**Appendix D: Initial ADS-B Surveillance Applications**

**ATC Surveillance.** This application will use ADS-B surveillance
information as a qualified surveillance source to provide ATC services
throughout the NAS. ATC will use ADS-B surveillance information in the
same manner as current cooperative surveillance system information is
used, e.g., to assist aircraft with navigation, to separate aircraft,
and to issue safety alerts and traffic advisories. ADS-B surveillance
informationwill be used by ATC automation system functions, e.g.,
tracking and conflict alerting. Implementation areas include surface,
terminal, en route, and oceanic domains.

**Airport Surface Situational Awareness (ASSA).** This application will
reduce the potential for deviations, errors, and collisions through an
increase in flight crew situational awareness while operating an
aircraft on the airport movement area. Flight crews will use a cockpit
display to increase awareness of other traffic on the airport movement
area. Additionally, the display may be used to determine the position of
ground vehicles, e.g., emergency vehicles and airport maintenance
vehicles.

**Final Approach Runway Occupancy Awareness (FAROA).** This application
will use a cockpit display to depict the runway environment and display
traffic from the surface up to approximately 1,000 feet above ground
level on final approach. It will be used by the flight crew to help
determine runway occupancy, thereby reducing the likelihood of flight
crew errors associated with runway occupancy and improving the
capability of the flight crew to detect ATC errors.

**Enhanced Visual Acquisition (EVAcq).** This application uses a cockpit
display to enhance out-of-the-window visual acquisition of air traffic.
Flight crews will refer to the display during the instrument scan to
supplement visual observations. The display can be used to either
initially detect an aircraft or to receive further information on an
aircraft that has been reported by ATC. The application will provide the
flight crew with the relative range, altitude, and bearing of other
aircraft.

**Enhanced Visual Approach (EVApp).** This application will enhance
successive approaches for aircraft cleared to maintain visual separation
from another aircraft on the approach. This will allow visual approach
procedure operation arrival rates to be maintained, even during periods
of reduced visibility or obstructions to vision (haze, fog, sunlight,
etc). To achieve this, flight crews will be supported by a cockpit
display of nearby traffic providing continually updated identity and
position information of relevant traffic. Additional information such as
range and speed will be provided to assist flight crews in monitoring
their distance from the preceding aircraft. The display may also be used
to monitor aircraft on approach to parallel runways.

**Conflict Detection (CD).** This application will provide alerting and
relevant traffic information to help the flight crew identify conflicts
with other aircraft based on current flight states and intentions.
Aircraft equipped with a cockpit display will have the capability to
display aircraft location and intent, and will alert pilots of
developing conflicts. Also, the long surveillance range afforded by
ADS-B will enable alerts to be issued in time to resolve conflicts with
minimum disruption to the flight path. NOTE: This application is an
ADS-B-enabled capability for properly equipped aircraft, and is not
intended as a TCAS replacement.

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**Appendix E: Technical Team and Steering Committee Membership**

**Surveillance/Positioning Backup Strategy Technical Team**

> [Member]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Role]{.underline}
>
> James Baird FAA ATO-P Team Lead
>
> George Ligler PMEI Team Facilitator
>
> Jonathan Hammer MITRE/CAASD Team Secretary
>
> Shahan Stepanian MCRI Cost Analyst
>
> Avani Pandya MCRI Cost Analyst
>
> Jennifer Lamont FAA ATO-E (CTR) Safety Analyst
>
> Mark McCoy FAA ATO-E (CTR) Safety Analyst
>
> Ray McDonald FAA ATO-E (CTR) Radar, Multilateration SME
>
> James Carroll Volpe NTSC eLoran SME
>
> Jack Kraemer Volpe NTSC eLoran SME
>
> Dan O'Laughlin MITRE/CAASD SATNAV SME
>
> Robert Saffell Rockwell-Collins AT Avionics SME
>
> Joel Wichgers Rockwell-Collins AT Avionics SME
>
> Tom Mosher Garmin GA Avionics SME
>
> Sally Frodge FAA ATO-W Navigation SME
>
> David Olsen FAA ATO-P Navigation SME
>
> Chris Moody MITRE/CAASD ADS-B SME
>
> Gus Waters FAA ATO-T Air Traffic User/Eval
>
> Paul Lipski FAA AVS/AIR Certification (Surv) User/Eval
>
> Bruce DeCleene FAA AVS/AIR Certification (Nav) User/Eval
>
> Bill Flathers AOPA GA User/Eval
>
> George Wilson Delta Airlines AT User/Eval
>
> Milton Clary USAF/Pentagon DoD (Nav) User/Eval
>
> Robert Manning USAF/Pentagon DoD (Surv) User/Eval
>
> William Thedford USAF/Hanscom DoD (Avionics) User/Eval
>
> Wayne Buhrman JHU APL Independent Assessment
>
> [Other Participants]{.underline}
>
> Ken Alexander FAA AVS/AIR
>
> Bradford Benjamin FAA ATO-T
>
> Jacob Dorsey ATO-T
>
> Leo Eldridge FAA ATO-W
>
> Mike Huffman FAA ATO-T
>
> Ken Kepchar FAA ATO-P
>
> Jim Linney FAA ATO-T
>
> John Marksteiner FAA ATO-E
>
> Gary Paull MCRI
>
> Robert Pomrink FAA ATO-E (CTR)
>
> Steve Ramdeen FAA AVS/AIR
>
> Steve VanTrees FAA AVS/AIR
>
> Pat Zelechoski FAA AVS/AFS

**Surveillance/Positioning Backup Strategy Steering Committee**

> [Member]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline}
>
> Vincent Capezzuto FAA ATO-E
>
> Rick Heinrich Rockwell-Collins
>
> Tony Broderick Consultant
>
> Mark Cato ALPA
>
> Scott Foose RAA
>
> Dave Hamrick MITRE/CAASD
>
> Randy Kenagy AOPA
>
> Dave Madison FAA ATO-T
>
> John McGraw FAA AVS/AFS
>
> Jay Merkle JPDO
>
> Dave Nakamura Boeing
>
> Dan Salvano FAA ATO-W
>
> Ken Speir ADS-B WG, Chair
>
> Roger Wall FedEx
>
> Dave Watrous RTCA

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**Appendix F: Acronyms and Abbreviations**

AC Advisory Circular

ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast

ADS-R Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast

AGL Above Ground Level

ASDE Airport Surface Detection Equipment

ASF Additional Secondary Factor

ASR Airport Surveillance Radar

ASSA Airport Surface Situational Awareness

ASTERIX All-Purpose Structured Eurocontrol Radar Information Exchange

AT Air Transport

ATC Air Traffic Control

ATCBI Air Traffic Control Beacon Interrogator

ATMAC Air Traffic Management Advisory Committee

CAIV Cost as an Independent Variable

CD Conflict Detection

CDTI Cockpit Display of Traffic Information

CENRAP Center Radar ARTS Presentation

CIP Capital Investment Plan

CONOPS Concept of Operations

CONUS Continental United States

CRI Cross rate interference

CSA Comparative Safety Analysis

DME Distance Measuring Equipment

DoD Department of Defense

drms Distance Root-Mean-Square

ECD Envelope-to-Cycle Difference

E-field Electric Field

eLoran Enhanced Loran

ES 1090 MHz extended squitter

ESL Economic Service Life

EVAcq Enhanced Visual Acquisition

EVApp Enhanced Visual Approach

F&E Facilities and Engineering

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FAROA Final Approach Runway Occupancy

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FIS-B Flight Information Service - Broadcast

FL Flight Level

FMS Frequency Management System

fPR Final Program Requirements

ft Foot/Feet

FY Fiscal Year

GA General Aviation

GBAS Ground-Based Augmentation System (satellite)

GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System (Russian)

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS Global Positioning System

GRI Group Repetition Rate

HAA Height Above Airport

HAL Horizontal Alert Limit

HDOP Horizontal Dilution of Precision

HEA Harbor Entrance Approach

H-field Magnetic Field

HFOM Horizontal Figure of Merit

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ID Idnetification

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

IRU Inertial Reference Unit

JRC Joint Resources Council

kHz Kilohertz

kW Kilowatt

LAN Local Area Network

LDC Loran Data Channel

LEMS Loran Enhanced Monitoring System

LICOS Loran Information, Control, and Operations System

Loran Long Range Navigation

LSP Link Specific Processing

MASPS Minimum Aviation System Performance Standard

MHz Megahertz

MLS Microwave Landing System

MMR Multi-Mode Receiver

Mode S Mode Select

MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standard

MSL Mean Sea Level

MW Megawatt

NAC Navigation Accuracy Category

NAS National Airspace System

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

nmi Nautical Mile

NOTAM Notice to Airmen

NPA Non-Precision Approach

nsec Nanosecond

NTIA National Telecommunication and Information Administration

O&M Operations and Maintenance

OEP Operational Evolution Partnership

OMB Office of Management and Budget

PARC Performance-Based Aviation Rulemaking Committee

PHA Preliminary Hazard Analysis

PSR Primary Surveillance Radar

p-static Precipitation Static

RAIL Remote Automatic Integrated Loran

RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor

RF Radio Frequency

RFI Radio Frequency Interference

RMS Remote Monitoring Subsystem

RNAV Area Navigation

RNP Required Navigation Performance

RO Receive Only

RT Receive/Transmit

RTCA RTCA

SATNAV Satellite Navigation

SBAS Satellite-Based Augmentation System

SBS Surveillance and Broadcast Services

sec Second(s)

SLEP Service Life Extension Program

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SoL Safety of Life

SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar

STARS Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System

TCAS Traffic Collision and Avoidance System

TCS Transmitter Control Set

TD Time Difference

TDOA Time Difference of Arrival

TFE Time and Frequency Equipment

TIS-B Traffic Information Service - Broadcast

TOA Time of Arrival

TOT Time of Transmission

TSO Technical Standard Order

UAT Universal Access Transceiver

UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

USNO U.S. Naval Observatory

UTC Coordinated Universal Time

VFR Visual Flight Rules

VOR Very High Frequency Omnirange

WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System

WBS Work Breakdown Structure

WRC World Radio Conference

**Appendix G: References**

**[General]{.underline}**

OMB Circular A-94, "Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost
Analysis of Federal Programs, Office of Management and Budget
(Revised)," January 18, 2006

"FAA Joint Resources Council Record of Decision," JRC, September 9, 2005

"FAA Joint Resources Council Record of Decision," JRC, June 7, 2006

"National Airspace System System Engineering Manual," Version 3.0,
ATO-P, September 30, 2004

NAS-SS-1000, "National Airspace System System Specification," FAA, July
16, 1996

"Federal Aviation Administration Capital Investment Plan, 2006-2010,"
FAA, February 2005

"Federal Aviation Administration Standard Work Breakdown Structure
(WBS)," Version 4.1, FAA, April 2005

"Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency
Management," NTIA, May 2006

**[Surveillance]{.underline}**

"Surveillance and Broadcast Services Program Exhibit 300 Program
Baseline,' ATO-E, June 2006

"Final Program Requirements for Surveillance and Broadcast Services,"
Version 1.0, ATO-E, May 9, 2006

"National Airspace System Surveillance and Broadcast Services Concept of
Operations," ATO-E, May 11, 2006

"Backup Strategy for ADS-B," Draft, FAA/MITRE/Volpe, March 2006

DO-260A, "Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz
Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and
Traffic Information Services-Broadcast (TIS-B)," Change 1, RTCA, June
27, 2006

DO-282A, "Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Universal Access
Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B),"
RTCA, July 29, 2004

DO-286A, "Minimum Aviation Systems Performance Standards (MASPS) for
Traffic Information Services - Broadcast (TIS-B)," RTCA, April 7, 2005

DO-242A, "Minimum Aviation Systems Performance Standards for Automatic
Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)," RTCA, June 25, 2002

DO-289, "Minimum Aviation Systems Performance Standards for Aircraft
Surveillance Applications (ASA)," RTCA, December 9, 2003

FAA-E-2942, "National Airspace System Subsystem Level Specification for
Airport Surface Detection Equipment - Model X (ASDE-X)," Version 1.1,
FAA, August 13, 2001

TM-2004-213447, "Deployment and Evaluation of Helicopter In-Flight
Tracking System (HITS) Final Report," NASA, December 2004

"En Route SSR Coverage," MITRE/CAASD, November 15, 2006

NLR-CR-2004-472, "Wide Area Multilateration Report on EATMP TRS 131/04,"
Version 1.1, National Airspace Laboratory for Eurocontrol, August 2005

**[Navigation]{.underline}**

"Navigation and Landing Transition Strategy," ASD-1 (now ATO-P), August
2002

DOT-VNTSC-RSPA-01-3.1, "2001 Federal Radionavigation Systems," U.S.
Department of Transportation, 2001

FAA Advisory Circular 90-100, "U.S. Terminal and En Route Area
Navigation (RNAV) Operations," FAA, January 7, 2005

FAA Advisory Circular 20-130A, "Airworthiness Approval of Navigation or
Flight Management Systems Integrating Multiple Navigation Sensors," FAA,
June 14, 1995

DO-236B, "Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards: Required
Navigation Performance for Area Navigation," RTCA, October 23, 2003

"Loran's Capability to Mitigate the Impact of a GPS Outage on GPS
Position, Navigation, and Time Applications," FAA, March 2004

"Modelling Loran-C Envelope-to-Cycle Differences in Mountainous
Terrain," P. Williams and D. Last, 32^nd^ Annual International Loran
Association Meeting, Boulder, CO, 2003

"Loran-C Accuracy Considerations: Terminal Area and En Route," D.
Diggle, Ohio U., and M. Narins, FAA, 35^th^ Annual International Loran
Association Meeting, Groton, CT, 2006

"LSU Timing Update," LT K. Shmihluk, USCG Loran Support Unit,
International Loran Association, October 2006

COMDTPUB P16562.6, "Loran-C User Handbook," U.S. Coast Guard, 1992

"U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Policy Fact
Sheet," National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)
Executive Committee, December 15, 2004

"Global Positioning System Outage En Route Simulation," ACB-330, April
2005

"GPS Backup for Positioning, Navigation and Timing, Transition Strategy
for Navigation and Surveillance," Aviation Management Associates for
ATO-W, August 22, 2006

ICD-GPS-705, "NAVSTAR GPS Space Segment / User Segment L5 Interfaces,"
NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office (DoD), December 2, 2002

"GPS Risk Assessment Study," Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory, January 29, 1999

"Vulnerability Assessment of the Transportation Infrastructure Relying
on the Global Positioning System," Final Report, Volpe National
Transportation Systems Center, August 29, 2001

"Galileo Open Service Signal in Space (SIS) Interface Control Document
(ICD)," Draft 0, Galileo Joint Undertaking (EU/ESA), 23 May 2006

"DME/DME En Route 0.6 NM (95%) Coverage at 18,000 and 24,000 feet MSL,"
MITRE/CAASD, November 9, 2006

FAA Order 7470.1, "Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)/DME Infrastructure
Evaluation for Area Navigation (RNAV) Routes and Procedures," FAA,
November 1, 2004

FAA Technical Standard Order TSO-C66c, "Distance Measuring Equipment
(DME) Operating Within the Radio Frequency Range of 960-1215 Megahertz,"
FAA, January 18, 1991

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**Appendix H**

**Independent Assessment of the Surveillance/Positioning Backup
Strategy**

**Alternatives Analysis for the Surveillance and Broadcast Services
Program**

**by the**

**Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory**

As part of the Surveillance and Broadcast Services program, a
preliminary hazard analysis was performed to identify potential risks to
the ADS-B service. One of the risks identified as a result of this
analysis was the potential loss of ADS-B surveillance for multiple
aircraft due to an interruption of the GPS L1 frequency. A study was
undertaken to recommend a backup strategy for mitigating the impact of a
loss GPS to the ADS-B service. As part of this study, an impartial,
independent assessment was performed to provide assurance that the
process used to select a particular mitigation strategy was properly
executed and the resulting recommended strategy was appropriate given
the conclusions reached by the technical team.

A technical team, made up of subject matter experts, representatives
from key user groups and support analysts was formed to perform the
study. A steering committee formed by the RTCA Air Traffic Management
Committee (ATMAC) provided direction and guidance to the technical team.
Representatives of the technical team periodically briefed the steering
committee to provide status as well as receive direction and guidance.
During the course of the study, technical team members consulted
additional subject matter experts as required, to ensure a complete and
thorough analysis of all viable strategies that could potentially
mitigate the identified risk.

The technical team followed the FAA trade study process as defined in
the System Engineering Manual in a disciplined fashion to ensure an
objective comparison of the potential alternatives to arrive at the most
balanced technical solution(s). The team worked cohesively as a group
and was not influenced by outside interests. All working assumptions
developed by the team were vetted by the steering committee.

Evaluation criteria were developed to aid in scoring of the various
strategies. Weighting of the evaluation criteria was done by the
steering committee and used in the scoring process. Strategies were then
formulated based on projected performance, availability of key
technologies, current NAS evolution plans, and inputs from the Steering
Committee. The list of strategies was down-selected based on the
technical team's assessment of the viability of the strategy, resulting
in a final list containing seven strategies that were coordinated with
the Steering Committee for scoring purposes.

A sensitivity analysis was performed on each of the metrics to assess
how the weighting of each metric impacted the overall score for each
strategy. This analysis provided confidence that small variations in the
weighting factors did not significantly impact the overall ranking for
the strategies.

The technical team report addresses the risk and provides a viable
mitigation to the loss of the ADS-B service due to an interruption of
GPS. A review of the complete report is essential to assure the reader
that a feasible mitigation strategy to the loss of GPS exists. As with
any recommendation, careful evaluation of the guidelines and assumptions
is critical for full understanding of the conclusions reached.