![](media/image1.png)

**Movement of Melon, *Cucumis melo* L., from Hawaii into the Continental
United States**

**A Qualitative Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment**

**September 11, 2006**

**Rev: Original**

**Agency Contact:**

**United States Department of Agriculture**

**Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service**

**Plant Protection and Quarantine**

**CPHST PERAL**

**1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 300**

**Raleigh, NC 27606**

**Executive Summary**

This risk assessment document examines the risks associated with the
movement of melon, *Cucumis melo*, into the continental United States.
Information on pests associated with melon in Hawaii revealed that four
quarantine pests exist and could be introduced into the continental
United States. The quarantine pests likely to follow the movement
include four insects.

Insecta:

*Bactrocera cucurbitae* Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Ceratitis capitata* Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Aleurodicus dispersus* Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

These quarantine pests were qualitatively analyzed based on
international principles and internal guidelines as described in the PPQ
Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02
(USDA APHIS, 2000). The following document examines pest biology in
order to estimate the Pest Risk Potential. All six of these pests pose
phytosanitary risks to the United States, and were given risk ratings of
High or Medium. Port-of-entry inspections, as a sole mitigative measure,
are considered insufficient to safeguard the U.S. from these pests;
additional phytosanitary measures are necessary to reduce risks to
acceptable levels.

**Table of Contents**

[**I. Introduction** 3](#__RefHeading___Toc147020745)

[**II. Risk Assessment** 3](#__RefHeading___Toc147020746)

[**2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**
3](#__RefHeading___Toc147020747)

[**2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Cucumis melo***
3](#__RefHeading___Toc147020748)

[**2.3. Previous Risk Assessment, Current Status and Pest Interceptions,
and Decision History for *Cucumis melo* from Hawaii Islands**
4](#__RefHeading___Toc147020749)

[**2.4. Pest Categorization -- Identification of Quarantine Pests and
Quarantine Pests likely to Follow the Pathway**
5](#__RefHeading___Toc147020750)

[**2.5. Identify Quarantine Pest Likely to Follow the Pathway**
5](#__RefHeading___Toc147020751)

[**2.6 Consequences of Introduction** 19](#__RefHeading___Toc147020752)

[**2.7. Introduction Potential** 28](#__RefHeading___Toc147020753)

[**2.8. Conclusion** 30](#__RefHeading___Toc147020754)

[**III. Author & Reviewers** 31](#__RefHeading___Toc147020755)

[**IV. Literature Cited** 31](#__RefHeading___Toc147020756)

**I. Introduction**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020745 .anchor}

The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL) of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant
Health Science and Technology (CPHST) prepared this pest risk assessment
to examine plant pest risks associated with the movement of melon,
*Cucumis melo*, from Hawaii into the continental United States. This is
a qualitative risk assessment, *i.e*., estimates of risk are expressed
in qualitative terms of High, Medium, and Low rather than probabilities
or frequencies. Risk is characterized according to PPQ Guideline 5.02,
which is available on the internet at
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/commodity/cpraguide.pdf.

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United
Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provides guidance
for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used to initiate,
conduct, and report pest risk assessments are consistent with standards
provided by IPPC. The use of biological and phytosanitary terms conforms
to the Glossary of Phytosanitary terms (IPPC, 1999). These guidelines
describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation, Stage
2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document
satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stage 1 and 2.

**II. Risk Assessment**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020746 .anchor}

**2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed
Action**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020747 .anchor}

This commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment is in response to a
request for USDA authorization to allow imports of a particular
commodity presenting a potential plant pest risk. In this case, the
movement of *Cucumis melo* grown in Hawaii is a potential pathway for
the introduction of plant pests into the continental United States.
Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 318, Part 13 (7CFR § 318.13)
provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and
vegetables from Hawaii into the continental United States.

**2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Cucumis
melo***[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020748 .anchor}

This step is important to the initiation phase of the assessment process
because, if the species considered for importation poses a risk as a
weed pest, then a "pest-initiated" pest risk assessment may be prompted.
If the species to be imported passes the weediness screening, the
pathway-initiated pest risk assessment continues. The results of the
weediness screening for *C. melo* did not prompt a pest-initiated risk
assessment because it is not considered to be a weed in the continental
United States (Table 1).

**Table 1. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Cucumis melo**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Commodity:** Fruits of *Cucumis melo*                               |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 1:** *Cucumis melo* is widely cultivated in the continental   |
| United States (USDA NRCS, 2005).                                      |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 2:** Answer Yes or No to the following questions:             |
|                                                                       |
| Yes Geographic Atlas of World Weeds (Holm *et al.*, 1979)             |
|                                                                       |
| No World's Worst Weeds (Holm *et al*., 1977) or World Weeds: Natural  |
| Histories and Distribution (Holm *et al.*, 1997)                      |
|                                                                       |
| No Report of the Technical committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds:       |
| Exotic weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn & Ritchie, 1982).     |
|                                                                       |
| No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)                  |
|                                                                       |
| Yes Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 1989)                 |
|                                                                       |
| Yes Are there any literature references indicating weediness (*e.g.*, |
| AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search on "species name"  |
| combined with "weed")                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 3: Conclusion**                                               |
|                                                                       |
| Melon is listed as a "principal" weed in Colombia (it is one of the   |
| top five weeds of this particular crop) and is listed as a weed of    |
| unknown importance in Ghana, Polynesia and Sudan (Holm *et al*.,      |
| 1979). In the United States, *Cucumis melo* var. *dudaim* (L) Naudin  |
| is a weed (CDFA, 2005). This variety is a threat to melon production  |
| because it hybridizes with all varieties of melons, including         |
| commercial cultivars, causing them to yield undesirable fruits (CDFA, |
| 2005). *C. melo* var. *dudaim* has not been reported to occur in      |
| Hawaii; thus, a pest-initiated risk assessment for this weed was      |
| unnecessary.                                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**2.3. Previous Risk Assessment, Current Status and Pest Interceptions,
and Decision History for *Cucumis melo* from the Hawaiian
Islands**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020749 .anchor}

There is no record of a previous request to ship melon into the
continental United States from Hawaii. Based on PIN 309 data, there are
no previous interceptions of pests on *C. melo* (USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005);
however, there have been pests detected on other *Cucumis* spp. (Table
2).

**Table 2. Interceptions on *Cucumis* fruits from the islands of Hawaii,
as reported in the PIN 309 database from 1985 to February, 2005.**

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Organism**     **Host**      **County**   **Imported   **Where         **Number of
                                              As**         Intercepted**   Interceptions**
  ---------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- -----------------
  *Bactrocera      *Cucumis      Hawaii       Fruit        Baggage         26
  cucurbitae*      sativus*                                                

  *Bactrocera      *Cucumis*     Hawaii       Fruit        Baggage         2
  cucurbitae*      spp.                                                    

  *Dacus           *Cucumis      Hawaii       Fruit        Baggage         4
  cucurbitae*      sativus*                                                

  *Dacus           *Cucumis      Hawaii       Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  cucurbitae*      sativus*                                                

  *Bactrocera      *Cucumis      Hawaii       Fruit        Baggage         1
  dorsalis*        sativus*                                                

  *Bactrocera*     *Cucumis      Hawaii       Fruit        Baggage         1
  spp.             sativus*                                                

  *Bactrocera*     *Cucumis*     Hawaii       Fruit        Baggage         1
  spp.             spp.                                                    

  Tephritidae      *Cucumis      Hawaii       Fruit        Baggage         13
                   sativus*                                                
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

**2.4. Pest Categorization -- Identification of Quarantine Pests and
Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the
Pathway**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020750 .anchor}

PPQ adheres to the accepted international definition of a quarantine
pest: *a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered
thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed
and being officially controlled* (IPPC, 1996; Hopper, 1996). The first
step in identifying quarantine pests is to present a comprehensive pest
list of potential quarantine pests known to occur in the country or
region from which the commodity is to be exported. The list includes all
pests in the exporting country associated with the parent species of the
proposed export commodity. Because all pests on the list are associated
with the plant species, they are considered to be "of potential economic
importance" (IPPC, 1996). The listed pests may or may not occur in the
United States.

There are two primary components to the definition of quarantine pest
(IPPC, 1996; Hopper, 1996). First, a pest must be "of potential economic
importance" to be included on the comprehensive list of potential
quarantine pests. An organism is considered to be of potential economic
importance if scientific evidence, as indicated in the literature,
demonstrates that an organism has an association with the plant species
being assessed; as a result, all of the listed organisms are potential
quarantine pests. Second, to be considered a quarantine pest, an
organism must satisfy geographic and regulatory criteria, specifically,
the pest must be "not yet present there or present but not widely
distributed and being officially controlled" (IPPC, 1996; Hopper, 1996).

The information collected in the risk assessment documents how each
organism satisfies these criteria. Pertinent geographic and regulatory
information, *i.e.*, with respect to the exporting country and the
United States, is provided on the comprehensive pest list. If none of
the potential quarantine pests satisfy the geographic and regulatory
criteria as a quarantine pest, the PRA stops. Table 3 shows the pest
list for *Cucumis melo* from Hawaii; this pest list identifies: (1) the
presence or absence of these pests in the United States, (2) the
generally affected plant part or parts, (3) the quarantine status of the
pest with respect to the United States, (4) whether the pest is likely
to follow the pathway to enter the United States on commercially
exported litchi, and (5) pertinent citations for either the distribution
or the biology of the pest. A pest is considered to follow the pathway
if it is associated with the fruit.

**2.5. Identify Quarantine Pest Likely to Follow the
Pathway**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020751 .anchor}

Quarantine pests identified as likely to be associated with the
potential export commodity are subject to steps 5-7. The biology and
pest potential for these pests is documented as completely as possible.
It is reasonable to assume quarantine pests will:

-   Be present in the exporting country

-   Be associated with the commodity at the time of harvest

-   Remain with the commodity in viable form during harvesting, packing
    and shipping procedures

Because pests associated with the parent species are listed, there will
be quarantine pests not expected to follow the pathway; for example, a
pest may be associated only with plant parts other than the commodity,
or a pest may not be reasonably expected to remain with the commodity
during harvest and packing.

Pests not expected to follow the pathway are not further considered.
Supporting information must be documented on the pest list or in the
text. The decision to not further analyze a particular pest only applies
to the current PRA; a pest may pose a different level of risk for the
same commodity from a different country or from a different commodity
from the same host plant species. Should any pests be intercepted in
shipments of the commodity, quarantine action may be taken at the
port-of-entry and additional risk analyses may be conducted.

**Table 3. Pests in Hawaii associated with melon, *Cucumis melo***.

+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Pest          | **Ge     | **Plant  | **Quar | **Fo | **Ref     |
| Scientific      | ographic | Part     | antine | llow | erences** |
| Name**          | Di       | Af       | Pest** | P    |           |
|                 | stributi | fected** |        | athw |           |
|                 | on**[^1] |          |        | ay** |           |
+=================+==========+==========+========+======+===========+
| **Arthropods**  |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Acari**       |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Tetranychus    | HI, CA,  | leaf     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| cinnabarinus*   | TX       |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Boisduval)     |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| (Tetranychidae) |          |          |        |      | Palumbo & |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Kerns,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1998      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Tetranychus    | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | UCIPM,    |
| desertorum*     |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| Banks           |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Tetranychidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Tetranychus    | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | UCIPM,    |
| urticae* Koch   |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Tetranychidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Insecta**     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Coleoptera**  |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Diabrotica     | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| barberi* Smith  |          | shoot,   |        | [^2] | 2004;     |
| & Lawrence      |          | flower,  |        |      |           |
| (Krysan et al.) |          | root     |        |      | EPPO,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
| (Chrysomelidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Diabrotica     | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| u               |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004;     |
| ndecimpunctata* |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
| Mannerheim      |          | root,    |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      | 2002      |
| (Chrysomelidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Carpophilus    | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | UCIPM,    |
| freemani*       |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| Dobson          |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Nitidulidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Carpophilus    | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | UCIPM,    |
| hemipterus*     |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| (Linnaeus)      |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Nitidulidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Carpophilus    | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | UCIPM,    |
| mutilatus*      |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| Erichson        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Nitidulidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Dermaptera**  |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Forficula      | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | UCIMP,    |
| auricularia*    |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| Linnaeus        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Forficulidae)  |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Diptera**     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza      | HI, CA   | leaf     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| huidobrensis*   |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
| (Blanchard)     |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Agromyzidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza      | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| sativae*        |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| Blanchard       |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
| (Agromyzidae)   |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Liriomyza      | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| trifolii*       |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| Burgess in      |          |          |        |      | Palumbo & |
| Comstock        |          |          |        |      | Kerns,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1998;     |
| (Agromyzidae)   |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Delia platura* | HI, US   | ger      | No     | No   | Palumbo & |
| (Meigen)        |          | minating |        |      | Kerns,    |
|                 |          | seed,    |        |      | 1998;     |
| (Anthomyiidae)  |          | seedling |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Drosophila     | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | UCIPM,    |
| melanogaster*   |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| Meigen          |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Drosophilidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Atherigona     | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| orientalis*     |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004      |
| Schiner         |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | root,    |        |      |           |
| (Muscidae)      |          | stem     |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Bactrocera     | HI       | fruit,   | Yes    | Yes  | CABI,     |
| cucurbitae*     |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004      |
| Coquillett      |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | root,    |        |      |           |
| (Tephritidae)   |          | stem     |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Bactrocera     | HI, CA,  | fruit    | Yes    | Yes  | CABI,     |
| dorsalis*       | FL       |          |        |      | 2004      |
| (Hendel)        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Tephritidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Ceratitis      | HI, CA   | fruit    | Yes    | Yes  | Liquido   |
| capitata*       |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| Wiedemann       |          |          |        |      | 1998;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Tephritidae)   |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Hemiptera**   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Aleurodicus    | HI, FL   | leaf,    | Yes    | Yes  | CABI,     |
| dispersus*      |          | fruit    |        |      | 2004;     |
| Russell         |          |          |        |      | EPPO,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Aleyrodidae)   |          |          |        |      | Martin    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Kessing & |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Mau, 1993 |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Aleyrodes      | HI, CA   | leaf     | Yes    | No   | UCIPM,    |
| spiraeoides*    |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| Quaintance      |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Aleyrodidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Bemisia        | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | Palumbo & |
| argentifolii*   |          |          |        |      | Kerns,    |
| (Gennadius)     |          |          |        |      | 1998      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Aleyrodidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Bemisia        | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | No   | UCIPM,    |
| tabaci*         |          | vector   |        |      | 2002      |
| (Gennadius)     |          | of       |        |      |           |
|                 |          | viruses  |        |      |           |
| (Aleyrodidae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Trialeurodes   | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| vaporariorum*   |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004;     |
| Westwood        |          | leaf,    |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      | 2002;     |
| (Aleyrodidae)   |          |          |        |      | Brown,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2003;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Martin    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Kessing & |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Mau, 1991 |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Aphis fabae*   | HI, US   | shoot,   | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| Scopoli         |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          | leaf     |        |      |           |
| (Aphididae)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Aphis          | HI, US   | vector   | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| gossypii*       |          | of       |        |      | 2004;     |
| Glover          |          | viruses, |        |      | Palumbo & |
|                 |          | shoot,   |        |      | Kerns,    |
| (Aphididae)     |          | leaf,    |        |      | 1998      |
|                 |          | fruit    |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Myzus          | HI, US   | vector   | No     | No   | Palumbo & |
| persicae*       |          | of       |        |      | Kerns,    |
| Sulzer          |          | viruses  |        |      | 1998      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Aphididae)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pseudococcus   | HI, FL,  | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| jackbeardsleyi* | TX       | leaf     |        |      | 2004;     |
| Gimpel and      |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Miller          |          |          |        |      | SEL,      |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005; Mau |
| (               |          |          |        |      | & Martin  |
| Pseudococcidae) |          |          |        |      | Messing,  |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1993      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Lepidoptera** |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Agrotis        | HI, US   | seedling | No     | No   | Palumbo & |
| ipsilon*        |          |          |        |      | Kerns,    |
| (Hufnagel)      |          |          |        |      | 1998      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Noctuidae)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Chrysodeixis   | HI       | fruit,   | Yes    | No   | CABI,     |
| eriosoma*       |          | leaf     |        | [^3] | 2004;     |
| Doubleday       |          |          |        |      | EPPO,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2004; Mau |
| (Noctuidae)     |          |          |        |      | &         |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Kessing,  |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1991      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Eudocima       | HI       | fruit    | Yes    | No   | CABI,     |
| fullonia*       |          |          |        | [^4] | 2004      |
| (Clerck)        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Noctuidae)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Helicoverpa    | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| zea* (Boddie)   |          | shoot,   |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          | flower,  |        |      |           |
| (Noctuidae)     |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | seed     |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Peridroma      | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| saucia*         |          | shoot,   |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Hübner)        |          | flower,  |        |      | Palumbo & |
|                 |          | leaf,    |        |      | Kerns,    |
| (Noctuidae)     |          | seed,    |        |      | 1998      |
|                 |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | seedling |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Spodoptera     | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| exigua*         |          | shoot,   |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Hübner)        |          | flower,  |        |      | Palumbo & |
|                 |          | leaf     |        |      | Kerns,    |
| (Noctuidae)     |          |          |        |      | 1998;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Trichoplusia   | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| ni* (Hübner)    |          | s        |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          | eedling, |        |      | Palumbo & |
| (Noctuidae)     |          | fruit    |        |      | Kerns,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1998;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *               |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Thysanoptera** |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Frankliniella  | HI, US   | flower,  | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| occidentalis*   |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Pergande)      |          | shoot    |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| (Thripidae)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Thrips palmi*  | HI, FL   | fruit,   | Yes    | No   | CABI,     |
| Karny           |          | shoot,   |        | [^5] | 2004;     |
|                 |          | leaf     |        |      | Martin &  |
| (Thripidae)     |          |          |        |      | Mau,      |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1992;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Capinera, |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Thrips tabaci* | HI, US   | shoot,   | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| Lindeman        |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          | leaf     |        |      |           |
| (Thripidae)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Molluscs**    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **St            |          |          |        |      |           |
| ylommatophora** |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Achatina       | HI, FL   | fruit,   | Yes    | No   | CABI,     |
| fulica* Bowdich |          | shoot,   |        | [^6] | 2004      |
|                 |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
| (Achatinidae)   |          | root,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Nematodes**   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *               | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| Helicotylenchus |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
| multicinctus*   |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Cobb) Golden   |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Hoplolaimidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Rotylenchulus  | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| reniformis*     |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| Linford &       |          |          |        |      |           |
| Oliveira        |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| (Hoplolaimidae) |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Meloidogyne    | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | Zitter    |
| arenaria*       |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| (Neal) Chitwood |          |          |        |      | 1996;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (               |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| Meloidogynidae) |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Meloidogyne    | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | UCIPM,    |
| incognita*      |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| (Kofoid &       |          |          |        |      |           |
| White) Chitwood |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| (               |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Meloidogynidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Meloidogyne    | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | UCIPM,    |
| javanica*       |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| (Treub.)        |          |          |        |      |           |
| Chitwood        |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| (               |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Meloidogynidae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Plant         |          |          |        |      |           |
| Pathogens**     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Bacteria**    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Erwinia        | HI, US   | shoot,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| carotovora*     |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| subsp.          |          | root,    |        |      |           |
| *carotovora*    |          | stem,    |        |      | Zitter    |
| (Jones) Bergey  |          | fruit    |        |      | *et al*., |
| et al.          |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (En             |          |          |        |      |           |
| terobacteriale: |          |          |        |      |           |
| Ente            |          |          |        |      |           |
| robacteriaceae) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Rhizobium      | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| radiobacter*    |          | root,    |        |      | 2004      |
| (Beijerinck &   |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| van Delden)     |          |          |        |      |           |
| Young et al.    |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Rhizobiales:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Rhizobiaceae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Rhizobium      | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| rhizogenes*     |          | root,    |        | [^7] | 2004      |
| (Riker et al.)  |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| Young et al.    |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Rhizobiales:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Rhizobiaceae)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Fungi**       |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Alternaria     | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| alternata*      |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Fr.:Fr.)       |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Keissl.         |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      | N         |
|                 |          |          |        |      | ishijima, |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1993;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Alternaria     | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| brassicae*      |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004      |
| (Berk.) Sacc.   |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | seed,    |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Alternaria     | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| brassicicola*   |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004      |
| (Schwein.)      |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
| Wiltshire       |          | seed,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Alternaria     | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| cucumerina*     |          | fruit    |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Kucharek, |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      | 2000;     |
| *Macrosporium   |          |          |        |      |           |
| cucumerinum*    |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Alternaria     | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| tenuissima*     |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Kunze)         |          | branch   |        |      | 2005      |
| Wiltshire       |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Aspergillus    | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| niger* Teigh.   |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | root,    |        |      |           |
| Eurotiales)     |          | seed,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Athelia        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| rolfsii*        |          | fruit    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Curzi) C. C.   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Tu & Kimbr.     |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| (               |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| Basidiomycetes: |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Polyporales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn: *Corticium |          |          |        |      |           |
| rolfsii*        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Pellicularia   |          |          |        |      |           |
| rolfsii*        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Sclerotium     |          |          |        |      |           |
| rolfsii*        |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Botryosphaeria | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| ribis*          |          | shoot,   |        |      | SBML,     |
| Grossenb. &     |          | flower,  |        |      | 2005      |
| Duggar          |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Dothideales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Botrytis       | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| cinerea*        |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Pers.:Fr.       |          | seed,    |        |      | 2005      |
|                 |          | fruit    |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Helotiales)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Cercospora     | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| apii* Fresen    |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Myc             |          |          |        |      |           |
| osphaerellales) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Cercospora     | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| citrullina*     |          | stem,    |        | [^8] | SBML,     |
| Cooke           |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Myc             |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| osphaerellales) |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| [Syn:]{.mark}   |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Cercospora     |          |          |        |      |           |
| cucurbitae*     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Chaetomium     | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| globosum*       |          | root     |        |      | SBML,     |
| Kunze:Fr.       |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| Sordariales)    |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Chaetomium     |          |          |        |      |           |
| cochliodes*     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Chalara        | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| elegans* Nag    |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| Raj & W.B.      |          | root     |        |      |           |
| Kendr.          |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
| (Ascomycetes)   |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| =               |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Thielaviopisis |          |          |        |      |           |
| basicola*       |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Choanephora    | HI, US   | flower,  | No     | Yes  | Zitter    |
| cucurbitarum*   |          | fruit    |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996;     |
| (Zygomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Mucorales)      |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Cochliobolus   | HI, US   | flower,  | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| lunatus* R.R.   |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004      |
| Nelson & Haasis |          | seed     |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Colletotrichum | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| orbiculare*     |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Berk. & Mont.) |          | stem     |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Arx             |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Phyllachorales) |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Colletotrichum |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| lagenarium*     |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Glomerella     |          |          |        |      |           |
| lagenarium*     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Corynespora    | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| cassiicol*a     |          | fruit    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Berk. & M.A.   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Curtis) C.T.    |          |          |        |      | AVRDC,    |
| Wei             |          |          |        |      | 2001;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Didymella      | HI, US   | stem,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| bryoniae*       |          | fruit,   |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Auersw.) Rehm  |          | leaf     |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| *Mycosphaerella |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| citrullina*     |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn: *Ascochyta |          |          |        |      |           |
| cucumis*        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Ana: *Phoma     |          |          |        |      |           |
| c               |          |          |        |      |           |
| ucurbitacearum* |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Epicoccum      | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| nigrum* Link    |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes)   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Erysiphe       | HI, US   | shoot,   | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| cichoracearum*  |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| DC              |          | stem,    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          | petiole  |        |      | UCIPM,    |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| Erysiphales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Erysiphe       | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| communis*       |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Wallr.) Link   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| Erysiphales)    |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Erysiphe       | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| polygoni* DC.   |          | leave,   |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          | stem,    |        |      | 2005;     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | seed     |        |      | CABI,     |
| Erysiphales)    |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| acuminatum*     |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Ellis & Everh.  |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Syn: *Fusarium  |          |          |        |      |           |
| scirpi var.     |          |          |        |      |           |
| acuminatum*     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| chlamydosporum* |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Wollenweb. &    |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
| Reinking        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| culmorum* (W.G. |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Sm.) Sacc.      |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| equiseti*       |          | fruit    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Corda) Sacc.   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Syn: *Fusarium  |          |          |        |      |           |
| scirpi*         |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn: *Fusarium  |          |          |        |      |           |
| scirpi var.     |          |          |        |      |           |
| compactum*      |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| graminearum*    |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Schwabe         |          | root,    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | seed     |        |      | Zitter    |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| moniliforme* J. |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Sheld.          |          | root,    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          | seed,    |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | stem     |        |      | Zitter    |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | s        | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| moniliforme     |          | eedling, |        |      | SBML,     |
| var.            |          | root     |        |      | 2005      |
| subglutinans*   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Wollenweb. &    |          |          |        |      |           |
| Reinking        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn: *Fusarium  |          |          |        |      |           |
| subglutinans*   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| oxysporum f.    |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| sp. niveum*     |          | root,    |        |      | 2005;     |
| (E.F.Sm.)       |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
| Snyder & H.N.   |          | seed     |        |      | Zitter    |
| Hansen          |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996;     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | Ferreira  |
|                 |          |          |        |      | & Boley,  |
| Syn: *Fusarium  |          |          |        |      | 1991      |
| bulbigenum var. |          |          |        |      |           |
| niveum*         |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Basionym:       |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Fusarium       |          |          |        |      |           |
| niveum*         |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| oxysporum f.sp. |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| melonis* W.C.   |          | seeding, |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Snyder & H.N.   |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Hansen          |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| oxysporum f.sp. |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| vasinfectum*    |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
| (G.F. Atk.)     |          |          |        |      |           |
| W.C. Snyder &   |          |          |        |      |           |
| H.N. Hansen     |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| oxysporum*      |          | fruit,   |        |      | SBML,     |
| S               |          | root,    |        |      | 2005;     |
| chlechtend.:Fr. |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | seed     |        |      | CABI,     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI?, US  | fruit    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| pallidoroseum*  |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
| (Cooke) Sacc.   |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| roseum*         |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Link:Fr.        |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Carter,   |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 1979      |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| semitectum*     |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Berk. & Ravenel |          | leaf     |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| solani* (Mart.) |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Sacc.           |          | root,    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          | fruit    |        |      | CABI,     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| = *Nectria      |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| haematococca*   |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Fusarium       | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| solani f.sp.    |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| cucurbitae*     |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| W.C. Snyder &   |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| H.N. Hansen     |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Geotrichum     | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| candidum* Link  |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| (S              |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| accharomycetes: |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Sac             |          |          |        |      |           |
| charomycetales) |          |          |        |      | Holmes    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | and       |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Clark,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Glomerella     | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| cingulata*      |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Stonem.)       |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
| Spauld. &       |          | stem     |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Schrenk         |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
| (Ascomycetes)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Hypocrea rufa* | HI, US   | wood     | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| (Pers.) Fr.     |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Lasiodiplodia  | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| theobromae*     |          | shoot,   |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          | flower,  |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | leaf,    |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Dothideales)    |          | root,    |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          | seed,    |        |      | 2005;     |
| Syn:            |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| *Botryodiplodia |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| theobromae*     |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Syn: *Diplodia  |          |          |        |      |           |
| natalensis*     |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Tele:           |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Physalospora   |          |          |        |      |           |
| rhodina*        |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Leveillula     | HI, US   | shoot,   | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| taurica* (Lév.) |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| G. Arnaud       |          | stem     |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Erysiphales)    |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Macrophomina   | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| phaseolina*     |          | root,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Tassi)         |          | seed,    |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Goidanich       |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
| (Ascomycetes)   |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Macrophomina   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| phaseoli*       |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Microdochium   | HI, US   | stem,    | No     | Yes  | Zitter    |
| tabacium*       |          | fruit,   |        |      | *et al*., |
| (J.F.H. Beyma)  |          | leaf     |        |      | 1996;     |
| Arx             |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Xylariales)     |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Monilia        | HI, US   | stem     | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| sitophila*      |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Mont.) Sacc.   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
| Helotiales)     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Monosporascus  | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | Ferreira  |
| cannonballus*   |          |          |        |      | and       |
| Pollack &       |          |          |        |      | Boley,    |
| Uecker          |          |          |        |      | 1992      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Sordariales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Myrothecium    | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| roridum* Tode   |          | petiole, |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          | fruit,   |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | stem     |        |      | SBML,     |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Penicillium    | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| digitatum*      |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Pers.: Fr.)    |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Sacc.           |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| Eurotiales)     |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Penicillium    | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| viridicatum*    |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| Westling        |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| Eurotiales)     |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Peronospora    | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| parasitica*     |          | flower,  |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Pers.) Fr.     |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          | seed     |        |      | CABI,     |
| Peronosporales) |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Phoma          | HI, US   | seedling | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| eupyrena* Sacc. |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Phytophthora   | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| capsici*        |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Leonian         |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Phytophthora   | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| citrophthora*   |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (R.E. Sm. &     |          | root,    |        |      | 2005;     |
| E.H. Sm.)       |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| Leonian         |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Phytophthora   | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| cryptogea*      |          | root,    |        |      | 2004;     |
| Pethybr. & Laff |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | fruit    |        |      | Zitter    |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Phytophthora   | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| drechsleri*     |          | fruit    |        |      | 2004;     |
| Tucker          |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
|                 |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Phytophthora   | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| nicotianae var. |          | shoot,   |        |      | SBML,     |
| parasitica*     |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2005;     |
| (Dastur) G.M.   |          | root,    |        |      |           |
| Waterhouse      |          | stem     |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      |           |
| Basionym:       |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Phytophthora   |          |          |        |      |           |
| parasitica*     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Plectosporium  | HI, US   | stem,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| tabacinum*      |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (J.F.H. Beyma)  |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
| M.E. Palm, W.   |          |          |        |      | Hansen,   |
| Gams &          |          |          |        |      | 2000      |
| Nirenberg       |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Phyllachorales) |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pleospora      | HI, US   | leaf     | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| herbarum*       |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Pers.:Fr.)      |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Rabenh.         |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2004      |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Podosphaera    | HI, US   | flower,  | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| fuliginea*      |          | leaf,    |        |      | 2004      |
| (Schltdl.) U.   |          | stem     |        |      |           |
| Braun & S.      |          |          |        |      |           |
| Takam.          |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Erysiphales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Ps             | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| eudoperonospora |          | flower,  |        | [^9] | 2004;     |
| cubensis*       |          | fruit    |        |      |           |
| (Berk. & M.A.   |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Curtis)         |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Rostovtzev      |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
| Peronosporales) |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| *P              |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| eronoplasmopara |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| cubensis*       |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Peronospora    |          |          |        |      |           |
| cubensis*       |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pyrenochaeta   | HI, US   | root     | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| terrestris*     |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Hansen)        |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Gorenz, Walker  |          |          |        |      |           |
| & Larson        |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
| Pleosporales)   |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn: *Phoma     |          |          |        |      |           |
| terrestris*     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | Zitter et |
| anandrum*       |          | fruit,   |        |      | al.,      |
| Drechsler       |          | seedling |        |      | 1996;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| aphanidermatum* |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Edson) Fitzp.  |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| Pythiales) Syn: |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| *Pythium        |          |          |        |      |           |
| butleri*        |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| debaryanum*     |          | leaf     |        |      | SBML,     |
| Hesse           |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| irregulare*     |          | stem,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Buisman         |          | leaf     |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | Zitter    |
| myriotylum*     |          | fruit    |        |      | *et al*., |
| Drechsler       |          |          |        |      | 1996;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | Zitter    |
| oligandrum*     |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| Drechsler       |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| periplocum*     |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Dastur          |          | root     |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| spinosum*       |          | leaf     |        |      | SBML,     |
| Sawada          |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Pythium        | HI, US   | root,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| ultimum* Trow   |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          | fruit    |        |      | 2005;     |
| (Oomycetes:     |          |          |        |      |           |
| Pythiales)      |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Rhizoctonia    | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| solani* Kuhn    |          | shoot,   |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          | flower,  |        |      | 2005;     |
| (               |          | leaf,    |        |      |           |
| Basidiomycetes: |          | root,    |        |      | Zitter    |
| Polyporales)    |          | seed,    |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Rhizopus       | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| stolonifer*     |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Ehrenb.:Fr.)   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Vuill.          |          |          |        |      | USDA ARS  |
|                 |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Zygomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
| Mucorales)      |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
| Syn: *Rhizopus  |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
| nigricans*      |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Rhizopus       | HI, US   | fruit    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| tritici* Saito  |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005      |
| (Zygomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Mucorales)      |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Sclerotinia    | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| sclerotiorum*   |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004;     |
| (Lib.) de Bary  |          | leaf,    |        |      | USDA ARS  |
|                 |          | root,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          | seed,    |        |      | 2005;     |
| Helotiales)     |          | stem     |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Sphaerotheca   | HI, US   | stem,    | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| fuliginea*      |          | leaf,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Schltdl.)      |          | petiole  |        |      | 2005;     |
| Pollacci        |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Erysiphales)    |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Trichoderma    | HI, US   | control  | No     | No   | USDA ARS  |
| viride*         |          | ag       |        |      | SBML,     |
| Pers.:fr.       |          | ent[^10] |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Trichothecium  | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| roseum*         |          | flower,  |        |      | SBML,     |
| (Pers.:Fr.)     |          | leaf     |        |      | 2005      |
| Link            |          | root     |        |      |           |
|                 |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes)   |          | seed     |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| Syn:            |          |          |        |      |           |
| *Cephalothecium |          |          |        |      |           |
| roseum*         |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Verticillium   | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | USDA ARS  |
| albo-atrum*     |          | root,    |        |      | SBML,     |
| Reinke &        |          | seed,    |        |      | 2005      |
| Berthier        |          | stem,    |        |      |           |
|                 |          | fruit    |        |      |           |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      |           |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| *Verticillium   | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | No   | CABI,     |
| dahliae* Kleb.  |          | stem,    |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          | root     |        |      | USDA ARS  |
| (Ascomycetes:   |          |          |        |      | SBML,     |
| Hypocreales)    |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| **Viruses**     |          |          |        |      |           |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| Cucumber mosaic | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| virus           |          | leaf     |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
| (Bromoviridae)  |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| Papaya ringspot | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | UCIPM,    |
| virus           |          | fruit    |        |      | 2002;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
| (Potyviridae)   |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| Squash mosaic   | HI, US   | leaf,    | No     | Yes  | Zitter    |
| virus           |          | fruit,   |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          | seed     |        |      | 1996;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | CABI,     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Brunt, et |
|                 |          |          |        |      | al.,      |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2005;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| Watermelon      | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| mosaic virus    |          | leaf     |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      | UCIPM,    |
| (Bunyaviridae)  |          |          |        |      | 2002;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+
| Zucchini yellow | HI, US   | fruit,   | No     | Yes  | CABI,     |
| mosaic virus    |          | flower,  |        |      | 2004;     |
|                 |          | leaf,    |        |      | UCIPM,    |
|                 |          | stem     |        |      | 2002;     |
|                 |          |          |        |      |           |
|                 |          |          |        |      | Zitter    |
|                 |          |          |        |      | *et al*., |
|                 |          |          |        |      | 1996      |
+-----------------+----------+----------+--------+------+-----------+

Quarantine pests that were expected to follow the pathway, *i.e.*, be
included in commercial shipments of *Cucumis melo* fruit, were analyzed
in detail (Step 5-7, USDA APHIS, 2000). Other plant pests not chosen for
further scrutiny may be potentially detrimental to the United States
agricultural production systems; however, there were a variety of
reasons for not subjecting them to further analysis. For example, these
pests were mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity;
they were associated with the commodity, but it was not considered
reasonable to expect these pests to remain with the commodity during
processing; or they were intercepted as biological contaminants of these
commodities during inspection by Plant Protection and Quarantine
Officers, but would not be expected to be present with every shipment.
In addition, the biological hazard of organisms identified only to the
generic level is not assessed due to the lack of adequate biological
taxonomic information. The lack of biological information on any given
insect or pathogen should not be equated with Low risk. By necessity,
pest assessments focus on those organisms for which biological
information is available. By developing detailed assessments for known
pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent species, *e.g.*, on
the surface of or within the bark/wood, on the foliage, *etc.*,
effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known
organism and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same niches.

The quarantine pests that are likely to follow the pathway of
importation on melon, *C. melo*, from Hawaii, that are further analyzed
in this risk assessment, are summarized in Table 4.

**Table 4. Quarantine Pests Likely to be Associated with Melon
Imported** from Hawaii

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Arthropoda:**

  *Bactrocera cucurbitae* Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae)

  *Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

  *Ceratitis capitata* Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)

  *Aleurodicus dispersus* Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**2.6 Consequences of Introduction**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020752
.anchor}

After identifying those quarantine pests that could reasonably be
expected to follow the pathway (Table 2), the assessment of risk
continues by considering the Consequences of Introduction (Table 3). For
each of these quarantine pests, the potential Consequences of
Introduction are rated using five Risk Elements; these elements reflect
the biology, host range and climatic/geographic distribution of the
pests. For each Risk Element, pests are assigned a rating of Low (1
point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). A Cumulative Risk Rating
is then calculated by summing all Risk Element values. The values
determined for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest are
summarized in Table 5.

**Risk Element #1: Climate -- Host Interaction**

When introduced to new areas, pests can be expected to behave as they do
in their native areas if host plants and climates are similar.
Ecological zonation and the interactions of pests with their biotic and
abiotic environments are considered in this element. Estimates are based
on the availability of host material and suitable climate conditions. To
rate this Risk Element, the U.S. "Plant Hardiness Zones," created by
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA ARS, 1990), is used (Figure 1). Due
to the availability of both suitable host plants and suitable climate,
the pest has the potential to establish a breeding colony:

Low (1): In a single plant hardiness zone.

Medium (2): In two or three plant hardiness zones.

High (3): In four or more plant hardiness zones.

**If none of the quarantine pests are capable of becoming established in
the PRA area because of the absence of suitable climates or hosts, the
PRA stops.**

**Risk Element #2: Host Range**

The risk posed by a plant pest depends on its ability to establish a
viable, reproductive population, and its potential for causing plant
damage. For arthropods, risk is assumed to be positively correlated with
host range. For pathogens, risk is more complex and is assumed to depend
on host range, aggressiveness, virulence and pathogenicity; for
simplicity, risk is rated as a function of host range.

Low (1): Pest attacks a single species or multiple species within a
single genus.

Medium (2): Pest attacks multiple species within a single plant family.

High (3): Pest attacks multiple species among multiple plant families.

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**

A pest may disperse after introduction to a new area. The following
items are considered: reproductive patterns of the pest (*e.g.*,
voltinism, biotic potential); inherent powers of movement; factors
facilitating dispersal, wind, water, presence of vectors, human, *etc.*

> Low (1): Pest has neither high reproductive potential nor rapid
> dispersal capability.
>
> Medium (2): Pest has either high reproductive potential OR the species
> is capable of rapid dispersal.
>
> High (3): Pest has high biotic potential, *e.g.*, many generations per
> year, many offspring per reproduction ("r-selected" species), AND
> evidence exists that the pest is capable of rapid dispersal, *e.g.*,
> over 10 km/year under its own power, via natural forces, wind, water,
> vectors, *etc.*, or human-assistance.

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**

Introduced pests are capable of causing a variety of direct and indirect
economic impacts. These impacts are divided into three primary
categories (other types of impacts may occur): lower yield of the host
crop, *e.g.*, by causing plant mortality, or by acting as a disease
vector; lower value of the commodity, *e.g.*, by increasing costs of
production, lowering market price, or a combination; loss of foreign or
domestic markets due to the presence of a new quarantine pest.

> Low (1): Pest causes any one or none of the above impacts.
>
> Medium (2): Pest causes any two of the above impacts.
>
> High (3): Pest causes all three of the above impacts.

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**

The potential of each pest to cause environmental damage (IPPC, 1996)
proceeds by considering the introduction of the pest as it is expected
to cause significant, direct environmental impacts, *e.g.*, ecological
disruptions, reduced biodiversity. Those damages are categorized into
four groups. (1) When used within the context of the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (7CFR §372), significance is qualitative
and encompasses the likelihood and severity of an environmental impact;
(2) a pest that is expected to have a direct impact on other existing
species is listed by federal agencies as endangered or threatened (50CFR
§17.11 and §17.12), by infesting/infecting a list plant. If the pest
attacks other species within the genus or other genera within the
family, and preference/no preference tests have not been conducted with
the listed plant and the pest, then the plant is assumed to be a host;
(3) the pest is expected to have an indirect impact on the species
listed by federal agencies as endangered or threatened by disrupting the
sensitive, critical habitats; (4) the introduction of such a pest would
stimulate chemical or biological control programs.

> Low (1): None of the above would occur. It is assumed that the
> introduction of a nonindigenous pest will have some environmental
> impact (by definition, introduction of a nonindigenous species affects
> biodiversity).
>
> Medium (2): One of the above would occur.
>
> High (3): Two or more of the above would occur.

+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Consequences of Introduction:** ***Bactrocera cucurbitae*  | *     |
| Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae)**                          | *Risk |
|                                                              | Va    |
|                                                              | lue** |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #1: Climate -- Host Interaction**             | M     |
|                                                              | edium |
| > *Bactrocera cucurbitae* is native to Asia and distributed  |       |
| > throughout much of subtropical and tropical Asia. It is    | \(2\) |
| > also reported as present in Eastern and Western Africa,    |       |
| > and the Pacific Islands (CABI, 2004). Its distribution     |       |
| > corresponds to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (USDA ARS,  |       |
| > 1990). One or more of its potential hosts occurs in these  |       |
| > Zones (USDA NRCS, 2005).                                   |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #2: Host Range**                              | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Bactrocera cucurbitae* is a serious pest of cucurbit      | \(3\) |
| > crops (CABI, 2004). Primary hosts are Cucurbitaceae        |       |
| > (*Cucumis melo*, *Cucurbita maxima*, *Cucurbita pepo*,     |       |
| > *Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguinea*) (CABI, 2004).    |       |
| > Other host species include Cucurbitaceae (*Cucumis         |       |
| > sativus*, *Benincasa hispida*, *Citrullus colocynthis*,    |       |
| > *Citrullus lanatus*, *Cucumis auguria*, *Cucurbita         |       |
| > moschata*, *Lagenaria siceraria*, *Luffa acutangula*,      |       |
| > *Luffa aegyptiaca*, *Momordica balsamina*, *Momordica      |       |
| > charantia*, *Sechium edule*, *Trichosanthes cucumerina*),  |       |
| > Moraceae (*Artocarpus heterophyllus*, *Ficus carica*),     |       |
| > Malvaceae (*Abelmoschus moschatus*), Caricaceae (*Carica   |       |
| > papaya*), Rutaceae (*Citrus maxima*, *Citrus sinensis*),   |       |
| > Rosaceae (*Cydonia oblonga*, *Prunus persica*), Solanaceae |       |
| > (*Cyphomandra betacea*, *Lycopersicon esculentum*),        |       |
| > Anacardiaceae (*Mangifera indica*), Sapotaceae (*Manilkara |       |
| > zapota*), Passifloraceae (*Passiflora* spp., *Passiflora   |       |
| > edulis*), Lauraceae (*Persea americanaunlikely*), Fabaceae |       |
| > (*Phaseolus vulgaris*, *Sesbania grandiflora*, *Vigna      |       |
| > unguiculata*), Myrtaceae (*Psidium guajava*, *Syzygium     |       |
| > samarangense*), and Rhamnaceae (*Ziziphus jujube*) (CABI,  |       |
| > 2004).                                                     |       |
| >                                                            |       |
| > Wild hosts of *B. cucurbitae* include wild species of      |       |
| > Cucurbitaceae and fruits of the following other families:  |       |
| > Cucurbitaceae: *Cucumis trigonus* (White and Elson-Harris, |       |
| > 1992), *Diplocyclos palmatus*, *Gymnopetalum               |       |
| > integrifolium*, *Melothria wallichii,* *Mukia              |       |
| > maderaspatana* (CABI, 2004), *Trichosanthes ovigera, T.    |       |
| > tricuspidata, T. wallichiana* and *T. wawraei* (Allwood    |       |
| > *et al*., 1999; CABI, 2004). Agavaceae: *Dracaena          |       |
| > curtissi* (Allwood *et al*., 1999); *Capparidaceae:        |       |
| > Capparis sepiaria, C. thorellii* and *Maerua siamensis*    |       |
| > (Allwood *et al*., 1999); Moraceae: *Ficus chartacea*      |       |
| > (Allwood *et al*., 1999); Rutaceae*: Citrus hystrix*       |       |
| > (Allwood *et al*., 1999); Solanaceae: *Solanum trilobatum* |       |
| > (Allwood *et al.*, 1999); and Vitaceae: *Tetrastigma       |       |
| > lanceolarium* (Allwood *et al*., 1999).                    |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**                     | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > Females lay up to 40 eggs below the fruit skin or in       | \(3\) |
| > vegetative parts of plants. Females may produce 800-1000   |       |
| > eggs over their life span (Capinera, 2001; CABI, 2004;     |       |
| > Weems, 1964). Reproduction is continuous, and adults occur |       |
| > throughout the year. Under warm conditions, the            |       |
| > development from egg to adult requires 12-28 days (Weems,  |       |
| > 1964). Eggs hatch within 1-2 days, and larval stages last  |       |
| > for 4-17 days, depending on the thickness of the fruit's   |       |
| > skin (CABI, 2004). Pupation takes place in the soil under  |       |
| > the host plant(s) for 7-13 days (CABI, 2004). Adults start |       |
| > mating after 10-12 days and may live 5-15 months (CABI,    |       |
| > 2004). The fruit fly may naturally disperse by flight.     |       |
| > Fletcher (1989) reports that many Bactrocera species can   |       |
| > fly 50-100 km. Additionally, *B. cucurbitae* can be        |       |
| > dispersed by infected plant materials, such as fruits and  |       |
| > flowers (CABI, 2004). In commodities originating from      |       |
| > Hawaii alone, it has been intercepted at ports-of-entry    |       |
| > over 150 times (USDA APHIS PPQ, 2005).                     |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**                         | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Bactrocera cucurbitae* has been considered the most       | \(3\) |
| > destructive pest of cucurbits in the Indo-Malayan region   |       |
| > (Weems 1964; USDA 1983), reducing the production of        |       |
| > melons, cucumbers, tomatoes, and similar vegetables in     |       |
| > Hawaii (Weems 1964; USDA 1983). Around 1915, *B.           |       |
| > cucurbitae* caused a loss of nearly \$1 million in Hawaii  |       |
| > (in terms of destroyed crops). For example, more than 95%  |       |
| > of the pumpkin crop was destroyed. Damage levels have been |       |
| > reported to be anything up to 100% of unprotected fruit    |       |
| > (CABI, 2002).                                              |       |
| >                                                            |       |
| > If *B. cucurbitae* were introduced into the continental    |       |
| > United States, an eradication program would be implemented |       |
| > to eliminate the pest before widespread damage. Similar    |       |
| > eradication programs for other Tephritidae fruit flies     |       |
| > (*i.e., B. dorsalis* and *Ceratitis capitata)* have cost   |       |
| > an average of \$10 million per introduction.               |       |
| >                                                            |       |
| > EPPO (2004c) records this as an A1 pest; thus, should this |       |
| > species become established in the United States, there     |       |
| > would likely be a loss of export markets. Losses in export |       |
| > revenue of fruit fly susceptible hosts could amount to     |       |
| > over \$300 million annually (Vo & Miller, 1989).           |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**                    | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Bactrocera cucurbitae* has a high potential to damage     | \(3\) |
| > threatened and endangered species that are listed in Title |       |
| > 50, Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of       |       |
| > Federal Regulations (50 CFR §17.12). Threatened and        |       |
| > endangered species, such as *Cucurbita okeechobeensis*     |       |
| > spp. *okeechobeensis* (endangered species in FL), *Prunus  |       |
| > geniculata* (endangered species in FL), and *Ziziphus      |       |
| > celaata* (endangered species in FL), are likely to be      |       |
| > damaged by *B. cucurbitae* (USFWS, 2002). Since this fruit |       |
| > fly represents an important economic threat, the           |       |
| > establishment and introduction of *B. cucurbitae* in the   |       |
| > continental United States would trigger the initiation of  |       |
| > eradication programs using biological and chemical         |       |
| > methods.                                                   |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+

**Cumulative Risk Rating: 14/15**

+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Consequences of Introduction:** ***Bactrocera dorsalis*    | *     |
| (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)**                            | *Risk |
|                                                              | Va    |
|                                                              | lue** |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #1: Climate -- Host Interaction**             | M     |
|                                                              | edium |
| > Oriental fruit fly, *B. dorsalis,* exists in the tropical  |       |
| > and subtropical regions of Asia, Guam, and Hawaii (CABI,   | \(2\) |
| > 2004). Its distribution corresponds to U.S. Plant          |       |
| > Hardiness Zones 9-11 (USDA ARS, 1990).                     |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #2: Host Range**                              | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Bactrocera dorsalis* is a serious pest to a wide range of | \(3\) |
| > plant species (CABI, 2004). Its host species include       |       |
| > Cucurbitaceae (*Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Momordica        |       |
| > charantia*), Moraceae (*Artocarpus altilis*, *A.           |       |
| > heterophyllus, Ficus racemosa*), Rutaceae (*Aegle          |       |
| > marmelos, Citrus aurantiifolia, C. maxima*, *C.            |       |
| > reticulata*), Anacardiaceae (*Anacardium occidentale,      |       |
| > Mangifera foetida, Spondias purpurea, Mangifera indica*),  |       |
| > Arecaceae (*Areca catechu*), Rubiaceae (*Coffea Arabica*), |       |
| > Sapotaceae (*Chrysophyllum cainito, Mimusops elengi,       |       |
| > Manilkara zapota*), Sapindaceae (*Dimocarpus longan*,      |       |
| > *Nephelium lappaceum, Litchi chinensis*), Ebenaceae        |       |
| > (*Diospyros kaki*), Flacourtiaceae (*Flacourtia indica*),  |       |
| > Rosaceae (*Prunus avium*, *P. cerasus*, *P. mume, P.       |       |
| > persica, P. armeniaca*, *P. domestica*, *Malus pumila,     |       |
| > Pyrus communis*), Punicaceae (*Punica granatum*),          |       |
| > Myrtaceae (*Psidium guajava, Syzygium aromaticum*, *S.     |       |
| > cumini, S. aqueum*, *S. jambos*, *S. malaccense*, *S.      |       |
| > samarangense*), Rhamnaceae (*Ziziphus jujuba*, *Z.         |       |
| > mauritiana*), Annonaceae (*Annona reticulata*, *A.         |       |
| > squamosa*), Oxalidaceae (*Averrhoa carambola*), Caricaceae |       |
| > (*Carica papaya*), Solanaceae (*Capsicum annuum*),         |       |
| > Malpighiaceae (*Malpighia glabra*), Musaceae (*Musa*       |       |
| > spp.), Tiliaceae (*Muntingia calabura*), Lauraceae         |       |
| > (*Persea americana*), and Combretaceae (*Terminalia        |       |
| > catappa*) (CABI, 2004).                                    |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**                     | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > The life-cycle of *B. dorsalis* varies with seasons and    | \(3\) |
| > locations (CABI, 2004); however, it completes one          |       |
| > generation in about 30 days (Capinera, 2001). In Hawaii,   |       |
| > the average life-cycle takes about 16 days (Mau & Martin,  |       |
| > 1992). Females deposit eggs under the skin of fruit in     |       |
| > clusters of 10-50 eggs; the total fecundity per female is  |       |
| > approximately 1200-1500 eggs, but may be greater than 3000 |       |
| > eggs under optimum conditions (Mau & Martin, 1992). Eggs   |       |
| > hatch within a day (CABI, 2004; Mau & Martin, 1992), and   |       |
| > the larva stage typically lasts 11-15 days in Hawaii (Mau  |       |
| > & Martin, 1992). Pupation is in the soil occurs between    |       |
| > 10-12 days (CABI, 2004; Mau & Martin, 1992).               |       |
| >                                                            |       |
| > The major means of dispersal is through the transportation |       |
| > of infested fruits (CABI, 2004); the oriental fruit fly    |       |
| > can fly distances of up to 65 km (Fletcher, 1989).         |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**                         | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Bactrocera dorsalis* is a serious pest of a wide range of | \(3\) |
| > fruits and vegetables. This pest can damage up to 100% of  |       |
| > fruits and vegetables if the plants are not protected      |       |
| > (CABI, 2004). Economic losses resulting from the attack by |       |
| > this pest are of three kinds (Harris, 1989): 1)            |       |
| > downgrading of quality caused by oviposition "stings,"     |       |
| > which spoil the appearance of fruits, including those      |       |
| > unfavorable for larval survival; 2) fruit spoilage caused  |       |
| > by larval tunneling and the entry of organisms of decay;   |       |
| > and 3) indirect damage in the form of lost markets         |       |
| > resulting from the imposition of quarantine restrictions.  |       |
| > In Hawaii, papaya is the primary host for oriental fruit   |       |
| > fly (Mau & Martin, 1992). In 2003, papaya production in    |       |
| > Hawaii was more than \$13 million (USDA NASS, 2004a).      |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**                    | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > Because of a wide host range, *B. dorsalis* has a high     | \(3\) |
| > potential to harm threatened or/and endangered species. In |       |
| > particular, the endangered species, Scrub plum (*Prunus    |       |
| > geniculata*) and Florida ziziphus (*Ziziphus celata*), can |       |
| > both be attacked by *B. dorsalis* (USFWS, 2002). Because   |       |
| > the oriental fruit fly is a major pest of numerous crops   |       |
| > of economic significance in the United States, the         |       |
| > introduction and establishment of this pest could          |       |
| > stimulate the initiation of chemical or biological control |       |
| > programs.                                                  |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+

**Cumulative Risk Rating: 14/15**

+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Consequences of Introduction:** ***Ceratitis capitata*     | *     |
| Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)**                           | *Risk |
|                                                              | Va    |
|                                                              | lue** |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #1: Climate -- Host Interaction**             | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Ceratitis capitata* is found in Africa, southern Europe,  | \(3\) |
| > west Asia, South and Central America, and northern         |       |
| > Australia (CABI, 2004). Its distribution corresponds to    |       |
| > USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11, which exist in CA, TX,    |       |
| > FL, and HI (USDA ARS, 1990).                               |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #2: Host Range**                              | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > This pest attacks over 400 different species (Capinera,    | \(3\) |
| > 2001), including Rubiaceae (*Coffee* spp.), Solanaceae     |       |
| > (*Capsicum annuum*), Rutaceae (*Citrus* spp.), Rosaceae    |       |
| > (*Malus pumila*, *Prunus* spp.), Moraceae (*Ficus          |       |
| > carica*), Myrtaceae (*Psidium guajava*), Sterculiaceae     |       |
| > (*Theobroma cacao*), Arecaceae (*Phoenix dactylifera*),    |       |
| > and Anacardiaceae (*Mangifera indica*) (CABI, 2004).       |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**                     | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > Eggs are deposited on fruits in clusters of 3-9 eggs, with | \(3\) |
| > an average of 300 eggs laid per female (Capinera, 2001).   |       |
| > Under ideal conditions, a generation is completed in 18    |       |
| > days, but 30-40 days is more common. Up to 15 generations  |       |
| > can be observed per year (Bedford *et al*., 1998). In the  |       |
| > adult stage, *C. capitata* is highly mobile and can fly at |       |
| > least 20 km (CABI, 2004). The transportation of infested   |       |
| > fruits is a major means of movement and dispersal to       |       |
| > previously un-infested areas (CABI, 2004).                 |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**                         | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > This species is a serious pest of *Prunus* and *Citrus*.   | \(3\) |
| > In 2002, CA, TX, and FL produced over \$2.3 billion worth  |       |
| > of *Citrus* and \$333 million worth of *Prunus* (USDA      |       |
| > NASS, 2004b; USDA NASS, 2004a). In Mediterranean           |       |
| > countries, it is particularly damaging to citrus and peach |       |
| > crops (CABI, 2004). *Ceratitis capitata* is one of the     |       |
| > most significant quarantine pests for any tropical or warm |       |
| > temperate zones in which it is not yet established (CABI,  |       |
| > 2004). Bedford *et al.* (1998) stated that susceptible     |       |
| > deciduous fruits crops can suffer losses up to 80% when    |       |
| > control measures are not applied.                          |       |
| >                                                            |       |
| > *Ceratitis capitata* may also transmit fruit-rotting fungi |       |
| > (CABI, 2004). This species is of quarantine significance   |       |
| > throughout the world, particularly for Japan and the       |       |
| > United States. Its presence, even as temporary adventive   |       |
| > populations, can lead to severe additional constraints for |       |
| > the export of fruits to uninfested areas worldwide; as a   |       |
| > result, *C. capitata* is one of the most significant       |       |
| > quarantine pests for any tropical or warm temperate        |       |
| > regions in which it is not yet established (CABI, 2004).   |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**                    | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > The introduction and establishment of *C. capitata* would  | \(3\) |
| > stimulate chemical or biological control programs.         |       |
| > *Ceratitis capitata* has the potential to damage           |       |
| > endangered and threatened species, such as *Prunus         |       |
| > genuclata* (FL), *Argemone pleiacantha* (NM), *Asimina     |       |
| > tetramera* (FL), *Berberis nevivii* (CA), *B. pinnata*     |       |
| > (CA), *B. sonnei* (CA), *Cucurbita okeechobeensis* (FL),   |       |
| > *Echinocereus chisoensis* (TX), *E. reichenbachii* (TX),   |       |
| > *E iridiflorus* (TX), *E. fendleri* (NM), *E.              |       |
| > triglochidiatus* (AZ), *E. telephioides* (FL), *Opuntia    |       |
| > treleasei* (CA), *Solanum drymophilum* (PR), *Ribes        |       |
| > echinellum* (FL, SC), and *Ziziphus celata* (FL) (USFWS,   |       |
| > 2002).                                                     |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+

**Cumulative Risk Rating: 15/15**

FL -- Florida; NM -- New Mexico; CA -- California; TX -- Texas; AZ --
Arizona; SC -- South Carolina

+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Consequences of Introduction:** ***Aleurodicus dispersus*  | *     |
| Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)**                           | *Risk |
|                                                              | Va    |
|                                                              | lue** |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #1: Climate -- Host Interaction**             | M     |
|                                                              | edium |
| > Spiraling whitefly, *A. dispersus* is native to the        |       |
| > tropical Americas, occurring in Central and South America, | \(2\) |
| > the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and Oceania (Akinlosotu *et   |       |
| > al*., 1993). Its distribution corresponds to U.S.          |       |
| > Hardiness Zones 9-11 (USDA ARS, 1990).                     |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #2: Host Range**                              | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Aleurodicus dispersus* is a highly polyphagous species.   | \(3\) |
| > It has been recorded on 38 genera of plants belonging to   |       |
| > 27 plant families and more than 100 species (Akinlosotu    |       |
| > *et al*., 1993; Martin Kessing & Mau, 1993). Primary host  |       |
| > species include Arecaceae (*Cocos nucifera*), Rutaceae     |       |
| > (*Citrus* spp.), Papilionoideae (*Glycine max*),           |       |
| > Euphorbiaceae (*Manihot esculenta*), Musaceae (*Musa x     |       |
| > paradisiacal*), Lauraceae (*Persea Americana*), Rosaceae   |       |
| > (*Prunus* spp.), and Myrtaceae (*Psidium guajava*) (CABI,  |       |
| > 2004). Other host species include Moraceae (*Artocarpus*   |       |
| > spp., *Ficus* spp., *Morus* spp.), Fabaceae (*Acacia*      |       |
| > spp., *Arachis hypogaea*, *Pongamia pinnata*, *Bauhinia*   |       |
| > spp., *Cassia* spp., *Phaseolus* spp., *Vigna* spp.),      |       |
| > Nyctaginaceae (*Bougainvillea* spp.), Asteraceae           |       |
| > (*Chrysanthemum* spp., *Dahlia pinnata*, *Lactuca          |       |
| > sativa*), Lauraceae (*Cinnamomum camphora*), Cucurbitaceae |       |
| > (*Cucumis melo*, *Cucumis* spp., *Luffa aegyptiaca*),      |       |
| > Lamiaceae (*Coleus* spp., *Salvia* spp.), Euphorbiaceae    |       |
| > (*Euphorbia pulcherrima*, *Euphorbia* spp., *Acalypha*     |       |
| > spp., *Ricinus communis*), Myrtaceae (*Eugenia* spp.),     |       |
| > Araliaceae (*Hedera* spp.), Oleaceae (*Jasminum* spp.,     |       |
| > *Osmanthus fragrans*), Convolvulaceae (*Ipomoea batatas*,  |       |
| > *Ipomoea* spp.), Araceae (*Monstera deliciosa*, *Colocasia |       |
| > esculenta*), Ericaceae (*Rhododendron* spp.), Brassicaceae |       |
| > (*Rorippa indica*), Anacardiaceae (*Schinus                |       |
| > terebinthifolius*, *Mangifera indica*), Solanaceae         |       |
| > (*Solanum melongena*, *Solanum* spp., *Cestrum* spp.,      |       |
| > *Capsicum* spp., *Lycopersicon esculentum*, *Physalis*     |       |
| > spp.), Poaceae (*Sorghum bicolor*), Strelitziaceae         |       |
| > (*Strelitzia* spp.), Zingiberaceae (*Zingiber zerumbet*),  |       |
| > Agavaceae (*Agave americana*), Amaranthaceae (*Amaranthus* |       |
| > spp.), Annonaceae (*Annona squamosa*), Arecaceae (*Areca   |       |
| > catechu*, *Chrysalidocarpus lutescens*), Begoniaceae       |       |
| > (*Begonia* spp.), Ulmaceae (*Celtis* spp.), Caricaceae     |       |
| > (*Carica papaya*), Cannaceae (*Cannas* pp.), Rubiaceae     |       |
| > (*Coffea* spp.), Malvaceae (*Hibiscus* spp.), Proteaceae   |       |
| > (*Macadamia* spp.), Sapotaceae (*Manilkara zapota*),       |       |
| > Musaceae (*Musa* spp.), Apocynaceae (*Plumeria* spp.),     |       |
| > Rosaceae (*Rosa* spp., *Rubus* spp.), and Combretaceae     |       |
| > (*Terminalia catappa*) (CABI, 2004; Martin Kessing & Mau,  |       |
| > 1993; EPPO, 2004a). In Florida, *A. dispersus* has been    |       |
| > reported on avocados, citrus, guavas and palms (CABI,      |       |
| > 2004).                                                     |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**                     | M     |
|                                                              | edium |
| > Females begin laying eggs within a day of emergence and    |       |
| > continue to lay eggs throughout their lives (Martin        | \(2\) |
| > Kessing & Mau, 1993). Females lay about 14-26 eggs in a    |       |
| > loose spiral on the underside of leaves (CABI, 2004). Eggs |       |
| > hatch in 7-11 days (Martin Kessing & Mau, 1993; CABI,      |       |
| > 2004). There are four larval stages (Martin Kessing & Mau, |       |
| > 1993): the first instar lasts for 6-7 days; the second     |       |
| > instar 4-5; the third instar for 5-13 days; and the fourth |       |
| > (pupae) 5-16 days (CABI, 2004; Martin Kessing & Mau,       |       |
| > 1993). Adults live for about two weeks (CABI, 2004).       |       |
| >                                                            |       |
| > The first instar is the only immature stage capable of     |       |
| > active movement (Martin Kessing & Mau, 1993). Adults       |       |
| > disperse by flying and are most active in the morning      |       |
| > (Martin Kessing & Mau, 1993). Long distance dissemination  |       |
| > is via infested plants and fruits (EPPO, 2004).            |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**                         | M     |
|                                                              | edium |
| > *Aleurodicus dispersus* is polyphagous and a serious pest  |       |
| > of tropical and subtropical crops (EPPO, 2004a).           | \(2\) |
| > *Aleurodicus dispersus* causes at least three kinds of     |       |
| > economic damage: (1) direct feeding damages on leaves, (2) |       |
| > indirect damages to excreted honeydew that encourages the  |       |
| > development of sooty moulds, and (3) a vector of plant     |       |
| > diseases (CABI, 2004; Martin Kessing & Mau, 1993).         |       |
| > Whiteflies cause over 40 plant diseases of vegetables and  |       |
| > crops worldwide (Martin Kessing & Mau, 1993). *Aleurodicus |       |
| > dispersus* is a vector of the lethal yellowing virus of    |       |
| > coconut palms in Florida (Akinlosotu, et al., 1993).       |       |
| > *Aleurodicus dispersus* damages on crops can vary from     |       |
| > 20-100%, depending on the crop, season, and prevalence     |       |
| > (Martin Kessing & Mau, 1993). In Florida, *A. dispersus*   |       |
| > has been reported on avocados, citrus, guavas and palms    |       |
| > (CABI, 2004).                                              |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**                    | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Aleurodicus dispersus* could damage threatened and        | \(3\) |
| > endangered species, such as the endangered *Manihot        |       |
| > walkerae* (TX), *Prunus geniculata* (FL), *Eugenia         |       |
| > haematocarpa* (PR), *E. woodburyana* (PR), *Rhododendron   |       |
| > chapmanii* (FL), *Rorippa gambellii* (CA), *Solanum        |       |
| > drymophilum* (PR), and *Agave arizonica* (AZ), and the     |       |
| > threatened *Euphorbia telephioides* (FL) and *Amaranthus   |       |
| > pumilus* (DE, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, RI, SC, VA) (USFWS,      |       |
| > 2002).                                                     |       |
| >                                                            |       |
| > The introduction and establishment of *A. dispersus* in    |       |
| > the continental U.S. could stimulate chemical or           |       |
| > biological control programs. Successful biological control |       |
| > has been established in Hawaii (CABI, 2004; Martin Kessing |       |
| > & Mau, 1993).                                              |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+

**Cumulative Risk Rating: 12/15**

TX -- Texas; FL -- Florida; PR -- Puerto Rico; CA -- California; AZ --
Arizona; DE -- Delaware; MA -- Massachusetts; MD -- Maryland; NC --
North Carolina; NJ -- New Jersey; NY -- New York; RI -- Rhode Island; SC
-- South Carolina; VA -- Virginia

For each pest, the sum of the five Risk Elements gives a Cumulative Risk
Rating. This Cumulative Risk Rating is considered to be a biological
indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause
economic and environmental impacts. For the summary of risk ratings for
the Consequences of Introduction, see Table 5.

Low: 5-8 points

Medium: 9-12 points

High: 13-15 points

**Table 5. Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction (*Cucumis
melo***) from Hawaii

+----------+----------+-----+--------+--------+---------+-----------+
| **Pest** | **Risk   |     |        |        |         | **C       |
|          | El       |     |        |        |         | umulative |
|          | ements** |     |        |        |         | Risk      |
|          |          |     |        |        |         | Rating**  |
+----------+----------+-----+--------+--------+---------+-----------+
|          | **Clim   | **H | **Dis  | **Ec   | **      |           |
|          | ate-Host | ost | persal | onomic | Environ |           |
|          | Inter    | R   | Poten  | Im     | -mental |           |
|          | action** | ang | tial** | pact** | I       |           |
|          |          | e** |        |        | mpact** |           |
+----------+----------+-----+--------+--------+---------+-----------+
| *Ba      | Medium   | H   | High   | High   | High    | **High**  |
| ctrocera |          | igh |        |        |         |           |
| cuc      | \(2\)    |     | \(3\)  | \(3\)  | \(3\)   | **(14)**  |
| urbitae* |          | \(  |        |        |         |           |
|          |          | 3\) |        |        |         |           |
+----------+----------+-----+--------+--------+---------+-----------+
| *Ba      | Medium   | H   | High   | High   | High    | **High**  |
| ctrocera |          | igh |        |        |         |           |
| d        | \(2\)    |     | \(3\)  | \(3\)  | \(3\)   | **(14)**  |
| orsalis* |          | \(  |        |        |         |           |
|          |          | 3\) |        |        |         |           |
+----------+----------+-----+--------+--------+---------+-----------+
| *C       | High     | H   | High   | High   | High    | **High**  |
| eratitis |          | igh |        |        |         |           |
| c        | \(3\)    |     | \(3\)  | \(3\)  | \(3\)   | **(15)**  |
| apitata* |          | \(  |        |        |         |           |
|          |          | 3\) |        |        |         |           |
+----------+----------+-----+--------+--------+---------+-----------+
| *Ale     | Medium   | H   | Medium | Medium | High    | **High**  |
| urodicus |          | igh |        |        |         |           |
| di       | \(2\)    |     | \(2\)  | \(2\)  | \(3\)   | **(12)**  |
| spersus* |          | \(  |        |        |         |           |
|          |          | 3\) |        |        |         |           |
+----------+----------+-----+--------+--------+---------+-----------+

**2.7. Introduction Potential**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020753 .anchor}

Each pest is rated with respect to its Likelihood of Introduction, which
is based on two separate components. First, an estimate is made
concerning the quality of the commodity likely to be imported (Risk
Element #6). Second, pest opportunity (Risk Element #7) is estimated
using five biological features. Details of these two Risk Elements and
their rating criteria are provided in USDA APHIS (2000); the ratings and
cumulative score for Risk Element #6 and #7, *i.e.*, the "Likelihood of
Introduction Risk Rating," are shown in Table 5.

**Risk Element #6: Pest Opportunity (Survival and Access to Suitable
Habitats and Hosts)**

For each pest, consider six sub-elements:

**1. Quantity of commodity imported annually:**

The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the
amount of potentially-infested commodity imported. For qualitative pest
risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is rated by the
annual number of standard 40-foot long shipping containers:

Low (1 point): \< 10 containers/year

Medium (2 points): 10 -- 100 containers/year

High (3 points): \> 100 containers/year

If the quantity of a commodity imported is provided in terms of
kilograms, pounds, or number of items, *etc*., we can convert the units
into 40-foot shipping containers. Sea shipping containers that are
40-feet long hold approximately 40,000 pounds (20 U.S. tons), which is
used to estimate the shipment volume (USDA FAS, 2003).

The amount of melon produced in Hawaii was unavailable. USDA NASS
(2004c) reported that the annual production of melon and several other
vegetables in Hawaii for 2003 was 16.3 million pounds. Sea shipping
containers, which are 40-feet in length, and hold approximately 40,000
pounds (20 U.S. tons), are used for estimating various commodity
shipments (USDA FAS, 2003); therefore, the anticipated volume of melon
to be exported from Hawaii to the continental United States could be
more than 100 containers per year (High).

**2. Survive post-harvest treatment:**

For this sub-element, post-harvest treatment refers to any manipulation,
handling, or specific phytosanitary treatment to which the commodity is
subjected. Examples of post-harvest treatments include culling, washing,
chemical treatment, and cold storage. If no post-harvest treatments
exist, the estimate of the likelihood for this sub-element is High.

Fruit flies (*Bactrocera cucurbitae*, *B. dorsalis*, *Ceratitis
capitata*) have a High potential to survive post-harvest treatments, as
they are internal feeders and are not likely affected, especially if the
infestation of the fruit is not obvious.

Whitefly (*A. dispersus*) is an external feeder that can be controlled
by post-harvest treatments; however, anticipated treatments for Hawaiian
melon are unknown. Melons are hand picked and hand packed, and fruits
with *A. dispersus* infestation can be easily culled at the field or
packing house. Therefore, it is rated as Medium (2).

**3. Survive Shipment**

The means of transportation for melon from Hawaii are unknown.
Typically, melons are stored at 0-5 ºC with a relative humidity of
90-95% during shipment (Zitter *et al*., 1996). All commercially
important cucurbits are subject to chilling injury; this is
time-temperature dependent, which means injuries are more severe at
lower temperatures or longer periods (Zitter *et al*., 1996). Most
insect pests can be effectively controlled at 0 ºC. Cold treatment at 0
ºC or below is used to mitigate fruit fries for several commodities
(PPECB, 2002). Regulatory cold treatments are commodity specific (USDA
APHIS, 1999).

All pests in Table 4 may survive standard shipping conditions. All
species have been intercepted at ports-of-entry by PPQ officers (USDA
APHIS PPQ, 2005) (Appendix A). All species have a High rating.

**4. Not detected at the port-of-entry:**

Unless specific protocols with special commodity inspections are in
place, the standard inspection protocols for similar commodities are
assumed. If no inspection is planned, this sub-element is estimated to
be High.

Fruit flies, *Bactrocera cucurbitae*, *B. dorsalis*, and *Ceratitis
capitata* were rated High as to their potential to escape detection at
the port-of-entry. These feeders are not detected unless fruits are
destructively sampled. White and Elson-Harris (1992) stated that fruit
flies have a high probability of escaping detection at ports-of-entry,
and infested fruit could go unrecognized.

*Aleurodicus dispersus* is rated Medium because it is an external feeder
that is very small (adult size is about 2 mm). The eggs found on leaves
and fruits are difficult to detect since they are only 0.3 mm wide
(CABI, 2004).

**5. Imported or subsequently moved to an area with an environment
suitable for survival:**

Fruit flies (*Bactrocera cucurbitae*, *B. dorsalis*, and *Ceratitis
capitata*), and whitefly (*Aleurodicus dispersus*) have Medium
potentials to move to environmentally suitable locations because they
are limited to tropical and subtropical regions. In the continental
U.S., tropical and subtropical climate zones only occur in the South and
on the West Coast, which is only about 10-12 % of the total area of the
continental United States.

**6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction:**

Fruit flies, *Bactrocera cucurbitae*, *B. dorsalis*, and *Ceratitis
capitata*, have a High potential to come into contact with suitable host
material. These fruit flies have a wide range of tropical and temperate
host species. *Bactrocera dorsalis* and *Ceratitis capitata* already
have established populations in the continental United States. Although
these species have been officially eradicated, they are highly likely to
come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction.

Whitefly (*Aleurodicus dispersus*) is rated as Medium (2). It is highly
polyphagous species, and natural dispersal can be ensured by flying
adults (EPPO, 2004a). However, it is a pest of tropical and subtropical
crops (EPPO, 2006). Tropical and subtropical areas are limited in the
continental United States.

The summary of the ratings for the Likelihood of Introduction is
depicted in Table 6.

Low: 6 -- 9 points

Medium: 10 -- 14 points

High: 15 -- 18 points

**Table 6. Risk Ratings** for Likelihood of Introduction

+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+---------+
| *       | **Qua | **S    | **Su  | **Not | **   | **Co  | **Cum   |
| *Pest** | ntity | urvive | rvive | Det   | Move | ntact | ulative |
|         | Imp   | Post-  | Shipm | ected | to   | with  | Risk    |
|         | orted | h      | ent** | at    | Suit | Host  | R       |
|         | Annua | arvest |       | Port- | able | Mater | ating** |
|         | lly** | Treat  |       | of-En | H    | ial** |         |
|         |       | ment** |       | try** | abit |       |         |
|         |       |        |       |       | at** |       |         |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+---------+
| *Bac    | High  | High   | High  | High  | Me   | High  | *       |
| trocera |       |        |       |       | dium |       | *High** |
| cucu    | \(3\) | \(3\)  | \(3\) | \(3\) |      | \(3\) |         |
| rbitae* |       |        |       |       | \    |       | *       |
|         |       |        |       |       | (2\) |       | *(17)** |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+---------+
| *Bac    | High  | High   | High  | High  | Me   | High  | *       |
| trocera |       |        |       |       | dium |       | *High** |
| do      | \(3\) | \(3\)  | \(3\) | \(3\) |      | \(3\) |         |
| rsalis* |       |        |       |       | \    |       | *       |
|         |       |        |       |       | (2\) |       | *(17)** |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+---------+
| *Ce     | High  | High   | High  | High  | Me   | High  | *       |
| ratitis |       |        |       |       | dium |       | *High** |
| ca      | \(3\) | \(3\)  | \(3\) | \(3\) |      | \(3\) |         |
| pitata* |       |        |       |       | \    |       | *       |
|         |       |        |       |       | (2\) |       | *(17)** |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+---------+
| *Aleu   | High  | Medium | High  | M     | Me   | M     | *       |
| rodicus |       |        |       | edium | dium | edium | *High** |
| dis     | \(3\) | \(2\)  | \(3\) |       |      |       |         |
| persus* |       |        |       | \(2\) | \    | \(2\) | *       |
|         |       |        |       |       | (2\) |       | *(14)** |
+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+---------+

**2.8. Conclusion**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020754 .anchor} **-- Pest
Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phytosanitary Measures**

To estimate the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, the Cumulative Risk
Rating for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of
Introduction are summed in Table 7.

Low: 11 -- 18 points

Medium: 19 -- 26 points

High: 27 -- 33 points

Table 7. Pest Risk Potential

+-----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+----------+
| **Pest**        | **           | **Likelihood | **Pest    | **Risk   |
|                 | Consequences | of           | Risk      | Rating** |
|                 | of           | In           | Po        |          |
|                 | In           | troduction** | tential** |          |
|                 | troduction** |              |           |          |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+----------+
| *Bactrocera     | High         | High         | 31        | High     |
| cucurbitae*     |              |              |           |          |
|                 | \(14\)       | \(17\)       |           |          |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+----------+
| *Bactrocera     | High         | High         | 31        | High     |
| dorsalis*       |              |              |           |          |
|                 | \(14\)       | \(17\)       |           |          |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+----------+
| *Ceratitis      | High         | High         | 32        | High     |
| capitata*       |              |              |           |          |
|                 | \(15\)       | \(17\)       |           |          |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+----------+
| *Aleurodicus    | High         | High         | 26        | Medium   |
| dispersus*      |              |              |           |          |
|                 | \(12\)       | \(14\)       |           |          |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+----------+

Following the assignment of the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, the
risk assessor may briefly comment on risk management options associated
with the requested commodity importations. The following guidelines are
offered as an interpretation of the Low, Medium, and High Pest Risk
Potential Ratings:

Low: Pest will typically not require specific mitigation measures; the
port-of-entry inspection to which all imported commodities are subjected
can be expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary security.

Medium: Specific phytosanitary measure may be necessary.

High: Specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended.
Port-of-entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide
phytosanitary security.

Identification and selection of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary
measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential
ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management phase and is not
discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management strategy for
a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. APHIS risk
management programs are risk based and dependent on the availability of
appropriate mitigation methods. Details of APHIS risk management program
are published, primarily, in the Federal Register as quarantine notices.

**III. Author & Reviewers**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc147020755 .anchor}

Author: Yu Takeuchi -- Plant Physiologist

Reviewers: Barney P. Caton -- Ecologist

Feridoon Mehdizadegan -- Plant Pathologist

Nicanor Liquido -- Entomologist

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[^1]: HI = Hawaii, US = United States (specific states were listed only
    if the distribution was limited: CA = California; FL = Florida; TX =
    Texas)

[^2]: Large, mobile arthropods that typically feed externally (and only
    occasionally) on fruits were considered not likely to follow the
    pathway because minimal processing of the commodity would remove
    these pests prior to shipment.

[^3]: *Chrysodeixis eriosoma* is unlikely to follow the pathway with
    melon fruits. Larvae are leaf feeders and may feed on young fruits.
    It is unlikely to be associated with mature fruits. *C. eriosoma* is
    a looper and a external mobile feeder; it is unlikly to remain on
    the melon fruits during the harvesting, sorting, and packing.

[^4]: Adult of *Eudocima fullonia* is a fruit-sucking, external-feedng
    insect. No record shows that larva of *E. fullonia* attacks melon;
    therefore, it is unlikely to follow the pathway.

[^5]: Infestation by *Thrips palmi* occurs in young fruit and results in
    deformities and and consequent abortion. *Thrips palmi* is not
    likely to be associated with commercial grade commodity.

[^6]: Due to size of this snail, it is unlikely to remain on the fruits
    during harvesting, sorting, and packing and to follow the pathway
    with melon fruits.

[^7]: *Rhizobium rhizogenes* is not transferred with fruit and is mainly
    carried by growing medium, seedlings, roots, and stem (CABI, 2004).

[^8]: Fruit size and quality are affected; no infection on fruit occurs.

[^9]: Flower and fruits are rarely affected.

[^10]: *Trichoderma viride* is used as a biological control agent (CABI,
    2004; Georgakopoulos *et al*., 2002; Koch, 1999).