</p></li>
</ol></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**Table 4.7-4**. Year 2004 Population Estimates and Percentages by Race
and Hispanic Origin by County in Washington State (OFM 2005d).

  ------------------ -------------- ------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------
  **Subject**        **Washington   **Percent**   **Benton/   **Percent**   **Benton   **Franklin   **Grant    **Adams    **Yakima
                     State**                      Franklin/                 County**   County**     County**   County**   County**
                                                  Grant/                                                                  
                                                  Adams/                                                                  
                                                  Yakima**                                                                

  Total Population   6,167,800      100.0         534,600     100.0         155,100    57,000       78,300     16,700     227,500

  White              5,276,114      85.5          497,337     93.0          145,632    53,478       74,489     16,182     207,555

  Black              213,183        3.5           6,301       1.2           1,520      1,228        818        66         2,668

  American           103,349        1.7           13,740      2.6           1,371      468          1,079      144        10,679
  Indian/Alaska                                                                                                           
  Native                                                                                                                  

  Asian/Native       394,692        6.4           8,922       1.7           3,799      1,076        845        165        3,038
  Hawaiian/Pacific                                                                                                        
  Islander                                                                                                                

  Two or More Races  180,461        2.9           8,300       1.6           2,778      751          1,069      142        3,561

  Hispanic Origin    517,645        8.4           176,332     33.0          22,815     31,798       25,673     8,551      87,495
  (of any race)^(a)^                                                                                                      

  \(a\) Hispanic                                                                                                          
  origin is not a                                                                                                         
  racial category.                                                                                                        
  It may be viewed                                                                                                        
  as the ancestry,                                                                                                        
  nationality group,                                                                                                      
  lineage, or                                                                                                             
  country of birth                                                                                                        
  of the person or                                                                                                        
  person's parents                                                                                                        
  or ancestors                                                                                                            
  before arrival in                                                                                                       
  the United States.                                                                                                      
  Persons of                                                                                                              
  Hispanic origin                                                                                                         
  may be of any race                                                                                                      
  and are counted in                                                                                                      
  the racial                                                                                                              
  categories shown.                                                                                                       
  ------------------ -------------- ------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------

Based on the 2000 census (Census 2001b, c), the 80-km (50-mi) radius
area surrounding the Hanford Site had a total population of 482,300 and
a minority population of 178,500.^(^[^1]^)^ The ethnic composition
of the minority population is primarily White Hispanic (24 percent),
self-designated "other and multiple" races (63 percent), and Native
American (6 percent). Asians and Pacific Islanders (4 percent) and
African Americans (3 percent) make up the rest. The Hispanic population
resides predominantly in Franklin, Yakima, Grant, and Adams counties.
Native Americans within the 80-km (50-mi) area reside primarily on the
Yakama Reservation and upstream of the Hanford Site near the town of
Beverly, Washington.

The low-income population during 2000 was approximately 80,800, or 17
percent of the total population residing in the 80-km (50-mi) radius of
the HMS at the center of the Hanford Site (Census 2002 a, b),
approximately the same percentage as the 1990 Census. The majority of
these households were located to the southwest and northwest of the Site
(Yakima and Grant counties) and in the cities of Pasco and Kennewick.

Figure 4.7-2 shows the location of Census block groups from the 2000
Census that had either a majority of residents who were members of a
minority group (racial minority or Hispanic), or a percentage of
residents belonging to any minority group that was at least 20
percentage points greater than the corresponding percentage of the state
population (Census 2001a, b, c).

Figure 4.7-3 shows the location of Census block groups from the 2000
Census that had either a majority of residents who were low income
(members of a household below the national poverty level), or a
percentage of low-income residents at least 20 percentage points greater
than the corresponding percentage of the state population (Census 2002
a, b).

The CEQ guidance for identifying potential disproportionate impacts on
minority and low-income populations recognizes that some minority and
low-income groups may be more reliant than the majority population on
subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering activities (sometimes for
species unlike those consumed by the majority population), or may be
dependent on water supplies or other resources that are atypical or used
at different rates than other groups. These differential patterns of
resource use are to be identified "where practical and appropriate."
While no hunting and gathering activities take place on the Hanford
Site, some Native Americans of various tribal affiliations who live in
the greater Columbia Basin do participate in tribal fishing for salmon
and resident fish that use the Hanford Reach for habitat.

Fishing access rights for Native Americans is guaranteed by federal
treaty. For example, the Treaty of 1855 with the Confederated Tribes and
Bands of the Yakama Nation (Yakama 1855) secured to the Yakamas, "the
right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed places, in common with
the citizens of the Territory \[now the state of Washington\] and of
erecting temporary buildings for curing them; together with the
privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries, and pasturing their
horses and cattle upon open and unclaimed lands" ceded to the
government. Some of this ceded territory is located on the Hanford Site.
Similar guarantees were extended to the Umatilla, Nez Perce, and Warm
Springs groups.

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="6.045138888888889in"
height="7.750694444444444in"}

> **Figure 4.7-2**. Location of Minority Populations near the Hanford
> Site, Washington, Based on 2000 Census. Shaded areas indicate regions
> that have a majority of residents who are members of a minority group
> or for which the percentage of minority population is 20 percentage
> points greater than the statewide average. Minority groups include all
> nonwhite individuals plus Hispanic whites.

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="6.129166666666666in"
height="7.751388888888889in"}

> **Figure 4.7-3**. Location of Low-Income Populations near the Hanford
> Site, Washington, Based on 2000 Census. Shaded areas indicate regions
> that have a majority of low-income residents or for which the
> percentage of low-income population is 20 percentage points greater
> than the statewide average. Low-income persons live in households with
> incomes that fall below the official U.S. poverty level (\$17,761 for
> a family of four in the year 2000).

The Wanapum, a non-treaty tribe, historically lived along the Columbia
River and continue to live upstream of the Hanford Site. They fish on
the Columbia River and gather food resources near the Hanford Site. The
Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, established by the
Executive Order of April 9, 1872, traditionally fished and gathered food
resources in the Hanford area. They also are recognized as having
cultural and religious ties to the Hanford Site.

The Walker Research Group discussed the historical location of Native
American fishing sites, the level and productivity of the fishing
effort, estimates from several studies of fish consumption in
traditional Native American diets (Hewes 1947, 1973; Hunn and Bruneau
1989; Walker 1967), and possible exposure levels to radionuclides
(Walker and Pritchard 1999). According to the studies, annual rates of
fish consumption by Native Americans in the region before European
contact ranged from 23 kg (50 lb) to as much as 438 kg (900 lb).
Estimates of contemporary fish consumption tend to be somewhat lower but
still indicate a heavy reliance on fish among Native Americans following
a traditional diet (CRITFC 1994, Harris and Harper 1997).

### Housing

During FY 2004, 3199 houses were sold in the Tri-Cities with an average
price of \$162,821; 2927 houses sold at an average price of \$160,611
during 2003 (TCAR 2005). During FY 2004, 2139 single-family houses were
built, a 22 percent increase from the 1750 that were built during 2003.
The FY 2003 total had surpassed the previous annual peak of 1117 that
occurred during 1994 (WCRER 2005a).

As of April 1, 2004, there were an estimated 80,032 housing units in
Benton and Franklin counties, 36.7 percent more than the 58,541 units
during 1990 (OFM 2005e). The number of apartments has increased from
8225 during 1990 to 11,229 during 2004. The vacancy rate of apartments
in Benton and Franklin counties during 2004 was 6.1 percent, up from the
5.5 percent vacancy rate in 2003. Average rent during 2004 was \$593 per
month, down from the \$606 average rent during 2003 (WCRER 2005b).

### Transportation

The Tri-Cities serves as a regional transportation and distribution
center with major air, land, and river connections. The Burlington
Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) and Union Pacific Railroad provide
direct rail service. Union Pacific Railroad operates the largest fleet
of refrigerated rail cars in the United States and is essential to food
processors that ship frozen food from this area. Passenger rail service
is provided by Amtrak, which has a station in Pasco. Rail service on the
Hanford Site is maintained and operated by the Tri-City and Olympia
Railroad Company.

Docking facilities at the Ports of Benton, Kennewick, and Pasco are
important aspects of this region's infrastructure. These facilities are
located on the 525-km- (325.5-mi-) long commercial waterway, which
includes the Snake and Columbia rivers, that extends from the Ports of
Lewiston-Clarkston in Idaho to the deep-water ports of Portland, Oregon,
and Vancouver, Washington.

Daily air passenger and freight services connect the area with most
major cities through the Tri-Cities Airport, located in Pasco. This
modern commercial airport links the Tri-Cities to major hubs and
provides access to destinations anywhere in the world. There are two
runways, a main runway and a minor runway for use during crosswinds. The
main runway is equipped for precision instrumentation landings and
takeoffs. Each runway is 2347 m (7700 ft) long and 46 m (150 ft) wide
and can accommodate landings and takeoffs by medium-range commercial
aircraft.

During 2004, Delta Airlines, Skywest, and Horizon Air provided daily
connections to domestic and international flights through Salt Lake
City, Seattle, Denver, Spokane, and Portland. There were
215,878 enplanements at the Tri-Cities Airport during 2004, which was up
from 203,729 during 2003, a new record for the airport. From 1995 to
2002, the number of annual passengers increased 25 percent. Projections
indicate that the terminal can serve almost 300,000 passengers annually.

The Tri-Cities region has three general aviation airports that serve
private aircraft. The Richland Airport, owned by the Port of Benton, is
northwest of the Richland central business district, adjacent to the
Richland Bypass highway (SR-240). Vista Field Airport, owned by the Port
of Kennewick, is located on West Grandridge Boulevard in central
Kennewick, with easy access to SR-240, I-82, and I-182. The Prosser
Airport, owned by the Port of Benton, is located 1.61 km (1 mi)
northwest of the business district of Prosser and is adjacent to US-12.
Airfreight shippers that service the region include DHL from Richland,
United Parcel Service from Kennewick, and Federal Express from the
Tri-Cities Airport in Pasco.

Mass transit within the Tri-Cities is provided by the Ben Franklin
Transit (BFT) system. BFT is a municipal corporation that provides
public transportation services in a 588-square mile area of Benton and
Franklin counties. The area includes the cities of Kennewick, Pasco,
Richland, West Richland, Benton City, and Prosser and certain
unincorporated areas of Benton and Franklin counties. As of the end of
2004 the Ben Franklin fleet consisted of 68 buses, 55 Dial-a-Ride
para-transit vehicles, and 183 VanPool vans. The total number of
boardings in 2004 was 4,113,785, an 8.5% increase from 2003 (BFT 2005).
Two local taxi companies provide radio-dispatched taxicab service 24
hours per day: A-1 Tri-Cities Taxi and Tri-City Cab.

The regional transportation network in the Hanford vicinity includes the
areas in Benton and Franklin counties from which most of the commuter
traffic associated with the Site originates. Interstate highways that
serve the area are I-82 and I-182. I-82 is 8 km (5 mi) south-southwest
of the Site. I-182, a 24-km (15-mi)-long urban connector route located
8 km (5 mi) south-southeast of the Site, provides an east-west corridor
linking I-82 to the Tri-Cities area. I-90, located north of the Site, is
the major link to Seattle and Spokane and extends to the east coast.
I-82 serves as a primary link between Hanford and I-90, as well as I-84.
I-84, located south of the Hanford Site in Oregon, is a major corridor
leading to Portland, Oregon. SR 224 (Van Giesen Street), also south of
the Site, serves as a 16-km (10-mi) link between I-82 and SR 240. SR 24
enters the Site from the west, continues eastward across the
northernmost portion of the Site, and intersects SR 17 approximately
24 km (15 mi) east of the Site boundary. SR 17 is a north-south route
that links I-90 to the Tri-Cities and joins U.S. Route 395, continuing
south through the Tri-Cities. U.S. Route 395 north also provides direct
access to I-90. SR 240 and SR 24 traverse the Site and are maintained by
Washington State.

A DOE-maintained road network within the Hanford Site consists of 607 km
(377 mi) of asphalt-paved road and provides access to the various work
centers. Primary access roads to the industrial areas of the Hanford
Site are Routes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, and Beloit Avenue (Figure 4.0-1).
Public access to the 200 Areas and interior locations of the Hanford
Site has been restricted by guarded gates at the Wye Barricade (at the
intersection of Routes 10 and 4), the Yakima Barricade (at the
intersection of SR 240 and Route 11A), and Rattlesnake Barricade south
of the 200 West Area. None of those roadways have experienced any
substantial congestion except Route 4 (WHC 1994).

Access to the Hanford Site is via four main routes: Hanford Route 4S
from Stevens Drive in the City of Richland, Route 10 from SR 240 near
its intersection with SR 225, Beloit Avenue from SR 240, or Route 11A
from SR 240 near its intersection with SR 24. The Beloit Avenue route,
through the Rattlesnake Barricade, is 35 km (22 mi) northwest of Stevens
Drive and is for passenger vehicle access only. The estimated total
number of daily commuters to this area is 3100. Approximately 87 percent
of the workers commuting to the 200 Areas are from the Tri-Cities, West
Richland, Benton City, and Prosser (Perteet et al. 2001). The remaining
workers commute from the surrounding counties of Yakima, Adams, Grant,
and Walla Walla.

The portion of SR 240 most affected by 200 Areas commuters is between
U.S. 395 in Kennewick and Stevens Drive in Richland. Portions of this
roadway currently operate below the minimum level of service established
by the Regional Transportation Planning Organization. Peak annual
average daily traffic (AADT) on the section from Columbia Center
Boulevard in Kennewick to I-182 is 54,000 (Perteet et al. 2001).

I-182 has peak traffic counts of 35,000 AADT in the vicinity of SR 240
in Richland. I-182 has deficiencies at the interchanges with Queensgate
Drive in Richland and 20^th^ Avenue in Pasco. SR 224 (Van Giesen Street)
transports most of the commuters from West Richland and Benton City to
SR 240. The intersection of SR 224 and SR 240 is the only section of SR
224 with current level of service (LOS) deficiencies. LOS is a
qualitative measure of a roadway's ability to accommodate vehicular
traffic, ranging from free-flow conditions (LOS A) to extreme congestion
(LOS F). LOS D is considered the lower end of acceptable LOS (Perteet et
al. 2001).

Stevens Drive (in and north of Richland) has peak traffic counts of 8300
AADT at Horn Rapids Road and 22,000 AADT just north of its intersection
with SR 240 (Bypass Highway). This roadway currently experiences LOS
deficiencies. George Washington Way is the principal north-south
arterial through Richland. AADT at the entrance of the Hanford Site on
George Washington Way is 1800. Counts north of McMurray are 18,000 AADT
and counts on George Washington Way just north of I-182 are 43,000 AADT.
George Washington Way has LOS deficiencies between I-182 and Swift
Boulevard (Perteet et al. 2001).

Private vehicles account for 91 percent of the person trips to the
Hanford Site. The remaining person trips are by forms of high-occupancy
vehicles (mostly Ben-Franklin Vanpools). Of the 91 percent of private
vehicles, only 3 percent are by carpool, and the remaining 88 percent
are single-occupancy vehicles. The draft Regional Transportation Plan
identifies 11,468 employees working at Hanford. Based on 88 percent of
the trips carrying a single person to Hanford, 10,092 single occupancy
trips are made daily or an AADT of 10,184 (Perteet et al. 2001). Several
local highway construction projects are underway to reduce some of the
traffic bottlenecks.

The Hanford Site rail system originally consisted of approximately
210 km (130 mi) of track. It connected to the Union Pacific Railroad
commercial track at the Richland Junction (at Columbia Center in
Kennewick) and to a now abandoned commercial right-of-way (Chicago,
Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad) near Vernita Bridge in the
northwest section of the Site. Prior to 1990, annual railcar movements
numbered about 1400 sitewide, transporting materials including coal,
fuel, hazardous process chemicals, and radioactive materials and
equipment (DOE 1996b). During October 1998, 26 km (16 mi) of track from
Columbia Center to Horn Rapids Road were transferred to the Port of
Benton and are currently operated by the Tri-City and Olympia Railroad.
The Port of Benton has been granted the right to operate portions of the
railroad on the Hanford Site.

### Educational Services

Most of the primary and secondary students in the Tri-Cities area are
served by the Richland, Pasco, Kennewick, and Kiona-Benton (Benton City)
school districts. The total 2004 fall enrollment for all districts in
Benton and Franklin counties was 43,316 students, an increase of 1.3
percent from the 2003 total of 42,759 students. The 2004 totals include
9975 students from the Richland School District, an increase from 9790
during 2003; 11,020 students from the Pasco School District, an increase
from 10,477 during 2003; 14,776 students from the Kennewick School
District, a decrease from 14,981 during 2003; and 1631 from the
Kiona-Benton School District, an increase from 1459 during 2003 (OSPI
2005).

There are fourteen private elementary and secondary schools in the
Tri-Cities, including Bethlehem Lutheran (K-8), Calvary Christian (K-5),
and St. Joseph's (K-8) in Kennewick; Christ the King (K-8) and Liberty
Christian (K-12) in Richland; and Kingspoint Christian (K-12), Country
Haven Academy, St. Patrick's (K-8), Tri-City Junior Academy (K-10), and
Tri-Cities Prep Catholic High School in Pasco. Fall 2003 enrollment at
these schools totaled 2292 students, slightly lower than the 2002 total
of 2300 (OSPI 2005).

Post-secondary education in the Tri-Cities area is provided by Columbia
Basin College (CBC), City University, and Washington State University,
Tri-Cities branch campus (WSU-TC). The 2004 fall/winter enrollment was
6996 at CBC, 150 at City University, and 1200 at WSU-TC. Many of the
programs offered by these three institutions are geared toward the
vocational and technical needs of the area. During 2003-04, CBC offered
22 Associate in Applied Science (AAS) degree programs. City University
offers three undergraduate and four graduate programs plus access to
several more programs through distance learning. WSU-TC offers 16
undergraduate and 14 graduate programs, as well as access to graduate
programs via satellite.

### Health Care and Human Services

The Tri-Cities has three major hospitals and five emergency centers. All
three hospitals offer general medical services and include a 24-hr
emergency room, surgical services, and intensive and neonatal care.

Kadlec Medical Center in Richland has 153 beds and functioned at 67.1
percent capacity with 9002 total admissions during 2004, at an average
stay of 3.5 days per admission. Non-Medicare/Medicaid patients accounted
for 46.9 percent of Kadlec's admissions.

Kennewick General Hospital maintained a 35.3 percent occupancy rate of
its 101 beds with 4157 total admissions during 2004, with an average
stay of 3.1 days per admission. Non-Medicare/Medicaid patients
represented 41 percent of its total admissions during 2003.

Lourdes Medical Center operates a 132-bed health center located in Pasco
that provides acute, subacute, skilled nursing and rehabilitation, and
alcohol and chemical dependency services. Lourdes operates the Lourdes
Counseling Center, a 32-bed mental health hospital in Richland. They
also provide a significant amount of outpatient and home health
services. For calendar year 2004, Lourdes had a total of 3730
admissions, 26 percent of which were non-Medicare/Medicaid. Lourdes had
an average acute care length of stay of 2.5 days, and the occupancy
rate was 26 percent during 2004.

The Tri-Cities offers a broad range of social services. State human
service offices in the Tri-Cities include the Job Service Center within
the Employment Security Department; food stamp offices; the
Developmental Disabilities Division; financial and medical assistance;
Child Protective Service; emergency medical service; a senior companion
program; and vocational rehabilitation.

The Tri-Cities is also served by a large number of private agencies and
voluntary human service organizations. The United Way, an umbrella
fund-raising organization, incorporated 19 Community Impact Partners and
6 Community Solutions Partners during 2004. The Community Impact budget
of \$34.4 million funded 38 programs during 2004, and the Community
Solutions budget of \$2.0 million funded seven programs during 2004. The
number of organizations receiving donor designations was 572.

### Police and Fire Protection

Benton and Franklin counties' sheriff departments, local municipal
police departments, and the Washington State Patrol Division, with
headquarters in Kennewick, provide police protection in Benton and
Franklin counties, with a total of 345 officers (commissioned and
reserved) in the Tri-Cities (Table 4.7-5). The Kennewick Municipal
Police Department maintains the largest staff of commissioned officers
with 92.

**Table 4.7-5**. Police Personnel in the Tri-Cities, Washington, 2004

+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
| **Area**            | **Commissioned  | **Reserve | **Patrol Cars** |
|                     | Officers**      | O         |                 |
|                     |                 | fficers** |                 |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
| Kennewick Municipal | 92              | 9         | 20              |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
| Pasco Municipal     | 55              | 14        | 28              |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
| Richland Municipal  | 56              | 6         | 15              |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
| West Richland       | 12              | 4         | 12              |
| Municipal           |                 |           |                 |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
| Benton County       | 53              | 10        | 53              |
| Sheriff             |                 |           |                 |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
| Franklin County     | [               | [12]{.u   | [               |
| Sheriff             | 22]{.underline} | nderline} | 24]{.underline} |
|                     |                 |           |                 |
| **Tri-Cities        | **290**         | **55**    | **152**         |
| total**             |                 |           |                 |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
|                     |                 |           |                 |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+
|                     |                 |           |                 |
+---------------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------+

Fire protection is provided by the fire departments of the cities of
Kennewick, Pasco, and Richland, and by Benton County Rural Fire
Departments #1, #2, and #4. A total of 360 fire fighting personnel
(187 paid and 173 volunteer) are on staff in the Tri-Cities. In
addition, the Hanford Fire Department, a highly trained and professional
career industrial fire department with 145 members, provides fire
protection on the Hanford Site and nearby areas (Table 4.7-6). There are
four fire stations strategically located on the Hanford Site. From these
stations four pumper crews, staffed with at least three firefighters
each, provide suppression response. The Hanford Fire Department provides
coverage to the entire Hanford Site and to SR 240 and SR 24. Coverage on
the highways extends from the Vernita Bridge to the Silver Dollar Cafe
on SR 24 and along SR 240 from the Yakima Barricade to the intersection
with SR 225. Additionally, the Hanford Fire Department responds to
mutual aid requests from 10 surrounding fire districts. Four ambulance
crews (one in each fire station), staffed with two firefighters
(Emergency Medical Technicians \[EMT\] or paramedic trained), provide
emergency medical services 24 hours per day, seven days a week. A total
of 40 emergency response vehicles, representing diverse capabilities,
are maintained at the four fire stations. Some emergency equipment is
specifically intended to control situations exclusive to the Hanford
Site.

**Table 4.7-6**. Fire Protection Personnel in the Tri-Cities,
Washington, 2004

+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| **Fire**       | **Fire      | **Volu   | **To  | **Service Area** |
|                | Fighting**  | nteers** | tal** |                  |
| **Department** |             |          |       |                  |
|                | **          |          |       |                  |
|                | Personnel** |          |       |                  |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| Kennewick      | 67          | 0        | 67    | City of          |
|                |             |          |       | Kennewick        |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| Richland       | 55          | 0        | 55    | City of Richland |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| Pasco          | 47          | 0        | 47    | City of Pasco    |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| BCRFD^(a)^ 1   | 10          | 100      | 110   | Kennewick Area   |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| BCRFD 2        | 5           | 26       | 31    | Benton City      |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| BCRFD 4        | [3]{        | [47]{.un | [     | West Richland    |
|                | .underline} | derline} | 50]{. |                  |
|                |             |          | under |                  |
|                |             |          | line} |                  |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| **Tri-Cities   | **187**     | **173**  | **    |                  |
| total**        |             |          | 360** |                  |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
|                |             |          |       |                  |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| Hanford        | 145         | 0        | 145   | Hanford Site     |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+
| \(a\) BCRFD =  |             |          |       |                  |
| Benton County  |             |          |       |                  |
| Rural Fire     |             |          |       |                  |
| Department.    |             |          |       |                  |
+----------------+-------------+----------+-------+------------------+

### Parks and Recreation

The convergence of the Columbia, Snake, and Yakima rivers offers
residents of the Tri-Cities a variety of recreational opportunities. The
Lower Snake River Project includes Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, Little
Goose, and Lower Granite locks and dams, and a levee system and parkway
at Clarkston and Lewiston (Figure 4.4-6). Although navigation
capabilities and the electrical output are the major benefits of this
project, recreational benefits have also resulted. The Lower Snake River
Project provides boating, camping, and picnicking facilities in nearly a
dozen areas along the Snake River. During FY 2004, 1.8 million people
visited the area and participated in activities along the river.

Similarly, the Columbia River provides ample water recreational
opportunities on the lakes formed by the dams. Lake Wallula, formed by
McNary Dam, offers a large variety of parks and activities that
attracted more than 3.9 million visitors during FY 2004. The Columbia
River Basin is also a popular area for migratory waterfowl and upland
game bird hunting.

Other opportunities for recreational activities in the Tri-Cities are
accommodated by indoor and outdoor facilities, including numerous tennis
courts, ball fields, and golf courses which offer outdoor recreation to
residents and tourists (Table 4.7-7). Several privately owned health
clubs in the area offer indoor tennis and racquetball courts, pools, and
exercise programs. Bowling lanes and skating rinks also serve the
Tri-Cities.

### Utilities

The principal source of water in the Tri-Cities and the Hanford Site is
the Columbia River. The water systems of Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick
drew a large portion of the 50.2-billion L (13.3 billion gal) used
during 2004 from the Columbia River. Each city operates its own supply
and treatment system. The Richland water supply system derives about 82
percent of its water directly from the Columbia River, while the
remainder is split between a well field in North Richland (that is
recharged from the river) and groundwater wells. The City of Richland's
total usage during 2004 was 21.6 billion L (5.9 billion gal). The city
of Pasco system also draws from the Columbia River for its water needs.
During 2004, Pasco consumed 14.5 billion L (3.8 billion gal). The
Kennewick system uses two wells and the Columbia River for its supply.
These wells serve as the sole source of water between November and March
and can

**Table 4.7-7**. Examples of Physical Recreational Facilities Available
in the Tri-Cities, Washington

  ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
  **Activity**        **Facilities**

  Team sports         Baseball fields and basketball courts are located
                      throughout the Tri-Cities. Soccer and football fields
                      are also located in various areas. Spectator sports
                      include minor league baseball and junior professional
                      hockey.

  Bowling             Lanes are found in each city, including Fiesta Bowling
                      Center, Celebrity Bowl, and Go-Bowl.

  Camping             Several hundred campsites can be found within driving
                      distance from the Tri-Cities area, including Fishhook
                      Park and Sun Lakes.

  Fishing             Steelhead, sturgeon, trout, walleye, bass, and crappie
                      fishing is excellent in the lakes and rivers near the
                      Tri-Cities.

  Golf                Several public courses include Sun Willows, Columbia
                      Park, Canyon Lakes, Columbia Point, Buckskin, and West
                      Richland Municipal, two semi-private courses, two
                      private courses, and a number of driving ranges and pro
                      shops.

  Hunting             Duck, geese, pheasant, and quail hunting is available.
                      Deer and elk hunting is available in the Blue Mountains
                      and the Cascade Range.

  Skating             There are roller-skating arenas in Richland and Prosser
                      and recreational ice skating in Kennewick;a junior
                      professional ice hockey arena is available to the
                      public in Kennewick.

  Water sports        There are public swimming pools in Pasco, Kennewick,
                      and Richland, plus numerous private club pools.
                      Boating, sailing, windsurfing, diving, water-skiing,
                      swimming, etc. are available on the Columbia River,
                      with 31 boat ramps in the Tri-Cities.

  Tennis              Several outdoor city courts are available in each city,
                      with additional outdoor courts located at area schools.
                      Two private health clubs have indoor courts available

  Walking/bicycling   There are over 30 miles of paved bike/hike paths and
                      5600 acres of parks in the Tri-Cities
  ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

provide approximately 40 percent of the total maximum supply of 30
billion L (8 billion gal). Total 2004 usage in Kennewick was 14.2
billion L (3.7 billion gal). A significant number of Kennewick's
residents (about 15,000 residential customers) draw irrigation water
from the Kennewick Irrigation District, which has the Yakima River as
its source (TCH 2001).

The major incorporated areas of Benton and Franklin counties are served
by municipal wastewater treatment systems, whereas the unincorporated
areas are served by onsite septic systems. Richland's wastewater
treatment system processed an average flow of 23.2 million L/d (6.1
million gal/d) during 2004 and is designed to treat 43.1 million L/d
(11.4 million gal/d). Kennewick's waste treatment system processed an
average 22.2 million L/d (5.9 million gal/d) during 2004. Their system
is capable of treating about 46.1 million L/d (12.2 million gal/d).
Pasco's waste treatment system processed an average 11.4 million L/d
(3.0 million gal/d) and is capable of treating 16.1 million L/d (4.25
million gal/d).

The Benton County Public Utility District, Franklin County Public
Utility District, and City of Richland Energy Services Department
provide electricity to the Tri-Cities and surrounding areas. Nearly all
the power these utilities provide in the local area is purchased from
the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), a federal power-marketing
agency. These three utilities served over 85,000 customers and had 3.08
billion kilowatt-hour (kWh) total sales during 2004. The average rate
for residential customers was approximately \$0.069/kWh during 2004, up
slightly from \$0.0647 during 2003. The Benton Rural Electrical
Association serves portions of the rural areas of Benton and adjacent
counties.

Electrical power for the Hanford Site is purchased wholesale from BPA,
which provided 90 percent of the electricity consumed on the Hanford
Site during 2004. Energy requirements for the Hanford Site during FY
2004 were 239.3 million kWh for a total cost of \$8.4 million.
Additionally, the Site spends about \$0.024/kWh for electrical
transportation and distribution within the Hanford Site.

Natural gas, provided by the Cascade Natural Gas Corporation (CNG),
serves a small but growing portion of local residents, with 12,876
residential customers served in 2004. During 2000, CNG had 7300
residential customers. The average annual gas bill for residential
customers is approximately \$1100. CNG also serves the Hanford Site 300
Area.

Wind energy is a new but growing component of Pacific Northwest
generating resources and is quite visible in the Tri-Cities area. Phase
I of FPL Energy's Stateline wind generation project (180 megawatt
\[MW\]) entered service during December 2001 near Walla Walla and has
been expanded to 300 MW (FPL 2003). Energy Northwest's Nine Canyon Wind
Farm (48 MW) entered service during October 2002 near Kennewick
(American Wind Energy Association 2003). A number of other wind power
projects (including a 40 MW Phase II for Stateline) have been proposed
for the Northwest, although many have been put on hold because of low
electricity demand, declining wholesale electricity prices, and reduced
economic activity due to recession. At prices of 4.0 to 6.0 cents per
kWh, wind energy is close to competitive with other sources, despite
relatively high costs per installed kWh and capacity factors of around
35 percent (OTED 2005). A capacity factor is the net electricity
generated, for the period of time considered, to the energy that could
have been generated at continuous full-power operation during the same
period. For comparison, the average capacity factor for nuclear plants
in the United States during 2002 was 90 percent (EIA 2004).

### Land Use

The DOE completed a Hanford Comprehensive Land-Use Plan EIS (HCP-EIS)
during September 1999 (DOE 1999a), and a Record of Decision (ROD) was
issued on November 2, 1999 (64 FR 61615). The purpose of this land-use
plan and its implementing policies and procedures is to facilitate
decision-making about the Hanford Site's uses and facilities over at
least the next 50 years. The DOE Preferred Alternative addresses future
and existing use. Proposed future uses include nine land-use
designations defining permissible uses of the Hanford Site (Figure 4.7-4
and Table 4.7-8).

For analysis purposes, the HCP-EIS used existing land use activities
presented on a map that divided the Hanford Site into five geographical
areas: Wahluke Slope, Columbia River Corridor, Central Plateau, All
Other Areas of the Site, and the Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology
Reserve Unit (Figure 4.7-5). The key features of the Hanford Site that
formed the basis of analysis of the five geographic areas used in the
environmental impact analysis and land-use plans were as follows:

> **The Wahluke Slope**. The area north of the Columbia River and the
> Hanford Site proper encompassed approximately 357 km^2^ (138 mi^2^)
> and was designated as part of the Hanford Reach National Monument by
> President Clinton. This is an area of relatively undisturbed or
> recovering shrub-steppe habitat managed by the USFWS for the DOE.
> These lands consisted of two wildlife

![](media/image4.png){width="6.49375in" height="8.272916666666667in"}

**Figure 4.7-4**. DOE\'s Preferred Alternative for Land Use on the
Hanford Site, Washington (DOE 1999a)

**Table 4.7-8**. Definitions and Descriptions of DOE\'s Preferred
Alternative Land Use Designations for the Hanford Site, Washington (DOE
1999a)

  ---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
  **Land-Use             **Definition**
  Designation**          

  Industrial-Exclusive   An area suitable and desirable for treatment, storage, and
                         disposal of hazardous, dangerous, radioactive, and
                         nonradioactive wastes. Includes related activities
                         consistent with Industrial-Exclusive uses.

  Industrial             An area suitable and desirable for activities such as
                         reactor operations, rail, barge transport facilities,
                         mining, manufacturing, food processing, assembly,
                         warehouse, and distribution operations. Includes related
                         activities consistent with Industrial uses.

  Agricultural           An area designated for the tilling of soil, raising of
                         crops and livestock, and horticulture for commercial
                         purposes along with all those activities normally and
                         routinely involved in horticulture and the production of
                         crops and livestock. Includes related activities consistent
                         with Agricultural uses.

  Research and           An area designated for conducting basic or applied research
  Development            that requires the use of a large-scale or isolated facility
                         or smaller scale time-limited research conducted in the
                         field or within facilities that consume limited resources.
                         Includes scientific, engineering, technology development,
                         technology transfer, and technology deployment activities
                         to meet regional and national needs. Includes related
                         activities consistent with Research and Development.

  High-Intensity         An area allocated for high-intensity, visitor-serving
  Recreation             activities and facilities (commercial and governmental),
                         such as golf courses, recreational vehicle parks, boat
                         launching facilities, Tribal fishing facilities,
                         destination resorts, cultural centers, and museums.
                         Includes related activities consistent with High-Intensity
                         Recreation.

  Low-Intensity          An area allocated for low-intensity, visitor-serving
  Recreation             activities and facilities, such as improved recreational
                         trails, primitive boat launching facilities, and permitted
                         campgrounds. Includes related activities consistent with
                         Low-Intensity Recreation.

  Conservation (Mining   An area reserved for the management and protection of
  and Grazing)           archeological, cultural, ecological, and natural resources.
                         Limited and managed mining (e.g., quarrying for sand,
                         gravel, basalt, and topsoil for governmental purposes only)
                         and grazing could occur as a special use (i.e., a permit
                         would be required) within appropriate areas. Limited public
                         access would be consistent with resource conservation.
                         Includes activities related to Conservation (Mining and
                         Grazing) consistent with the protection of archeological,
                         cultural, ecological, and natural resources.

  Conservation (Mining)  An area reserved for the management and protection of
                         archeological, cultural, ecological, and natural resources.
                         Limited and managed mining (e.g., quarrying for sand,
                         gravel, basalt, and topsoil for governmental purposes)
                         could occur as a special use (i.e., a permit would be
                         required) within appropriate areas. Limited public access
                         would be consistent with resource conservation. Includes
                         activities related to Conservation (Mining) consistent with
                         the protection of archeological, cultural, ecological, and
                         natural resources.

  Preservation           An area managed for the preservation of archeological,
                         cultural, ecological, and natural resources. No new
                         consumptive uses (i.e., mining or extraction of
                         non-renewable resources) would be allowed within this area.
                         Limited public access would be consistent with resource
                         preservation. Includes activities related to Preservation
                         uses.
  ---------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="6.658333333333333in"
height="8.120833333333334in"}

**Figure 4.7-5**. Geographic Study Areas for the Hanford Site,
Washington (DOE 1999a)

> management units within the Hanford Reach National Monument/Saddle
> Mountain National Wildlife Refuge: the 130 km^2^ (50 mi^2^) Saddle
> Mountain Unit and the 225 km^2^ (87 mi^2^) Wahluke Unit. Portions of
> the Saddle Mountain Unit, which are closed to public access, still
> serve as buffer areas for the Hanford Site. The Wahluke Unit was open
> to public recreational access. A small strip of land \[approximately
> 1.62 km^2^ (0.63 mi^2^)\] located between SR 243 and the Columbia
> River west of SR 24 is still managed by the Washington State
> Department of Fish and Wildlife under DOE permit and retains public
> access.

-   **Columbia River Corridor**. The 111.6 km^2^ (43.1 mi^2^) Columbia
    River Corridor was placed into the Hanford Reach National Monument
    by President Clinton. Adjacent to and running through the Hanford
    Site, it is used for boating, water skiing, fishing, and hunting of
    upland game birds and migratory waterfowl. Although public access is
    allowed on certain islands below the high water mark, access to
    other islands and adjacent areas is restricted because of
    distinctive habitats and the presence of cultural resources.

> Along the southern shoreline of the Columbia River Corridor, the 100
> Areas occupy approximately 68 km^2^ (26 mi^2^). The facilities in the
> 100 Areas included nine retired plutonium production reactors,
> associated facilities, and structures. The Resource Conservation and
> Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) (42 USC 6901 *et seq*.) closure permit
> restrictions have been placed in the vicinity of the 100-H Area, which
> is associated with the 183-H Solar Evaporation Basins and the N
> Reactor cribs. Additional deed restrictions or covenants for
> activities that potentially extend more than 4.6 m (15 ft) below
> ground surface are expected for the Comprehensive Environmental
> Restoration, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) (42 USC
> 9601, *et seq.*) remediation areas.
>
> The area within the Columbia River Corridor known as the Hanford Reach
> includes a 402-m (1320-ft) strip of public land on both sides of the
> Columbia River.

-   **Central Plateau**. The 200 East and 200 West Areas occupy
    approximately 51 km^2^ (19.5 mi^2^) in the Central Plateau of the
    Hanford Site. Facilities in the Central Plateau were built to
    process irradiated fuel from the plutonium production reactors. The
    operation of these facilities resulted in the treatment, storage,
    disposal, and unplanned release of radioactive and nonradioactive
    waste. The Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility for CERCLA
    cleanup wastes is located in the Central Plateau. The Integrated
    Disposal Facility as authorized by the Hanford Solid Waste EIS ROD
    (69 FR 39449) is being constructed to process low-level and mixed
    low-level wastes.

> A commercial low-level radioactive waste disposal facility, licensed
> by the State of Washington and run by U.S. Ecology, Inc., currently
> operates on 0.4 km^2^ (0.16 mi^2^) of the Central Plateau (DOH and
> Ecology 2000).

-   **All Other Areas**. All Other Areas comprise 689 km^2^ (266 mi^2^)
    and contain the 300 and 400 Areas, the former 1100 Area, Energy
    Northwest facilities, and a section of land currently owned by the
    State of Washington for the disposal of hazardous substances.

> The former Hanford 1100 Area and the Hanford railroad southern
> connection (from Horn Rapids Road to Columbia Center) have been
> transferred from DOE ownership to Port of Benton ownership to support
> future economic development. Although the 1100 Area is no longer under
> DOE control, it was included in the HCP EIS to support the local
> governments with their State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) EIS
> analyses of the Hanford subarea of Benton County under the State of
> Washington's Growth Management Act (RCW 36.70A).
>
> The 300 Area is just north of the city of Richland and covers
> 1.5 km^2^ (0.6 mi^2^). The 300 Area is the site of former reactor fuel
> fabrication facilities and was also the principal location of nuclear
> research and development facilities serving the Hanford Site.
>
> The 400 Area, located southeast of the 200 East Area, is the site of
> the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), a 400-megawatt (thermal) liquid
> metal (sodium) fast neutron flux nuclear test reactor. The
> construction of the FFTF was completed during 1978 and its initial
> operation began in 1980. From 1982 to 1992, the FFTF operated as a
> national research facility to test advanced nuclear fuels, materials,
> components, nuclear power plant operations and maintenance protocols,
> and reactor safety designs. During this time, the FFTF also produced a
> wide variety of medical and industrial isotopes, made tritium for the
> U.S. fusion research program, and conducted cooperative international
> research work. Deactivation activities are underway at the FFTF.
> Sodium has been drained from the primary heat transport system loops
> and auxiliary systems, as well as the upper portion of the reactor
> vessel to the Sodium Storage Facility tanks, where approximately
> 150,000 gallons of sodium is now stored, pending future conversion to
> sodium hydroxide for use by the Waste Treatment Plant.
>
> Energy Northwest operates the Columbia Generating Station on leased
> land approximately 10 km (6 mi) north of Richland. This land was
> originally leased for the operation of three nuclear power plants, but
> construction of two of the plants was halted and other industrial
> options are being considered.
>
> During 1980, the federal government sold a 2.59 km^2^ (1 mi^2^)
> section of land (known as Section 1) south of the 200 East Area and
> near SR 240 to the State of Washington for nonradioactive hazardous
> waste disposal. To date, this parcel has not been used for hazardous
> waste disposal. It is undeveloped and uncontaminated (although the
> underlying groundwater might be contaminated). The deed requires that
> if it were used for any purpose other than hazardous waste disposal,
> ownership would revert to the federal government.
>
> Additional activities in All Other Areas include:

-   *A specialized training center*: The Hazardous Materials Management
    and Emergency Response (HAMMER) Volpentest Training and Education
    Center is used to train hazardous materials response personnel and
    operating personnel for the Waste Treatment Plant. It is located
    north of the former 1100 Area and covers about 0.3 km^2^
    (0.12 mi^2^).

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-   *A regional law-enforcement training facility*: The Hanford Patrol
    Training Academy provides a range of training environments including
    classrooms, library resources, practice shoot houses, an exercise
    gym, and an obstacle course.

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-   *A national research facility*: The Laser Interferometer
    Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), built by the National Science
    Foundation for scientific research, is designed to detect cosmic
    gravitational waves. The facility consists of two optical tube arms,
    each 4 km (2.5 mi) long, arrayed in an \"L\" shape, which are
    extremely sensitive to vibrations.

-   *A national utilities training center:* The National Utility
    Training Services facility in Richland, Washington, will help
    continue to develop curriculum for the state-of-the-art training
    facility located adjacent to the Volpentest HAMMER Training Center
    for emergency workers at Hanford. National Utility Training Services
    is a facility designed to provide the best in electric utility
    hands-on, performance-based training. Originally a project of the
    Northwest Public Power Association (NWPPA), National Utility
    Training Services is now a nonprofit educational 501(c)3
    organization providing hands-on performance-based training to the
    west's electric utility employees.

-   *A national counter*-*drug center*: National Counternarcotics Center
    pilot. The drug interdiction prototype will support future interest
    and funding for a permanent multi-jurisdictional counternarcotics
    program involving federal and local agencies.

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-   **Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology Reserve Unit.** The
    308.7 km^2^ (119.2 mi^2^) Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology
    Reserve Unit is part of the Hanford Reach National Monument and is
    managed by the USFWS for the DOE. The unit is located in the
    southwestern portion of the Hanford Site and is managed as a
    wildlife reserve. The public is restricted from the site.

The Hanford Site facilities and activities are consolidated within
operating areas that occupy about 6 percent of the total available area
of the Site (DOE 1999a). Some of the Hanford Site that is not involved
with the current mission has been leased, disposed, or permitted to
federal or state agencies or private entities (Table 4.7-9).

**Table 4.7-9**. Key Areas of the Hanford Site, Washington,
Outgranted/Released to Date ^(a)^

+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| **Area**       | **Ma       | **Use**   | ** | **Controls**        |
|                | nagement** |           | Ye |                     |
|                |            |           | ar |                     |
|                |            |           | ** |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| US Ecology     | State of   | C         | 19 | Leased              |
| Low-Level      | Washington | ommercial | 64 |                     |
| Radioactive    |            | Ra        |    |                     |
| Waste Disposal |            | dioactive |    |                     |
| Facility       |            | Waste     |    |                     |
|                |            | Disposal  |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| Vernita Rest   | Washington | Highway   | 19 | Washington State    |
| Area^(b)^      | State      | Rest Area | 66 | Highway Patrol      |
|                | Department |           |    |                     |
|                | of         |           |    |                     |
|                | Tran       |           |    |                     |
|                | sportation |           |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| Columbia       | Energy     | Power     | 19 | Leased              |
| Generating     | Northwest  | P         | 71 |                     |
| Station        |            | roduction |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| West End of    | U.S. Fish  | Wildlife  | 19 | Permitted with the  |
| Wahluke Slope  | and        | Refuge    | 71 | following controls: |
| (Saddle        | Wildlife   |           |    |                     |
| Mountain       | Service    |           |    | -   No overnight    |
| National       |            |           |    |     camping         |
| Wildlife       |            |           |    |                     |
| Refuge)^(b)^   |            |           |    | -   Access control  |
| (superseded)   |            |           |    |     plans required  |
|                |            |           |    |                     |
|                |            |           |    | -   No drilling of  |
|                |            |           |    |     wells for       |
|                |            |           |    |     residential     |
|                |            |           |    |     water           |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| East End of    | WA State   | Wildlife  | 1  | Permitted with same |
| Wahluke        | Department | &         | 97 | controls as         |
| Slope^(b)^     | of Fish    | Rec       | 1- | mentioned for       |
| (superseded)   | and        | reational | 19 | Wahluke Slope       |
|                | Wildlife   | Reserve   | 99 | above.              |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| Southwest End  | WA State   | Wildlife  | 19 | Permitted with same |
| of Wahluke     | Department | Refuge    | 99 | controls as         |
| Slope^(b)^     | of Fish    |           |    | mentioned for       |
| between Rt 24  | and        |           |    | Wahluke Slope above |
| and Columbia   | Wildlife   |           |    |                     |
| River          |            |           |    |                     |
| (upstream of   |            |           |    |                     |
| Vernita)       |            |           |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| 3000 Area      | Port of    | Economic  | 19 | Disposed (title     |
|                | Benton     | De        | 80 | transfer)           |
|                |            | velopment |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| 3000 Area      | Port of    | Economic  | 19 | Disposed (title     |
|                | Benton     | De        | 96 | transfer)           |
|                |            | velopment |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| Fit            | U.S. Fish  | Wildlife  | 19 | Permitted with same |
| zner-Eberhardt | and        | Reserve   | 98 | controls as         |
| Arid Lands     | Wildlife   |           |    | mentioned for       |
| Ecology        | Service    |           |    | Wahluke Slope       |
| Reserve Unit   |            |           |    | above.              |
| ^(b)^          |            |           |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| Laser          | The        | Research  | 19 | Permitted           |
| Interferometer | National   |           | 98 |                     |
| Gravitational  | Science    |           |    |                     |
| Wave           | Foundation |           |    |                     |
| Observatory    |            |           |    |                     |
| (LIGO)         |            |           |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| 1100 Area      | Port of    | Economic  | 19 | Disposed (title     |
|                | Benton     | De        | 98 | transfer)           |
|                |            | velopment |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| Wahluke        | U.S. Fish  | Wildlife  | 19 | Permitted with same |
| Slope^(b)^     | and        | Refuge    | 99 | controls as         |
|                | Wildlife   |           |    | mentioned for       |
| (              | Service    |           |    | Wahluke Slope       |
| remainder/all) |            |           |    | above.              |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| \(a\) Does not |            |           |    |                     |
| include        |            |           |    |                     |
| release of     |            |           |    |                     |
| lands within   |            |           |    |                     |
| the City of    |            |           |    |                     |
| Richland,      |            |           |    |                     |
| lease of the   |            |           |    |                     |
| city itself,   |            |           |    |                     |
| leased         |            |           |    |                     |
| facilities on  |            |           |    |                     |
| the Hanford    |            |           |    |                     |
| Site, or lands |            |           |    |                     |
| released       |            |           |    |                     |
| before 1964.   |            |           |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+
| \(b\) Included |            |           |    |                     |
| in Hanford     |            |           |    |                     |
| Reach National |            |           |    |                     |
| Monument,      |            |           |    |                     |
| established    |            |           |    |                     |
| June 9, 2000   |            |           |    |                     |
| (65 FR 37253). |            |           |    |                     |
+----------------+------------+-----------+----+---------------------+

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[^1]: (?) The Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
    Characterization Rev.14 (Neitzel 2002) shows the total population
    "within" 80 km as 511,500, which was estimated by a geographical
    information system from the populations of individual census block
    groups, the smallest geographic area for which both minority and
    poverty status were estimated in the 2000 Census. The higher number
    resulted because the total population of a census block group was
    previously assigned to the 80-km area if *any part* of the block
    group lay within 80 km of the Hanford Meteorological Station in the
    middle of the Hanford Site. The new estimate splits boundary block
    groups to include only those portions within 80 km, which should
    result in a lower and more accurate estimate.