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United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

**A Qualitative Pest Risk Analysis for the**

**Importation of Fresh Unshu Orange Fruit**

**(*Citrus reticulata* Blanco var. *unshu* Swingle)**

**from the Republic of Korea into Alaska**

**Agency Contact**:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606

Revision 2

December, 2006

**Executive Summary**

The export of fresh Unshu orange fruit (*Citrus reticulata* var.
*unshui*), from the Republic of Korea (herein referred to as Korea) to
the United States, was suspended in 2002 due to the increasing number of
interceptions of *Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri* Vauterin *et al*.
(Pseudomonadaceae), the causal agent of citrus canker. In late 2005,
Korea made a request to APHIS to allow the shipment of Unshus to Alaska
under different conditions. This pest risk analysis estimates the pest
risk associated with importing fresh Unshu orange fruit from the
Republic of Korea into the State of Alaska, including the risk
associated with the possible unauthorized movement of some fruit from
Alaska into other States.

A list of pests attacking Unshu oranges in Korea was compiled and a
number of quarantine pests for the United States were identified. Two
organisms, *Unaspis yanonensis* Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae), and the
bacterium, *Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri* Vauterin *et al*.
(Pseudomonadaceae), causal organism of citrus canker, were determined to
be quarantine pests with the potential to be introduced into the United
States via fresh Unshu exports from Korea. *Unaspis yanonensis* is not
known to occur in the United States. *Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv.
*citri* is established in Florida but is under official control to
prevent its spread to other areas of the United States[^1].

The unmitigated Pest Risk Potential for *U. yanonensis,* and *X.
axonopodis* pv. *citri*, was determined to be negligible for fruit
imported into Alaska. Neither pest poses a threat to Alaska due to the
inimical climate and the lack of host plants.

The unmitigated risk associated with the possible unauthorized movement
of some fruit from Alaska to other areas of the United States was
estimated to be slightly greater for both pests. There are small areas
in the U.S. where the pests might establish (citrus growing regions),
but the quantity of fruit that would move illegally into these areas
would be expected to be quite small and the likelihood of establishment
very low.

Korea has proposed to combine elements of the previous shipping program
with the additional safeguard of limited movement to Alaska only. The
proposed measures include: (1) the use of a field pest control program
and cultural practices to reduce pests in the groves; (2) packing house
selection (culling) to remove fruit with pests or disease symptoms; (3)
a visual inspection of 2% of fruit in each shipment; (4) phytosanitary
certification; (5) shipment safeguards (especially labeling); and (6)
port of arrival inspection. The proposal does not include disinfectant
wash which was included in the previous authorization for shipment to
all States.

The measures proposed by Korea are designed to substantially reduce the
likelihood of pests being present based on multiple visual inspections.
APHIS has successfully operated similar programs of low risk for
tropical fruit commodities into Alaska such as sand pears and apples
from Japan, avocados from Mexico and sand pears from Korea.

**Table of Contents**

I. Introduction 4

II\. Risk Assessment 4

> A. Initiating Event
> ..............................................................................4
>
> B. Current Status 5
>
> C. Assessment of Weediness Potential 6
>
> D. Pest
> Interceptions............................................................................6
>
> E. Prior Risk Assessments 7
>
> F. Pests Associated with *Citrus* spp. In Korea 7
>
> G. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway 22
>
> H. Consequences of Introduction -- Movement into Alaska 25
>
> I. Likelihood of Introduction -- Movement into Alaska 28
>
> J. Pest Risk Potential for Movement into Alaska 30
>
> K. Consequences of Introduction -- Movement into Other Areas of the
> U.S. 31
>
> L. Likelihood of Introduction -- Movement into Other Areas of the U.S.
> 33
>
> M. Pest Risk Potential of Movement into other areas of the U.S. 34

III\. Pest Risk Management 34

IV\. Primary Authors
...\..................................................................................
35

V. Literature Cited 36

Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on Citrus spp. from the Republic of Korea

as reported in the PPQ Pest Interception Database from 1985 to 2001 47

**I. Introduction**

This risk assessment was conducted by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk
Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), to examine
the risks associated with the importation of fresh Unshu orange fruit
(*Citrus reticulata* Blanco var. *unshu* Swingle) from the Republic of
Korea into Alaska, and the risk associated with the potential
unauthorized movement of Unshu into other areas of the United States.
Authority for APHIS to regulate the importation of citrus fruit from
Korea is derived from the Plant Protection Act (2000) and Title 7 of the
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 319, Subparts 28 and 56.

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides standards
for conducting pest risk analyses and the use of phytosanitary terms
(IPPC, 2004a, b). The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this
analysis and the phytosanitary terms utilized are considered by APHIS to
be consistent with these standards.

Pest risk analysis (PRA) includes risk assessment and risk management
(IPPC, 2004b). PRA is the overall process of evaluating biological or
other scientific and economic evidence in considering the regulatory
status of a pest or regulated article, and the strength of any
phytosanitary measures that may be implemented to reduce the risk (IPPC,
2004a, b).

Pest risk assessment evaluates the probability of the introduction and
spread of a pest and the associated potential economic consequences
(IPPC, 2004a, b). Pest risk management involves the process of
identifying and evaluating options for reducing the risk of introduction
of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2004a, b) and is a key factor in
decisionmaking regarding the import of a commodity or article which may
provide a pathway for the introduction of harmful pests. In this
document, the estimates of risk are expressed qualitatively (high,
medium, or low), based on the criteria described in the document:
Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment: Guidelines for Qualitative
Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

**II. Risk Assessment**

**A. Initiating Event**

This commodity-based, pathway-initiated risk assessment evaluates the
pest risks associated with the commercial importation of fresh Unshu
orange fruit from Korea into Alaska and the potential unauthorized
movement from Alaska into other areas of the United States. In 1994, PPQ
assessed the risks posed by the proposed importation of fresh Unshu
orange fruit from the Cheju Island production area of the Republic of
Korea. After that review, the USDA approved the entry of fruit that met
the requirements of 7 CFR § 319.28. Commercial shipments began in 1995.
The U.S. market for Unshu oranges is small (around \$1-2 million *per
annum*).

**B. Current Status**

During the Korean Unshu orange pre-clearance inspections of November,
2002, APHIS Preclearance Officers intercepted *Xanthomonas axonopodis*
pv. *citri* Vauterin *et al*., causal organism of citrus canker, several
times at various packinghouses in Korea. Each interception came from
fruit that originated from different approved export groves. Due to
these interceptions, monitoring activities were increased at the U.S.
ports of entry. This increased monitoring resulted in the detection of
two additional citrus canker-infected fruit from different export
groves.

In an effort to take the least trade restrictive action, a
statistically-based sampling regime was implemented at the U.S. ports of
entry as an emergency measure. When this measure was implemented, it was
believed that the *X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* detections represented an
isolated problem. Since the implementation of this inspection regime,
infected fruit from at least two additional groves were intercepted. The
National Plant Quarantine Service (NPQS) of Korea conducted
investigations and concluded that some groves may have applied pest
control treatments too late in the season. NPQS also acknowledged that
some packinghouses commingled export fruit with fruit from non-approved
groves. It became apparent that serious problems existed in the
management of this program. Effective December 10, 2002, APHIS suspended
the imports of Unshu oranges from Korea.

**C. Assessment of Weediness Potential**

If the citrus species considered for import poses a risk as a weed pest
(Table 1), then the pathway-initiated assessment is terminated and a
pest-initiated assessment is conducted. The results of the weediness
screening for *Citrus* spp. did not prompt a pest-initiated risk
assessment.

**Table 1**. Weediness Potential of Korean unshu fruit.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Commodity:** *Citrus reticulata* Blanco var. *unshu* Swingle        |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 1:** Many species of *Citrus* are cultivated in the United    |
| States.                                                               |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 2:** The genus is not listed as a weed in:                    |
|                                                                       |
| World\'s Worst Weeds (Holm *et al*., 1977), Geographical Atlas of     |
| World Weeds (Holm *et al*.,                                           |
|                                                                       |
| 1979), World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. (Holm *et     |
| al*., 1997), Report of the                                            |
|                                                                       |
| Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for       |
| Federal Noxious Weed                                                  |
|                                                                       |
| Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982), Economically Important Foreign Weeds    |
| (Reed, 1977), Weed                                                    |
|                                                                       |
| Science Society of America list (WSSA, 1989). There are also no       |
| references indicating                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| weediness in AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts or AGRIS.            |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 3:** *Citrus reticulata* var. *unshu* is prevalent in the     |
| United States and there is no indication of weediness, therefore the  |
| pathway risk assessment proceeds.                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**D. Pest Interceptions**

The pest interceptions on *Citrus* spp. from the Republic of Korea from
1985 to 2006 are listed in Appendix A. During this time, there were 374
interceptions of quarantine pests on *Citrus* spp. from the Republic of
Korea. These include: 170 interceptions of *X.axonopodis* pv. *citri*
Vauterin *et al*. (= *X.* *campestris* pv. *citri* (Hasse) Dye)
(Pseudomonadaceae); 46 interceptions of *Guignardia citricarpa* Kiely
(Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales); 56 interceptions of *Parlatoria
ziziphi* Lucas (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae); and 34 interceptions of
*Unaspis yanonensis* Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae).

**E. Prior Risk Assessments**

In 1994, USDA approved entry of Unshu oranges from Korea, subject to the
safeguards outlined in 7 CFR §319.28(b), into any area of the United
States except: Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, American
Samoa, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands and the United States
Virgin Islands. The risk assessment conducted in support of this
decision identified the following pests of quarantine significance: *U.
yanonensis* Kuwana; *Conogethes punctiferalis* (Guenee); *Adoxophyes
orana* Fischer von Roeslerstamm; *P. kraunhiae* Kuwana; *Frankliniella
intonosa* Trybom; *Helicobasidium mompa* Tanaka; *Phyllosticta
beltranii* Penz.; *X. campestris* pv. *citri* Dye \[this is the older
synonym of *X. axonopodis* pv. *citri*\]; *Guignardia citricarpa* Kiely;
*Haplothrips chinensis* Priesner; *Scirtothrips dorsalis* Hood; *Aculops
pelekassi* (Keifer); and *Megalurothrips distalis* Karney. The 1994
assessment stated, "Permit entry of clean fruit subject to preclearance
inspection and the safeguards \[specified in an operational work plan\]"
Subsequent site visits by PPQ officials did not detect *G. citricarpa*
on Cheju Island.

**F. Pests associated with *Citrus* spp. in the Republic of Korea**

Pests associated with *Citrus* spp. in Korea are listed in Table 2. The
list identifies: (1) the presence or absence of these pests in the
United States, (2) the affected plant part or parts, (3) the quarantine
status of the pests in the United States, (4) the likelihood of the
pests following the import pathway and entering the United States and
(5) pertinent citations for distributions and biologies of the pests.
Based on the biological and geographic information, many organisms are
eliminated from consideration as sources of phytosanitary risk on Korean
Unshu oranges because they do not satisfy the geographic and regulatory
criteria of a quarantine pest.

A quarantine pest is defined as, "A pest of potential economic
importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or
present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled"
(IPPC, 2004a). Reports of harmful organisms associated with the
commodity plant species indicate the organism is a pest of potential
economic importance. A pest is likely to be transported on Unshu oranges
if it is present in Korea, is associated with Unshu oranges at the time
of harvest, and is expected to remain alive and associated with the
fruit throughout the harvesting, packing and shipping procedures.
Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway may be capable of
establishment and spread within the United States if suitable ecological
and climatic conditions and vectors exist (this includes protected areas
such as greenhouses).

The pests in Table 2 include 193 arthropods, 3 bacteria, 29 fungi, 7
nematodes and 3 viruses; 45 of these pests were identified as having the
potential to follow the pathway.

**Table 2.** Pests Associated with Citrus in Korea.

+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| Pest                  | Di    | Plant | Quara | Fo   | References  |
|                       | strib | part  | ntine | llow |             |
|                       | ution | aff   |       | Pat  |             |
|                       |       | ected | Pest  | hway |             |
+=======================+=======+=======+=======+======+=============+
| **ARTHROPODA**        |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **ACARINA**           |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Eriop              |       |       |       |      |             |
| hyidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aculops pelekassi*   | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| (Keifer)              | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990,       |
|                       | (FL)  | Leaf  |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Denmark,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1962        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[tarson             |       |       |       |      |             |
| emidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Tarsonemus* sp.      | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | Yes  | PIN 309     |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[tetrany            |       |       |       |      |             |
| chidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Eotetranychus        | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| sexmaculatus* (Riley) | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Baker and   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Tuttle,     |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Panonychus citri*    | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| (McGregor)            | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      | 2001;       |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | Seizo, 1966 |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Tetranychus          | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| cinnabarinus*         | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
| (Boisduval)           |       | Leaf  |       |      | Jeppson *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 1975  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Tetranychus          | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| hydrangea* Pritchard  | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1998a;      |
| & Baker               |       | Leaf, |       |      | Navajas *et |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | al*., 2001  |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Tetranychus urticae* | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| (Koch)                | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      | 2001; Hill, |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1983        |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Panonychus ulmi*     | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | CPC, 2001;  |
| (Koch)                | US    | ruit, |       |      | IIE, 1996   |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **INSECTA**           |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **COLEOPTERA**        |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Anthr              |       |       |       |      |             |
| ibidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Araecerus            | KR,   | Stem/ | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| fasciculatus* DeGeer  | US    | Trunk |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[bupre              |       |       |       |      |             |
| stidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chalcophora          | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| japonica* (Gory)      |       | Trunk |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chrysochroa          | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| fulgidissima*         |       | Trunk |       |      | 1990;       |
| Schonherr             |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[canth              |       |       |       |      |             |
| aridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Athemus suturellus*  | KR    | F     | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Motschulsky           |       | lower |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[ceramb             |       |       |       |      |             |
| ycidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anoplophora          | KR,   | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Duffy,1968  |
| chinensis* (Forster)  | US    | Trunk |       |      | ; CPC, 1998 |
|                       | (HI)  |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anoplophora          | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| malasiaca* (Thompson) |       | Trunk |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001; Duffy |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1968; EPPO, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1996;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Seizo, 1966 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Apriona germari*     | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Hope                  |       | Trunk |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Duffy, 1968 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chlorophorus         | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| annularis* (F.)       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Duffy,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1968;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Mesosa myops*        | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Dalman)              |       | Trunk |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Duffy, 1968 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pterolophia jugosa*  | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Bates)               |       | Trunk |       |      | 1986, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pterolophia zonata*  | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Bates                 |       | Trunk |       |      | 1986, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[chrysom            |       |       |       |      |             |
| elidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aulacophora          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| femoralis*            |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
| (Motschulsky)         |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aulacophora          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| nigripennis*          |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
| Motschulsky           |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Coptocephala         | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| flaviventre*          |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Motschulsky)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Longitarsus* sp.     | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | Yes  | PIN309      |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Physauchenia         | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| bifasciata* Jacoby    |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[curculi            |       |       |       |      |             |
| onidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Mesalcidodes         | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| trifidus* (Pascoe)    |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Scepticus insularis* | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Roelofs               |       | Root  |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998b;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Derme              |       |       |       |      |             |
| stidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anthrenus verbasi*   | KR,   | Fl    | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (L.)                  | US    | ower, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Metcalf and |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Metcalf,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1993        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[elat               |       |       |       |      |             |
| eridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Agriotes sericeus*   | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Candeze)             |       |       |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | S           |
|                       |       |       |       |      | hirakI,1952 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Agriotes sericeus*   | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Candeze)             |       |       |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | S           |
|                       |       |       |       |      | hirakI,1952 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Cardiophorus         | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| vulgaris* Motschulsky |       | Root  |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ectinus sericeus*    | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| Candeze               |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Melanotus annosus*   | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Candeze               |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Melanotus legatus*   | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| Candeze               |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Paracardiophorus     | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| pullatus* (Candeze)   |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[oedem              |       |       |       |      |             |
| eridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Xanthochroa          | KR    | Fl    | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| waterhousei* Harold   |       | ower, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Scarab             |       |       |       |      |             |
| aeidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Adoretus sinicus*    | KR    | Fl    | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Burmeister            |       | ower, |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Adoretus             | KR    | Fl    | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| tenuimaculatus*       |       | ower, |       |      | 1990, 1997  |
| Waterhouse            |       | Leaf  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anomala albopilosa*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Hope                  |       | Root  |       |      | 1990, 1997  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anomala cuprea* Hope | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       |       | Root  |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anomala daimiana*    | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| Harold                |       | Root  |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anomala orientalis*  | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Waterhouse)          | US    | Root  |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anomala rufocuprea*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| Motschulsky           |       | Root  |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ectinohoplia         | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| obducta* Motschulsky  |       | Root  |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Glycyphana           | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| fulvistemma*          |       | Root  |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
| Motschulsky           |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Eucetonia pilifera*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| (Motschulsky)         |       | Root  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Maladera orientalis* | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Motschulsky           |       | Root  |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Mimela flavilabris*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| Waterhouse            |       | Root  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Mimela testaceipes*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| Motschulsky           |       | Root  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Miridiva coreana*    | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| Mijima & Kinoshita    |       | Root  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Nipponovalgus        | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| angusticollis*        |       | Root  |       |      | 1990;       |
| Waterhouse            |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Oxycetonia jucunda*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Faldermann            |       | Root  |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Clausen,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1931;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Poecilophilides      | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| rusticola*            |       | ,Root |       |      | al*., 1992  |
| (Burmeister)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Protaetia            | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| brevitarsis* Lewis    |       | Root  |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Protaetia            | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| orientalis* Gory &    |       | Root  |       |      |             |
| Percheron             |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **HETEROPTERA**       |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[al                 |       |       |       |      |             |
| ydidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Megalotomus          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| costalis* Stal        |       |       |       |      | 1990,       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Co                 |       |       |       |      |             |
| reidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Acanthocoris         | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| striicornis* (Scott)  |       |       |       |      | 1998a       |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[pentat             |       |       |       |      |             |
| omidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Glaucias             | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| subpunctatus* Walker  |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon., 1990 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Halyomorpha halys*   | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Stal)                |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon., 1990 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Homalogonia obtusa*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| (Walker)              |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Nezara antennata*    | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Scott                 |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | PIN309;     |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Nezara viridula*     | KR,   | Fruit | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (L.)                  | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Clausen,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1931; Henry |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and         |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Froeschner, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1988        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Plautia stali* Scott | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **HOMOPTERA**         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Ade                |       |       |       |      |             |
| lgidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Adelges viridana*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Blackman    |
| (Cholodkovsky)        |       |       |       |      | and Eastop, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Aleyr              |       |       |       |      |             |
| odidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aleurocanthus        | KR,   | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| spiniferus*           | US    |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
| (Quaintance)          | (HI)  |       |       |      | PNKTO #14,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aleurolobus          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | PIN 309     |
| marlatti* Quaintance  |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Dialeurodes citri*   | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| Ashmead               | US    |       |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[aph                |       |       |       |      |             |
| ididae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aphis craccivora*    | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| Koch                  | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Stoetzel,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aphis citricola* van | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| der Goot              | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1993;       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Blackman    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Eastop, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Metcalf and |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Metcalf,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1993        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aphis gossypii*      | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| Glover                | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Blackman    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Eastop, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aphis spiraecola*    | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| Patch                 | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Stoetzel,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aulacorthum          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| magnoliae* Essi and   |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
| Kuwana                |       |       |       |      | Blackman    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Eastop  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aulacorthum solani*  | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Kaltenbach)          | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Blackman    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Eastop, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Macrosiphum          | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| euphorbiae* (Thomas)  | US    |       |       |      | 1994;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Blackman    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Eastop, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984; CIE,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Stoetzel,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Macrosiphum ibarae*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| Matsumura             |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Myzus persicae*      | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Sulzer)              | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Stoetzel,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Tinocallis           | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Alverson    |
| kahawaluckalami*      | US    |       |       |      | and Allen,  |
| (Kirkaldy)            |       |       |       |      | 1992;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon., 1990 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Tinocallis zelkowae* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| (Takahashi)           |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Toxoptera aurantii*  | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Boyer de             | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
| Fonscolombe)          |       | Trunk |       |      | 2001;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Stoetzel,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Toxoptera            | KR,   | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| citricidus* Kirkaldy  | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       | (FL,  | Trunk |       |      | Blackman    |
|                       | PR)   |       |       |      | and Eastop, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001; Kranz |
|                       |       |       |       |      | *et al*.,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1977;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Stoetzel,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Toxoptera odinae*    | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| van der Goot          |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Blackman    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Eastop, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[cerc               |       |       |       |      |             |
| opidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aphrophora           | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| intermedia* Uhler     |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990,       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1998b;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[cic                |       |       |       |      |             |
| adidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chryptotympana       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| dubia* (Haupt)        |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Cryptotympana dubia* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Haupt)               |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Graptopsaltria       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| nigrofuscata*         |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
| (Motschulsky)         |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Meimuna mongolica*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| (Distant)             |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Meimuna opalifera*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | An, 2000    |
| (Walker)              |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Platypeura           | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| kaempferi* (F.)       |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Cicade             |       |       |       |      |             |
| llidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Bothrogonia          | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| japonica* Ishihara    |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1998a       |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Cicadella viridis*   | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (L.)                  |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1997,       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Dictyophara          | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| patruelis* (Stal)     |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1998a       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Empoasca vitis*      | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Gothe)               |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a; CPC, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Epiacanthus          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| stramineus*           |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
| (Motschulsky)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Hishimonus sellatus* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Uhler                 |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Kolla atramentaria*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Motschulsky)         |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990,       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ledra auditura*      | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Walker                |       | tem/  |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Nephotettix          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| cinctceps* (Uhler)    |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Recilia dorsalis*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Motschulsky)         |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a       |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Stroggylocephalus    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| agretis* (Fallen)     |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Co                 |       |       |       |      |             |
| ccidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ceroplastes          | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | CPC, 2001;  |
| ceriferus*            | US    | Stem/ |       |      | An, 2000    |
| (Fabricius)           |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ceroplastes          | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | CIE, 1982;  |
| floridensis*          | US    | Stem/ |       |      | CPC, 2001;  |
| (Comstock)            |       | Trunk |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ceroplastes          | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| japonicus* Green      |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | CPC, 2001   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ceroplastes          | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| pseudoceriferus*      |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
| Green                 |       | Trunk |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ceroplastes rubens*  | KR,   | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Maskell               | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       | (FL)  | Trunk |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al., 1965   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Coccus hesperidum*   | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| L.                    | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1990; Gill, |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1988; Hill, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1983;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parasaissetia nigra* | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| (Neitner)             | US    |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parthenolecanium     | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Ben-Dov,    |
| corni* (Bouche)       | US    |       |       |      | 1993; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Saissetia coffeae*   | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| (Signoret)            | US    | Stem/ |       |      | ;CPC, 2001; |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Hamon and   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Williams,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1984; Hill, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1983        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Takahashia japonica* | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Cockerell             |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[delph              |       |       |       |      |             |
| acidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Sogatella furcifera* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Horvath)             |       |       |       |      | 1990,       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a; CIE, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1980        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Diasp              |       |       |       |      |             |
| ididae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aonidiella citrina*  | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Coquillete            | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | 2001; EPPO, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1996;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Metcalf and |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Metcalf,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1993;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aspidiotus           | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| destructor* Signoret  | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chrysomphalus        | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | CPC, 2001;  |
| aonidum* L.           | US    | ruit, |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chrysomphalus        | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| bifasciculatus*       | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
| Ferris                |       | Leaf  |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chrysomphalus        | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| dictyospermi*         | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
| (Morgan)              |       | Leaf  |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Hemiberlesia         | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| lataniae* (Signoret)  | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Lepidosaphes         | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| gloveri* (Packard)    | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Lepidosaphes ulmi*   | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| (L.)                  | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Lopholeucaspis       | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| japonica* Cockerell   | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | 2001; EPPO, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1996;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parlatoria           | KR,   | F     | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| pergandii* Comstock   | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syorizo *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parlatoria proteus*  | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| (Curtis)              | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parlatoria theae*    | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Cockerell             | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parlatoria ziziphi*  | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Lucas                 | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1998b;      |
|                       | (FL)  | Leaf  |       |      | Deckle,     |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1976;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | PIN309      |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pinnaspis            | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| aspidistrae* Signoret | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pseudaonidia duplex* | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Cockerell)           | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pseudaulacaspis      | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| pentagona* (Targioni  | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
| & Tozzetti)           |       |       |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Quadraspidiotus      | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| perniciosus* Comstock | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Metcalf and |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Metcalf,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1993;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Unaspis euonymi*     | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Comstock              | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      | Nakahara,   |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1982        |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Unaspis yanonensis*  | KR    | F     | Yes   | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Kuwana                |       | ruit, |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      | PIN 309;    |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | PNKTO #45,  |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1984        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[fl                 |       |       |       |      |             |
| atidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Geisha               | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| distinctissima*       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
| Walker                |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[margar             |       |       |       |      |             |
| odidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Drosicha corpulenta* | KR    | F     | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Kuwana)              |       | ruit, |       |      | 1997,       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       | ,     |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1952        |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Drosicha howardi*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Kuwana)              |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Icerya purchasi*     | KR,   | F     | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| Maskell               | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      | 2001;       |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[meeno              |       |       |       |      |             |
| plidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Nisia atrovenosa*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Leithierry)          |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[membr              |       |       |       |      |             |
| acidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Gargara genistae* F. | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       | US    |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a; Cave |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and         |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Lightfield, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Machaerotypus        | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| sibricus* (Lethierry) |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Orthobelus flavipes* | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Uhler                 |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990,       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[penthi             |       |       |       |      |             |
| miidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Penthimia nitida*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Walker                |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[pseudoco           |       |       |       |      |             |
| ccidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Antonia crawii*      | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Cockerell             |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Nipaecoccus nipae*   | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Maskell)             | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phenacoccus          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| pergandei* Cockerell  |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Planococcus citri*   | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | Yes  | Cave and    |
| (Risso)               | US    | F     |       |      | Lightfield, |
|                       |       | ruit, |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 2001        |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Planococcus          | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| kraunhiae* (Kuwana)   | US    | S     |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       | (CA)  | tem/T |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       | runk, |       |      | Ben-Dov,    |
|                       |       | Fruit |       |      | 1993;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pseudococcus* sp*.*  | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | Yes  | Anon., 1997 |
|                       |       | F     |       |      |             |
|                       |       | ruit, |       |      |             |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      |             |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pseudococcus         | KR,   | Leaf, | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| comstocki* Kuwana     | US    | F     |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | ruit, |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1952        |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[rica               |       |       |       |      |             |
| niidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ricania japonica*    | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Melichar              |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | 1998a       |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **HYMENOPTERA**       |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[form               |       |       |       |      |             |
| icidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Formica japonica*    | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Motschulsky           |       | Trunk |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[ve                 |       |       |       |      |             |
| spidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Vespa crabro* Smith  | KR,   | Fruit | No    | No   | Anon., 1990 |
|                       | US    |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Vespa mandarina*     | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| Smith                 |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **LEPIDOPTERA**       |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Arc                |       |       |       |      |             |
| tiidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Amsacta lactinea*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Cramer)              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Clausen,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1931; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Hyphantria cunea*    | KR,   | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Drury)               | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Nagalingam, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1981        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Utetheisa pulchella* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | PIN 309     |
| L.                    |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Geome              |       |       |       |      |             |
| tridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Apochima             | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| juglansiaria*         |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Graeser)             |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ascotis selenaria*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Denis &              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
| Schiffermuller)       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chariaspilates       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| formosaria*           |       |       |       |      | 1997;       |
| (Eversmann)           |       |       |       |      | Anon., 199l |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ectropis bistortata* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| (Goetze)              |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ectropis excellens*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| (Butler)              |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Hemithia aestivaria* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Hubner                |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ophthalmitis         | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| irrorataria* Bremer & |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
| Grey                  |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pylargosceles        | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| steganioides*         |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Butler)              |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[gracila            |       |       |       |      |             |
| riidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phyllocnistis        | KR,   | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| citrella* Stainton    | US    |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       | (FL,  |       |       |      | CPC, 2001;  |
|                       | LA,   |       |       |      | INKTO #65,  |
|                       | TX)   |       |       |      | 1958;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[hepi               |       |       |       |      |             |
| alidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Endoclita            | KR    | Stem/ | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| excrescens* Butler    |       | Trunk |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[hespe              |       |       |       |      |             |
| riidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parnara guttata*     | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Bremer & Grey         |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | CPC, 2001   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Lasioca            |       |       |       |      |             |
| mpidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Dendrolimus          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| spectabilis* (Butler) |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[limac              |       |       |       |      |             |
| odidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Cnidocampa           | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| flavescens* Walker    | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Monema flavescens*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| Walker                |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parasa consocia*     | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Walker)              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Thosea sinensis      | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| coreana* Okano & Park |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | CPC, 2001   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[lymant             |       |       |       |      |             |
| riidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Euproctis piperita*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| Oberthür              |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Euproctis            | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| pseudoconspersa*      |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Strand)              |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Euproctis pulverea*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Leech)               |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Euproctis similis*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Fuessly)             |       |       |       |      | 1994, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | CIE, 1978   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Latoia consocia*     | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| (Walker)              |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Latoia sinica*       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| (Moore)               |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Lymantria dispar* L  | KR,   | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       | US    |       |       |      | 1994;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Zhang, 1994 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[noc                |       |       |       |      |             |
| tuidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Acronicta rumicis    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1997 |
| oriens* (Strand)      |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Agrotis segetum*     | KR    | Leaf, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Schiffermuller)      |       | Root, |       |      | 1994; IIE,  |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1987; INKTO |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | #25, 1957   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Agrypnus binodulus*  | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Motschulsky           |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Agrotis ipsilon*     | KR,   | Root, | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Hufnagel)            | US    | Stem/ |       |      | 1994;       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Zhang, 1994 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Amata germana*       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Felder & Felder)     |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Anomis mesogona*     | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Walker)              |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Zhang, 1994 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Apamea aquila*       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Donzel                |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole, 1989 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Arcte coerulea*      | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Guenee)              |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989; Yoon  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Lee     |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1974        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Artena dotata* (F.)  | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989; Yoon  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | and Lee,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1974        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Autographa gamma* L. | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1997; PNKTO |
|                       |       |       |       |      | #75, 1986   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Calyptera lata*      | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Butler)              |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | Poole, 1989 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Calyptera thalictri* | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Borkhousen)          |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | Poole, 1989 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chrysodeixis         | KR,   | Fl    | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1997 |
| eriosoma* Doubleday   | US    | ower, |       |      |             |
|                       | (HI)  | Leaf  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Dysgonia             | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| arctotaenia* (Guenee) |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990; Cave  |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | and         |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Lightfield, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Dysgonia maturata*   | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Walker)              |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | Poole, 1989 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Eudocema fullonia*   | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Clerck)              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Eudocema tyrrannus*  | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Guenee                |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole, 1989 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Eudocima tyrannus    | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| amurensis* Staudinger |       | Pie   |       |      | 1993;       |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | Zhang, 1994 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Helicoverpa          | KR    | F     | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| armigera* (Hubner)    |       | ruit, |       |      | 1994, 1997; |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Avidov and  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Harpaz,     |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1969; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Helicoverpa assulta  | KR    | F     | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| assulta* Guenee       |       | ruit, |       |      | 1997, 2000  |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Mamestra brassicae*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1997 |
| L.                    |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ophiusa tirhaca*     | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | CPC, 2001;  |
| Cramer                |       | Pier  |       |      | Zhang, 1994 |
|                       |       | cing, |       |      |             |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      |             |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      |             |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Oraesia emarginata*  | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (F.)                  |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | CPC, 2001;  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Oraesia excavata*    | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Butler)              |       | Pie   |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | rcing |       |      | Clausen,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1931; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parallelia maturata* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Walker)              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Parallelia           | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| arctotaenia* (Guenee) |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Spodoptera exigua*   | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Hubner)              | US    |       |       |      | 1994; Kranz |
|                       |       |       |       |      | *et al*.,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1977        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Spodoptera litura*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (F.)                  |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | CPC, 2001;  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | PNKTO #24,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1982;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Thyas juno* (Dalman) | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       |       | Pier  |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       | cing, |       |      | Clausen,    |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | 1931;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Zhang, 1994 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Xestia c-nigrum*     | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (L.)                  | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Poole, 1989 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[notodo             |       |       |       |      |             |
| ntidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phalera assimilis*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| Bremer & Grey         |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[oecoph             |       |       |       |      |             |
| oridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Psorosticha          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| melanocrepida* Clarke |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[papili             |       |       |       |      |             |
| onidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Papilio bianor*      | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Cramer                |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Papilio maackii*     | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Menetries             |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Papilio protenor*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Cramer)              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Papilio xuthus* L.   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | CPC, 2001;  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Ebeling,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1959        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Pi                 |       |       |       |      |             |
| eridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aporia crataegi* L.  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1997; INKTO |
|                       |       |       |       |      | #149, 1962  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Psy                |       |       |       |      |             |
| chidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Bambalina* sp.       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[pyr                |       |       |       |      |             |
| alidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Cadra cautella*      | KR,   | F     | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Walker)              | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1994;       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | Zhang,1994  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Conogethes           | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| punctiferalis*        |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
| (Guenee)              |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | INKTO #19,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1957        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Glyphodes pyloalis*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Walker                |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[satur              |       |       |       |      |             |
| niidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Dictyoploca          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| japonica* (Moore)     |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Samia cynthia        | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1990 |
| walkeri* C & R Felder |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[se                 |       |       |       |      |             |
| siidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Synanthedon hector*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Lee *et     |
| Butler                |       |       |       |      | al*., 1992  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[tortr              |       |       |       |      |             |
| icidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Adoxophyes orana*    | KR    | F     | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Fischer von           |       | ruit, |       |      | 19998a,     |
| Roeslerstamm          |       | Leaf, |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | Fl    |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       | ower, |       |      | 1952        |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      |             |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Archips              | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| breviplicana*         |       |       |       |      | 1990,       |
| (Walsingham)          |       |       |       |      | 1998a,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Archips crataeganus* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Hubner)              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Archips ingentana*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Christopher           |       |       |       |      | 1990,       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Archips xylosteana*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| L.                    |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Homona magnanima*    | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Diakonoff             |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon., 1990 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **ORTHOPTE**RA        |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[acr                |       |       |       |      |             |
| ididae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chondracris rosea*   | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (De Geer)             |       |       |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Oxya chinensis       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| formosana* Shiraki    |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Oxya japonica*       | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Thunberg              |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[gryllota           |       |       |       |      |             |
| lpidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Gryllotalpa          | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| africana* Palisot De  |       |       |       |      | 1997; CPC,  |
| Beauvois              |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[Pyrogomor          |       |       |       |      |             |
| phidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Atractomorpha        | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| bedeli* Bolivar       |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[tettigo            |       |       |       |      |             |
| niidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Gampsocleis sedakovi | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1993 |
| abscura* Walker       |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Gompsocleis sedakovi | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| obscura* (Walker)     |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1998a |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Holochlora japonica* | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Brunner von Watten    |       |       |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **THYSANOPTERA**      |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[phlaeothr          |       |       |       |      |             |
| ipidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Haplothrips          | KR    | Fl    | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| chinensis* Priesner   |       | ower, |       |      | 1998a;      |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      | Anon.,      |
|                       |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1997;       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Anon.,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Shiraki,    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1952        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[thr                |       |       |       |      |             |
| ipidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Frankliniella        | KR,   | Fl    | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| intonsa* Brybom       | US    | ower, |       |      | 1990, 1997; |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | CPC, 2001   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Heliothrips          | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| haemorrhoidalis*      | US    |       |       |      | 1990; Hill, |
| Bouche                |       |       |       |      | 1983;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Syoziro *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 1965  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Megalurthrips        | KR    | Fl    | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| distalis* Karny       |       | ower, |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | 1998b       |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Thrips hawaiiensis*  | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Morgan)              | US    |       |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Thrips palmi* Karny  | KR,   | F     | Yes   | Yes  | Anon.,      |
|                       | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1998b; CPC, |
|                       | (FL,  | Fl    |       |      | 2001        |
|                       | HI)   | ower, |       |      |             |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Thrips setosus*      | KR    | Fl    | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Moultan               |       | ower, |       |      | 1998b       |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **BACTERIA**          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Rhizobium            | KR,   | Whole | No    | No   | Bradbury,   |
| tumefaciens* (Smith & | US    | Plant |       |      | 1986; Cave  |
| Townsend) Conn        |       |       |       |      | and         |
| (Proteobacteria alpha |       |       |       |      | Lightfield, |
| subdivision:          |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
| Rhizobiaceae)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pseudomonas          | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Bradbury,   |
| syringae* pv.         | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1986; Cave  |
| *syringae* van Hall   |       | Leaf, |       |      | and         |
| (Proteobacteria gamma |       | Stem/ |       |      | Lightfield, |
| subdivision:          |       | Trunk |       |      | 1994        |
| Pseudomonas group)    |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Xanthomonas          | KR,   | F     | Yes   | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| axonopodis* pv.       | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1990, 1997, |
| *citri* Vauterin *et  | (FL)  | Leaf, |       |      | 1998b;      |
| al* (Proteobacteria   |       | Stem/ |       |      | PNKTO #27,  |
| gamma subdivision:    |       | Trunk |       |      | 1983;       |
| Lysobacterales)       |       |       |       |      | PIN309      |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **FUNGI**             |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Alternaria citri*    | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Ellis & N. Pierce in  | US    |       |       |      | 1986, 1990, |
| Pierce^2^ (Fungi      |       |       |       |      | 1993,       |
| Imperfecti:           |       |       |       |      | 1998b;      |
| Hyphomycetes)         |       |       |       |      | Knorr,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1973;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Reuther *et |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 1978; |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Antennella citrina*  | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon., 1986 |
| Hara                  |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      |             |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ascochyta citri*     | KR    | F     | Yes   | Yes  | PPQ         |
| Penz.                 |       | ruit, |       |      | I           |
|                       |       | Leaf  |       |      | nterception |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      |             |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Ascochyta pisi* Lib. | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | CMI, 1985;  |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    | US    |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Aspergillus niger*   | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Onions,     |
| Tiegh. (Fungi         | US    |       |       |      | 1966;       |
| Imperfecti:           |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
| Hyphomycetes)         |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Botryosphaeria       | KR,   | F     | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| rhodina* (Cook) Arx   | US    | ruit, |       |      | 1998b; Farr |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       | Stem/ |       |      | *et al*.,   |
| Dothideales)          |       | Trunk |       |      | 1989;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Santacroce, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1993;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Botrytis cinerea*    | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Pers. *ex* Fr. (Fungi | US    |       |       |      | 1998b; Bai, |
| Imperfecti:           |       |       |       |      | 1977;       |
| Hyphomycetes)         |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Capnodium tanakae*   | KR    | F     | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Shirai & Hara         |       | ruit, |       |      | 1986, 1990  |
|                       |       | Leaf, |       |      |             |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       | Stem/ |       |      |             |
| Dothideales)          |       | Trunk |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Capnophaeum          | KR    | Fruit | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| fuliginodes* (Rehm)   |       |       |       |      | 1986; Cave  |
| Yamamoto              |       |       |       |      | and         |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      | Lightfield, |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      | 1994        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Chaetothyrium        | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| spinigerum* (Hohnel)  |       |       |       |      | 1986, 1990  |
| Yamamoto              |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      |             |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Cladosporium* sp.    | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | Yes  | PPQ         |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      | I           |
| Hyphomycetes)         |       |       |       |      | nterception |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Colletotrichum       | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| gloeosporioides*      | US    |       |       |      | 1986, 1990, |
| (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. |       |       |       |      | 1998b;      |
| in Penz.              |       |       |       |      | Knorr,      |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1973;       |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Corticium rolfsii*   | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | CMI, 1992;  |
| Curzi                 | US    |       |       |      | CMI, 1974   |
| (Basidiomycetes:      |       |       |       |      |             |
| Corticiaceae)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Diaporthe citri* F.  | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| A. Wolf               | US    |       |       |      | 1986, 1990, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998b;      |
| (Pyrenomycetes:       |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
| Diaporthales)         |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Elsinoë australis*   | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | Yes  | PPQ         |
| Bit. & Jenkins        |       |       |       |      | I           |
|                       |       |       |       |      | nterception |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      |             |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Elsinoë fawcetti*    | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| Bit. & Jenkins        | US    |       |       |      | 1986, 1990, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998b; CMI, |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      | 1986;       |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Elsinoë* sp.         | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | Yes  | PIN309      |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      |             |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Geotrichum           | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| citri*-*aurantii      | US    |       |       |      | 1998b; Farr |
| (*Feiraris) E. E.     |       |       |       |      | *et al*.,   |
| Butler (Fungi         |       |       |       |      | 1989        |
| Imperfecti:           |       |       |       |      |             |
| Hyphomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Guignardia           | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | Yes  | CMI, 1990;  |
| citricarpa* Kiely     |       |       |       |      | CPC, 2001;  |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      | PIN 309;    |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      | Sutton and  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Waterston,  |
| Anamorph: *Phoma      |       |       |       |      | 1966        |
| citricarpa* McAlpine  |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      |             |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Guignardia* sp.      | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
|                       | US    |       |       |      | 1990; CMI,  |
| Anamorph: *Phoma      |       |       |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
| citricarpa* McAlpine  |       |       |       |      | 2001;       |
| var. *mikan* Hara     |       |       |       |      | PIN309      |
|                       |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      |             |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Helicobasidium       | KR    | Root, | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| mompa* Tanaka         |       | Stem/ |       |      | 1986;       |
|                       |       | Trunk |       |      | Knorr, 1973 |
| (Basidiomycetes:      |       |       |       |      |             |
| Ceratobasidiaceae)    |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Macrophomina         | KR,   | Root  | No    | No   | CPC, 2001;  |
| phaseolina* (Tassi)   | US    |       |       |      | Farr *et    |
| Goidanich (Fungi      |       |       |       |      | al*., 1989; |
| Imperfecti:           |       |       |       |      | Knorr, 1973 |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Microsphaeropsis*    | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | Yes  | PIN 309     |
| sp.                   |       |       |       |      |             |
|                       |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      |             |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Limacinia japonica*  | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| Hara                  |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon., 1986 |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      |             |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Penicillium          | KR    | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| digitatum* Sacc.      | ,US   |       |       |      | 1998b       |
|                       |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      |             |
| Hyphomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Penicillium          | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| italicum* Wehmer      | US    |       |       |      | 1998b; Bai, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1977; Hong  |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      | *et al.*,   |
| Hyphomycetes)         |       |       |       |      | 1991;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al.*, 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phaeopeltis          | KR    | Fruit | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| japonica* Yamamoto    |       |       |       |      | 1986, 1990  |
| (Loculoascomycetes:   |       |       |       |      |             |
| Dothideales)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phyllosticta         | KR    | Leaf  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| beltranii* Penzig     |       |       |       |      | 1986, 1990, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1998b;      |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      | Knorr, 1973 |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phyllosticta         | KR,   | Leaf  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| erratica* Ellis &     | US    |       |       |      | 1998b; Farr |
| Everh.                |       |       |       |      | *et al*.,   |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1989        |
| (Fungi Imperfecti:    |       |       |       |      |             |
| Coelomycetes)         |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phytophthora         | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| citrophthora* (R.E.   | US    |       |       |      | 1986, 1990, |
| Sm. & E.H. Sm.)       |       |       |       |      | 1998b;      |
| Leonian               |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
| (Oomycetes:           |       |       |       |      |             |
| Pythiaceae)           |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Phytophthora         | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Anon.,      |
| nicotianae* Breda de  | US    |       |       |      | 1998b;      |
| Haan var.             |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
| *parasitica* Dastur   |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
| (G.M.Waterhouse)      |       |       |       |      |             |
|                       |       |       |       |      |             |
| (Oomycetes:           |       |       |       |      |             |
| Pythiaceae )          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Rosellinia necatrix* | KR,   | Root  | No    | No   | CMI, 1987;  |
| Prill.                | US    |       |       |      | Farr *et    |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 1989  |
| (Ascomycetes:         |       |       |       |      |             |
| Xylariaceae)          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Sclerotinia          | KR,   | Fruit | No    | Yes  | Bai, 1977;  |
| sclerotiorum* (Lib.)  | US    |       |       |      | Reuther *et |
| deBary (Ascomycetes:  |       |       |       |      | al*., 1978; |
| Sclerotiniaceae)      |       |       |       |      | Timmer *et  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | al*., 2000  |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **NEMATODA**          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[criconem           |       |       |       |      |             |
| atidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Criconemoides        | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| informis* (Micoltzdy) |       |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon., 1984 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Hemicriconemoides    | KR,   | Root  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| mangiferae* Siddiqi   | US    |       |       |      | 1984; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[longid             |       |       |       |      |             |
| oridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Xiphinema            | KR,   | Root  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| americanum* Cobb      | US    |       |       |      | 1984; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Xiphinema insigne*   | KR    | Root  | Yes   | No   | CPC, 2001   |
| Loos (Longidoridae)   |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[pratylen           |       |       |       |      |             |
| chidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Pratylenchus         | KR,   | Root  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| penetrans* (Cobb)     | US    |       |       |      | 1984; CPC,  |
| Filipjev & Schuurmans |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
| Stekhoven             |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[trichord           |       |       |       |      |             |
| oridae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Paratrichodorus      | KR,   | Root  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| porosus* (Allen)      | US    |       |       |      | 1984; CPC,  |
| Siddiqi               |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[tylen              |       |       |       |      |             |
| chidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Tylenchulus          | KR,   | Root  | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| semipenetrans* Cobb   | US    |       |       |      | 1990;       |
|                       |       |       |       |      | Anon., 1984 |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **VIRUSES**           |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Citrus tatter leaf   | KR,   | Whole | No    | No   | Brunt *et   |
| virus* (Capillovirus) | US    | Plant |       |      | al.*, 1995; |
|                       | (CA,  |       |       |      | Cave and    |
|                       | FL)   |       |       |      | Lightfield, |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 1994; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001;       |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Citrus tristeza      | KR,   | Whole | No    | No   | Anon.,      |
| virus*                | US    | Plant |       |      | 1990; Brunt |
| (Closteroviridae:     |       |       |       |      | *et al*.,   |
| Closterovirus)        |       |       |       |      | 1995; CPC,  |
|                       |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Satsuma dwarf virus* | KR    | Whole | Yes   | No   | Anon.,      |
| (Bromoviridae:        |       | Plant |       |      | 1990; CPC,  |
| Nepovirus)            |       |       |       |      | 2001        |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **MOLLUSCA**          |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| **[bradyba            |       |       |       |      |             |
| enidae]{.smallcaps}** |       |       |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+
| *Acusta despecta*     | KR    | Whole | Yes   | No   | An, 2000    |
| (Grey)                |       | Plant |       |      |             |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------------+

^1^AZ-Arizona, CA-California, FL-Florida, HI-Hawaii, KR-Korea, PR-Puerto
Rico, LA-Louisiana, TX-Texas,

US-United States.

^2^*Alternaria* spp. cause four distinct diseases of citrus: Alter­naria
brown spot of mandarins, Alternaria leaf spot of

rough lemon, post-harvest black rot of fruit, and mancha foliar de los
citricos. The causal agent of Alternaria brown

spot of mandarins, leaf spot of rough lemon and post-harvest rot was
described originally as *A. citri* Ell. & Pierce.

Recently, the pathogen that affects mandarins was designated *A.
alternata* Fr. (Keissler) pv. *citri* Solel. And, ten

new species were described among isolates pathogenic to mandarins and
rough lemons. Timmer *et al.*, 2000.

**G. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway**

The quarantine pests selected for further analysis are listed in Table
3.

**Table 3.** Quarantine Pests Selected for Further Analysis

  -------------------------------------------- --------------------------
  *Unaspis yanonensis* Kuwana                  Homoptera: Diaspididae

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri*         Pseudomonadaceae
  Vauterin *et al*.                            
  -------------------------------------------- --------------------------

Other quarantine pests not included in this listing have the potential
to be harmful if introduced into the U.S. but are not likely to follow
the import pathway. There were a variety of reasons for not subjecting
them to further analysis, *e.g.*, the primary association of the pest
may be with plant parts other than the part being exported; the pests
may not be associated with the commodity during transport or processing
because of their inherent mobility; sexually immature insect stages can
be transported in a shipment but are unable to establish viable
populations; the pests may be associated with the fruit as incidental
contaminants but are not expected to be present in many shipments.

The biological hazard of organisms identified only to the order, family
or the generic level is not often assessed because of the lack of
biological information. Lack of species identification may indicate the
limits of taxonomic or life-stage knowledge or the quality of the
specimen submitted for identification. In this assessment, this applies
to: *Cladosporium* sp.; *Elsinoë* sp.; *Longitarsus* sp.;
*Microsphaeropsis* sp.; and *Tarsonemus* sp. (Appendix A).

By necessity, pest risk assessments focus mainly on the organisms for
which biological information is available. The lack of biological
information on any given pest insect, mite or pathogen of a major crop
suggests that this pest is of minor economic importance or does not
present a high pest risk. Lack of information, however, cannot be taken
as proof of this supposition. The lack of identification at the specific
level does not rule out the possibility that a dangerous pest was
intercepted or that it was not a quarantine pest. The development of
detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of
ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests allow
effective mitigation measures to be crafted that will eliminate the
known organisms as well as similar, but incompletely identified
organisms that mayinhabit the same niches.

Certain Noctuidae, (fruit piercing moths) attack fruit as adults
(Banzinger, 1982). The following taxa of fruit piercing moths are not
likely to follow the import pathway: *Anomis mesogona*, *Arcte
coerulea*, *Artena dotata*, *Calyptera thalictri*, *Dysgonia
arctotaenia*,

*D*. *maturata*, *Eudocema tyrannus amurensis, Ophiusa tirhaca*,
*Oraesia emarginata*, *O*. *excavata* and *Thyas juno*. A trip report
(Redlin, 2002) stated that it was a standard practice to keep the
packing house doors closed, and prohibit packing at night because the
lights attract moths and other insects.

In addition, *Vespa mandarina*, (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), *Acanthocoris
striicomis*, (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and *Glaucias subpunctatus,*
*Halyomorpha halys* and *Plautia stali* (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) will
not remain with the fruit during harvest or packing and *Drosicha
corpulenta* (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and *Helicoverpa assulta
assulta* (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) mainly attack parts other than the
fruit.

There are no references to *C.* *reticulata* as a host for the yellow
peach moth, *Conogethes punctiferalis,* (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae),
however, *C. nobilis* is a secondary host (CPC, 2001; INKTO #19, 1957).
The larvae of this moth are internal feeders in host fruit (CPC, 2001;
INKTO #19, 1957; Sekiguchi, 1974) and have never been intercepted on
*Citrus* spp. (PIN309). Other hosts include: *Averrhoa carambola, Carica
papaya*, *Gossypium*, *Helianthus annuus, Macadamia ternifolia*, *Morus
alba*, *Nephelium lappaceum*, *Prunus persica*, *Psidium guajava*,
*Sorghum bicolor*, and *Zea mays* (CPC, 2001; INKTO #19, 1957). Based on
the reported host range and the lack of interceptions on citrus, PPQ
believes that it is unlikely that *C. punctiferalis* will follow the
import pathway.

In 1995, one adult *Nezara antennata* (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was
intercepted during a preclearance inspection (PIN309). The closely
related *N*. *viridis* is controlled on fruit by normal packinghouse
procedures (Dixon, 1995). So it is reasonable to assume that *N*.
*antennata* would be controlled in a similar manner.

In the last 20 years, *Thrips palmi* (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) has
spread from tropical to temperate Asia and has been introduced into the
southern coastal areas of Korea (including Cheju Island), Australia, the
Caribbean, and the United States (Florida and Hawaii) (Cho *et al*.,
2000; Layland *et al*., 1994; Nakahara, 1984; Tsai *et al*., 1995;
Kajita *et al*., 1996; Banks *et al*., 1996; FAO, 1990). This pest
affects ornamentals and vegetables, and hosts include asters,
chrysanthemums, cucurbits, ficus, cotton, orchids, members of the
Solanaceae and some weeds (EPPO, 1997; Kawai, 1990; Martin and Mau,
1992; Vierbergen, 1995). It is listed as a citrus pest on fruit and
leaves in Florida, but is controlled on fruit by normal packinghouse
procedures (Dixon, 1995). There were no interceptions on any fruit
commodities from Korea (PIN309), despite being identified as a citrus
pest in Korea (NPQS, 1998; Thaw, 1997). Additionally, this pest was not
observed during a three-year survey (1996-98) on Cheju Island (NPQS,
1998). Based on the preceding evidence, *T. palmi* is unlikely to follow
the pathway on imported Unshu oranges produced on Cheju Island.

Sooty mold fungi are generally considered minor leaf pathogens that grow
superficially on plant tissue (Agrios, 1997). The four sooty molds
identified as citrus pests in Korea are quarantine pests because they
are not present in the United States: *Antenella citrina* (synonym:
*Scorias citrina*), *Capnodium tanakae*, *Limacinia japonica* and
*Phaeopeltis japonica*. It is unlikely that any of these fungi will
follow the pathway because these fungi are likely to be washed off in
packing house procedures.

The inclusion of *Ascochyta citri* and *E. australis* (Appendix A) are
based on single interceptions of these fungi on citrus fruit in
passenger baggage from Korea. Additional interceptions are expected if
these fungi are prevalent. Neither fungus is further analyzed because
these lone interceptions are considered anomalies.

*Guignardia citricarpa*, the causal agent of citrus black spot disease,
is a quarantine pest (Sutton and Waterston, 1966). But the report of *G.
citricarpa* does not mean that citrus black spot disease and its causal
fungus are present (Timmer *et al*., 2000). The genus *Guignardia*
includes species that are morphologically similar to, but
physiologically and pathogenically different from *G. citricarpa*
(McOnie, 1964). The endophyte *Guignardia* sp. causes symptomless
infections in many plant species (McOnie, 1964). The presence of
*Guignardia* sp. in citrus producing regions where citrus black spot
disease does not occur led to confusion in the literature regarding the
true distribution of *G. citricarpa*. The pest risk assessment conducted
by PPQ in 1994 noted that Korean officials were unable to detect citrus
black spot disease during several years of survey in the citrus growing
areas on Cheju Island.

A list of *Citrus* pests submitted by the Republic of Korea (Anon.,
1990) included *Phoma citricarpa* McAlpine var. *mikan* Hara as a causal
agent of storage rot of citrus. *Phoma citricarpa* McAlpine is an
anamorph of *G. citricarpa* (EPPO, 1997). The same situation was
described in Japan, where a low percentage of stored Unshu fruit
developed a decay caused by *G. citricarpa* var. *mikan* (anamorph: *P.*
*citricarpa* var. *mikan*) (McOnie, 1967, pers. comm.). McOnie (pers.
comm.) concluded that *G. citricarpa* var. *mikan* was actually the
nonpathogenic strain of

*G. citricarpa*, that small irregular marking on fruit, thought to be
caused by *G. citricarpa* were due to mechanical or insect injury, and
that the *G. citricarpa* isolated from those fruit was the nonpathogenic
*Guignardia* sp. Based on this information, PPQ believes that the
*Guignardia* present in the Republic of Korea is nonpathogenic. This
concurs with reports of *G. citricarpa* in the Republic of Korea as
being either doubtful or reports of the non-pathogenic *Guignardia* sp.
(CPC, 2001; CMI, 1990). The non-pathogenic *Guignardia* was reported in
Florida (Alfieri *et al*., 1994) and Texas (Okamura and Davis, 1987) and
is not considered a quarantine pest.

**H. Consequences of Introduction - Movement into Alaska**

The undesirable consequences that may occur from the introduction of
quarantine pests are assessed within this section. For each quarantine
pest, the Pest Risk Potential is calculated by summing the values for
the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction.

The major sources of uncertainty in this risk assessment are similar to
those in other risk assessments. They include the approach used to
combine risk elements (Bier, 1999; Morgan and Henrion, 1990), and the
evaluation of risk by comparisons to lists of factors within the
guidelines (Kaplan, 1992). To address this last source of uncertainty,
the lists of factors were interpreted as illustrative and not
exhaustive. This implies that additional biological information, even if
not explicitly part of the criteria, can be used when it informs a
rating. Sources of uncertainty in this analysis stem from the quality of
the available biological information (Gallegos and Bonano, 1993), and
the inherent, natural biological variation within a population of
organisms (Morgan and Henrion, 1990).

The potential consequences are evaluated using the following five Risk
Elements: Climate-Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential,
Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These risk elements reflect
the biology, host range and climatic and geographic distribution of each
pest, and are supported by biological information on each of the
analyzed pests. For each risk element, pests are assigned a rating of
Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). The summation of
the points for each risk rating is the cumulative value for the
Consequences of Introduction (Table 4). A cumulative value of 5 to 8
points is considered Low risk, 9 to 12 points is Medium, and 13 to 15
points is considered High.

**Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction**

This risk element considers ecological zonation and the interactions of
quarantine pests with their biotic and abiotic environments. When
introduced into new areas, pests are expected to behave as they do in
their native areas if the potential host plants are present and the
climates are similar. Broad availability of suitable climates and a wide
distribution of suitable hosts are assumed to increase the impact of a
pest introduction. The ratings for this risk element are based on the
relative number of United States Plant Hardiness Zones (USDA, 1990)
where the pest could establish.

**Risk Element 2: Host Range**

The risk posed by a plant pest depends on its ability to establish a
viable, reproductive population and its potential to cause plant damage.
This risk element assumes that the consequences of pest introduction are
positively correlated with the pest's host range. Aggressiveness,
virulence and pathogenicity also may be factors. The consequences are
rated as a function of host range and consider the ability of a pest can
attack a single species, multiple species within a genus, a single plant
family, or multiple families.

**Risk Element 3: Dispersal**

After introduction, pests may disperse into new areas. The dispersal
potential, expressed by aspects of the pest's reproductive potential,
inherent mobility and dispersal facilitation, indicates the rapidity and
range of the pest's potential economic and environmental impact.
Criteria for rating the dispersal potential include: the presence of
multiple generations per year or growing season, the relative number of
offspring or propagules per generation, inherent capabilities for rapid
movement, the presence of natural barriers or enemies, and dissemination
enhanced by wind, water, vectors, or human assistance.

**Risk Element 4: Economic Impact**

Introduced pests cause a variety of direct and indirect economic impacts
such as reduced yield, reduced commodity value, loss of foreign or
domestic markets, and non-crop impacts. Factors considered during the
ranking process included: affect on fruit yield or quality, ability to
cause plant mortality, ability to act as a disease vector, increased
costs of production and pest control, ability to lower market prices,
affect on market availability, increased research or extension costs and
potential reduction in recreational land use or aesthetic value.

**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact**

The ratings for this Element were based on three aspects: the potential
interaction with species that are listed as Threatened or Endangered (50
CFR §§ 17.11-12); the potential for disrupting native plants based on
the pest's habits within its current geographic range; and the
initiation of chemical or biological control programs. The importation
of these oranges is as a commodity for consumption. In the marketplace,
commodities for consumption are often separated from ecosystems and
generally the fruit is unlikely to be in contact with
non-agroecosystems.

***Unaspis yanonensis* Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae)**

**Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction**

This predominately Asian species prefers warm temperate, Mediterranean,
and tropical climates (CPC, 2001) which correspond to at least four
Plant Hardiness Zones (NASS, 1997; NPQS, 1998; NRCS, 2001). However, due
to the absence of suitable climates, *U. yanonensis* will be unable to
establish in Alaska. Therefore, the rating for this Risk Element is Low
(1).

**Risk Element 2: Host Range**

This insect is associated primarily with *Citrus*, *Fortunella* and
*Poncirus* (Rutaceae), *Damnacanthus* (Rubiaceae) (PNKTO #45, 1984),
*Camellia* (Theaceae) and *Dimocarpus* (Sapindaceae) (Li-zhong, 2000).
However, none of these plants occur in Alaska. For this reason, the
rating for the host range risk element is Low (1).

**Risk Element 3: Dispersal**

Due to the absence of suitable climates and lack of host material, this
insect will be unable to establish in Alaska. Because of this lack of
dispersal potential, the rating for this Risk Element is Low (1).

**Risk Element 4: Economic Impact**

Due to the absence of suitable climates and lack of host material, this
insect will be unable to establish in Alaska and cause any negative
economic impact. Therefore the rating for this Risk Element is Low (1).

**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact**

None of the hosts for *U. yanonensis* corresponded to any genera on the
Endangered Species List. Therefore, the rating for this Risk Element is
Low (1).

***Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri* Vauterin *et al.*
(Proteobacteria: Lysobacterales)**

**Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction**

Citrus canker disease occurs in Asia, Africa, Central America, the
Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and only the D-strain was reported in
Mexico. In the United States, *X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* has the
potential to establish in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8 to10 (USDA,
1990). However, due to the lack of suitable climates, this bacterium
will be unable to establish in Alaska. Therefore, the rating for this
Risk Element is Low (1).

**Risk Element 2: Host Range**

Primary hosts of *X.* *axonopodis* pv. *citri* include: *Casimiroa*,
*Citrus, Poncirus, Eremocitrus* and *Limonia* (Rutaceae) (CPC, 2001).
Secondary hosts include: *Fortunella* (Rutaceae)(CPC, 2001). The
following plants were also reported to be susceptible to *X. axonopodis*
pv. *citri*, however, the original descriptions either were not
confirmed or contradict those of other authors: *Aegle*,
*Balsamocitrus*, *Feroniella*, *Toddalia* (Rutaceae) and *Matthiola*
(Brassicaceae) (CPC, 2001). None of these plants occur in Alaska.
Therefore, the rating for this Risk Element is Low (1).

**Risk Element 3: Dispersal**

Due to the absence of suitable climates and lack of host material, this
bacterium sect will be unable to establish in Alaska. Because of this
lack of dispersal potential, the rating for this Risk Element is Low
(1).

**Risk Element 4: Economic Impact**

Due to the absence of suitable climates and lack of host material, this
bacterium will be unable to establish in Alaska and and cause any
negative economic impact. Therefore the rating for this Risk Element is
Low (1).

**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact**

None of the hosts for *X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* corresponded to any
genera on the Endangered Species List. Therefore, the rating for this
Risk Element is Low (1).

**Table 4:** Risk Ratings for the Consequences of Introduction.

+--------------+-------+-----+-------+-------+-----------+------------+
| Pest         | Cli   | H   | Disp  | Eco   | Envi      | Co         |
|              | mate/ | ost | ersal | nomic | ronmental | nsequences |
|              | Host  | Ra  | Pote  | I     | Impact    | of         |
|              |       | nge | ntial | mpact |           | In         |
|              |       |     |       |       |           | troduction |
+==============+=======+=====+=======+=======+===========+============+
| *Unaspis     | Low   | Low | Low   | Low   | Low       | Low        |
| yanonensis*  |       |     |       |       |           |            |
|              | \(1\) | \(  | \(1\) | \(1\) | \(1\)     | \(5\)      |
|              |       | 1\) |       |       |           |            |
+--------------+-------+-----+-------+-------+-----------+------------+
| *            | Low   | Low | Low   | Low   | Low       | Low        |
| Xanthomonas* |       |     |       |       |           |            |
| *axonopodis* | \(1\) | \(  | \(1\) | \(1\) | \(1\)     | \(5\)      |
| pv. *citri*  |       | 1\) |       |       |           |            |
+--------------+-------+-----+-------+-------+-----------+------------+

**I. Likelihood of Introduction - Movement into Alaska.**

The Likelihood of Introduction for a pest is rated relative to six
factors (USDA, 2000). The assessment rates five of these areas based on
the biological features exhibited by the pest's interaction with the
commodity. These areas represent a series of independent events that
must all take place before a pest outbreak occurs. The value for the
Likelihood of Introduction is the sum of the ratings for the Quantity
Imported Annually and these biologically based areas

(Table 6). The scale is used to interpret this total is: Low (6-9
points), Medium (10-14 points) and High (15-18 points).

**Quantity Imported Annually**

Korea's export of Unshu oranges to the United States began in 1995 and
ended in 2002 (Table 5). The number of 40\' containers fell within the
range of 10 to 100 containers per year The rating would be Medium (2)
for both of the pests based on the assumption that a similar volume
would be exported to Alaska.

**Table 5.** Shipping Volumes of Korean Unshu fruit, 1995 -
2002[.]{.underline}

  -------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------
  [Year]{.underline}   [Volume (metric         [Approx. no. of 40\'
                       tons)]{.underline}      containers]{.underline}

  1995                 50                      2.5

  1996                 220                     11

  1997                 1,190                   59.5

  1998                 40                      2

  1999                 380                     19

  2000                 240                     12

  2001                 1,434                   71.7

  2002                 1,601                   80
  -------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------

**Survive Postharvest Treatment**

Standard postharvest treatments include culling and washing. It is
doubtful that these practices directly kill *U. yanonensis* or *X.*
*axonopodis* pv. *citri*. Based on these practices, the rating for both
pests is High (3).

**Survive Shipment**

This sub‑element evaluates the mortality of the pest population during
shipment of the commodity. Shipments of Unshus are likely to be
refrigerated and spend less than 20 days in transit to the United States
(Jennifer Lemly, pers. comm.). *Unaspis yanonensis* can survive
refrigeration, but may be killed by exposure to sub-freezing
temperatures if they exceed a specie specific duration (CPC, 2001; Lee
and Denlinger, 1991; McKenzie, 1967; PNKTO #44, 1984; PNKTO #45, 1984;
Rosen, 1990). , *Unaspis yanonensis* was intercepted 23 times on citrus
from Korea between 1985 and 2006. These interceptions came from
passenger baggage and ship's quarters, not from cargo (PIN309). Based on
this evidence, it is likely that some insects on fruit may survive
shipment and thus the rating for this Risk Element is Medium (2).

The pathogen, *X.* *axonopodis* pv. *citri*, is a relatively labile
bacterium (Civerolo, 1995). It is generally believed that bacterial
populations decline rapidly even within lesions of infected fruit after
harvest (Civerolo, 1981; USDA, 1985). The extended drying period during
shipping causes mortality of superficial populations of the bacterium,
thus, the epidemiological significance of the surviving bacteria is
questionable (Schubert *et al*., 1998). Viable bacteria have been
re-isolated from infected citrus tissues even after several months under
dry conditions (Graham *et al*., 1987; Koziumi, 1972). However, Timmer
*et al.* (1996) found that although epiphytic

*X.* *axonopodis* pv. *citri* were detected on asymptomatic plants, the
occurrence of epiphytic populations was not related to subsequent
appearance of symptoms, and evidence indicates that this organism is
highly unlikely to persist on hosts or non-hosts in the absence of
symptoms for long periods.

Although an occasional fruit with symptoms of citrus canker may escape
detection, normal industry practices for commercial exports would
exclude fruit with blemishes, including citrus canker lesions. This
substantially reduces the potential for survival of the pathogen since
epiphytic contamination is short-lived. Due to these reasons, the rating
is Low (1).

**Not Detected at the Port of Arrival**

*U. yanonensis* is rated Medium (2) because careful inspection for the
mobile stages of this insect can detect it despite its small size
(Rosen, 1990). The high number of interceptions of this pest from many
countries and commodities confirms that inspectors can find them.
*Unaspis yanonensis* was detected in surveys by the \[Korean\] National
Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology during 1996--1998, but
was categorized as a "very minor pest" in commercial Unshu orange groves
and only partially occurs in groves that are "not managed" (An, 2000).

Trained inspectors can readily detect symptomatic canker diseased fruit
by the necrotic lesions on the rind (EPPO, 1997; Schubert *et al.*,
2001; Timmer *et al*., 2000). These bacteria may remain viable in citrus
tissue after several months under dry conditions (Graham *et al*., 1987;
Koziumi, 1972). Shorter-lived epiphytic bacterial populations however
cannot be detected by visual examination. This pathogen was intercepted
numerous times on citrus fruit, (Appendix A). For these reasons, the
rating is Medium (2).

**Moved to a Suitable Habitat**

This sub-element considers the geographic location of likely markets and
the chance of the commodity moving to locations suitable for the pest's
survival. Fruit that arrives in the United States does not normally
arrive at a single port, but is distributed according to market demand.
Restricting the distribution of commodities reduces the likelihood that
any associated pests can reach a suitable habitat. Since 1995, an
estimated 24 million Korean Unshu oranges have been shipped to the
United States. In that time, there was only one PPQ interception of an
Unshu orange shipment from Korea being sent into a citrus producing
State (Schwartz, 2002). This was an accidental redirection of an air
shipment; resolved by re-exportation to a non-citrus producing state
(Schwartz, 2002). The proposed export program would move the fruit only
into Alaska, an unsuitable habitat for either organism to survive. For
this reason, the rating for *U. yanonensis* and *X.* *axonopodis* pv.
*citri* is Low (1).

**Contact with Host Material**

The proposed export program would restrict the distribution of fruit to
Alaska. Lack of suitable hosts and climates restricts the opportunities
for pests to establish populations. While passive factors such as wind,
water, or animals may aid in the dispersal of certain stages of pests
(Kosztarab and Kozar, 1988; Rosen, 1990), the opportunity for these
mechanisms of dispersal is decreased by the proposed program because of
the absence of host plants and inimical climate. In addition, fruit
exposed to, but asymptomatic for *X.* *axonopodis* pv. *citri*, is
unlikely to have sufficient level(s) of viable bacteria to cause
infection (Civerolo, 2002). For these reasons, the ratings for both
pests is Low (1).

**Table 6.** Ratings for the Likelihood of Introduction for Movement
into Alaska.

+---------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+---------+
| Pest    | Qua   | Pest   |       |        |       |       | Lik     |
|         | ntity | Su     |       |        |       |       | elihood |
|         | Imp   | rvival |       |        |       |       | of      |
|         | orted | Pot    |       |        |       |       | Intro   |
|         | Ann   | ential |       |        |       |       | duction |
|         | ually |        |       |        |       |       |         |
+=========+=======+========+=======+========+=======+=======+=========+
|         |       | S      | Su    | Not    | Move  | Co    |         |
|         |       | urvive | rvive | De     | to    | ntact |         |
|         |       | Posth  | Shi   | tected | Sui   | with  |         |
|         |       | arvest | pment | at the | table | Host  |         |
|         |       | Tre    |       | Port   | Ha    | Mat   |         |
|         |       | atment |       | of     | bitat | erial |         |
|         |       |        |       | Entry  |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+---------+
| *       | M     | High   | M     | Medium | Low   | Low   | Medium  |
| Unaspis | edium |        | edium |        |       |       |         |
| yano    |       | \(3\)  |       | \(2\)  | \(1\) | \(1\) | \(11\)  |
| nensis* | \(2\) |        | \(2\) |        |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+---------+
| *Xanth  | M     | High   | Low   | Medium | Low   | Low   | Medium  |
| omonas* | edium |        |       |        |       |       |         |
| *axon   |       | \(3\)  | \(1\) | \(2\)  | \(1\) | \(1\) | \(10\)  |
| opodis* | \(2\) |        |       |        |       |       |         |
| pv.     |       |        |       |        |       |       |         |
| *citri* |       |        |       |        |       |       |         |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------+---------+

**J. Pest Risk Potential for Movement into Alaska**

The sum of the values for the Consequences of Introduction and the
Likelihood of Introduction produce the Baseline Pest Risk Potential
(PRP) value. This cumulative total expresses the risk on the following
scale: Low (11-18 points), Medium (19-26 points), and High (27-33
points). The Baseline PRP for each quarantine pest is summarized in
Table 7.

Pests with a Low Baseline PRP value typically do not require mitigation
measures other than port of arrival inspection, while a value within the
Medium or High ranges indicates that specific phytosanitary measures,
supplemental to port of arrival inspection, are necessary. The Baseline
PRP values for *U. yanonensis* and *X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* are Low.

**Table 7.** Pest Risk Potential for Movement into Alaska

+----------------+----------------+------------------+----------------+
| Pest           | Consequences   | Likelihood of    | Pest Risk      |
|                | of             |                  | Potential      |
|                |                | Introduction     |                |
|                | Introduction   |                  |                |
+================+================+==================+================+
| *Unaspis       | Low            | Medium           | Low            |
| yanonensis*    |                |                  |                |
|                | \(5\)          | \(10\)           | \(15\)         |
+----------------+----------------+------------------+----------------+
| *Xanthomonas   | Low            | Medium           | Low            |
| axonopodis*    |                |                  |                |
| pv. *citri*    | \(5\)          | \(10\)           | \(15\)         |
+----------------+----------------+------------------+----------------+

In this case, the pests of concern are clearly not a risk to Alaska
because the climate and lack of suitable hosts make it impossible for
them to establish even if introduced. The Low rating is more
appropriately characterized as negligible.

**K. Consequences of Introduction - Movement from Alaska into other
Areas of the U.S.**

If shipments of Korean Unshus are imported into Alaska, there is a
potential for some of these fruit to move out of Alaska via smuggling,
passenger baggage, *etc*. APHIS, PPQ has had good results with similar
programs limiting the importation of fruits from tropical regions of
Asia and Mexico to Alaska for consumption. None of these programs has
ever been linked to the outbreak of a quarantine pest (Cave and
Lightfield, 1994). Because the potential exists for movement of Unshus
out of Alaska, the two pests of concern were analyzed for their
potential to become introduced in other areas of the United States. The
summation of the points for each risk rating for the Consequences of
Introduction is summarized in Table 8.

***Unaspis yanonensis* Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae)**

**Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction**

This species prefers warm temperate, Mediterranean, and tropical
climates (CPC, 2001) which correspond to at least four Plant Hardiness
Zones (NASS, 1997; NPQS, 1998; NRCS, 2001). Host plants grow in North
America, in Plant Hardiness Zones 5 to 10 (USDA, 1990). For these
reasons, the rating is High (3).

**Risk Element 2: Host Range**

This insect is associated primarily with *Citrus*, *Fortunella* and
*Poncirus* (Rutaceae), *Damnacanthus* (Rubiaceae) (PNKTO #45, 1984),
*Camellia* (Theaceae) and *Dimocarpus* (Sapindaceae) (Li-zhong, 2000).
The host range of this pest suggests that establishment in non-agronomic
ecosystems may be limited if this pest is introduced into the
continental United States (Li-zhong, 2000; PNKTO #45, 1984). However,
the host plants of this insect are economically important in the U.S.
For this reason, the rating for the host range risk element is High (3).

**Risk Element 3: Dispersal**

This pest has up to three generations per year in Japan (Clausen, 1931;
PNKTO #45, 1984) and females may lay up to 200 eggs (Miller, 1985).
First instar crawlers may settle on the host shortly after hatching
(PNKTO #45, 1984), or disperse by wind or other means (Rosen, 1990;
Stehr, 1991). Because of this high reproductive rate and wind-aided
dispersal, this pest is rated High (3).

**Risk Element 4: Economic Impact**

Feeding by this pest can severely distort the fruit resulting in
rejection of the fruit from markets, inhibit plant growth which causes
the death of small trees (Clausen, 1927; CPC, 2001; PNKTO #45, 1984),
can lower the yield and value of agricultural commodities and cause
damage serious enough to require the use of pesticides for control
(PNKTO #45, 1984). During 2004-2005, the value of commercial citrus
production in the four largest citrus producing States as was follows:
Arizona (\$38,276,000), California (\$1,131,851,000), Florida
(\$1,130,444,000) and Texas (\$88,684,000) (NASS, 2005). Because of the
potentially large negative economic impact that could be caused by this
insect, the rating for this Risk Element is High (3).

**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact**

None of the hosts for *Unaspis yanonensis* corresponded to any genera on
the Endangered Species List. Therefore, the rating for this Risk Element
is Low (1).

***Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri* Vauterin *et al.*
(Proteobacteria: Lysobacterales)**

**Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction**

*Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri* occurs in Asia, Africa, Central
America, the Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and only the D-strain
was reported in Mexico. In the United States,

*X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* has the potential to establish in Plant
Hardiness Zones 8 to10 (USDA, 1990). This bacterium naturally infects
green citrus tissues (stems, fruit, and leaves) in the later stages of
growth or tissue expansion, and wounds from mechanical damage and insect
feeding can cause mature tissues to become infected (Schubert *et al*.,
2001). Additionally, in Florida, a well managed citrus tree will undergo
three to five growth flushes every growing season, each accompanied by a
period of susceptibility (Schubert *et al*., 2001). This combination of
naturally susceptible tissue and wounded tissue means that canker
infection can occur year-round. For these reasons, the rating is Medium
(2).

**Risk Element 2: Host Range**

Primary hosts of *X.* *axonopodis* pv. *citri* include: *Casimiroa
edulis*, *Citrus aurantium*,

*C. maxima*, *C. hystrix*, *C. limetta*, *C. limon*, *C. medica*, *C.
madurensis*, *C. natsudaidai*, *Citrus x paradisi*, *C. reticulata*, *C.
reticulata x Poncirus trifoliata*, *C. sinensis*, *C. sunki*, *C.
unshiu*, *Eremocitrus glauca*, *Limonia acidissima*, *Poncirus
trifoliata*, *C. aurantiifolia*, *C. tankan*, *C. junos* and *C. reshni*
(CPC, 2001). Secondary hosts include: *Fortunella japonica* and *F.
margarita* (CPC, 2001). There are no native members of these genera
within the continental United States (NRCS, 2001; Wunderlin, 2001). The
following plants were also reported to be susceptible to *X. axonopodis*
pv. *citri*, however, the original descriptions either were not
confirmed or contradict those of other authors: *Aegle malmelos*,
*Balsamocitrus paniculata*, *Feroniella obligata*, *Matthiola incana*
var. *annua*, and *Toddalia asiatica* (CPC, 2001), and only the
possibility of an extension of a host range may be inferred (Cave,
2000). However, the confirmed hosts of *X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* are
members of a single plant family (Mabberly, 1998). For these reasons,
the rating is Medium (2).

**Risk Element 3: Dispersal**

The documented evidence indicates that the primary modes for long
distance dispersal of

*X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* are the movement of infected or infested
plant material, movement of inoculum on personnel, clothing or equipment
and weather events such as thunderstorms and tropical storms (Gottwald
*et al*., 2001; Schubert *et al*., 1998). The latter are responsible for
dispersal of the bacteria from a few hundred meters to several miles
(Stall *et al*., 1980; Civerolo, 1981; Gottwald *et al*. 1992, 1997).
Outbreaks of citrus canker have never been directly attributed to
infested commercial shipments of citrus fruit (EPPO, 1997; Timmer *et
al*., 2000).

Within a tree, this bacterium is disseminated by rainwater running over
the surfaces of lesions and splashing onto uninfected, unprotected
shoots. The concentration of bacteria is largely dependent on the age of
the lesions with a maximum of 100 million--1000 million cells/drop (CPC,
2001) or about 10^5^ to 10^6^ colony forming units (cfu) per ml in
rainwater (Stall, 1980). The effective inoculum dose is estimated at
somewhere between 10^2^ and 10^3^ cfu per ml (Schubert *et al*., 1998).
Based on this evidence, the rating for this pest is High (3).

**Risk Element 4: Economic Impact**

Citrus canker, under favorable conditions, causes defoliation, shoot
dieback, and fruit drop (Timmer *et al*., 2000). Development and
maturity may be delayed by several years in severely infected, young
trees (CPC, 2001). Although the internal quality of maturing fruit is
not affected, fresh fruit with lesions is reduced in market value (EPPO,
1997; Timmer *et al*., 2000). The disease is most serious in areas with
temperatures between 14-38°C and rainfall greater than 1,000 mm per
year) (EPPO, 1997). This bacterium is considered a quarantine pest by
EPPO, NAPPO and most citrus producing countries (EPPO, 1997). The costs
associated with eradication or management of the disease combined with
the loss of export markets due to domestic and international quarantine
would be expected to have a substantial economic impact. Based on this,
the rating for this Risk Element is High (3).

**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact**

None of the hosts for *X. axonopodis* pv. *citri* corresponded to any
genera on the Endangered Species List. Therefore, the rating for this
Risk Element is Low (1).

**Table 8**. Risk Ratings for the Consequences of Introduction -
Movement From Alaska

+--------------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----------+----------+
| Pest         | Cli   | Host | Disp  | Eco   | Envi      | Cons     |
|              | mate/ | R    | ersal | nomic | ronmental | equences |
|              | Host  | ange | Pote  | I     | Impact    | of       |
|              |       |      | ntial | mpact |           | Intr     |
|              |       |      |       |       |           | oduction |
+==============+=======+======+=======+=======+===========+==========+
| *Unaspis     | High  | High | High  | High  | Low       | High     |
| yanonensis*  |       |      |       |       |           |          |
|              | \(3\) | \    | \(3\) | \(3\) | \(1\)     | \(13\)   |
|              |       | (3\) |       |       |           |          |
+--------------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----------+----------+
| *Xanthomonas | M     | Me   | High  | High  | Low       | Medium   |
| axonopodis   | edium | dium |       |       |           |          |
| pv. citri*   |       |      | \(3\) | \(3\) | \(1\)     | \(11\)   |
|              | \(2\) | \    |       |       |           |          |
|              |       | (2\) |       |       |           |          |
+--------------+-------+------+-------+-------+-----------+----------+

**L. Likelihood of Introduction - Movement from Alaska into Other Areas
of the U.S.**

The analysis of factors to be considered for estimating the likelihood
of introduction into States other than Alaska is substantially different
than what is described above for import into Alaska only. The key
difference is that movement is not via authorized imports but rather
through the accidental misdirection of shipments or smuggling.

Since 1995, an estimated 24 million Korean Unshu oranges have been
shipped to the United States. In that time, one air shipment of Unshu
oranges from Korea was mistakenly redirected into a citrus producing
State and was immediately re-exportated to a non-citrus producing State
(Schwartz, 2002). The proposed export program into Alaska will prohibit
the movement of fruit directly into States with suitable habitats for
the introduction of the pests of concern, so it it not expected that
whole shipments would be shipped to and distributed in citrus growing
areas of the United States. Based on APHIS' past experience with similar
programs for limited distribution, it is highly unlikely that whole
shipments or containers of Korean Unshus would move from Alaska into
other areas of the U.S. What is more likely is that a few fruit may move
in passenger baggage or a few boxes may move as illegal cargo. This
represents a tiny proportion of the total quantity imported.

It is estimated that under the current proposal, 10-100 40\' containers
would be shipped to Alaska each year (Table 5). By allowing imports to
Alaska, the likelihood of fruit moving into other States with suitable
habitats for pest establishment is increased. However, the distribution
of host plants is limited (Fig. 1) and the likelihood that significant
numbers of *U. yanonensis* and *X.* *axonopodis* pv. *citri*
infested/infected fruit would be present in shipments and then move from
Alaska to one of these areas is small. The small proportion of fruit
that might move illegally from Alaska to a suitable habitat in the U.S.
would need to have sufficient inoculum to be infective and be in the
vicinity of (or in contact with) host material at the right time and
under the right combination of circumstances for the pests to establish.

**Figure 1.** U.S. Citrus Production Areas

![](media/image3.png){width="4.4125in" height="3.4125in"}

Considering the very small number of fruit that might move to suitable
habitats and the unlikely set of circumstances required for the
establishment of the pests of concern, the likelihood for introduction
via fruit misdirected from Alaska is [very low]{.underline}.

**M. Pest Risk Potential - Movement from Alaska into Other Areas of the
U.S.**

Although the likelihood of introduction for either pest is very low, the
consequences are significant enough to justify measures to reduce the
probability that the unauthorized movement of fruit would be a pathway
for introduction.

**III. Pest Risk Management**

Pest risk management is the process used to identify and evaluate
options for mitigating the risk of introduction of a quarantine pest
(IPPC 2004a, b). The reduction of phytosanitary risk occurs through the
use of mitigation measures that eliminate, reduce, or prevent the
presence of pest populations within shipments of commodities primarily
in the country of origin. In this case, the pest risk management aspect
of the analysis is to evaluate measures proposed by Korea.

The risk mitigation measures proposed by Korea are: (1) the use of a
field pest control program and cultural practices to reduce pests in the
groves; (2) packing house selection (culling) to remove fruit with pests
(including fruit with symptoms or damage that could harbor disease); (3)
a visual inspection of 2% of fruit in each shipment; (4) phytosanitary
certification; (5) shipment safeguards (especially labeling); and (6)
port of arrival inspection.

Boxes will be stamped with "distribution limited to Alaska", and
shipments will be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate that
includes an additional declaration stating that the shipment was
inspected and found free of citrus canker. As a general requirement,
imported fruit must also be free of leaves and soil and the origin of
the fruit identified by stamps or labels on individual shipping boxes.

The effect of phytosanitary measures proposed by Korea is to
substantially reduce the likelihood that the pests of concern will be
associated with shipments to Alaska. As discussed above, the pests of
concern pose no threat to Alaska. However, account is also taken of the
potential for the unauthorized movement of fruit from Alaska into other
States. This possibility increases the likelihood that the pests of
concern can move into suitable habitats for establishment. The proposal
by Korea includes a range of mitigation measures designed to reduce this
likelihood by substantially reducing the likelihood that fruit will
carry the pests of concern.

A key element of this approach is the combination of inspections
designed to remove fruit that are infested with insects or have symptoms
or injuries that could harbor citrus canker and ensure that only the
highest quality fruit is shipped. Although any program based on
inspection cannot be 100% effective, these measures can be expected to
greatly reduce the potential for the pests of concern to be present in
shipments to Alaska, thereby substantially reducing the already low risk
associated with the potential for unauthorized movement of some fruit to
other States.

**IV. Primary authors:**

Gary L. Cave, Ph.D., Entomologist

Scott C. Redlin, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist

Reviewed and modified by Robert Griffin, PERAL Laboratory Director

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PNKTO #44. 1984. Pests Not Known To Occur in the United States or of
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**Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on *Citrus* spp. from the Republic of
Korea as reported in the PPQ Pest Interception Database from 1985 to
2001.**

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **PEST**                 **HOST**               **WHERE**      **TOTAL**
  ------------------------ ---------------------- -------------- -----------
  Acarina                  *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   1

  *Aleurolobus marlatti*   *Citrus* sp. (Leaf)    Baggage        1

  *Ascochyta citri*        *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        1
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Aulacaspis              *Citrus aurantifolia*  Baggage        1
  tubercularis*            (Fruit)                               

  Bradybaenidae sp.        *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   1

  *Chrysomphalus           *Citrus reticulata*    Stores         1
  pinnulifer*                                                    

  *Cladosporium* sp.       *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        2

  Coccidae, species of     *Citrus* sp.           Baggage        1

  *Colletotrichum* sp.     *Citrus* sp.           Baggage        1

  Diaspididae, species of  *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        1
                           (Fruit)                               

  Diaspididae, species of  *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        1
                           (Fruit)                               

  Diaspididae, species of  *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Stores         3

  *Elsinoë australis*      *Citrus reticulata*.   Baggage        1
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Elsinoë australis*      *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        1

  *Elsinoë* sp.            *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        1
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Elsinoë* sp.            *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        1

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus limon* (Fruit) Stores         1

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus paradisi*      Stores         1
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        5
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        2
                           (Dried Fruit)                         

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        6
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus sinensis*      Stores         4
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus* sp. (Dried    Baggage        2
                           Fruit)                                

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus* sp. (Dried    Mail           1
                           Fruit)                                

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        29

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Quarters       1

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus* sp. (Leaf)    Baggage        3

  *Guignardia citricarpa*  *Citrus* sp. (Seed)    Mail           1

  Insecta, species of      *Citrus aurantifolia*  Permit cargo   1

  Insecta, species of      *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   1

  *Longitarsus* sp.        *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   1

  *Microsphaeropsis* sp.   *Citrus* sp. (Leaf)    Baggage        1

  *Nezara antennata*       *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   1
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Parlatoria citri*       *Citrus amblycarpa*    Baggage        1

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus aurantifolia*  Baggage        2
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus aurantifolia*  Baggage        1
                           (Leaf)                                

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus limon* (Fruit) Baggage        2

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus paradisi*      Baggage        2
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        1

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        4
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus reticulata*    Quarters       2
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        3
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        1
                           (Leaf)                                

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        1

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        12

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Stores         1

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus* sp. (Leaf)    Baggage        20

  *Parlatoria ziziphi*     *Citrus* sp.           Baggage        4

  *Phyllosticta            *Citrus* *aurantium*   Baggage        1
  citricarpa*                                                    

  *Phyllosticta            *Citrus* sp. (Dried    Mail           1
  citricarpa*              Fruit)                                

  *Phyllosticta            *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        14
  citricarpa*                                                    

  *Phyllosticta            *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Mail           3
  citricarpa*                                                    

  *Phyllosticta            *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        2
  citricarpa*              (Fruit)                               

  *Pseudaonidia            *Citrus paradisi*      Baggage        1
  trilobitiformis*         (Fruit)                               

  Pseudococcidae, species  *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   1
  of                                                             

  Pseudococcidae, species  *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        1
  of                       (Fruit)                               

  Pseudococcidae, species  *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        2
  of                                                             

  Pseudococcidae, species  *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Cargo          1
  of                                                             

  Pseudococcidae, species  *Citrus* sp.           Baggage        2
  of                                                             

  Pyraustinae, species of  *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        1

  *Tarsonemus* sp.         *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   2
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus maxima*        Baggage        1
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus paradisi*      Baggage        1
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        6
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus reticulata*    Quarters       2
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        1

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        2
                           (Fruit)                               

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        20

  *Unaspis yanonensis*     *Citrus* sp.           Baggage        1

  *Utetheisa pulchella*    *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        1

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus aurantiifolia* Baggage        1
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus aurantiifolia* Stores         2
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus hystrix*       Baggage        1
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus hystrix*       Baggage        1
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus limon* (Fruit) Baggage        5
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus limon* (Fruit) Mail           1
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus limon*         Stores         1
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus paradisi*      Baggage        1
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        1
  pv.*citri*               (Dried Fruit)                         

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus reticulata*    Baggage        30
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus reticulata*    Permit cargo   2
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus reticulata*    Stores         2
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        3
  pv.*citri*               (Dried Fruit)                         

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus sinensis*      Cargo          1
  pv.*citri*               (Dried Fruit)                         

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        6
  pv.*citri*               (Fruit)                               

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus sinensis*      Baggage        2
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Dried    Baggage        6
  pv.*citri*               Fruit)                                

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Dried    Mail           2
  pv.*citri*               Fruit)                                

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Baggage        47
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Mail           6
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Quarters       1
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Leaf)    Baggage        25
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp.           Baggage        19
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Fruit)   Stores         2
  pv.*citri*                                                     

  *Xanthomonas axonopodis* *Citrus* sp. (Leaf)    Baggage        2
  pv.*citri*                                                     
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

[^1]: A recent APHIS risk analysis, "Evaluation of asymptomatic citrus
    fruit (*Citrus spp*.) as a pathway for the introduction of citrus
    canker disease (*Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv*. citri*)" (March 2006)
    concluded that asymptomatic, commercially produced citrus fruit that
    meets certain requirements described in the analysis is not
    epidemiologically significant as a pathway for the introduction of
    citrus canker. The analysis also concluded that even if infected
    fruit were to enter a canker-free area with susceptible hosts, the
    establishment of citrus canker via this pathway is highly unlikely.
    That analysis is being reviewed based on public comment and peer
    review, and additional analysis is ongoing to evaluate the potential
    movement of asymptomatic citrus to nonquarantined areas of the
    United States. Any regulatory action on that risk analysis is being
    handled independently of Korea's request to allow movement of Unshu
    oranges into Alaska.