**BIRD COMMUNITIES IN AND ADJACENT TO THE DAMASCUS AREA URBAN GROWTH
BOUNDARY EXPANSION, OREGON**

**2006 FINAL REPORT**

Prepared by

Lori A. Hennings

Metro

600 NE Grand Ave.

Portland, OR 97232-2736

# EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We surveyed 24 sites in the Damascus new urban growth area for birds and
vegetation in winter 2003 and spring 2004. We sampled birds once at each
site during winter and spring to assess bird-habitat relationships.
Canonical Correspondence Analysis, regression and correlation analyses
all point to the following key concepts in the study area:

The results of this study tell a compelling story about urban wildlife
habitat. Riparian habitat changes over the urban gradient; as urban
intensity increases, forest structural complexity and nativeness tend to
decrease. Canonical Correspondence Analysis, regression and correlation
analyses were generally in agreement as to key results.

-   Non-native birds, both winter and spring, were associated with urban
    residential lands that included simplified forest structure, more
    lawn, and more tall non-native shrubs (typically Himalayan
    blackberry) and herbs. Winter native bird abundance was unrelated to
    these habitat measures.

-   Winter species richness was related to urban residential habitats,
    but not winter diversity or winter native abundance. Spring bird
    abundance was also positively associated with these types of
    habitats.

-   Hence, there are more non-native birds and more species overall
    during winter, and more non-native birds and more birds overall in
    the spring, in urban residential habitats as compared to more rural
    habitats. High overall (not Neotropical migrant) bird abundance in
    spring typically indicates edge habitat, and is often an indicator
    of low quality habitat. In either season -- winter or spring --
    urban residential habitat appears to attract non-native birds as
    compared to more rural habitats.

-   In contrast, all Neotropical migratory songbird metrics (diversity,
    species richness, abundance) showed negative relationships with
    urban residential habitats as compared to more rural habitats. These
    findings are in agreement with studies both locally and nationally.

-   Winter bird diversity and spring Neotropical migratory songbird
    abundance were negatively associated with habitats containing high
    amounts of high non-native shrubs (primarily Himalayan blackberry),
    structures, and human trails, and positively associated with conifer
    tree cover. Winter non-native species measures showed the opposite
    trend.

-   Increasing amounts of native tree cover, and decreasing amounts of
    non-native shrub cover, appear to increase habitat value for
    Neotropical migratory songbird communities, and also appear to
    control non-native birds.

-   Non-native tall shrub cover appears repeatedly as a key variable for
    many bird metrics, but overall or native shrub do not, thereby
    specifically implicating high non-native shrubs as a plus for
    non-natives and a negative for winter bird diversity and Neotropical
    migrants in general.

-   Conifer cover appears to increase the value of winter habitat to
    resident bird diversity and spring Neotropical migratory songbird
    abundance, and decrease the winter habitat value for non-native
    birds.

The spring results agree with our earlier study in the greater Portland
metropolitan region (Hennings and Edge 2003), where we found strong
correlations between narrow, simplified urban forests and non-native and
resident bird numbers and species, with opposite findings for NMBs.
However, the winter bird community information is new. Urban residential
habitats probably provide good homes for winter birds, both native and
non-native, favoring non-migratory species during winter. This may be
disadvantageous for NMBs, which appear to need larger, less disturbed
habitat areas for breeding and are not present during the winter.
Non-migratory birds establish territories in riparian habitats sooner
than NMBs and typically produce more broods (nests of young) per year
than NMBs, who must spend much of their time migrating north in spring
and south in fall. Riparian areas typically produce a majority of
insects to the land, and nearly all songbird species feed their
nestlings insects. Hence, NMBs are likely at a disadvantage in
residential habitats because such habitats favor winter residents.
However, worth noting is the extraordinary importance of even narrow
riparian forests to many songbird species, including Neotropical
migrants, during spring and fall migration.

It is likely that in urban residential lands, these trends can be
partially offset by landowner management. Of interest was the recurring
positive relationship between non-native birds and high non-native
shrubs and overall canopy cover, both winter and spring. We also saw
recurring negative relationships between NMB metrics, winter bird
diversity, and non-native tree and shrub cover. Thus, more tree cover
and more native shrubs, as well as controlling non-native shrubs, should
improve habitat for nesting NMBs, a group that is known to be at risk
both nationwide and in the Portland metropolitan area (Gates and Giffen
1991, Friesen et al. 1995, Germaine et al. 1998, Hennings and Edge
2003).

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

[EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii](#executive-summary)

[LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES iv](#list-of-figures-and-tables)

[ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v](#acknowledgments)

[INTRODUCTION 6](#introduction)

[STUDY AREA 6](#study-area)

[METHODS 7](#methods)

[FIELD DATA COLLECTION 7](#field-data-collection)

[DATA ANALYSIS 8](#data-analysis)

[RESULTS 8](#results)

[BIRD AND VEGETATION SURVEYS 8](#bird-and-vegetation-surveys)

[MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES 9](#multivariate-analyses)

[LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ANALYSES
11](#linear-regression-and-correlation-analyses)

[MULTIMETRIC ANALYSES (WHA) 13](#multimetric-analyses-wha)

[DISCUSSION 14](#discussion)

[LITERATURE CITED 16](#literature-cited)

[APPENDICES 17](#appendices)

# LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

**Figures 1a-1d.** Figures should be viewed in clockwise fashion. Figure
1a shows a relatively strong, negative relationship between the percent
non-native birds at a site and the percent overall (native and
non-native) tree cover. Figure 1b suggests a positive, perhaps
curvilinear relationship between the percent non-native birds at a site
and the percent non-native tree cover. Figures 1c and 1d indicate that
Neotropical migratory songbirds are strongly, positively associated with
native shrub cover and strongly, negatively associated with non-native
shrub cover.

Appendix Figure 1. Locations of 24 riparian study sites sampled for
birds and habitat in and near the Damascus urban growth boundary
expansion, Clackamas County, Oregon, 2003-2004.

**Appendix 2.** Wildlife Habitat Assessment methodology and forms.

**Appendix Table 3.** List of bird species and their abundance for 24
riparian study sites sampled in and near the Damascus urban growth
boundary expansion, Clackamas County, Oregon, winter 2003 and spring
2004.

**Appendix Table 4.** Bird community and habitat variables at 24 study
sites collected in winter 2003 and spring 2004. Diversity is Shannon
diversity index; NMB = Neotropical Migratory Songbirds.

**Appendix Table 5.** Correlation analysis for bird and habitat
variables at 24 study sites collected in winter 2003 and spring 2004.
Diversity is Shannon diversity index; NMB = Neotropical Migratory
Songbirds.

**Appendix Table 6.** Scoring results for habitat variables at 24 study
sites collected in winter 2003 and spring 2004. The method used,
Wildlife Habitat Assessment, allows a skilled observer to walk through a
habitat patch of any size and assign qualitative scores for each
variable without actually having to quantitatively measure each
variable. The "Enhanced" score refers to what the observer considers the
site's potential if moderate restoration efforts, such as non-native
removal and native plantings, were employed at each site.

**Appendix Table 7.** Correlation analysis for bird and Wildlife Habitat
Assessment habitat variables at 24 study sites collected in winter 2003
and spring 2004. Diversity is Shannon diversity index; NMB = Neotropical
Migratory Songbirds. Note that for the "Habitat modification,
structures, etc.," higher scores mean fewer such modifications.

# ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was funded by a grant from the US Fish and Wildlife Service /
Metro Greenspaces program. Jennifer Thompson with the US Fish and
Wildlife service administered the grant. Metro is grateful for the
research support, which is difficult to obtain through current funding
source availability. Wildlife research in urban areas provides an
important management and decision-making tool for all jurisdictions in
this urban area. We also thank Nathan Cole for his excellent assistance
in vegetation surveys, as well as the many park and private landowners
who kindly consented to our conducting surveys on their properties.

# INTRODUCTION

In 2003, the Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) was expanded to include more
than 12,000 acres in the Damascus area, representing the single largest
expansion of the UGB since its establishment. The expansion area is
currently dominated by agricultural and rural residential land uses,
with some small forested tracts still occurring in uplands and adjacent
to streams. A number of the larger tracts of forested land are riparian
corridors presently occurring in lower portions of several of the
drainages within the study area.

Urbanization of watersheds is known to have potentially profound effects
on bird communities (Blair 2004, Fletcher et al. 2005, Rodewald and
Bakermans 2006). Assessing the condition of natural resources in the UGB
expansion project area prior to urbanization will provide baseline data
of pre-urbanization ecological conditions against which future
conditions can be compared in relation to development patterns.
Monitoring physical and biological conditions near streams before and
during urbanization of the area, along with previously conducted
research, will help determine the effects urban development will have on
area streams.

The primary objective of this study was to characterize current bird
communities and physical habitat conditions along streams occurring
within the project area. It is hoped that the findings of this study
will help local jurisdictions and landowners to improve bird habitat for
those species most at risk: Neotropical migratory songbirds.

# STUDY AREA

The Damascus Urban Growth boundary expansion area encompasses
approximately 12,000 acres in northwestern Clackamas County, Oregon
(Appendix Figure 1). Several tributary watersheds to the Clackamas River
occur entirely, or partially, in the southern portion of the proposed
expansion area, including (west to east) Rock Creek, Richardson Creek,
and Noyer Creek. Rock Creek, the western-most Clackamas River tributary,
occurs almost entirely within the expansion area. All but approximately
the lower three-quarter mile of Richardson Creek occurs within the
expansion area. Approximately the one-third of the Noyer Creek drainage
occurs within the expansion area. North Fork Deep Creek, immediately to
the east of Noyer Creek, doesn't occur within the current proposed
expansion area, but was included for sampling in this study owing to its
close proximity to the urban growth expansion area.

Several tributaries to Johnson Creek occur in the northern portion of
the expansion area, including Kelly Creek and several smaller unnamed
tributaries. All of these tributaries drain in a generally northerly
direction. Butler Creek occurs immediately north of the proposed
expansion area and is entirely forested in its upper reaches. Sampling
birds and habitat for this study occurred on Kelly Creek, Butler Creek
and its tributaries, Richardson Creek, Noyer Creek, and North Fork Deep
Creek. Selection was based on water quality sampling sites and to
represent an urban gradient.

Land use throughout the entire expansion area consists of a mosaic of
rural residential, rural, agricultural, and forested land uses. Both
forested upland and riparian areas still occur in the area. Of
particular note are the intact riparian corridors on lower North Fork
Deep, lower Noyer, lower Richardson, parts of Rock, and upper Butler
Creeks.

# METHODS

## FIELD DATA COLLECTION

We surveyed riparian birds and plants at 24 sites as a companion study
to the water quality work (Appendix Figure 1). Each site was sampled for
birds once during winter and once during spring. We used two different
sampling methods to accommodate seasonal variability in bird
detectability.

In winter, a two-hectare plot along the stream was surveyed for 20
minutes using an area-search method in which the surveyor walked slowly
along each side of the stream, recording every bird seen or heard within
the search area.

During spring, one 50-meter radius point count circle was established at
each end of the 2-ha winter search plot for a total of two point count
stations per site. Birds were surveyed for eight minutes at each point
count station. During winter and spring surveys, flyovers in which the
birds simply passed over the plot were recorded but not included in data
analysis.

We employed two methods of habitat surveys in spring 2004 after bird
surveys were completed. For quantitative analysis, three 10-meter radius
vegetation plots were established within each spring point count circle
for a total of six plots per 2-ha study site, representing 9.4 percent
of the habitat in which birds were surveyed. We measured habitat
variables relating to riparian forest structure, composition, and human
development. Within each plot we visually estimated total cover in each
vegetation layer; percent total for each plant species; percent native
and non-native cover in herbaceous, shrub, and tree canopy layers; and
percent cover of trails, buildings and paved surfaces. Data for the
three vegetation plots were averaged for each point-count station, then
stations were averaged to yield site-level habitat information.

A second method, the Wildlife Habitat Assessment (WHA), was also
employed; Metro routinely uses this method for habitat surveys, thus
this information was collected to provide a qualitative survey for each
site that was consistent with Metro's data for other sites. The WHA has
been field-validated and is a reliable measure of habitat quality within
a habitat patch, but this method alone is not sufficiently quantitative
for bird community analysis. The Wildlife Habitat Assessment methodology
and form are in Appendix 2.

## DATA ANALYSIS

Bird community metrics were statistically related to habitat variables
using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), linear regression, and
correlation techniques. We performed CCA using PC-ORD v. 4.20 (McCune
and Mefford 1999) to linearly relate multiple response and explanatory
variables. We retained all CCA axes that explained more than 10% of
variation in the data (two axes). We included correlation analyses and
linear regression (*p* \< 0.01) for selected variables of interest to
illustrate specific bird-habitat relationships.

# RESULTS

## BIRD AND VEGETATION SURVEYS

Bird species and abundance for each site are in Appendix Table 3. Bird
community metrics and quantitative habitat variables are provided in
Appendix Table 4.

## MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES

Our CCA model included 13 bird and 21 habitat variables. Some variables,
such as forest canopy cover and non-native vegetation measures, were
highly correlated but still necessary in the model to specifically
identify the variables important to bird communities. However, CCA
performs well with inter-correlated environmental variables (Palmer
1993).

Two CCA axes cumulatively explained 55% of variation in the data. The
first CCA axis represented a gradient from non-native, simplified
forests with more structures, human trails and lawns, to more native,
structurally diverse sites with more high native shrub cover and less
non-native tree cover. We interpret this "Residential Gradient" to
represent a gradient from relatively intensely developed residential
lands to undeveloped lands -- an urban residential gradient. Axis 2
represented a gradient from areas with high amounts of non-native
shrubs, structures, and human trails, but with less lawn and less
conifer canopy cover. We interpret this to represent a gradient from
high-intensity development land uses (both residential and
non-residential) with little or no conifers present to sites with low
development intensity and increasing percent cover conifers ("Conifer
Gradient").

Numerous bird community metrics correlated significantly (*r*
[\>]{.underline} plus or minus 0.40) with these two axes, interpreted as
follows.

Non-native bird metrics (abundance and percent) in both winter and
spring were positively associated with the Residential Gradient,
implying that these birds, dominated by European Starlings (*Sternus
vulgaris*), find agreeable habitat in residential lands with lawns and
plenty of human influence. Further, winter non-natives were positively
associated with the Conifer Gradient, implying that they select
higher-intensity urban sites with few conifers in the winter. No such
correlations were found with spring non-native birds.

Winter bird diversity and spring Neotropical Migratory Songbird (NMB)
abundance were negatively associated with the Conifer Gradient, with
their numbers increasing in less developed sites with more conifer
cover. All NMB metrics -- diversity, richness and abundance -- were
negatively associated with the Residential Gradient. In contrast, winter
species richness and spring bird abundance were positively associated
with this variable.

**Table 1**. Results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
conducted for bird and habitat variables at 24 study sites collected in
winter 2003 and spring 2004. Diversity is Shannon diversity index; NMB =
Neotropical Migratory Songbirds.

+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| **CCA Axis 1**         |         | **CCA Axis 2**         |         |
|                        |         |                        |         |
| *Explained 44.6% of    |         | *Explained 10.1% of    |         |
| variability in the     |         | variability in the     |         |
| data*                  |         | data*                  |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Key related habitat    |         | Key related habitat    |         |
| variables:             |         | variables:             |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Habitat variable       | Di      | Habitat variable       | Di      |
|                        | rection |                        | rection |
|                        | of      |                        | of      |
|                        | corr    |                        | corr    |
|                        | elation |                        | elation |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% lawn                | \+      | \% high non-native     | \+      |
|                        |         | shrub                  |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% non-native          | \+      | \% structures          | \+      |
| herbaceous cover       |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% high non-native     | \+      | \% human trails        | \+      |
| shrubs                 |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% non-native tree     | \+      | \% lawn                | \-      |
| cover                  |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% structures          | \+      | \% conifer cover       | \-      |
| (buildings)            |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% impervious surface  | \+      |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% human trails        | \+      |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| \% native herbaceous   | \-      |                        |         |
| cover                  |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Bird community         | Corr    | Bird community         | Corr    |
| variable               | elation | variable               | elation |
|                        | s       |                        | s       |
|                        | trength |                        | trength |
|                        | (*r*)   |                        | (*r*)   |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Spring bird abundance  | +0.52   | Winter bird non-native | +0.72   |
|                        |         | abundance              |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Winter species         | +0.49   | Winter % non-native    | +0.60   |
| richness               |         | birds                  |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Spring non-native bird | +0.81   | Winter bird diversity  | -0.42   |
| abundance              |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Spring % non-native    | +0.82   | Spring NMB bird        | -0.40   |
| birds                  |         | abundance              |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Winter non-native bird | +0.50   |                        |         |
| abundance              |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Winter % non-native    | +0.53   |                        |         |
| birds                  |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Spring NMB diversity   | -0.63   |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Spring NMB species     | -0.54   |                        |         |
| richness               |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+
| Spring NMB bird        | -0.42   |                        |         |
| abundance              |         |                        |         |
+------------------------+---------+------------------------+---------+

### LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ANALYSES

The correlation analysis revealed a number of relationships between bird
community metrics and habitat variables (Appendix Table 5). In general,
as with a previous study in the greater Portland metropolitan region
(Hennings and Edge 2003), wider forests tend to have more complex
three-dimensional structure that is more native in each vegetative
layer.

Based on the CCA and correlation analyses, we selected key relationships
to illustrate through linear regression analysis (Figures 1a-1d).

**Figures 1a-1d.** Figures should be viewed in clockwise fashion. Figure
1a shows a relatively strong, negative relationship between the percent
non-native birds at a site and the percent overall (native and
non-native) tree cover. Figure 1b suggests a positive, perhaps
curvilinear relationship between the percent non-native birds at a site
and the percent non-native tree cover. Figures 1c and 1d indicate that
Neotropical migratory songbirds are strongly, positively associated with
native shrub cover and strongly, negatively associated with non-native
shrub ![](media/image1.wmf){width="3.632677165354331in"
height="3.0625984251968505in"}![](media/image2.wmf){width="3.4818897637795274in"
height="3.0688976377952755in"}![](media/image3.wmf){width="3.482677165354331in"
height="3.0456692913385828in"}![](media/image4.wmf){width="3.3299212598425196in"
height="3.0700787401574803in"}cover.

### MULTIMETRIC ANALYSES (WHA)

Wildlife Habitat Assessments (WHA) are a qualitative means of providing
a range of numerical habitat scores to different habitat patches,
enabling statistical comparison between sites (method instructions and
form in Appendix 2). Appendix Table 6 provides the results of WHA
surveys for each site, and Appendix Table 7 shows the correlations
between bird community metrics and individual and total WHA habitat
metric scores. Within the table, all significant correlations (*r*
[\>]{.underline} 0.40, negative or positive) are in bold to aid in
discussion of these results.

Winter and spring non-native bird metrics, winter species richness, and
spring bird abundance correlated positively with WHA metrics
representing more urbanized sites with simplified, less native forests
and altered hydrology commonly associated with urbanization. In
contrast, all NMB metrics correlated positively with less urban sites
with better forest structure, more native plants, and less altered
hydrology. The WHA results did not correlate with winter or spring bird
diversity, winter bird abundance, or spring species richness.

# DISCUSSION

The results of this study tell a compelling story about urban wildlife
habitat. Riparian habitat changes over the urban gradient; as urban
intensity increases, forest structural complexity and nativeness tend to
decrease. Canonical Correspondence Analysis, regression and correlation
analyses were generally in agreement as to key results.

Non-native birds, both winter and spring, were associated with urban
residential lands that included simplified forest structure, more lawn,
and more tall non-native shrubs (typically Himalayan blackberry) and
herbs. Winter native bird abundance was unrelated to these habitat
measures.

Winter species richness was related to urban residential habitats, but
not winter diversity or winter native abundance. Spring bird abundance
was also positively associated with these types of habitats.

Hence, there are more non-native birds and more species overall during
winter, and more non-native birds and more birds overall in the spring,
in urban residential habitats as compared to more rural habitats. High
overall (not Neotropical migrant) bird abundance in spring typically
indicates edge habitat, and is often an indicator of low quality
habitat. In either season -- winter or spring -- urban residential
habitat appears to attract non-native birds as compared to more rural
habitats.

In contrast, all Neotropical migratory songbird metrics (diversity,
species richness, abundance) showed negative relationships with urban
residential habitats as compared to more rural habitats. These findings
are in agreement with studies both locally and nationally.

Winter bird diversity and spring Neotropical migratory songbird
abundance were negatively associated with habitats containing high
amounts of high non-native shrubs (primarily Himalayan blackberry),
structures, and human trails, and positively associated with conifer
tree cover. Winter non-native species measures showed the opposite
trend.

Increasing amounts of native tree cover, and decreasing amounts of
non-native shrub cover, appear to increase habitat value for Neotropical
migratory songbird communities, and also appear to control non-native
birds.

Non-native tall shrub cover appears repeatedly as a key variable for
many bird metrics, but overall or native shrub do not, thereby
specifically implicating high non-native shrubs as a plus for
non-natives and a negative for winter bird diversity and Neotropical
migrants in general.

Conifer cover appears to increase the value of winter habitat to
resident bird diversity and spring Neotropical migratory songbird
abundance, and decrease the winter habitat value for non-native birds.

The spring results agree with our earlier study in the greater Portland
metropolitan region (Hennings and Edge 2003), where we found strong
correlations between narrow, simplified urban forests and non-native and
resident bird numbers and species, with opposite findings for NMBs.
However, the winter bird community information is new. Urban residential
habitats probably provide good homes for winter birds, both native and
non-native, favoring non-migratory species during winter. This may be
disadvantageous for NMBs, which appear to need larger, less disturbed
habitat areas for breeding and are not present during the winter.
Non-migratory birds establish territories in riparian habitats sooner
than NMBs and typically produce more broods (nests of young) per year
than NMBs, who must spend much of their time migrating north in spring
and south in fall. Riparian areas typically produce a majority of
insects to the land, and nearly all songbird species feed their
nestlings insects. Hence, NMBs are likely at a disadvantage in
residential habitats because such habitats favor winter residents.
However, worth noting is the extraordinary importance of even narrow
riparian forests to many songbird species, including Neotropical
migrants, during spring and fall migration.

It is likely that in urban residential lands, these trends can be
partially offset by landowner management. Of interest was the recurring
positive relationship between non-native birds and high non-native
shrubs and overall canopy cover, both winter and spring. We also saw
recurring negative relationships between NMB metrics, winter bird
diversity, and non-native tree and shrub cover. Thus, more tree cover
and more native shrubs, as well as controlling non-native shrubs, should
improve habitat for nesting NMBs, a group that is known to be at risk
both nationwide and in the Portland metropolitan area (Gates and Giffen
1991, Friesen et al. 1995, Germaine et al. 1998, Hennings and Edge
2003).

.

# LITERATURE CITED

Blair, R. 2004. The effects of urban sprawl on birds at multiple levels
of biological organization. Ecology and Society 9:2.

Fletcher, R., T. Smucker, and R. Hutto. 2005. Distribution of birds in
relation to vegetation structure and land use along the Missouri and
Madison River Corridors: Final report. Avian Science Center, Division of
Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812.

Friesen, L.E., P. F. J. Eagles, and R. J. MacKay. 1995. Effects of
residential development on forest-dwelling Neotropical migrant
songbirds. Conservation Biology 9:1408-1414.

Gates, J. E. and N. R. Giffen. 1991. Neotropical migrant birds and edge
effects at a forest-stream ecotone. Wilson Bulleting 103:204-217.

Germaine, S. S., S. S. Rosenstock, R. E. Schweinsburg, and R. W. Scott.
1998. Relationships among breeding birds, habitat, and residential
development in greater Tucson. Ecological Applications 8:680-691.

Hennings, L.A. and W. D. Edge. 2003. Riparian bird community structure
in Portland, Oregon: Habitat, urbanization, and spatial scale patterns.
Condor 105:288-302.

McCune, B., and M. J. Mefford. 1999. PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of
ecological data, Version 4. MJM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon,
USA.

Rodewald, A. D. and M. H. Bakermans. 2006. What is the appropriate
paradigm for riparian forest conservation? Biological Conservation
128:193-200.

# APPENDICES

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="10.330555555555556in"
height="7.979861111111111in"}

**Appendix 2.** Wildlife Habitat Assessment methodology and forms.

**Metro 2001**

**Wildlife Habitat Assessment Methodology**

The following Wildlife Habitat Assessment (WHA) data collection and
numerical rating system is a modification of one that was originally
developed for site-specific use in the City of Beaverton in 1983 as part
of their statewide planning Goal 5 update (we define a "site" as a
contiguous habitat patch surrounded by other land use types). The
original methodology was designed by a technical advisory team
consisting of staff from the City of Beaverton, Portland Audubon
Society, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Department of Fish and
Wildlife, and the Wetlands Conservancy. Since that time, it has been
used in Washington County, Gresham and in the entire Portland
metropolitan region, including the Willamette Greenway, as well as
Eugene and other areas statewide. Selecting a widely used protocol is
advantageous because it potentially allows for comparison and
repeatability of data over space and time. The methodology in its
current form was modified based on input from Jennifer Thompson (U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service), Holly Michael (Oregon Department of Fish and
Wildlife), and Tom McGuire (formerly City of Portland, currently with
Adolfson and Associates) and Barb Grover (City of Portland). We thank
them for their technical assistance.

Each time this methodology has been used, it has been slightly modified
and refined to address the specific needs of local jurisdictions and the
Oregon Department of Land, Conservation, and Development (DLCD). For
example, Metro has added data columns for the presence of downed wood
and nonnative plants, two major urban habitat issues; in addition, we
have altered the Water Quality category to reflect channel and bank
morphology and stability rather than basing it on water quality, which
we are currently not equipped to measure in the field. In addition,
Metro did not use three categories from the score sheet: flora,
uniqueness of habitat type, and interspersion. We recorded relevant
information but omitted scores from the first two categories because we
were using the inventory to test our GIS model, which did not consider
specific habitat types. We did not score or use interspersion because
small-scale habitat juxtapositions are not always advantageous for urban
wildlife, as such interspersion often points to habitat fragmentation
and deleterious edge effects.

The WHA is inherently biased towards vegetative types with woody
structure. This is one of the drawbacks of using a generalized
methodology for assessing multiple habitat types -- habitats that are
potentially of great importance, such as native grasslands and oak
savannas, may receive low ratings due to natural lack of structural
diversity. Yet many habitat specialists rely on these habitats. For this
reason, Metro emphasizes the importance of delineating such rare,
important habitats in a separate step during the planning process,
rather than relying solely on a generalized methodology such as the WHA
(unless all potential habitat patches are equally assessed). The WHA is
one tool among many that should be utilized in thoughtful wildlife
habitat planning.

The following is a discussion of that methodology as it was applied by
Metro in the Portland metropolitan region. The methodology involves
identifying and evaluating parameters that make sites good or
potentially good wildlife habitat areas. There are two parts to the
methodology:

1\. A narrative description of the site.

2\. A numerical rating of various wildlife habitat parameters.

**Narrative Description**

A narrative description of the site and survey conditions, including
weather, topography, vegetation, wildlife habitat features, human use
and habitat enhancement potential, are completed at each site using a
standard inventory form (see attached form called *Wildlife Habitat
Assessment Narrative Sheet*).

**Numerical Rating**

The numerical rating system (see attached form called *Wildlife Habitat
Assessment Scoring Sheet*) reviews each site in terms of its potential
for wildlife. The system is based on the fact that all wildlife has
three basic requirements for survival: food, water and cover.

Each site is to be evaluated in terms of relative quantity, quality,
diversity and seasonality of the components that appear at the site.
Also considered are human disturbance, the proximity to other aquatic
and upland areas, unique or rare features, and wildlife, flora and
habitat types. Note that the "Score Existing" and "Score Enhanced" refer
to existing conditions versus the site's potential if successful
restoration efforts were implemented; these potential restoration
activities should be documented in the narrative description under
"Restoration Potential."

This rating system was meant to assess the relative values of aquatic
and upland habitats. It was not intended to provide a comprehensive
analysis of each site. Information derived from the rating sheets should
be used in tandem with the narrative descriptions. However, if performed
during the same year by the same well-trained field crew, the WHA
scoring methodology allows for general comparisons of wildlife habitat
quality between a wide variety of habitat types. This consideration and
time required in the field are the primary advantages of using a
qualitative methodology such as the WHA over a quantitative one.

**DESCRIPTION of Variables**

**Photos** List photo roll and exposure numbers, or whether digital
camera was used (if digital camera used, first photo should identify
site so as not to confuse exposures). If no photos are taken, state so.

**Site ID** A space is provided for the observer to label each site with
an individual

> identification number or code. These codes will be predetermined.

**Site Name** Name of park(s), property owner, or address of site.

**Thomas**

**Guide** **Map page and grid number so anyone can find their way to the
site.**

**Directions** Directions to the site and entry point. Give directions
from nearest major road. Indicate the boundaries of the extent of the
site surveyed (you may mark this on the map if preferred).

The table on the Scoring Sheet consists of 20 components that are
evaluated for each site. The 20 components are divided into six general
categories:

1\. Water

2\. Food

3\. Cover

4\. Human disturbance

5\. Unique features

6\. Important habitat features

Consistency of scoring can only be accomplished through extensive group
training at the same sites, in combination with periodic "calibration"
sessions in which the group reassembles and ensures that scoring is
consistent among individuals. In most cases, scoring should be based on
the degree to which the site is in a natural vs. unnatural/disturbed
condition and to account for variety of native habitat types and natural
conditions.

Note that any whole number within the point range for each category may
be used; for example, if the range of choices is 0, 4 or 8, an observer
could assign any whole number between 0 and 8. This will help prevent
the observer from having to make arbitrary judgment calls if a criterion
appears to fall between categories.

**Water**

Four aspects of water characteristics on a site are included on the
rating form: seasonality and quantity; channel morphology, complexity
and alteration; proximity to cover; and diversity (e.g. ephemeral and
perennial streams, ponds and wetlands). All of these factors play an
important role in the site's significance to wildlife.

It is important to note that the relative value of these aspects
compared to most other components (food, cover, human disturbance and
unique features) was higher. The reason for this weighting of the
relative value of the water component was that wetlands and riparian
habitats are disproportionately important to wildlife. Therefore, it is
possible that a site with good water resources but lesser values under
other categories would rank higher than an upland site with better food
and cover values.

**[Seasonality and quantity:]{.underline}** This aspect refers to the
amount of water available on site and its seasonality. Year-round water
is extremely important to most wildlife species, particularly in an
urban setting where habitat fragmentation may isolate habitat patches
from other water sources. For example, this could include a perennial
stream where there is evidence of associated ephemeral (seasonal)
wetlands (indicated by vegetation) and/or dry side channels (indicating
presence of ephemeral streams). Ephemeral streams and wetlands provide
important habitat to fish and amphibians that is different from
perennial sources. A site with a perennial stream but no evidence of
other water sources such as those described above should receive a score
of 6 or 7, weighted by the size of the stream and its relative
importance to the patch. For example, if the habitat patch is very large
but only has one small stream present, certain non-mobile groups such as
amphibians would have a hard time getting to the stream from the outer
edges of the patch, thus this site would receive a 6 instead of 7. A
site with only seasonal or ephemeral sources would receive a 4. A site
without any apparent water resources should receive a zero in this
category.

**[Channel morphology, complexity, and alteration:]{.underline}** Metro
changed this criterion (formerly "quality") because we did not feel that
stagnant or seasonally flushed water could accurately reflect water
quality without more technical measurements. Furthermore, we were
unlikely to be able to ascertain the flushing frequency of such water
sources. Thus we selected a criterion that is particularly important to
instream and other aquatic habitat because it reflects alterations in
the hydrologic regime. However, we have weighted this criterion somewhat
lower than the other three aquatic criteria because the simple presence
of water is critically important to so many terrestrial species, and the
WHA is generally geared towards terrestrial wildlife habitat.

Streams with altered hydrologic regimes are unable to support the same
quantity and quality of instream wildlife. For example, urban streams
often become "flashy" -- that is, during a storm event water levels both
rise and drop more quickly than in undisturbed conditions. This causes
bank erosion and other effects, changing the channel form and
composition of the substrate. One result is that aquatic invertebrate
communities are typically simplified, presumably resulting in reduced
food resources for both instream (fish and aquatic amphibians) and
terrestrial vertebrates (birds, some small mammals, and terrestrial
amphibians). Water quality is also typically lower in these sites due to
sedimentation and toxins that enter the stream from impervious surfaces
and storm drains. High-scoring sites should show little evidence of
degradation; signs of stream degradation include channel incision and
containment (i.e., not allowed to meander), evidence of erosion
(rootlets, undercutting, toppling woody vegetation, bare soil) along the
banks, and heavy sedimentation within the streambed. Other factors, such
as oil sheen, sewerage smell, pipes and culverts, or excessive trash in
and near the stream, may also downgrade this criterion. Healthy streams
should contain a good supply of large wood.

Ponds and wetlands may also show evidence of human-induced alterations.
For example, some constructed wetlands may not perform functions
adequately imitating those found in natural wetlands, and some
human-made ponds may be armored, dammed or otherwise altered. Levees and
dikes are another form of modification. Some wetlands may appear to have
been drained and/or filled. Such water resources are probably not as
valuable to wildlife as "natural" ponds and wetlands, and should receive
a somewhat lower score under this criterion. Other factors similar to
those mentioned above (e.g., unstable banks, oil sheen, etc.) also
generally apply to these water sources.

**[Proximity to cover:]{.underline}** Wildlife will use water more if it
is close to vegetative cover. This allows escape from predators and
protection from weather extremes. The closer and more dense the cover,
the more important the water source to many species. Dense cover
immediately adjacent to a water source gave the site a value of 8,
nearby cover a value of 4, and no cover a value of 0.

**[Diversity:]{.underline}** A site with a mixture of wetland, stream
and open pond or lake has higher wildlife value than a site with only
one of these features. Lowest scores have no water present at the site
(score = 0); sites with only one water source receive 4 points; sites
with \> 1 water source (two different types of streams \[ephemeral and
perennial\], a stream and a pond, pond and wetland, etc.) receive a
score of 8. Sites receiving the highest scores should have more than one
type of water available, with at least one perennial (available
year-round) source.

**Food**

Food is a basic requirement for any organism. Wildlife species cannot
survive in one area for any appreciable period of time without food. The
greater the variety and quantity of food, the greater the potential for
serving the needs of more wildlife species. The three aspects included
under food are variety, quantity, and seasonality. Metro altered these
criteria slightly (formerly variety, quantity and seasonality, and
proximity to cover) because most food resources *are* cover.

**[Variety:]{.underline}** The variety of food on a site was rated from
8 (high) to 0 (low). We recognize that any intact food web includes
plant matter, insects, and other animals; however, we focus here on
plants because that is what can be readily assessed using this
methodology. The presence of insects and other wildlife depends largely
on water and plant resources, thus non-plant food resources are covered
to some degree under other categories. A site with little or no "food
plant" species -- for example, a site dominated by reed canarygrass or
Scot's broom - receives a score of zero, whereas a site with limited
food such as one dominated by Himalayan blackberry receives a score of
2-4 (depending on whether it is a native species, which would score
higher), and a site with several food species may receive a score of
4-8. Native flowering plants are also a food source, but should not
count into the scoring as much as fruits, nuts and berries.

**[Quantity:]{.underline}** This aspect measures the amount of food and
its availability. Sites having large quantities of food available
received a value of 8, and sites with little or no food available
received a value of 0. To receive the maximum score, food plants should
be primarily native. For example, sites limited primarily to blackberry
patches could receive a score of 2, whereas similar quantities of a
native source would receive a 3. Keep in mind the 3-dimensional nature
of food availability.

**[Seasonality:]{.underline}** This aspect measures the year-round
availability of food. Sites which provide food year-round received a
value of 8, and those sites providing limited food seasonally received a
value of 4. Sites with food available in only one season received a
score of 2. This has to do with the timing of fruiting or seed setting.
For example, spring plants include Indian plum, salmonberry, ferns,
fungi, and flowering plants (including maples). Summer plants include
red-osier dogwood, salmonberry, thimbleberry, strawberry, Oregon ash,
red alder, blackberries and cherries. Fall plants include salal, Oregon
grape, hawthorn, rose hips, ocean spray, Douglas' spirea, blackberries,
Oregon ash, red alder and oaks. Wintertime food sources might include
hazelnut and other nuts, oak, snowberry, and conifers; highest scoring
sites should include such food resources.

**Cover**

The aspects of cover included here (structural diversity, variety and
seasonality, and nesting and denning sites) attempt to describe the
physical environment of the site from a number of perspectives that are
important to wildlife.

**[Structural Diversity:]{.underline}** What is looked for in this
category is the vertical stratification of the vegetation on a site.
That is, is there only one layer of vegetative cover (e.g., lawn or one
layer of shrub, such as Himalayan blackberry) or are there two, three or
more layers. The most diverse structural system in our area would be
multi-layered, with a ground layer of herbaceous vegetation (sedges,
grasses, ferns, herbaceous plants, etc.), a second layer consisting of
shrubs (Himalayan blackberry, snowberry, Oregon grape, etc.), perhaps
another layer of taller shrubs (red or blue elderberry, Indian plum, red
osier dogwood, vine-maple, ninebark), a short tree layer (Pacific or
red-osier dogwood, hazelnut, saplings of taller species), and finally
the tall canopy layer (Douglas-fir, Western hemlock, big-leaf maple,
black cottonwood, Oregon ash, Oregon white oak, etc.). The highest
scoring sites should have a range of age and size classes. The more
layers present, the greater the surface area for feeding, traveling and
breeding available to a wider diversity of wildlife species. In general,
woody vegetation (tree and shrub cover) are more important than
herbaceous cover in the types of habitat we are surveying. However,
certain plants such as sword fern also provide invaluable cover to
low-dwelling creatures. Values range from 8 for high structural
diversity to 0 for low or no structural diversity.

**[Variety and seasonality:]{.underline}** This reflects the variety and
year-round availability of plants within each vegetative layer. Variety
of cover is important from cover, feeding and reproductive standpoints.
The greater the variety of cover, and the longer it is available to
wildlife through the year (e.g., conifers and sword ferns provide better
winter cover), the more important the habitat. For example, a forested
wetland with a mixture of rushes, sedges, spirea and willows will be a
much more important wildlife habitat area than a wetland with a
monoculture of reed canary-grass. Variety values range from 8 for high
variety to 0 for no or low variety. Reed canarygrass monocultures should
receive a 1, mowed lawns a 0.

**[Nesting and denning sites:]{.underline}** This criterion refers to
structures such as snags, cavities, stumps, large downed wood,
vegetative cover, clumps of mistletoe, large trees, logs, undercut
banks, brush piles, root wads, bird and bat boxes, old unused buildings,
and reptile/amphibian hybernacula such as rocky outcrops and rock piles.
Sites with a variety of nesting and denning sites may receive up to four
points.

The third part of the form includes values in addition to food, water
and cover. The components examined include human disturbance, unique
features and important habitat features.

**Human Disturbance**

Disturbance is examined from two perspectives -- modifications to the
physical habitat and actual on- or near-site audible or visible
disturbances. The previous (non-Metro) version dealt more with natural
disturbances; while we recognize that natural disturbances are very
important agents of influence on wildlife communities, the natural
disturbance regime in urban areas (e.g. fire, landslides, flooding) is
often suppressed or highly modified by human activities. In addition, it
is a judgment call as to whether such natural disturbances are
beneficial or detrimental to wildlife. Thus Metro altered these criteria
to clarify their meaning and reflect more human-related disturbances,
and also increased their range of values to reflect the importance of
human disturbance to wildlife and habitat in the urban setting. When
scoring these and other criteria, keep in mind the extent of disturbance
relative to habitat patch size.

**[Habitat modification, structures, etc:]{.underline}** This category
was used to assign a higher value to those sites with little physical
modification and to reflect the fact that the removal or disturbance of
physical components (food, water, cover) is detrimental to wildlife. The
presence of structures, human trails, roads and paved areas, houses,
playgrounds, sewer and stormwater manholes, outfalls or pipes, homeless
camps, trash piles, etc. alter natural habitat. Significantly modified
habitats such as lawns also fall within this category. Houses and
buildings intrude light into habitats at night and are also usually
sources of further disturbances. Some species seem to be human-avoiders;
for example, larger habitat patches with no roads, trails, etc. in the
patch's interior may provide very important "interior habitat" for some
disturbance-sensitive species such as Neotropical migratory songbirds.
In general, the more physical alterations to a habitat patch, the more
altered the wildlife community is likely to become. For example, a
moderately wide habitat patch (75-100 m) with some lawn and houses
adjacent to the patch but some ([\>]{.underline} 25%) intact natural
forest and/or other natural habitats, might receive a 4. A large patch
with a major trail or several minor trails, but little other
disturbance, would receive a 5 or 6, whereas a smaller patch with the
same amount of trails and disturbance might receive from 2-4, depending
on the amount of disturbance relative to the habitat patch size.

**[Direct human disturbance (people on trails and elsewhere, voices,
road noise, pets, etc):]{.underline}** Even if an area is highly
disturbed from a physical perspective, it may receive little human use.
Human and human-related (domestic animal) disturbances can be very
detrimental to wildlife. This criterion deals specifically with humans
(on foot or in vehicles) and their pets, and refers to human-associated
disturbances that can be directly seen, heard, or otherwise detected.
Examples include road noise, voices, music, construction and industrial
noise, lawnmowers, dogs barking, or humans, dogs or cats seen. It is
recognized that time and date will influence this criterion; for
example, a park visited on the weekend or after school hours may have
more humans and pets around. However, that is something we cannot
address here without more time and money, thus we can only estimate
these influences based on what we see and hear. To compensate for this
flaw we assigned a somewhat lower range of scores for this criterion
(0-6 rather than 0-8 for the Physical Disturbance category). A site with
multiple human (or pet) related disturbances such as road noise,
barking, presence of or sounds from humans (voices, chainsaws, music,
etc.) receives a low score, whereas a site where none of these
influences are heard or seen receives a 6.

**Wildlife**

Because this is a qualitative rather than quantitative survey method,
there are some problems with this criterion, such as: differences in
observer expertise, differences in wildlife detectability due to
weather, changes in wildlife communities over seasons, and
non-standardized amounts of time spent at various sites. As a result,
Metro does not at this time intend to use the resulting criterion score
in the final analysis phase. However, we would still like your
professional opinion of each site's score.

Note that Metro has altered this component, which previously relied
specifically on the presence of so-called "sensitive species" (those
that are identified through an at-risk categorization in state or
federal lists). If sensitive species were used, then sites with none
detected but with very good habitat would be effectively downgraded, and
that is not our intent here. In addition, in-depth searches would need
to be conducted in order to locate and identify any of the large number
of sensitive species that could be found in the urban region, and that
is beyond the scope of this project. Another means of estimating
sensitive species presence is to use the Oregon Natural Heritage Program
(ONHP) data, but that is too coarse-grained for our use at this time.
However, scores based on ONHP data (as well as any sensitive species
actually detected onsite) could be added in the office at a later date
as the data improves. Thus Metro has altered this score to more reflect
wildlife diversity, and relative rarity *in the urban region*. Metro
also moved two subcategories, flora and unique habitat types, to the
narrative description, because (1) we are not scoring these
subcategories and (2) a better written description of unique and
valuable features can be made.

**[Wildlife:]{.underline}** Many sites in the urban region will not
receive the highest possible score in this category, reflecting the
general depletion of certain large mammals and loss of habitat
specialists, as well as habitat loss and alteration. For wildlife, the
highest-scoring sites might have large mammals such as elk, bear,
cougar, bobcat, etc. present, and this is likely only in sites such as
Forest Park or perhaps Oxbow (and would be hard to document with our
level of effort). Alternatively, a site with a diverse array of native
wildlife species such as beaver, muskrat, otter, Neotropical migratory
songbirds, and other species may receive the highest score. The presence
or signs of presence of any "Sensitive Species" (see Metro's species
list) would automatically bump a site up to the highest score in this
category. Bald Eagles provide one example.

Known habitat specialists or animals that are relatively rare in the
urban region, such as presence or sign of Pileated or Hairy Woodpeckers,
oak specialists such as White-breasted Nuthatch, Acorn Woodpeckers,
Western gray squirrel (also a sensitive species), unusual reptiles,
mammals or amphibians, or what appears to be a very good mix of native
wildlife species could increase the score in this category up to the
maximum even if no sensitive species were found to be present. If only
common wildlife were apparent except for Pileated Woodpecker sign, the
site should receive a 1 or 2. A site with high abundance of nonnative
species such as European Starlings but few other species beyond the
commonplace should receive a 0. Presence of a heron rookery would
increase a site's score to 4 because of its importance to a large number
of water-dependent birds. Bats are of particular interest in the urban
setting, thus bridges and structures should be quickly checked for
crevices [\>]{.underline} ½".

**Important Habitat Features**

**[Interspersion with other habitats:]{.underline}** Habitats are
important to one another in the sense that a number of different habitat
types and habitat patches adjacent to one another can provide an overall
diversity of vegetative cover, food, and often water, as well as the
potential for wildlife to move between patches. Therefore, an isolated
site surrounded by pavement, buildings, bare ground, etc. would receive
a lower interspersion value than if the site were surrounded by other
habitat types, such as wetlands (emergent, forested, shrub), upland
forests, shrubby areas or meadows. Sites receiving the highest scores
would have other habitat patches nearby, and some of those habitat
patches would be different habitat types than the site. The
interspersion ranges from 6 for high interspersion to 0 for low
interspersion.

**[Downed wood, old stumps and snags:]{.underline}** The scientific
literature indicates that downed wood is a fundamentally important
habitat element for terrestrial insects, amphibians and small mammals.
Downed wood also provides critical refugia for instream wildlife
(addressed in "Channel morphology"), and ultimately derives from
terrestrial sources. Snags are included here because they are future
sources of downed wood, therefore indicate the continued presence of
downed wood over time. Although there is some overlap with the "Nesting
and denning sites" category within Cover, the importance of large downed
wood justifies snag inclusion here. Sites with little or no downed wood,
old stumps or snags receive a score of 0, sites with a moderate amount
of such features receive a 4, and sites with relatively high amounts of
woody sources receive an 8.

**[Percent nonnative plants:]{.underline}** Nonnative insects, birds and
other animals are generally associated with nonnative plants, whereas
native animals generally prefer native plants. Nonnative organisms are a
major threat to biological diversity, particularly in urban ecosystems.
Edge habitats tend to contain more nonnative plants than interior
habitats, thus it is important to mentally average the overall percent
nonnative cover across edge and interior habitats. Nonnative plants
could also have been included in the Habitat Modification criterion
under Human Disturbance; we chose to place nonnatives under Important
Habitat Features because they have the potential to influence several
other categories (e.g., food, cover, unique features).

We have assigned different scores to each vegetation layer, recognizing
that all layers are important, but some more so than others. The herb
layer, with short generation times, is usually the first to "go
nonnative," and is not as important to wildlife in general as the shrub
layer. The shrub and canopy layers provide critical nesting habitat,
cover, and food to native insects, birds and other wildlife in our
region, thus these two layers are assigned greater potential point
values than the herb layer. For each layer, the lowest score reflects a
strong nonnative component (e.g., [\>]{.underline} 25% overall
nonnative), whereas the highest score reflects primarily native plant
cover (e.g., \>95% natives).

**Total Score**

This can be done in the office. Each site received a total score by
adding up the points on the WHA Scoring Sheet.

**[Wildlife Habitat Assessment Narrative Sheet]{.smallcaps}**

**Portland Metro Region**

**Observer Name(s): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date
and time:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**Site ID: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Site Name:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**1. Weather**

Wind:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Precipitation:  None  Mist  Lt rain  Med
rain  Hard rain  Other  Snow

Percent cloud cover:  0%  33%  66%  100% Temperature:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**2. Physical parameters**

Site dimensions and acreage (calculate using GIS; attach map for each
site):

General topography (flat, rolling, ravine, bluff, etc.):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Table 1:** Water features within the surveyed area (ponds, lakes,
streams, wetlands, etc.; fill in table):

  ---------- ----------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------
  **Type**   **Number,   **Condition       **Isolated or     **Vegetation?
             size or     (describe)**      connected to      (list)**
             extent**                      stream?           
                                           (wetlands)**      

                                                             

                                                             

                                                             
  ---------- ----------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------

Major structures, roads, playgrounds, parking lots, etc.:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**3. Vegetation**

**Table 2:** Vegetation type(s), dominant species in each vegetation
layer (herbaceous, shrub, tree canopy), and approximate percentages of
each habitat type (use Johnson and O'Neil's 2001 scheme):

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Habitat Type</strong></td>
<td><strong>WATR</strong></td>
<td><strong>HWET</strong></td>
<td><strong>RWET</strong></td>
<td><strong>WLCH</strong></td>
<td><strong>WODF</strong></td>
<td><strong>WEGR</strong></td>
<td><strong>FIELD</strong></td>
<td><strong>AGPA</strong></td>
<td><strong>URBN</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Approx. % cover</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Dominant herb species</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Dominant shrub species (&lt; 5 m)</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Dominant canopy spp</strong></p>
<p><strong>(&gt; 5 m)</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**Table 3:** General estimate of percent tree and shrub cover:

  ------------- ---------- ----------- ------------ ------------ -------------
  **% Cover**   **\<5%**   **5-25%**   **26-50%**   **51-75%**   **76-100%**

  **Herb**                                                       

  **Shrub**                                                      

  **Canopy**                                                     
  ------------- ---------- ----------- ------------ ------------ -------------

**Table 4:** Snag abundance and size (relative to size of habitat
patch):

  --------------------- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------
  **General abundance** **Absent**   **Low**     **Medium**   **High**

  **Small dbh                                                 
  ([\<]{.underline}                                           
  10")**                                                      

  **Medium dbh                                                
  (10-24")**                                                  

  **Large dbh (\>24")**                                       
  --------------------- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------

Comment on general health and vitality of habitat. Is there new
vegetative recruitment? Different aged trees?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**[Flora:]{.underline}** If there is a particular species of plant
present that is sensitive or unique in some way, list it here. Include
unusually significant findings such as large clumps of ninebark,
red-osier dogwood, very large trees, etc. If Oregon White Oak or other
species of interest is present but not dominant its presence and
relative abundance should be documented.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**[Rarity of habitat type:]{.underline}** List the presence and extent
of rare habitats such as oak/madrone, native grasslands (basically
absent, but include non-reed canarygrass grasslands that look good), and
bottomland hardwood forest (should be cottonwoods present).

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**4. Wildlife**

Species observed (herps, fish, birds, mammals) or known to be present
(include wildlife sign, such as rubs, scrapes, tracks and droppings,
woodpecker sign, etc.):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**5. Human disturbance**

List human uses and use by domestic animals:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

List proximity to residential/developed areas, and type of nearby
developments/land use (may be done from aerial photos in office if not
visible in the field):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Use aerial photos to assess interspersion with other natural areas (done
in the office, not in the field).

**6. Current restoration efforts and restoration potential:**

Comment on evidence of restoration and enhancement efforts currently on
the site (include notes on apparent success or
failure):\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Comment on enhancement and/or maintenance that would improve habitat. Be
sure to link this information closely to the "Enhanced Score" category
on the scoring sheet.

 Remove non-native plants:
type\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ prevalence
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

 Upland (non-streambank) plantings are needed (describe):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

 Streambank plantings are needed (describe):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

 Slope
stabilization:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

 Trash or other cleanup (describe):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

 Other (describe):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

 Other (describe):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**7. Additional comments:**

General description of other habitat features (food sources, bird
feeders, roosting, perching, nesting, etc.):

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Other unique or outstanding
features:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Other
notes and
comments:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

8.  **Aerial photograph "to do's:"**

 Delineate the habitat surveyed (all sites)

 Confirm or correct wetlands, if possible (use an encircled check - √;
add new ones not on map)

 Correct stream lines when possible

 Mark significant patches of reed canarygrass, Himalayan blackberry,
other invasives

 Mark important rare habitat patches

 Mark important single features (very large trees, etc.)

 Label habitat types (Johnson and O'Neil scheme)

 Label possible restoration sites (when not apparent from invasive
delineations)

**[Wildlife Habitat Assessment Scoring Sheet]{.smallcaps}**

#### Portland Metro Region

Observer(s): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Photos? No\_\_\_\_ Yes\_\_\_\_Roll & Exp#\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Site ID: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Site
name\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Thomas Guide
#\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Directions to site entry and extent of area
surveyed:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| * |             | **Range of     | **S | *    | **Comments**       |
| * |             | Values**       | cor | *Sco |                    |
| C |             |                | e** | re** |                    |
| o |             |                |     |      |                    |
| m |             |                | **E | **En |                    |
| p |             |                | xis | hanc |                    |
| o |             |                | tin | ed** |                    |
| n |             |                | g** |      |                    |
| e |             |                |     |      |                    |
| n |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| > | Seasonality | None Moderate  |     |      |                    |
|   | and         | Good           |     |      |                    |
| * | Quantity    |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
| W |             |                |     |      |                    |
| A |             |                |     |      |                    |
| T |             |                |     |      |                    |
| E |             |                |     |      |                    |
| R |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Channel     | Poor Moderate  |     |      |                    |
|   | morphology, | Good           |     |      |                    |
|   | complexity, |                |     |      |                    |
|   | alteration  | 0 3 6          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Proximity   | None Near      |     |      |                    |
|   | to cover    | Adjacent       |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Diversity   | Zero One Two   |     |      |                    |
|   | (streams,   | Three+         |     |      |                    |
|   | ponds,      |                |     |      |                    |
|   | wetlands)   | 0 4 6 8        |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| > | Variety     | Low Medium     |     |      |                    |
|   |             | High           |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
| F |             |                |     |      |                    |
| O |             |                |     |      |                    |
| O |             |                |     |      |                    |
| D |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Quantity    | Low Medium     |     |      |                    |
|   |             | High           |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Seasonality | Low Limited    |     |      |                    |
|   |             | Yr-round       |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| > | Structural  | Low Medium     |     |      |                    |
|   | diversity   | High           |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
| C |             |                |     |      |                    |
| O |             |                |     |      |                    |
| V |             |                |     |      |                    |
| E |             |                |     |      |                    |
| R |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Variety and | Low Medium     |     |      |                    |
|   | seasonality | High           |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Nesting and | Low Medium     |     |      |                    |
|   | denning     | High           |     |      |                    |
|   | sites       |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 2 4          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| > | Habitat     | High Medium    |     |      |                    |
|   | mo          | Low            |     |      |                    |
| * | dification, |                |     |      |                    |
| * | structures, | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
| H | etc.        |                |     |      |                    |
| u |             |                |     |      |                    |
| m |             |                |     |      |                    |
| a |             |                |     |      |                    |
| n |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| > |             |                |     |      |                    |
| > |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| D |             |                |     |      |                    |
| i |             |                |     |      |                    |
| s |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| u |             |                |     |      |                    |
| r |             |                |     |      |                    |
| b |             |                |     |      |                    |
| . |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Direct      | High Medium    |     |      |                    |
|   | human       | Low            |     |      |                    |
|   | disturb.    |                |     |      |                    |
|   | (trails,    | 0 3 6          |     |      |                    |
|   | road noise, |                |     |      |                    |
|   | pets)       |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| > | Wildlife    | Not diverse    |     |      |                    |
|   |             | Somewhat Very  |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             | 0 2 4          |     |      |                    |
| U |             |                |     |      |                    |
| n |             |                |     |      |                    |
| i |             |                |     |      |                    |
| q |             |                |     |      |                    |
| u |             |                |     |      |                    |
| e |             |                |     |      |                    |
| > |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
| F |             |                |     |      |                    |
| e |             |                |     |      |                    |
| a |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| u |             |                |     |      |                    |
| r |             |                |     |      |                    |
| e |             |                |     |      |                    |
| s |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Flora       | Not unique     |     |      | Do not score in    |
|   |             | Somewhat Very  |     |      | field.             |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 2 4          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Rarity of   | Not rare       |     |      | Do not score in    |
|   | habitat     | Somewhat Very  |     |      | field.             |
|   | type        |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 3 4          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| > | In          | Low Medium     |     |      | Done in office     |
|   | terspersion | High           |     |      | using aerial       |
| * | with other  |                |     |      | photos. Do not     |
| * | habitats    | 0 3 6          |     |      | score in field.    |
| I |             |                |     |      |                    |
| m |             |                |     |      |                    |
| p |             |                |     |      |                    |
| o |             |                |     |      |                    |
| r |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| a |             |                |     |      |                    |
| n |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| > |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
| H |             |                |     |      |                    |
| a |             |                |     |      |                    |
| b |             |                |     |      |                    |
| i |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| a |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| > |             |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             |                |     |      |                    |
| F |             |                |     |      |                    |
| e |             |                |     |      |                    |
| a |             |                |     |      |                    |
| t |             |                |     |      |                    |
| u |             |                |     |      |                    |
| r |             |                |     |      |                    |
| e |             |                |     |      |                    |
| s |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | Downed      | Low Medium     |     |      |                    |
|   | wood, old   | High           |     |      |                    |
|   | stumps,     |                |     |      |                    |
|   | snags       | 0 4 8          |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | \%          | 100% 80% 50%   |     |      |                    |
|   | nonnative   | 10% 0%         |     |      |                    |
|   | herbs       |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 1 2 3 4      |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | \%          | 100% 75% 50%   |     |      |                    |
|   | nonnative   | 25% 10% 5% 0   |     |      |                    |
|   | shrubs      |                |     |      |                    |
|   |             | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6  |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
|   | \%          | \>10% 5% 3% 0  |     |      |                    |
|   | nonnative   |                |     |      |                    |
|   | canopy      | 0 2 3 6        |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+
| * |             |                | **E | **En |                    |
| * |             |                | xis | hanc |                    |
| T |             |                | tin | ed** |                    |
| O |             |                | g** |      |                    |
| T |             |                |     |      |                    |
| A |             |                |     |      |                    |
| L |             |                |     |      |                    |
| S |             |                |     |      |                    |
| C |             |                |     |      |                    |
| O |             |                |     |      |                    |
| R |             |                |     |      |                    |
| E |             |                |     |      |                    |
| : |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
| * |             |                |     |      |                    |
+---+-------------+----------------+-----+------+--------------------+

**Appendix Table 3.** List of bird species and their abundance for 24
riparian study sites sampled in and near the Damascus urban growth
boundary expansion, Clackamas County, Oregon, winter 2003 and spring
2004.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **SITE**   **COMMON NAME**    **GENUS**        **SPECIES**        **\# IN      **\# IN
                                                                    WINTER**     SPRING**
  ---------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  01RCM      American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          0            3

  01RCM      American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      2            0

  01RCM      Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     1            1
             Chickadee                                                           

  01RCM      Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            2
             Grosbeak                                                            

  01RCM      Brown-headed       *Molothrus*      *ater*             0            1
             Cowbird                                                             

  01RCM      Bushtit            *Psaltriparus*   *minimus*          0            2

  01RCM      Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         3            0

  01RCM      European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         3            2

  01RCM      Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*       *auratus*          1            0

  01RCM      Orange-crowned     *Vermivora*      *celata*           0            1
             Warbler                                                             

  01RCM      Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*      *difficilis*       0            2
             Flycatcher                                                          

  01RCM      Red-breasted       *Sphyrapicus*    *ruber*            1            1
             Sapsucker                                                           

  01RCM      Red-tailed Hawk    *Buteo*          *jamaicensis*      1            0

  01RCM      Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        1            0
             Kinglet                                                             

  01RCM      Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          4            2

  01RCM      Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            2

  01RCM      Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         2            0

  01RCM      Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            1

  01RCM      White-crowned      *Zonotrichia*    *leucophrys*       2            0
             Sparrow                                                             

  01RCM      Wilson\'s Warbler  *Wilsonia*       *pusilla*          0            1

  01RCM      Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      1            0

  03RCT      American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            2

  03RCT      Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         1            1

  03RCT      Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     3            2
             Chickadee                                                           

  03RCT      Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          1            0
             Kinglet                                                             

  03RCT      Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        1            0
             Kinglet                                                             

  03RCT      Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          0            3

  03RCT      Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            1

  03RCT      Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            4

  03RCT      Warbling Vireo     *Vireo*          *gilvus*           0            2

  03RCT      Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*     *californica*      1            0

  03RCT      Western            *Contopus*       *sordidulus*       0            1
             Wood-peewee                                                         

  03RCT      Western            *Contopus*       *sordidulus*       0            1
             Wood-peewee                                                         

  03RCT      Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      3            0

  05KCT      American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            7

  05KCT      Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         0            2

  05KCT      Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     2            0
             Chickadee                                                           

  05KCT      Bushtit            *Psaltriparus*   *minimus*          1            0

  05KCT      Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         7            0

  05KCT      Downy Woodpecker   *Picoides*       *pubescens*        0            2

  05KCT      European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         9            4

  05KCT      House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        6            4

  05KCT      House Sparrow      *Passer*         *domesticus*       5            4

  05KCT      Pine Siskin        *Carduelis*      *pinus*            12           0
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------ ----------
  05KCT   Red-tailed Hawk    *Buteo*            *jamaicensis*      1            0

  05KCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*          *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                               

  05KCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*        *melodia*          3            4

  05KCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*           *maculatus*        1            3

  05KCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*       *stelleri*         4            0

  05KCT   Varied Thrush      *Ixoreus*          *naevius*          2            0

  05KCT   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*       *californica*      2            0

  06RCM   American Crow      *Corvus*           *brachyrhynchos*   0            1

  06RCM   American Robin     *Turdus*           *migratorius*      2            5

  06RCM   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*       *bewickii*         0            2

  06RCM   Black-capped       *Poecile*          *atricapillus*     2            2
          Chickadee                                                             

  06RCM   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*       *melanocephalus*   0            3
          Grosbeak                                                              

  06RCM   Brown-headed       *Molothrus*        *ater*             0            1
          Cowbird                                                               

  06RCM   Cassin\'s Vireo    *Vireo*            *cassinii*         0            1

  06RCM   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*            *hyemalis*         0            1

  06RCM   Evening Grosbeak   *Coccothraustes*   *vespertinus*      3            0

  06RCM   Fox Sparrow        *Passerella*       *iliaca*           1            0

  06RCM   Hooded Merganser   *Lophodytes*       *cucullatus*       2            0

  06RCM   Mallard            *Anas*             *platyrhynchos*    6            0

  06RCM   Mourning Dove      *Zenaida*          *macroura*         0            1

  06RCM   Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*         *auratus*          1            0

  06RCM   Orange-crowned     *Vermivora*        *celata*           0            1
          Warbler                                                               

  06RCM   Orange-crowned     *Vermivora*        *celata*           0            1
          Warbler                                                               

  06RCM   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*        *difficilis*       0            2
          Flycatcher                                                            

  06RCM   Pine Siskin        *Carduelis*        *pinus*            1            0

  06RCM   Red-tailed Hawk    *Buteo*            *jamaicensis*      0            2

  06RCM   Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus*      *rufus*            0            3

  06RCM   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*        *melodia*          3            2

  06RCM   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*           *maculatus*        0            3

  06RCM   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*       *stelleri*         1            3

  06RCM   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*         *ustulatus*        0            2

  06RCM   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*       *californica*      0            1

  06RCM   Western            *Contopus*         *sordidulus*       0            2
          Wood-peewee                                                           

  06RCM   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*      *troglodytes*      1            0

  06RCM   Wood Duck          *Aix*              *sponsa*           0            2

  07KCM   American Robin     *Turdus*           *migratorius*      0            3

  07KCM   Black-capped       *Poecile*          *atricapillus*     2            1
          Chickadee                                                             

  07KCM   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*       *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                              

  07KCM   Cedar Waxwing      *Bombycilla*       *cedrorum*         0            2

  07KCM   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*          *satrapa*          2            0
          Kinglet                                                               

  07KCM   Olive-sided        *Contopus*         *cooperi*          0            1
          Flycatcher                                                            

  07KCM   Red-breasted       *Sphyrapicus*      *ruber*            1            0
          Sapsucker                                                             

  07KCM   Red-tailed Hawk    *Buteo*            *jamaicensis*      1            0

  07KCM   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*          *calendula*        3            0
          Kinglet                                                               

  07KCM   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*        *melodia*          3            1

  07KCM   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*           *maculatus*        0            2

  07KCM   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*       *stelleri*         1            0
  ------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  07KCM   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*      *ustulatus*        0            3

  07KCM   Warbling Vireo     *Vireo*         *gilvus*           0            2

  07KCM   Western            *Contopus*      *sordidulus*       0            2
          Wood-peewee                                                        

  07KCM   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*   *troglodytes*      1            0

  08BCM   American Robin     *Turdus*        *migratorius*      0            1

  08BCM   Black-capped       *Poecile*       *atricapillus*     5            1
          Chickadee                                                          

  08BCM   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*    *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                           

  08BCM   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*    *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                           

  08BCM   Brown Creeper      *Certhia*       *americana*        3            1

  08BCM   Cassin\'s Vireo    *Vireo*         *cassinii*         0            1

  08BCM   Chestnut-backed    *Poecile*       *rufescens*        0            1
          Chicadee                                                           

  08BCM   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*         *hyemalis*         1            1

  08BCM   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*       *satrapa*          10           0
          Kinglet                                                            

  08BCM   Hutton\'s Vireo    *Vireo*         *huttoni*          0            1

  08BCM   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*     *difficilis*       0            2
          Flycatcher                                                         

  08BCM   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*       *calendula*        1            0
          Kinglet                                                            

  08BCM   Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus*   *rufus*            0            1

  08BCM   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*     *melodia*          3            2

  08BCM   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*        *maculatus*        1            0

  08BCM   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*      *ustulatus*        0            3

  08BCM   Western Tanager    *Piranga*       *ludoviciana*      0            1

  08BCM   Wilson\'s Warbler  *Wilsonia*      *pusilla*          0            3

  08BCM   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*   *troglodytes*      2            2

  09JCT   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*     *tristis*          0            1

  09JCT   American Robin     *Turdus*        *migratorius*      1            2

  09JCT   Barn Swallow       *Hirundo*       *rustica*          5            0

  09JCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*    *bewickii*         0            2

  09JCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*       *atricapillus*     5            2
          Chickadee                                                          

  09JCT   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*    *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                           

  09JCT   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*         *hyemalis*         16           0

  09JCT   European Starling  *Sturnus*       *vulgaris*         8            3

  09JCT   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*       *satrapa*          3            0
          Kinglet                                                            

  09JCT   House Finch        *Carpodacus*    *mexicanus*        1            5

  09JCT   House Sparrow      *Passer*        *domesticus*       0            1

  09JCT   Hutton\'s Vireo    *Vireo*         *huttoni*          0            1

  09JCT   Pine Siskin        *Carduelis*     *pinus*            1            0

  09JCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*       *calendula*        1            0
          Kinglet                                                            

  09JCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*     *melodia*          3            4

  09JCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*        *maculatus*        1            1

  09JCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*    *stelleri*         1            0

  09JCT   Violet-green       *Tachycineta*   *thalassina*       0            1
          Swallow                                                            

  09JCT   Warbling Vireo     *Vireo*         *gilvus*           0            1

  09JCT   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*    *californica*      2            1

  09JCT   Western            *Contopus*      *sordidulus*       0            1
          Wood-peewee                                                        

  09JCT   White-crowned      *Zonotrichia*   *leucophrys*       4            0
          Sparrow                                                            

  09JCT   Willow Flycatcher  *Empidonax*     *traillii*         0            1

  10JCT   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*     *tristis*          0            3
  ------- ------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  10JCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      1            3

  10JCT   Anna\'s            *Calypte*        *anna*             1            0
          Hummingbird                                                         

  10JCT   Barn Swallow       *Hirundo*        *rustica*          0            2

  10JCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         1            0

  10JCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     10           2
          Chickadee                                                           

  10JCT   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                            

  10JCT   Brown Creeper      *Certhia*        *americana*        1            0

  10JCT   Bushtit            *Psaltriparus*   *minimus*          7            0

  10JCT   Chestnut-backed    *Poecile*        *rufescens*        2            0
          Chicadee                                                            

  10JCT   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         4            0

  10JCT   Downy Woodpecker   *Picoides*       *pubescens*        1            0

  10JCT   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          6            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  10JCT   House Sparrow      *Passer*         *domesticus*       0            1

  10JCT   Olive-sided        *Contopus*       *cooperi*          0            1
          Flycatcher                                                          

  10JCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  10JCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          2            1

  10JCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          0            2

  10JCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            1

  10JCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        1            2

  10JCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         2            2

  10JCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         0            2

  10JCT   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            1

  10JCT   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*     *californica*      0            1

  10JCT   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      2            0

  11WCM   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          1            1

  11WCM   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      5            3

  11WCM   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         0            2

  11WCM   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     4            2
          Chickadee                                                           

  11WCM   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                            

  11WCM   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         18           2

  11WCM   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         0            9

  11WCM   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          1            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  11WCM   Great Blue Heron   *Ardea*          *herodias*         1            0

  11WCM   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        12           0

  11WCM   Red-breasted       *Sitta*          *canadensis*       1            0
          Nuthatch                                                            

  11WCM   Red-breasted       *Sphyrapicus*    *ruber*            0            1
          Sapsucker                                                           

  11WCM   Red-tailed Hawk    *Buteo*          *jamaicensis*      1            0

  11WCM   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        1            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  11WCM   Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus*    *rufus*            0            1

  11WCM   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          7            5

  11WCM   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        1            0

  11WCM   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            1

  11WCM   Western            *Contopus*       *sordidulus*       0            1
          Wood-peewee                                                         

  11WCM   Wilson\'s Warbler  *Wilsonia*       *pusilla*          0            1

  12WCM   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          0            4

  12WCM   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      7            4

  12WCM   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     4            0
          Chickadee                                                           
  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  12WCM   Bushtit            *Psaltriparus*   *minimus*          1            0

  12WCM   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         11           0

  12WCM   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         20           4

  12WCM   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        0            1

  12WCM   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        1            2

  12WCM   House Sparrow      *Passer*         *domesticus*       4            4

  12WCM   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          5            7

  12WCM   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            2

  12WCM   Violet-green       *Tachycineta*    *thalassina*       0            1
          Swallow                                                             

  12WCM   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*     *californica*      4            1

  12WCM   Western            *Contopus*       *sordidulus*       0            1
          Wood-peewee                                                         

  12WCM   White-crowned      *Zonotrichia*    *leucophrys*       1            0
          Sparrow                                                             

  14NFD   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            1

  14NFD   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     1            3
          Chickadee                                                           

  14NFD   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            2
          Grosbeak                                                            

  14NFD   Chestnut-backed    *Poecile*        *rufescens*        0            1
          Chicadee                                                            

  14NFD   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          26           0
          Kinglet                                                             

  14NFD   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*      *difficilis*       0            1
          Flycatcher                                                          

  14NFD   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        6            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  14NFD   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          6            3

  14NFD   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         0            2

  14NFD   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         3            3

  14NFD   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            4

  14NFD   Wilson\'s Warbler  *Wilsonia*       *pusilla*          0            1

  14NFD   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      8            2

  16MET   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          0            1

  16MET   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            3

  16MET   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         1            1

  16MET   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     3            5
          Chickadee                                                           

  16MET   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            3
          Grosbeak                                                            

  16MET   Cedar Waxwing      *Bombycilla*     *cedrorum*         0            2

  16MET   Chestnut-backed    *Poecile*        *rufescens*        1            0
          Chicadee                                                            

  16MET   Common             *Geothlypis*     *trichas*          0            1
          Yellowthroat                                                        

  16MET   Cooper\'s Hawk     *Accipiter*      *cooperii*         0            1

  16MET   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         0            1

  16MET   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          1            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  16MET   Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*       *auratus*          0            1

  16MET   Orange-crowned     *Vermivora*      *celata*           0            1
          Warbler                                                             

  16MET   Purple Finch       *Carpodacus*     *purpureus*        0            1

  16MET   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          3            2

  16MET   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            1

  16MET   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         2            2

  16MET   Willow Flycatcher  *Empidonax*      *traillii*         0            1

  16MET   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      2            0

  16MET   Yellow Warbler     *Dendroica*      *petechia*         0            1

  16MET   Yellow-rumped      *Dendroica*      *coronata*         0            1
          Warbler                                                             

  17JCT   American Crow      *Corvus*         *brachyrhynchos*   0            2
  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  17JCT   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          0            2

  17JCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      2            3

  17JCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         0            2

  17JCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     0            3
          Chickadee                                                           

  17JCT   Brown-headed       *Molothrus*      *ater*             0            2
          Cowbird                                                             

  17JCT   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         4            0

  17JCT   Downy Woodpecker   *Picoides*       *pubescens*        1            0

  17JCT   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         5            2

  17JCT   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        0            3

  17JCT   House Sparrow      *Passer*         *domesticus*       10           4

  17JCT   Lazuli Bunting     *Passerina*      *amoena*           0            6

  17JCT   Mourning Dove      *Zenaida*        *macroura*         0            1

  17JCT   Orange-crowned     *Vermivora*      *celata*           0            1
          Warbler                                                             

  17JCT   Pine Siskin        *Carduelis*      *pinus*            1            0

  17JCT   Red-winged         *Agelaius*       *phoeniceus*       1            0
          Blackbird                                                           

  17JCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  17JCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          4            7

  17JCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        2            0

  17JCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         1            1

  17JCT   Varied Thrush      *Ixoreus*        *naevius*          3            0

  17JCT   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*     *californica*      0            2

  17JCT   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      1            0

  18NFD   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            1

  18NFD   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         1            1

  18NFD   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     1            2
          Chickadee                                                           

  18NFD   Brown Creeper      *Certhia*        *americana*        1            0

  18NFD   Brown-headed       *Molothrus*      *ater*             0            1
          Cowbird                                                             

  18NFD   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          4            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  18NFD   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          6            4

  18NFD   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            2

  18NFD   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            2

  18NFD   Western Tanager    *Piranga*        *ludoviciana*      0            1

  18NFD   Western            *Contopus*       *sordidulus*       0            1
          Wood-peewee                                                         

  18NFD   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      4            0

  19JCT   American Crow      *Corvus*         *brachyrhynchos*   0            1

  19JCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            3

  19JCT   Anna\'s            *Calypte*        *anna*             1            0
          Hummingbird                                                         

  19JCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         1            2

  19JCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     2            4
          Chickadee                                                           

  19JCT   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            2
          Grosbeak                                                            

  19JCT   Bushtit            *Psaltriparus*   *minimus*          2            0

  19JCT   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         0            1

  19JCT   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          7            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  19JCT   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        0            1

  19JCT   Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*       *auratus*          1            0

  19JCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  19JCT   Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus*    *rufus*            0            1
  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  19JCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          5            6

  19JCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            2

  19JCT   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            1

  19JCT   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      2            0

  20MSC   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          2            0

  20MSC   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      1            2

  20MSC   Anna\'s            *Calypte*        *anna*             0            1
          Hummingbird                                                         

  20MSC   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     9            6
          Chickadee                                                           

  20MSC   Brown-headed       *Molothrus*      *ater*             0            1
          Cowbird                                                             

  20MSC   Cedar Waxwing      *Bombycilla*     *cedrorum*         0            2

  20MSC   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         2            0

  20MSC   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         1            0

  20MSC   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          2            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  20MSC   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        0            0

  20MSC   House Sparrow      *Passer*         *domesticus*       1            1

  20MSC   Hutton\'s Vireo    *Vireo*          *huttoni*          1            0

  20MSC   Pine Siskin        *Carduelis*      *pinus*            1            0

  20MSC   Red-tailed Hawk    *Buteo*          *jamaicensis*      2            0

  20MSC   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        1            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  20MSC   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          2            2

  20MSC   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        1            0

  20MSC   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            4

  20MSC   Varied Thrush      *Ixoreus*        *naevius*          1            0

  20MSC   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*     *californica*      2            0

  20MSC   Wilson\'s Warbler  *Wilsonia*       *pusilla*          0            1

  21RCT   American Crow      *Corvus*         *brachyrhynchos*   5            1

  21RCT   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          0            2

  21RCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      1            2

  21RCT   Barn Swallow       *Hirundo*        *rustica*          0            2

  21RCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     2            2
          Chickadee                                                           

  21RCT   Bushtit            *Psaltriparus*   *minimus*          5            0

  21RCT   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*          *hyemalis*         10           0

  21RCT   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         1            3

  21RCT   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          3            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  21RCT   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        3            1

  21RCT   House Sparrow      *Passer*         *domesticus*       3            7

  21RCT   Mourning Dove      *Zenaida*        *macroura*         1            2

  21RCT   Pine Siskin        *Carduelis*      *pinus*            1            0

  21RCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  21RCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          4            1

  21RCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        1            2

  21RCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         0            1

  21RCT   Violet-green       *Tachycineta*    *thalassina*       0            2
          Swallow                                                             

  21RCT   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*     *californica*      1            3

  22JCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            2

  22JCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         0            1

  22JCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     2            0
          Chickadee                                                           
  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  22JCT   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*    *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                           

  22JCT   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*         *hyemalis*         4            0

  22JCT   Hutton\'s Vireo    *Vireo*         *huttoni*          0            1

  22JCT   Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*      *auratus*          1            0

  22JCT   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*     *difficilis*       0            1
          Flycatcher                                                         

  22JCT   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*     *difficilis*       0            2
          Flycatcher                                                         

  22JCT   Pine Siskin        *Carduelis*     *pinus*            1            0

  22JCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*       *calendula*        1            0
          Kinglet                                                            

  22JCT   Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus*   *rufus*            0            1

  22JCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*     *melodia*          4            1

  22JCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*        *maculatus*        0            3

  22JCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*    *stelleri*         3            1

  22JCT   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*      *ustulatus*        0            2

  22JCT   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*      *ustulatus*        0            4

  22JCT   Western            *Contopus*      *sordidulus*       0            1
          Wood-peewee                                                        

  22JCT   Willow Flycatcher  *Empidonax*     *traillii*         0            1

  22JCT   Wilson\'s Warbler  *Wilsonia*      *pusilla*          0            2

  22JCT   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*   *troglodytes*      2            3

  23RCM   Belted Kingfisher  *Ceryle*        *alcyon*           1            1

  23RCM   Black-capped       *Poecile*       *atricapillus*     7            4
          Chickadee                                                          

  23RCM   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*         *hyemalis*         2            0

  23RCM   Downy Woodpecker   *Picoides*      *pubescens*        2            0

  23RCM   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*       *satrapa*          3            0
          Kinglet                                                            

  23RCM   Great Blue Heron   *Ardea*         *herodias*         1            0

  23RCM   Hutton\'s Vireo    *Vireo*         *huttoni*          0            1

  23RCM   Mourning Dove      *Zenaida*       *macroura*         0            1

  23RCM   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*     *difficilis*       0            2
          Flycatcher                                                         

  23RCM   Red-breasted       *Sphyrapicus*   *ruber*            0            1
          Sapsucker                                                          

  23RCM   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*       *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                            

  23RCM   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*     *melodia*          10           6

  23RCM   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*        *maculatus*        1            2

  23RCM   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*    *stelleri*         1            0

  23RCM   Warbling Vireo     *Vireo*         *gilvus*           0            1

  23RCM   Warbling Vireo     *Vireo*         *gilvus*           0            2

  23RCM   Western Tanager    *Piranga*       *ludoviciana*      0            2

  23RCM   Western            *Contopus*      *sordidulus*       0            1
          Wood-peewee                                                        

  23RCM   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*   *troglodytes*      4            0

  24NFD   Black-capped       *Poecile*       *atricapillus*     7            2
          Chickadee                                                          

  24NFD   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*    *melanocephalus*   0            4
          Grosbeak                                                           

  24NFD   Black-throated     *Dendroica*     *nigrescens*       0            1
          Gray Warbler                                                       

  24NFD   Brown Creeper      *Certhia*       *americana*        3            0

  24NFD   Chestnut-backed    *Poecile*       *rufescens*        5            0
          Chicadee                                                           

  24NFD   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*       *satrapa*          18           0
          Kinglet                                                            

  24NFD   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*     *difficilis*       0            2
          Flycatcher                                                         

  24NFD   Red Crossbill      *Loxia*         *curvirostra*      0            1

  24NFD   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*       *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                            
  ------- ------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------
  24NFD   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          2            2

  24NFD   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        1            0

  24NFD   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         0            1

  24NFD   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            1

  24NFD   Wilson\'s Warbler  *Wilsonia*       *pusilla*          0            4

  24NFD   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      4            4

  25KCT   American Crow      *Corvus*         *brachyrhynchos*   1            0

  25KCT   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          3            1

  25KCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      3            2

  25KCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         0            1

  25KCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     5            2
          Chickadee                                                           

  25KCT   Brown-headed       *Molothrus*      *ater*             0            1
          Cowbird                                                             

  25KCT   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         0            3

  25KCT   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        0            2

  25KCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        1            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  25KCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          2            2

  25KCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        0            2

  25KCT   Violet-green       *Tachycineta*    *thalassina*       0            2
          Swallow                                                             

  25KCT   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*     *californica*      0            1

  26KCT   American Goldfinch *Carduelis*      *tristis*          0            2

  26KCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      0            6

  26KCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         1            0

  26KCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     5            2
          Chickadee                                                           

  26KCT   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            1
          Grosbeak                                                            

  26KCT   Bushtit            *Psaltriparus*   *minimus*          0            4

  26KCT   European Starling  *Sturnus*        *vulgaris*         1            2

  26KCT   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*        *satrapa*          4            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  26KCT   Great Horned Owl   *Bubo*           *virginianus*      1            0

  26KCT   House Finch        *Carpodacus*     *mexicanus*        0            1

  26KCT   Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*       *auratus*          1            0

  26KCT   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*      *difficilis*       0            2
          Flycatcher                                                          

  26KCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*        *calendula*        2            0
          Kinglet                                                             

  26KCT   Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus*    *rufus*            0            1

  26KCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*      *melodia*          5            3

  26KCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*         *maculatus*        3            2

  26KCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*     *stelleri*         1            0

  26KCT   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*       *ustulatus*        0            1

  26KCT   Varied Thrush      *Ixoreus*        *naevius*          1            0

  26KCT   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*    *troglodytes*      1            0

  27RCT   American Robin     *Turdus*         *migratorius*      1            4

  27RCT   Band-tailed Pigeon *Patagioenas*    *fasciata*         0            1

  27RCT   Bewick\'s Wren     *Thryomanes*     *bewickii*         0            3

  27RCT   Black-capped       *Poecile*        *atricapillus*     5            1
          Chickadee                                                           

  27RCT   Black-headed       *Pheucticus*     *melanocephalus*   0            3
          Grosbeak                                                            

  27RCT   Brown Creeper      *Certhia*        *americana*        0            1

  27RCT   Brown-headed       *Molothrus*      *ater*             0            0
          Cowbird                                                             

  27RCT   Cedar Waxwing      *Bombycilla*     *cedrorum*         0            2
  ------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 3** (continued).

  ------- ------------------ --------------- ---------------- ------------ ----------
  27RCT   Golden-crowned     *Regulus*       *satrapa*        5            0
          Kinglet                                                          

  27RCT   House Finch        *Carpodacus*    *mexicanus*      1            0

  27RCT   Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*      *auratus*        1            0

  27RCT   Pacific-slope      *Empidonax*     *difficilis*     0            1
          Flycatcher                                                       

  27RCT   Ruby-crowned       *Regulus*       *calendula*      1            0
          Kinglet                                                          

  27RCT   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*     *melodia*        3            2

  27RCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*        *maculatus*      0            2

  27RCT   Spotted Towhee     *Pipilo*        *maculatus*      0            0

  27RCT   Steller\'s Jay     *Cyanocitta*    *stelleri*       1            1

  27RCT   Swainson\'s Thrush *Catharus*      *ustulatus*      0            2

  27RCT   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*    *californica*    0            0

  27RCT   Western            *Contopus*      *sordidulus*     0            1
          Wood-peewee                                                      

  27RCT   Western            *Contopus*      *sordidulus*     0            0
          Wood-peewee                                                      

  27RCT   Winter Wren        *Troglodytes*   *troglodytes*    2            0

  30RCM   American Robin     *Turdus*        *migratorius*    2            4

  30RCM   Barn Swallow       *Hirundo*       *rustica*        0            7

  30RCM   Black-capped       *Poecile*       *atricapillus*   5            2
          Chickadee                                                        

  30RCM   Common             *Geothlypis*    *trichas*        0            1
          Yellowthroat                                                     

  30RCM   Cooper\'s Hawk     *Accipiter*     *cooperii*       0            1

  30RCM   Dark-eyed Junco    *Junco*         *hyemalis*       1            0

  30RCM   European Starling  *Sturnus*       *vulgaris*       6            10

  30RCM   Hairy Woodpecker   *Picoides*      *villosus*       1            0

  30RCM   House Finch        *Carpodacus*    *mexicanus*      0            1

  30RCM   House Sparrow      *Passer*        *domesticus*     0            2

  30RCM   Northern Flicker   *Colaptes*      *auratus*        1            0

  30RCM   Song Sparrow       *Melospiza*     *melodia*        3            2

  30RCM   Vaux\'s Swift      *Chaetura*      *vauxi*          0            2

  30RCM   Western Scrub-jay  *Aphelocoma*    *californica*    2            0
  ------- ------------------ --------------- ---------------- ------------ ----------

**Appendix Table 4.** Bird community and habitat variables at 24 study
sites collected in winter 2003 and spring 2004. Diversity is Shannon
diversity index; NMB = Neotropical Migratory Songbirds.

  ------- -------- -------- --------- --------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------- --------- --------- ------- ------------ -------- ------- ------- -------- ------------ ------- -------- ------------ -------- -------- -------- ------------ ---------- ------- ------- ------------- --------- -------- ---------
  SITE    Spring   Winter   Spring    Winter    Winterbird   Spring    Winter \#    Winter %     Spring \#    Spring %     NMB     NMB       NMB       \% lawn \%           \%       \%      \% low  \% low   \% low       \% high \% high  \% high      Forest   \%       \%       \%           \# tree    \%      \% log  \% structures \%        \% human \%
          bird     bird     bird      bird      divers.      bird      non-native   non-native   non-native   non-native   abun.   species   divers.           non-native   native   shrub   shrub   native   non-native   shrub   native   non-native   canopy   forest   native   non-native   cavities   slash   cover   (buildings)   imperv.   trails   conifer
          abun.    abun.    species   species                divers.   birds        birds        birds        birds                rich.                       herb         herb                     shrub    shrub                shrub    shrub        height   canopy   canopy   canopy                                                surface            cover
                            rich.     rich.                                                                                                                                                                                                                       cover                                                                                      

  01RCM   21.00    51.00    13.00     12.00     1.46         2.49      3.00         13.64        2.00         9.52         8.00    6.00      1.73      0.00    45.00        55.00    66.67   66.67   78.33    21.67        36.67   96.67    3.33         20.00    55.00    100.00   0.00         0.00       3.67    2.00    0.00          0.00      0.00     12.00

  03RCT   17.00    17.00    9.00      6.00      1.55         2.07      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         8.00    4.00      1.21      0.00    0.00         66.67    76.67   65.00   68.33    31.67        36.67   99.00    1.00         21.67    80.00    100.00   0.00         6.00       2.33    1.67    0.00          0.33      0.00     12.00

  05KCT   30.00    15.00    8.00      14.00     1.64         2.01      14.00        24.56        8.00         26.67        0.00    0.00      0         10.00   90.00        10.00    68.33   68.33   26.67    73.33        35.00   51.67    41.67        12.33    30.00    61.67    38.33        2.00       1.00    0.00    5.00          7.00      3.67     0.00

  06RCM   41.00    10.00    21.00     11.00     1.64         2.93      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         16.00   8.00      2.01      23.33   73.33        26.67    41.67   41.67   36.67    63.33        11.67   100.00   0.00         20.00    45.00    100.00   0.00         2.00       6.33    6.67    2.33          3.33      0.67     35.00

  07KCM   18.00    26.00    10.00     8.00      1.76         2.22      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         9.00    5.00      1.52      0.00    50.00        50.00    73.33   70.00   76.67    23.33        56.67   86.67    13.33        20.33    60.00    100.00   0.00         0.00       11.00   0.67    0.33          3.33      0.00     0.00

  08BCM   23.00    44.00    17.00     8.00      1.81         2.67      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         15.00   10.00     2.18      0.00    0.00         100.00   68.33   56.67   78.33    21.67        36.67   100.00   0.00         32.33    81.67    100.00   0.00         0.00       2.67    3.33    0.00          1.67      0.00     60.00

  09JCT   28.00    13.00    16.00     14.00     1.84         2.58      8.00         15.38        4.00         14.29        6.00    6.00      1.79      31.67   83.33        16.67    55.00   53.00   51.67    48.33        43.33   81.67    18.33        20.33    43.33    98.33    1.67         7.00       1.00    2.67    0.00          0.00      0.00     2.00

  10JCT   25.00    21.00    15.00     15.00     1.86         2.62      0.00         0.00         1.00         4.00         5.00    4.00      1.33      20.00   55.00        43.33    36.67   28.33   81.67    18.33        26.67   100.00   0.00         27.33    45.00    100.00   0.00         0.00       0.00    0.67    0.00          3.33      0.00     12.00

  11WCM   30.00    58.00    13.00     12.00     1.91         2.23      0.00         0.00         9.00         30.00        5.00    5.00      1.61      6.67    85.00        15.00    53.33   46.67   45.00    55.00        25.00   100.00   0.00         19.67    38.33    98.33    1.67         3.00       6.33    0.67    0.00          1.67      0.00     35.00

  12WCM   31.00    18.00    11.00     10.00     1.94         2.19      24.00        41.38        8.00         25.81        2.00    2.00      0.69      0.00    66.67        33.33    93.33   93.33   33.33    66.67        46.67   45.00    55.00        6.67     15.67    53.33    13.33        0.00       1.67    0.00    0.00          0.33      0.00     12.00

  14NFD   23.00    23.00    11.00     6.00      1.95         2.28      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         8.00    4.00      1.21      0.00    21.00        79.00    73.33   70.00   90.00    10.00        41.67   98.33    1.67         23.33    66.67    100.00   0.00         0.00       2.67    3.33    0.00          0.00      1.00     60.00

  16MET   29.00    20.00    18.00     7.00      1.96         2.72      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         8.00    6.00      1.67      21.67   97.00        3.00     58.33   38.33   46.00    54.00        38.33   100.00   0.00         10.33    35.00    100.00   0.00         2.00       10.00   0.00    0.00          0.00      0.00     0.00

  17JCT   41.00    14.00    15.00     13.00     1.97         2.54      15.00        40.54        6.00         14.63        9.00    3.00      0.85      3.33    100.00       0.00     71.67   65.00   14.00    86.00        23.33   80.00    20.00        18.33    68.33    86.67    13.33        3.00       4.67    0.00    3.33          5.00      10.00    35.00

  18NFD   15.00    55.00    9.00      6.00      2.00         2.06      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         5.00    4.00      1.33      0.00    11.67        88.33    86.67   66.67   69.67    30.33        73.33   96.67    3.33         28.67    65.00    100.00   0.00         0.00       1.67    1.67    0.00          0.00      0.00     35.00

  19JCT   24.00    34.00    11.00     9.00      2.07         2.19      0.00         0.00         1.00         4.17         4.00    3.00      1.04      10.00   50.00        50.00    80.00   65.00   25.00    75.00        36.67   60.00    40.00        23.67    71.67    100.00   0.00         0.00       0.33    2.33    0.00          0.33      5.00     35.00

  20MSC   21.00    23.00    10.00     15.00     2.20         2.07      2.00         6.90         1.00         4.76         6.00    3.00      0.87      56.67   81.67        18.33    56.67   50.00   51.67    48.33        41.67   91.67    8.33         17.33    55.00    100.00   0.00         3.00       7.67    3.00    1.67          0.33      4.33     60.00

  21RCT   31.00    52.00    15.00     15.00     2.21         2.47      4.00         9.30         10.00        32.26        4.00    2.00      0.69      65.67   100.00       0.00     12.67   1.67    6.67     60.00        11.67   6.67     60.00        8.00     9.00     6.67     60.00        0.00       0.00    0.00    0.00          0.00      0.00     60.00

  22JCT   27.00    26.00    16.00     8.00      2.25         2.64      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         16.00   10.00     2.17      0.00    75.00        25.00    71.67   71.67   38.33    61.67        28.33   91.67    8.33         30.00    48.33    100.00   0.00         0.00       14.33   6.67    0.00          0.00      5.00     35.00

  23RCM   24.00    37.00    12.00     11.00     2.27         2.27      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         10.00   7.00      1.89      0.00    11.67        88.33    30.00   20.00   94.33    5.67         21.67   100.00   0.00         23.33    76.67    100.00   0.00         0.00       4.33    0.00    0.00          0.00      0.00     2.00

  24NFD   22.00    22.00    11.00     8.00      2.35         2.15      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         12.00   5.00      1.45      13.33   0.00         100.00   68.33   60.00   96.67    3.33         30.00   100.00   0.00         27.67    75.00    100.00   0.00         1.00       6.67    1.33    0.00          0.00      0.00     60.00

  25KCT   19.00    57.00    11.00     6.00      2.35         2.33      0.00         0.00         3.00         15.79        3.00    2.00      0.64      35.00   96.67        3.33     48.33   48.33   61.67    38.33        30.00   78.33    21.67        8.33     6.67     66.67    0.00         0.00       4.33    1.00    0.00          0.00      3.33     35.00

  26KCT   27.00    43.00    12.00     12.00     2.37         2.31      1.00         3.85         2.00         7.41         5.00    4.00      1.33      0.00    25.00        74.00    76.67   63.33   53.33    46.67        38.33   90.00    10.00        21.67    63.33    90.00    10.00        8.00       7.67    4.33    0.00          0.00      0.00     60.00

  27RCT   30.00    29.00    17.00     9.00      2.40         2.70      0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00         11.00   8.00      1.97      26.67   0.00         100.00   86.67   56.67   65.00    35.00        51.67   96.67    3.33         31.67    48.33    100.00   0.00         1.00       1.67    1.67    0.00          0.00      0.00     35.00

  30RCM   32.00    43.00    10.00     8.00      2.43         1.97      6.00         28.57        12.00        37.50        11.00   4.00      1.03      31.67   95.00        5.00     21.67   13.33   41.67    58.33        20.00   75.00    25.00        17.00    26.67    83.33    16.67        0.00       0.00    0.00    0.00          16.67     0.00     35.00
  ------- -------- -------- --------- --------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------- --------- --------- ------- ------------ -------- ------- ------- -------- ------------ ------- -------- ------------ -------- -------- -------- ------------ ---------- ------- ------- ------------- --------- -------- ---------

Appendix Table 5. Correlation analysis for bird and habitat variables at
24 study sites collected in winter 2003 and spring 2004. Diversity is
Shannon diversity index; NMB = Neotropical Migratory Songbirds.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Spring   Winter   Spring     Winter     Spring      Winter      Winter \#     Winter %      Spring \#     Spring %      NMB      NMB        NMB
                abund.   abund.   species    species    diversity   diversity   non-natives   non-natives   non-natives   non-natives   abund.   species    diversity
                                  richness   richness                                                                                            richness   
  ------------- -------- -------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------- ---------- -----------
  Spring        1.00                                                                                                                                        
  abundance                                                                                                                                                 

  Winter        -0.35    1.00                                                                                                                               
  abundance                                                                                                                                                 

  Spring        0.57     -0.20    1.00                                                                                                                      
  species                                                                                                                                                   
  richness                                                                                                                                                  

  Winter        0.42     -0.15    0.17       1.00                                                                                                           
  species                                                                                                                                                   
  richness                                                                                                                                                  

  Spring        0.45     -0.20    0.96       0.14       1.00                                                                                                
  diversity                                                                                                                                                 

  Winter        0.03     0.29     -0.06      -0.12      -0.14       1.00                                                                                    
  diversity                                                                                                                                                 

  Winter        0.46     -0.34    -0.16      0.34       -0.18       -0.16       1.00                                                                        
  non-native                                                                                                                                                
  abund.                                                                                                                                                    

  Winter        0.52     -0.25    -0.16      0.34       -0.20       -0.08       0.94          1.00                                                          
  non-native %                                                                                                                                              
  birds                                                                                                                                                     

  Spring        0.48     0.22     -0.19      0.39       -0.31       0.10        0.61          0.69          1.00                                            
  non-nat.                                                                                                                                                  
  abundance                                                                                                                                                 

  Spring        0.41     0.28     -0.22      0.38       -0.32       0.10        0.57          0.64          0.99          1.00                              
  non-native %                                                                                                                                              
  birds                                                                                                                                                     

  NMB abund.    0.17     -0.17    0.55       -0.31      0.50        0.07        -0.40         -0.29         -0.42         -0.48         1.00                

  NMB species   0.04     -0.02    0.65       -0.25      0.63        0.00        -0.47         -0.44         -0.52         -0.54         0.86     1.00       
  richness                                                                                                                                                  

  NMB diversity -0.03    0.02     0.62       -0.23      0.60        -0.04       -0.54         -0.52         -0.56         -0.58         0.77     0.96       1.00

  \% lawn       0.18     0.07     0.18       0.41       0.09        0.35        -0.05         0.01          0.32          0.35          -0.17    -0.25      -0.28

  \%            0.51     -0.06    0.15       0.42       0.09        0.00        0.40          0.46          0.62          0.64          -0.30    -0.37      -0.42
  non-nat.ive                                                                                                                                               
  herb cover                                                                                                                                                

  \% native     -0.48    0.10     -0.11      -0.38      -0.05       0.06        -0.39         -0.46         -0.62         -0.63         0.31     0.40       0.45
  herb cover                                                                                                                                                

  Total % shrub -0.26    -0.21    -0.22      -0.38      -0.13       -0.19       0.18          0.05          -0.38         -0.40         -0.07    0.03       0.04

  \% low shrub  -0.22    -0.28    -0.27      -0.30      -0.15       -0.32       0.32          0.17          -0.29         -0.29         -0.09    -0.03      -0.05

  \% low native -0.65    0.09     -0.17      -0.37      -0.07       -0.03       -0.51         -0.52         -0.62         -0.59         0.27     0.35       0.44
  shrub                                                                                                                                                     
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

**Appendix Table 5** (continued).

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Spring   Winter   Spring     Winter     Spring      Winter      Winter \#     Winter %      Spring \#     Spring %      NMB      NMB        NMB
               abund.   abund.   species    species    diversity   diversity   non-natives   non-natives   non-natives   non-natives   abund.   species    diversity
                                 richness   richness                                                                                            richness   
  ------------ -------- -------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------- ---------- -----------
  \% low       0.66     -0.18    0.15       0.31       0.06        -0.02       0.54          0.56          0.55          0.52          -0.24    -0.31      -0.40
  non-native                                                                                                                                               
  shrub                                                                                                                                                    

  \% high      -0.57    0.02     -0.36      -0.36      -0.27       -0.11       0.00          -0.11         -0.37         -0.36         -0.23    -0.04      0.03
  shrub                                                                                                                                                    

  \% high      -0.27    -0.09    0.18       -0.34      0.21        -0.11       -0.55         -0.49         -0.67         -0.67         0.52     0.59       0.65
  native shrub                                                                                                                                             

  \% high      0.27     0.02     -0.25      0.29       -0.27       0.10        0.66          0.59          0.67          0.67          -0.56    -0.62      -0.69
  non-native                                                                                                                                               
  shrub                                                                                                                                                    

  Forest       -0.26    0.00     0.17       -0.22      0.20        0.06        -0.53         -0.49         -0.60         -0.63         0.58     0.66       0.66
  canopy                                                                                                                                                   
  height                                                                                                                                                   

  \% forest    -0.33    -0.17    -0.08      -0.23      -0.06       -0.16       -0.38         -0.34         -0.65         -0.70         0.42     0.39       0.43
  canopy cover                                                                                                                                             

  \% native    -0.26    -0.21    0.11       -0.31      0.13        -0.16       -0.49         -0.43         -0.68         -0.69         0.48     0.56       0.63
  canopy cover                                                                                                                                             

  \%           0.37     0.10     -0.11      0.45       -0.16       0.07        0.45          0.45          0.71          0.69          -0.40    -0.52      -0.60
  non-native                                                                                                                                               
  canopy cover                                                                                                                                             

  \# tree      0.13     -0.27    0.03       0.27       -0.01       -0.11       0.06          0.05          0.01          0.00          -0.14    -0.07      0.01
  cavities                                                                                                                                                 

  \% slash     -0.04    -0.12    0.19       -0.19      0.21        0.10        -0.30         -0.31         -0.39         -0.39         0.43     0.41       0.39

  \% log cover 0.05     -0.15    0.40       -0.10      0.41        -0.05       -0.37         -0.39         -0.48         -0.47         0.54     0.56       0.51

  \% building  0.47     -0.45    -0.05      0.42       -0.05       -0.31       0.45          0.45          0.23          0.19          -0.14    -0.34      -0.47
  structures                                                                                                                                               

  \%           0.38     -0.06    -0.17      0.07       -0.26       0.05        0.27          0.48          0.57          0.53          0.09     -0.19      -0.28
  impervious                                                                                                                                               
  surfaces                                                                                                                                                 

  \% human     0.30     -0.24    -0.04      0.17       -0.01       0.09        0.29          0.36          0.07          0.04          -0.04    -0.23      -0.35
  trails                                                                                                                                                   

  \% trash     -0.25    0.11     -0.19      0.04       -0.22       -0.21       -0.10         -0.09         0.05          0.05          -0.07    0.01       0.00

  \% conifer   0.02     0.31     0.04       -0.05      -0.02       0.48        -0.27         -0.19         -0.01         -0.02         0.22     0.05       -0.01
  cover                                                                                                                                                    
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix Table 6. Scoring results for habitat variables at 24 study
sites collected in winter 2003 and spring 2004. The method used,
Wildlife Habitat Assessment, allows a skilled observer to walk through a
habitat patch of any size and assign qualitative scores for each
variable without actually having to quantitatively measure each
variable. The "Enhanced" score refers to what the observer considers the
site's potential if moderate restoration efforts, such as non-native
removal and native plantings, were employed at each site.

  ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------ ------------- --------- --------------- ---------- ------------ ------------- --------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------
  **Site**   **Water**                                           **Food**                            **Cover**                            **Human                    **Unique     **Important                                                       **Total
                                                                                                                                          Disturb.**                 Features**   Habitat                                                           Score**
                                                                                                                                                                                  Features**                                                        

             Seasonality   Channel       Proximity   Diversity   Variety    Quantity   Seasonality   Structural   Variety and   Nesting   Habitat         Direct     Wildlife     Conifer %     Downed    %non-native   %no-nnative   %non-native   Total
             and Quality   morphology,   to cover    (streams,                                       Diversity    seasonality   and       modification,   human                                 wood, old herbs         shrubs        canopy        Score
                           compexity,                ponds,                                                                     denning   structures,     disturb.                              stumps,                                             
                           alteration                wetlands)                                                                  sites     etc.            (trails,                              snags                                               
                                                                                                                                                          road                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                          noise,                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                          pets)                                                                                     

  01RCM      8             5             8           6           6          6          7             7            7             3         5               3          3            5-25          6         3             4             6             93
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  01RCM      8             5             8           6           7          7          8             7            7             3         6               4          3                          7         3             5             6             100
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  03 RCT     3             4             6           6           3          4          3             5            4             2         7               5          2            5-25          4         3             1             6             68
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  03 RCT     3             5             7           6           4          5          4             7            6             3         7               5          2                          5         3             4             6             82
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  05 KCT     3             2             4           4           2          3          2             4            3             1         2               1          1            0             1         1             2             2             38
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  05 KCT     3             3             5           4           3          4          3             5            4             1         2               1          1                          2         2             3             2             48
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  06 RCM     6             6             7           7           6          5          5             6            8             4         4               4.5        4            25-50         8         2             2             6             90.5
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  06 RCM     6             6             8           7           7          6          6             7            8             4         4               4.5        4                          8         2             5             6             98.5
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  07 KCM     4             3             4           5           4          4          4             5            4             3         4               4          3            0             3         2             3             6             65
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  07 KCM     4             3             4           5           5          5          5             6            5             3         4               4          3                          5         2             4             6             73
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  08 BCM     7             6             6           8           5          4          6             6            3             5         4               2          3            50+           6         4             4             6             85
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  08 BCM     7             6             7           8           6          5          7             7            3             5         4               2          4                          7         4             6             6             94
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  09 JCT     4             5             4           6           6          3          5             4            5             3         6               4          2            1-5           5         1             2             3             68
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  09 JCT     5             5             5           6           7          5          5             5            6             3         6               4          2                          6         2             4             6             82
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  10 JCT     6             4             6           6           2          3          2             5            4             2         2               2          2            5-25          2         2             4             5             59
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  10 JCT     6             5             7           6           4          4          3             6            5             2         2               2          2                          3         2             5             6             70
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  11 WCM     4             4             6           6           4          3          4             4            4             2         4               3          1            25-50         6         1             3             5             64
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  11 WCM     4             5             7           6           5          4          5             6            6             2         4               3          2                          6         1             4             6             76
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  12 WCM     5             3             4           4           4          3          4             5            5             2         4               3          1            5-25          4         3             2             6             62
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  12 WCM     5             4             5           4           5          4          5             6            6             2         4               3          2                          5         3             3             6             72
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  14 NFD     8             6             8           4           8          7          8             8            8             4         6               6          4            50+           7         2             4             6             104
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  14 NFD     8             6             8           4           8          7          8             8            8             4         6               6          4                          7         3             5             6             106
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  16 MET     4             3             7           5           7          5          7             6            6             2         6               5          4            n/a           2         0             3             6             78
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  16 MET     4             4             8           7           7          6          7             6            6             2         7               5          4                          3         1             4             6             87
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  17 JCT     4             2             5           4           4          3          5             3            4             1         2               2          2            25-50         2         1             1             1             46
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  17 JCT     4             3             6           4           5          4          5             5            5             2         2               2          2                          3         2             2             4             60
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  18 NFD     8             6             7           5           7          6          8             8            8             3         5               5          3            25-50         6         3             3             6             97
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  18 NFD     8             6             8           5           8          7          8             8            8             3         5               5          3                          6         3             5             6             102
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  19 JCT     7             5             6           6           3          4          4             4            4             2         4               0          3            25-50         6         2             2             6             68
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  19 JCT     7             6             7           6           4          5          5             5            5             3         4               3          3                          7         2             3             6             81
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  20 MSC     6             4             6           8           6          5          5             7            7             3         4               3          3            50+           7         1             2             3             80
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  20 MSC     6             5             7           8           7          6          6             7            7             4         6               3          3                          8         2             10            6             101
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  21 RCT     1             0             2           3           1          1          1             2            1             0         4               3          0            50+           0         0             1             0             20
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  21 RCT     2             1             4           4           4          4          4             5            4             1         6               3          2                          2         1             3             1             51
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  22 JCT     4             5             6           6           5          5          5             5            4             2         6               5          1            25-50         5         2             2             6             74
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  22 JCT     4             5             6           6           6          6          6             5            5             3         6               5          1                          5         2             3             6             80
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  23 RCM     7             5             8           6           3          4          4             4            3             2         6               2          2            1-5           1         3             5             6             71
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  23 RCM     7             6             8           6           4          5          5             6            4             3         6               2          2                          3         3             5             6             81
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  24 NFD     8             6             8           6           7          6          7             8            8             4         7               5          4            50+           6         4             6             6             106
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  24 NFD     8             6             8           6           7          7          7             8            8             4         7               5          4                          7         4             6             6             108
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  25 KCT     2             4             7           5           4          4          4             5            3             1         5               2          0            25-50         4         1             3             2             56
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  25 KCT     2             5             8           5           5          5          5             6            5             2         5               2          1                          5         2             5             4             72
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  26 KCT     2             5             8           4           6          5          5             7            7             4         6               5          2            50+           6         3             4             5             84
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  26 KCT     2             5             8           4           7          6          6             7            8             4         8               5          2                          7         3             5             6             93
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  27 JCT     2             4             7           4           2          3          3             6            6             2         7               3          2            25-50         7         4             5             6             73
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  27 JCT     2             5             7           4           3          4          4             7            7             2         7               3          2                          7         4             6             6             80
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  30 RCM     6             3             4           4           2          1          2             2            4             1         2               1          0            25-50         2         1             2             0             37
  Existing                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  30 RCM     6             4             5           4           4          3          3             4            5             1         2               2          1                          4         2             4             6             60
  Enhanced                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
  ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------ ------------- --------- --------------- ---------- ------------ ------------- --------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------

Appendix Table 7. Correlation analysis for bird and Wildlife Habitat
Assessment habitat variables at 24 study sites collected in winter 2003
and spring 2004. Diversity is Shannon diversity index; NMB = Neotropical
Migratory Songbirds. Note that for the "Habitat modification,
structures, etc.," higher scores mean fewer such modifications.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    **Seasonality   **Channel      **Proximity   **Diversity   **Variety**   **Quantity**   **Water      **Structural   **Food     **Nesting   **Habitat       **Direct   **Wildlife**   **Downed   **%          **%          **%          **TOTAL
                    and Quality**   morphology,    to cover**    (streams,                                  Seasonal     Diversity**    variety    and denning modification,   human                     wood, old  non-native   non-native   non-native   SCORE**
                                    compexity,                   ponds,                                     Presence**                  and        sites**     structures,     disturb.                  stumps,    herbs**      shrubs**     canopy**     
                                    alteration**                 wetlands)**                                                            seasonal               etc.**          (trails,                  snags**                                           
                                                                                                                                        avail.**                               road                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                               noise,                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                                               pets)**                                                                     
  ----------------- --------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------ -------------- ---------- ----------- --------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------
  **Seasonality and 1.00                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
  Quality**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

  **Channel         0.64            1.00                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
  morphology,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
  compexity,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  alteration**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

  **Proximity to    0.44            0.75           1.00                                                                                                                                                                                                    
  cover**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Diversity       0.46            0.58           0.32          1.00                                                                                                                                                                                      
  (streams, ponds,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
  wetlands)**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

  **Variety**       0.47            0.64           0.57          0.31          1.00                                                                                                                                                                        

  **Quantity**      0.54            0.73           0.78          0.35          0.84          1.00                                                                                                                                                          

  **Seasonality**   0.59            0.67           0.64          0.28          0.94          0.86           1.00                                                                                                                                           

  **Structural      0.45            0.69           0.74          0.31          0.78          0.89           0.77         1.00                                                                                                                              
  Diversity**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

  **Variety and     0.48            0.62           0.63          0.17          0.79          0.75           0.73         0.83           1.00                                                                                                               
  seasonality**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

  **Nesting and     0.53            0.81           0.55          0.54          0.72          0.69           0.68         0.76           0.65       1.00                                                                                                    
  denning sites**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  **Habitat         -0.03           0.47           0.54          0.10          0.44          0.52           0.43         0.52           0.38       0.36        1.00                                                                                        
  modification,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
  structures,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
  etc.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

  **Direct human    0.02            0.36           0.36          0.00          0.69          0.61           0.57         0.62           0.60       0.48        0.66            1.00                                                                        
  disturb. (trails,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  road noise,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
  pets)**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Wildlife**      0.60            0.59           0.56          0.43          0.70          0.75           0.73         0.71           0.71       0.74        0.33            0.45       1.00                                                             

  **Downed wood,    0.35            0.75           0.55          0.46          0.60          0.61           0.56         0.69           0.71       0.72        0.41            0.38       0.51           1.00                                              
  old stumps,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
  snags**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **%nonnative      0.38            0.62           0.51          0.24          0.16          0.39           0.29         0.54           0.35       0.59        0.44            0.18       0.34           0.47       1.00                                   
  herbs**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **%nonnative      0.38            0.54           0.69          0.14          0.28          0.43           0.37         0.57           0.37       0.50        0.43            0.16       0.39           0.28       0.62         1.00                      
  shrubs**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  **%nonnative      0.42            0.67           0.62          0.40          0.44          0.66           0.52         0.65           0.47       0.63        0.55            0.45       0.64           0.53       0.66         0.51         1.00         
  canopy**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  **Total Score**   **0.62**        **0.88**       **0.80**      **0.47**      **0.83**      **0.91**       **0.85**     **0.91**       **0.82**   **0.86**    **0.59**        **0.60**   **0.80**       **0.77**   **0.59**     **0.59**     **0.77**     1.00

  **Spring bird     -0.27           -0.35          -0.30         -0.27         -0.22         **-0.44**      -0.28        **-0.47**      -0.10      -0.26       **-0.40**       -0.20      -0.18          -0.16      -0.34        -0.32        -0.37        -0.38
  abun.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

**Appendix Table 7** (continued).

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 **Seasonality   **Channel      **Proximity   **Diversity   **Variety**   **Quantity**   **Water      **Structural   **Food      **Nesting   **Habitat       **Direct    **Wildlife**   **Downed    **%          **%          **%          **TOTAL
                 and Quality**   morphology,    to cover**    (streams,                                  Seasonal     Diversity**    variety and and denning modification,   human                      wood, old   non-native   non-native   non-native   SCORE**
                                 compexity,                   ponds,                                     Presence**                  seasonal    sites**     structures,     disturb.                   stumps,     herbs**      shrubs**     canopy**     
                                 alteration**                 wetlands)**                                                            avail.**                etc.**          (trails,                   snags**                                            
                                                                                                                                                                             road noise,                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                                             pets)**                                                                       
  -------------- --------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------ -------------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- -------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------ -----------
  **Winter bird  -0.01           0.03           0.12          -0.08         -0.10         -0.07          0.01         -0.03          -0.20       -0.12       0.01            -0.19       -0.36          0.02        0.03         0.20         -0.13        -0.07
  abun.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Spring bird  -0.13           0.10           0.07          0.21          0.10          -0.06          0.08         -0.05          0.04        0.17        0.09            0.14        0.21           0.15        -0.06        0.04         0.13         0.09
  species                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
  rich.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Winter bird  -0.20           **-0.40**      -0.37         0.03          -0.31         **-0.40**      **-0.42**    -0.34          -0.21       -0.22       **-0.46**       -0.35       -0.22          -0.25       -0.34        -0.20        **-0.43**    **-0.41**
  species                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
  rich.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Winterbird   -0.18           -0.04          0.10          -0.27         -0.11         -0.16          -0.12        -0.08          -0.04       -0.20       0.20            -0.08       -0.32          -0.04       0.00         0.27         -0.26        -0.11
  divers.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

  **Spring bird  -0.14           0.12           0.14          0.19          0.12          0.04           0.12         0.04           0.04        0.18        0.12            0.17        0.23           0.15        -0.01        0.09         0.20         0.13
  divers.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

  **Winter \#    -0.16           **-0.48**      **-0.54**     **-0.41**     -0.21         **-0.40**      -0.23        -0.36          -0.19       -0.35       **-0.44**       -0.29       -0.36          -0.34       -0.17        **-0.43**    -0.38        **-0.44**
  non-native                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  birds**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Winter %     -0.11           **-0.51**      **-0.53**     **-0.43**     -0.24         **-0.46**      -0.23        **-0.45**      -0.18       **-0.40**   **-0.53**       -0.36       **-0.40**      -0.37       -0.23        **-0.45**    **-0.53**    **-0.49**
  non-native                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  birds**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Spring \#    -0.34           **-0.67**      **-0.68**     **-0.51**     **-0.50**     **-0.75**      **-0.55**    **-0.70**      **-0.46**   **-0.62**   **-0.58**       **-0.45**   **-0.73**      **-0.47**   **-0.51**    **-0.47**    **-0.74**    **-0.75**
  non-native                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  birds**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **Spring %     -0.36           **-0.65**      **-0.65**     **-0.48**     **-0.49**     **-0.72**      **-0.55**    **-0.67**      **-0.47**   **-0.62**   **-0.55**       **-0.47**   **-0.76**      **-0.44**   **-0.52**    **-0.44**    **-0.74**    **-0.74**
  non-native                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  birds**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **NMB abun.**  0.29            **0.44**       0.30          **0.41**      0.24          0.24           0.28         0.17           0.21        **0.44**    0.26            0.29        0.36           0.32        0.36         0.24         0.32         **0.40**

  **NMB species  0.22            **0.55**       0.37          **0.50**      0.27          0.26           0.33         0.23           0.17        **0.50**    **0.41**        0.30        0.34           0.39        **0.42**     0.37         **0.53**     **0.47**
  rich.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  **NMB          0.27            **0.60**       **0.44**      **0.50**      0.34          0.32           0.39         0.29           0.26        **0.55**    **0.48**        0.37        **0.42**       **0.43**    **0.43**     **0.44**     **0.61**     **0.55**
  divers.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------