Proposal submitted to

Innovative Partnerships Program Office, NASA Ames

In response to Partnership Seed Fund Call for Proposals\--2006

**Partnership for Airborne Sun-Sky Spectrometry**

**Partnership Manager:** \[To be named by Ames IPP Office\]

**NASA Co-Principal Investigator:** Philip B. Russell, Research
Scientist, Earth Science Division, MS 245-5, NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, <Philip.B.Russell@nasa.gov>

**External Co-Principal Investigator:** Beat Schmid, Associate Director,
Atmospheric Science & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352,
[Beat.Schmid@pnl.gov]{.underline}

**IPP Product Area Supported:** Emergent Technologies

**Mission Directorate Supported:** Science Mission Directorate (New
Remote Sensing Technologies)

**Abstract:** We propose to establish a Partnership between NASA Ames
Research Center (ARC) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
that enables and conducts research using airborne sun-sky spectrometry.
Principal goals of the spectrometry will be to test and improve NASA
satellite measurements and, more generally, to advance knowledge of
atmospheric composition and the effects of aerosols and gases on solar
energy and climate. In Partnership Year 1, with joint support from the
IPP Partnership Seed Fund, SMD Radiation Sciences Program and PNNL cost
sharing, we will conduct experiments to answer key questions about the
technologies of combining a spectrometer, fiber optics, entrance optics,
tracking/scanning sensors and motors, and airworthy seals, to meet the
scientific and validation requirements in the demanding aircraft
environment. These experiments and technology answers will culminate in
a field-worthy ground prototype suitable for ground use in NASA and PNNL
missions, as well as a design and cost estimate for an airborne
instrument, called the Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking
Atmospheric Research (4STAR). In later years the partnership will use
joint NASA-Department of Energy (DOE) funding to develop 4STAR and use
it in NASA and DOE programs. Under separate funding NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center (GSFC) will participate in the Partnership, starting in
Year 1, by providing algorithms to analyze the sky radiance data, and by
advising in algorithm use.

The proposed partnership will build on NASA's current world leadership
in airborne sunphotometry and skylight retrievals. It will extend that
leadership by incorporating the state-of-the-art technologies of
ruggedized spectrometry and fiber optics in NASA-owned ground and air
instruments. And it will ensure broader application of these
technologies through a shared use agreement with DOE.

In addition to its immediate value to NASA and DOE Earth science
programs, the technologies are relevant to NASA's Exploration
Initiative. In particular, if made light and efficient enough, they
could be used on a Mars airplane or rover to study dust aerosols (the
primary driver of Mars climate) and gaseous constituents in the Mars
atmosphere.

**Technical Approach**

## ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="0.9846456692913386in" height="0.6216535433070867in"}![](media/image2.jpeg){width="1.1326771653543306in" height="0.6208661417322835in"}![](media/image3.jpeg){width="2.1181102362204722in" height="1.8925196850393702in"}![](media/image4.jpeg){width="1.8846456692913385in" height="2.5133858267716533in"}![](media/image5.wmf){width="2.069291338582677in" height="1.5133858267716536in"}![](media/image6.wmf){width="1.9401574803149606in" height="1.4307086614173228in"}Background, instrument concept, and advantages: Atmospheric aerosols and trace gases play crucial roles in the Earth's radiation balance and climate. Absorbing aerosols may hold a major key to combating global warming. However, more knowledge is needed about aerosol and gas sources, distributions and properties. This requires continuous observations from satellites, networks of ground-based instruments, and dedicated field experiments using state-of-the-art airborne instruments. The existing Ames airborne sunphotometers have contributed significantly to such field experiments by making sunlight transmission measurements at 6 or 14 discrete wavelengths. An airborne instrument that measures a continuous spectrum of the direct solar beam and of the scattered sunlight as a function of angular distance from the Sun will deliver considerably more information on atmospheric aerosols and gases but does not currently exist. Advantages of the scattered sunlight measurements would be the ability to determine the size of larger particles (e.g., mineral dust) than is possible with the direct-beam transmission measurements by our current 14-wavelength sunphotometer, plus the ability to retrieve aerosol type, composition and absorption information via retrievals of complex refractive index and shape. Advantages of the continuous spectrum measurements over our current 14 discrete wavelengths would be the ability to measure trace gases not possible with our current instrument, such as SO~2~and NO~2~, plus improved accuracy of our current H~2~O and O~3~ measurements. The increased information content of scattered sunlight measurements has been demonstrated by NASA's AERONET program, but never on an airborne instrument. The increased trace-gas measurement capability of continuous spectra (i.e., spectrometry) has been demonstrated by many NASA space and air instruments, but never in a compact airborne instrument also capable of the well calibrated transmission measurements needed for aerosol studies. The instrument concept (Fig. 1a) is targeted for autonomous operation on small or unmanned aircraft. If made light and efficient enough, it could also operate on a Mars airplane or rover, producing unique measurements on the dust aerosols that are the main driver of Mars climate.

**Related current state-of-the-art and prior work:** NASA Ames has been
the world leader in airborne sunphotometry since the first flights of
the Ames 6-channel airborne sunphotometer (AATS-6) in 1985. A second,
enhanced 14-channel unit, AATS-14, was completed in 1996. Both
instruments have been flown in many campaigns focusing on atmospheric
aerosols and trace gases all over the world and have, to date,
contributed to validating 11 satellite sensors, producing \>80
publications (listed in Appendix D). The new instrument with its
enhanced capabilities would build on this heritage and be in high demand
for future missions sponsored by NASA, NOAA, DOE, Navy, etc., provided
some key technological hurdles can be overcome.

**Technological hurdles, ground prototype, and remaining design
questions:** The basic concept of the envisioned instrument is to marry
the technologies of a small, rugged spectrometer, fiber optics, and an
entrance port capable of sun tracking and skylight measurements near the
sun. The Key Technological Hurdles that must be overcome to meet the
scientific requirements are:

1.  Maintaining calibration (output counts per input radiance or
    irradiance) to 1% stability over a period of months.

2.  Demonstrating stray light rejection to permit measuring skylight
    within a few degrees of the sun

3.  Devising a fiber optic coupling that maintains 1% calibration
    stability with as many as possible of the following desirable
    charactertics: detachable during assembly before calibration;
    detachable between calibration and scientific measurements;
    rotatable during measurements.

To address these hurdles, Ames has developed a ground prototype over the
past several years (Fig. 1b). This prototype is serving as a technology
test bed and has produced data (Fig. 1c,d) that prove the basic concept
is viable, including Hurdle 2 above. However, Hurdles 1 and 3 remain to
be overcome, and they must be before proceeding to the design of an
airborne instrument. For example, we do not know whether instrument
calibration can be maintained when using either a rotating or fixed
fiber optic coupling. Without using such a coupling, airborne
measurements would be possible, but aircraft installation would be
greatly simplified by using either type of coupling, and aircraft flight
patterns could be much more flexible with a

**Tasks, schedule and key milestones:**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 43%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="3">Task or Event</td>
<td colspan="12">Year 1</td>
<td colspan="13">Year 2</td>
<td colspan="14">Year 3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="12">FY 2007</td>
<td colspan="13">FY 2008</td>
<td colspan="14">FY 2009</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>O</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">S</td>
<td>O</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">S</td>
<td>O</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="3">S</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Radiance-calibrate ground prototype</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ruggedize &amp; weatherproof prototype</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Field-test prototype with Cimel &amp; AATS</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Rebuild ground prototype with option of upper fiber rotating and
lower fiber fixed</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Test calib. stability of fiber couplings</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Langley-calibrate ground prototype</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Design airborne instrument (4STAR)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Airworthiness review of 4STAR design</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><h1 id="build-4star">Build 4STAR</h1></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ground-test 4STAR</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Langley- &amp; radiance-calibrate 4STAR</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Integrate 4STAR on A/C (e.g., G1, J31)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Flight test 4STAR</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>O</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">S</td>
<td>O</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="2">S</td>
<td>O</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>A</td>
<td colspan="3">S</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="12">Year 1</td>
<td colspan="13">Year 2</td>
<td colspan="13">Year 3</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

rotating coupling. In Year 1 of the Partnership we propose to determine
the extent to which Hurdles 1 and 3 can be overcome, leading up to a
final design of the airborne instrument (see also other tasks in
Schedule, above). The ground prototype could also be very useful in NASA
and DOE field experiments, but only if ruggedized and weatherproofed.
This will be another major effort and result of the Year 1 work.

**Expertise and capabilities of technical team**

**Dr. Philip B. Russell (NASA Co-PI)** led the development of AATS-6 and
-14 and co-holds the patent on AATS-6. As leader of the ARC
Sunphotometer-Satellite Group he is responsible for the scientific
productivity of those instruments (\>80 publications to date) and for
overseeing the conception and development of new instruments to apply
state-of-the-art technology to current science questions. He is a Fellow
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),
elected for "pioneering work and scientific leadership in the
measurement of aerosol properties and the effects of haze on the Earth's
energy budget and climate".

**Dr. Beat Schmid (PNNL Co-PI)** led the development of the ground
prototype, working in Dr. Russell's group under a NASA Ames Co-operative
Agreement. He was recently appointed Associate Director, Atmospheric
Science & Global Change Division at PNNL and plans to start work there
in October 2006. He is a recognized leader in developing and using
advanced instruments to answer questions of interest to NASA and DOE
programs in atmospheric composition and climate. His accomplishments are
documented in \>50 peer reviewed publications.

Both Drs. Russell and Schmid are experienced at assembling teams of
scientists, engineers, and technicians to design, develop and use
advanced airborne instrumentation. As Co-PIs of the Partnership they
will continue to do this at ARC and PNNL.

**Dr. Brent Holben (GSFC lead collaborator)** leads the global Aerosol
Robotic Network (AERONET) of sun-sky radiometers, including use of
standardized, state-of-the-art algorithms to retrieve aerosol size and
complex refractive index from measured skylight radiance. He recently
received Goddard's highest award for contributions to environmental
science, the William Nordberg Memorial award.

See Appendix A for resumes of the Co-PIs and other team members, and the
Budget section for projected FTE & WYE.

**Approach to Partnering**

The primary partners will be NASA ARC and DOE PNNL, with NASA GSFC as a
collaborating partner. These partners will provide the technical team
members identified above, plus supporting scientific, engineering and
technical personnel, with FTE and WYE labor as detailed in the Budget
section.

ARC will provide (while retaining ownership) the ground prototype that
was developed with ARC funding under Dr. Schmid's leadership in 2005-6.
Under Dr. Schmid's leadership, PNNL will design experiments and analyze
data to answer key questions regarding airborne instrument design to
accomplish scientific specifications. Under Dr. Russell's leadership,
ARC personnel (Co-op and Civil Servant) will participate in experiments
and analyses and will ruggedize the ground prototype to make it suitable
for field experiments in a variety of weather conditions. PNNL and ARC
will jointly produce a design for an airborne instrument to be built by
the Partnership in Years 2 and 3. ARC will have primary responsibility
for ensuring that the design meets airworthiness requirements while
meeting scientific specifications.

The proposed partnership mechanism is an Interagency Agreement.
Commercialization opportunities are possible if the instruments generate
sufficient user-community demand---a prospect enhanced by the
spectrometer's increased ability to measure gaseous constituents
relative to current instruments that use discrete detectors and filters.

**Benefit to NASA**

The proposed Partnership aligns with the IPP element [Emergent
Technologies]{.underline} and the Science Mission Directorate Technology
Focus Area [New Remote Sensing Technologies]{.underline}. NASA will
benefit by obtaining a NASA-owned ruggedized ground instrument and
airborne instrument, both suitable for validating NASA satellites and
advancing knowledge of atmospheric composition and climate on Earth, and
potentially Mars. The instruments and analysis algorithms will reflect
the expertise of Dr. Schmid and his PNNL team, another benefit to NASA.
A shared use agreement will benefit both NASA and PNNL by broadening the
use of the instruments and facilitating collaboration in advancing
scientific knowledge.

The next step after Year 1 will be to continue the Partnership with
joint funding from NASA's SMD and a DOE program (e.g., its Atmospheric
Science Program (ASP)).

**Budget**

+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| **ARC Costs**                               | ** ** | **2007**      |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| **ARC Labor**                               |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| Philip Russell, Co-PI                       | FTE   |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
|                                             | CS    |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| Roy Johnson, Engineer                       | FTE   |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
|                                             | CS    |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| > **ARC Procurement, Travel & Other**       |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| ADP/Computer Services                       |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| Parts and Equipment                         |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| Other                                       |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| Shipping                                    |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| Co-op Loaded Labor\*                        |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| Co-op Loaded Travel                         |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| ARC Travel                                  |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| ARC M&O                                     |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| **ARC Totals**                              | ** ** |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| **External Partner Costs**                  | ** ** |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| DOE/PNNL\*\*                                |       |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| **External Partner Totals**                 | ** ** |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+
| **Total Project Costs**                     | ** ** |               |
+---------------------------------------------+-------+---------------+

  --------------------------------------------- -------- -----------------
  **Contributions**                             ** **    **2007**

  NASA contributions (other than IPP)                     

  HQ SMD Radiation Science Program                       

  M&O                                                    

  External Partner contributions                         

  DOE/PNNL\*\*                                           

  Total Contributions                                    

  **Total Budget Requested from IPP**                    
  --------------------------------------------- -------- -----------------

  --------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------
  Cost Notes:                                            

  [\*Co-op personnel work years]{.underline}             [2007]{.underline}

  J. Redemann, Co-I (BAERI)                              

  J. Livingston Co-I (SRI)                               

  N. Truong, Engineer (BAERI)                            

  C. Chang, Engineer (BAERI)                             

  [DOE/PNNL personnel work years]{.underline}            

  B. Schmid, Co-PI, PNNL                                 

  Engineer                                               
  --------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------

\*\*Total PNNL cost-sharing. Includes value of in-kind labor from PNNL
shown in Cost Notes (above), + value of facilities used + value of other
work being done at PNNL that will contribute to the proposed
Partnership.

**Letter of intent from an authorized official of the proposed external
partner(s):** See Appendix B.

**Letter of concurrence from contributing NASA HQ Program Office
Representative:** See Appendix C.

**Appendices**

A. Short Resumes A1

B. Letters of Intent from PNNL Partner and GSFC Lead Collaborator B1

C. Letter of Concurrence from Contributing NASA HQ Program Office
Representative C1

D. Publications Using AATS-6 or AATS-14 Results or Describing Methods D1

E. Acronyms E1

**Appendix A: Short Resumes**

## Philip B. Russell, NASA Co-PI {#philip-b.-russell-nasa-co-pi .unnumbered}

# Education

Ph.D. and M.S., Physics, Stanford University (1971 and 1967, Atomic
Energy Commission Fellow).

M.S., Management, Stanford University (1990, NASA Sloan Fellow).

B.A., Physics, Wesleyan University (1965, Magna cum Laude; Highest
Honors).

# Professional Experience

[NASA Ames Research Center]{.underline}: Research Scientist
(1995-present); Chief, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch
(1989-95); Acting Chief and Acting Deputy Chief, Earth System Science
Division (1988-89); Chief, Atmospheric Experiments Branch (1982-89).

[SRI International]{.underline} (1972-82): Physicist to Senior
Physicist, Atmospheric Science Center.

[National Center for Atmospheric Research]{.underline} (1971-72, at
University of Chicago and NCAR): Postdoctoral Appointee.

# Scientific Contributions

Studies of atmospheric aerosol and trace gas effects on radiation,
climate, and chemistry using remote and in situ measurements from space,
air, ground, and ship platforms.

Member, Science Team for Earth Observing System Inter-Disciplinary
Science (EOS-IDS).

Member, Science Team for Solar Occultation Satellites (SOSST).

Patent, \"Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer Apparatus and System\" (U.S.
Pat. No. 4,710,618, awarded 1987)

# Honors and Awards

NASA Ames Honor Award (2002, for excellence in scientific research).
NASA Ames Associate Fellow (1995, for excellence in atmospheric
research). NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1988, for managing
Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project). NASA Space Act Award (1989,
for invention of Airborne Autotracking Sunphotometer). NASA Group
Achievement Awards (1989-94).

Member, Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.

# Scientific Societies/Committees

Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (elected
2005 for "pioneering work and scientific leadership in the measurement
of aerosol properties and the effects of haze on the Earth's energy
budget and climate"). Editor-in-Chief (1994-95) and Editor (1993, 1996),
*Geophysical Research Letters*; Member, Board of Editors and Atmospheric
Science Executive Committee, American Geophysical Union. Guest Editor,
*Journal of Geophysical Research* Special Issues (1988-1993). Chair,
American Meteorological Society International Committee on Laser
Atmospheric Studies (1979-82, Member, 1978-82). Member, National
Research Council Committee on Army Basic Research (1979-81). Member,
American Meteorological Society Committee on Radiation Energy (1979-81).

**Publications**. Over 120 peer-reviewed publications. Selected
publications relevant to this Call are listed below or included in
Appendix D of this proposal.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, J. Redemann, B. Schmid, S. A. Ramirez,
J. Eilers, R. Kahn, A. Chu, L. Remer, P. K. Quinn, M. J. Rood, W. Wang,
Multi-grid-cell validation of satellite aerosol property retrievals in
INTEX/ITCT/ICARTT 2004*, J. Geophys. Res.,* ICARTT special section,
submitted May 2006*.*

Russell, P. , et al., Aerosol optical depth measurements by airborne Sun
photometer in SOLVE II: Comparisons to SAGE III, POAM III and airborne
spectrometer measurements, *Atmos. Chem. Phys*., *5*, 1311--1339, 2005
(SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2005-5-1311,
[www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/1311/](http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/1311/)).

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, O. Dubovik, S. A. Ramirez, J. Wang, J.
Redemann, B. Schmid, M. Box, and B. N. Holben, Sunlight transmission
through desert dust and marine aerosols: Diffuse light corrections to
Sun photometry and pyrheliometry, *J. Geophys. Res*., 109, D08207,
doi:10.1029/2003JD004292, 2004.

Schmid B., J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, et al., Coordinated airborne,
spaceborne, and ground-based measurements of massive, thick aerosol
layers during the dry season in Southern Africa, *J. Geophys. Res*.,
108(D13)8496, doi:10.1029/2002JD002297, 2003.

Russell, P. B., et al., Comparison of aerosol single scattering albedos
derived by diverse techniques in two North Atlantic experiments, *J.
Atmos. Sci.,* *59*, 609-619, 2002.

Redemann, J., P.B. Russell, and P. Hamill, Dependence of aerosol light
absorption and single scattering albedo on ambient relative humidity for
sulfate aerosols with black carbon cores, *J. Geophys. Res.*, *106*,
27,485-27,495, 2001.

Russell, P. B., and J. Heintzenberg, An overview of the ACE-2 Clear Sky
Column Closure Experiment (CLEARCOLUMN), *Tellus B 52*, 463-483, 2000.

Bergstrom, R. W., and P. B. Russell, Estimation of aerosol radiative
effects over the mid-latitude North Atlantic region from satellite and
in situ measurements. *Geophys. Res. Lett., 26*, 1731-1734, 1999.

Russell, P. B., P. V. Hobbs, and L. L. Stowe, Aerosol properties and
radiative effects in the United States Mid-Atlantic haze plume: An
overview of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational
Experiment (TARFOX), *J. Geophys. Res*., *104*, 2213-2222, 1999a.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, P. Hignett, S. Kinne, J. Wong, and P.
V. Hobbs, Aerosol-induced radiative flux changes off the United States
Mid-Atlantic coast: Comparison of values calculated from sunphotometer
and in situ data with those measured by airborne pyranometer, *J.
Geophys. Res.,* 104, 2289-2307, 1999b.

Russell, P. B., S. Kinne and R. Bergstrom, \"Aerosol Climate Effects:
Local Radiative Forcing and Column Closure Experiments,\" *J. Geophys.
Res.,* *102*, 9397-9407, 1997.

Russell, P. B., et al.. Global to Microscale Evolution of the Pinatubo
Volcanic Aerosol, Derived from Diverse Measurements and Analyses. *J.
Geophys. Res.*, *101*, 18,745-18,763, 1996a.

Russell, P.B., L. Pfister, and H.B. Selkirk. \"The Tropical Experiment
of the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP): Science
Objectives, Operations, and Summary Findings.\" *J. Geophys. Res.*,
*98*, 8563-8589, 1993.

Russell, P.B., et al., \"Post-Pinatubo Optical Depth Spectra vs.
Latitude and Vortex Structure: Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer
Measurements in AASE II.\" *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, *20*, 2571-2574, 1993.

Russell, P.B., and M.P. McCormick. \"SAGE II Aerosol Data Validation and
Initial Data Use: An Introduction and Overview.\" *J. Geophys. Res.*,
*94*, 8335-8338, 1989.

Russell, P.B., M.P. McCormick, T.J. Swissler, J.M. Rosen, D.J. Hofmann,
and L.R. McMaster. \"Satellite and Correlative Measurements of the
Stratospheric Aerosol: III. Comparison of Measurements by SAM II, SAGE,
Dustsondes, Filters, Impactors, and Lidar.\" *J. Atmos. Sci.*, *41*,
1791-1800, 1984.

Russell, P.B., T.J. Swissler, M.P. McCormick, W.P. Chu, J.M. Livingston,
and T.J. Pepin. \"Satellite and Correlative Measurements of the
Stratospheric Aerosol: I. An Optical Model for Data Conversions.\" *J.
Atmos. Sci.,* *38*, 1270-1294, 1981.

Russell, P.B., J.M. Livingston, and E.E. Uthe. \"Aerosol-Induced Albedo
Change: Measurement and Modeling of an Incident.\" *J. Atmos. Sci.*,
*36,* 1587-1608, 1979.

## Beat Schmid, PNNL Co-PI  {#beat-schmid-pnnl-co-pi .unnumbered}

Education and Training

  ---------------------- --------------- --------------- -----------------
  **Institution**        **Degree**      **Field**       **Dates**

  University of Bern,    Liz. Phil. Nat. Physics         1991
  Switzerland            (M.S.)                          

  University of Bern,    Ph.D.           Physics         1995
  Switzerland                                            
  ---------------------- --------------- --------------- -----------------

**Research and Professional Experience**

2006 -- present Associate Director, Atmospheric Science and Global
Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

2003 -- 2006 Group Leader, Bay Area Environmental Research Inst.,
Sonoma, CA.

> Responsible for research and financial administration of 4.4 fulltime
> positions

1997 -- 2003 Senior Research Scientist, Bay Area Environmental Research
Inst., Sonoma, CA

1995 -- 1997 Research Assistant (Postdoctoral Researcher), University of
Bern, Switzerland

1995 (Oct.) -- 1996 (Jan.) Visiting Scientist, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ

1989 -- 1995 Research Assistant, University of Bern, Switzerland

**Synergistic Activities:**

-   Chair of DOE ARM Aerosol Working Group, member ARM Science Team
    Executive Committee and member ARM Climate Research Facility Science
    Board (2005 -- present)

-   PI for CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft in Cloud and Land Surface
    Interaction Campaign (CLASIC, planned for June 2007)

-   Lead scientist for ARM September 2005 Aerosol Lidar Validation
    Experiment (ALIVE)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Platform scientist for portions of the EVE (Monterey, 2004) and
    INTEX-NA/ITCT (Gulf of Maine, 2004) missions. Direction and
    execution of research flights of the CIRPAS Twin Otter and Sky
    Research J-31 aircraft.

-   Co-led planning of ARM May 2003 Aerosol Intensive Observation
    Period. Led 10 principal investigators during field campaign as
    platform scientist on CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft.

-   Employed NASA Ames Airborne Sun photometers in campaigns all over
    the world and made processed data available to the research
    community through web-based archives.

-   Extensive experience in aerosol closure studies, lidar and satellite
    validation.

    -   Associate Editor, *Journal Geophysical Research* -- Clouds and
        Aerosols (2002- present)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   NASA Group Achievement Awards: INTEX and SOLVE II Science Teams

**Grants:**

-   PI and member DOE ARM Science Team

-   Co-PI and member MODIS Science Team

-   Member of Glory/APS Advisory Board

-   PI, Co-PI and Co-I on research grants funded by NASA, NOAA, and DOE

**Bibliography**

-   52 peer-reviewed journal articles (10 first-authored and 42
    co-authored) + 4 submitted

-   189 conference publications (39 first-authored and 150 co-authored)

-   18 invited talks at conferences, workshops and seminars

Publications relevant to this Call are listed in Appendix D of this
proposal.

## Brent Holben, GSFC Lead Collaborator {#brent-holben-gsfc-lead-collaborator .unnumbered}

+------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+
| *          | AERONET Project Scientist  | Phone: 301 614-6658-2975  |
| *Present** |                            |                           |
|            | Code 614.4                 | FAX: 301 614-6695         |
| **         |                            |                           |
| Position** | Biospheric Sciences        | E-mail:                   |
|            |                            | <bre                      |
|            | NASA's Goddard Space       | nt@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov> |
|            | Flight Center              |                           |
+------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+
| **         | Aerosol optical and        |                           |
| Research** | radiometric properties and |                           |
|            | measurements, Global       |                           |
| **I        | radiative forcing and      |                           |
| nterests** | vegetation remote sensing  |                           |
|            | in the SW and Mid IR       |                           |
|            | region.                    |                           |
+------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+
| **Summary  | Brent Holben has worked at |                           |
| of**       | NASA's GSFC for 28 years   |                           |
|            | performing research in     |                           |
| **Ex       | both ground-based and      |                           |
| perience** | satellite remote sensing   |                           |
|            | of vegetation and          |                           |
|            | aerosols. Additionally he  |                           |
|            | has developed innovative   |                           |
|            | methods for in orbit       |                           |
|            | calibration of satellite   |                           |
|            | visible and near-IR        |                           |
|            | sensors. He is the project |                           |
|            | leader for the AERONET     |                           |
|            | sun-sky radiometer network |                           |
|            | that is providing aerosol  |                           |
|            | spectral concentrations    |                           |
|            | and properties for the EOS |                           |
|            | algorithm validation       |                           |
|            | program as well as         |                           |
|            | validation for a variety   |                           |
|            | of other satellite         |                           |
|            | systems. Holben has        |                           |
|            | received several awards    |                           |
|            | most recently in November  |                           |
|            | 2005 for Goddard's highest |                           |
|            | award for contributions to |                           |
|            | environmental science, the |                           |
|            | William Nordberg Memorial  |                           |
|            | award. Holben has over 140 |                           |
|            | peer reviewed journal      |                           |
|            | articles, three with       |                           |
|            | citations exceeding 500.   |                           |
+------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+

**Recent Selected Papers**

2006, Zibordi, G., **B Holben**, S.B. Hooker, F.Melin, J-F Berthon, I.
Slutsker, D. Giles, D. Vandemark, H. Feng, K. Rutledge, G. jSchuster and
A. Mandoos, 2006, A Network forStandardized Ocean Color Validation
Measurements, Eos Geophysical Transactions, accepted for publication.

2005, Eck, T.F., **B.N. Holben**, O. Dubovik, A. Smirnov, P. Goloub,
H.B. Chen, B. Chatenet, L. Gomes, X.Y. Zhang, S.C. Tsay, Q. Ji, D.
Giles, and I. Slutsker, Columnar aerosol optical properties at AERONET
sites in central eastern Asia and aerosol transport to the tropical
mid-Pacific, *J. Geophys. Res.*, **110** , D06202,
doi:10.1029/2004JD005274.

2002, Dubovik, O., **B.N.Holben**,T. Lapyonok, A.Sinyuk, M. I.
Mishchenko, P. Yang, and I.Slutsker: Non-spherical aerosol retrieval
method employing light scattering by spheriods,*Geophys. Res. Lett*.,
**29**, 54-1 - 54-4.

2001, **Holben, B.N**., D. Tanré, A. Smirnov, T.F. Eck, I. Slutsker, B
Chatenet, F. Lavenue,Y. Kaufman, J.V. Castle, A. Setzer, B.Markham, D.
Clark, R. Frouin, N A. Karneli. O\'Neill, C. Pietras, R. Pinker, K.
Voss, G. Zibordi, An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol
Optical Depth from AERONET, *J. Geophys. Res*, **106**, 12067-12097.

2000, Smirnov, A., **B.N.Holben**, T.F.Eck, O.Dubovik, I.Slutsker, Cloud
screening and quality control algorithms for the AERONET data base,
accepted to *Rem. Sens. Environ.,* **73**, 337-349.

2000, Dubovik**,** O., A.Smirnov, **B.N.Holben**, M.D.King, Y.J.
Kaufman, T.F.Eck, and I.Slutsker, "Accurasy assessments of aerosol
optical properties retrieved from AERONET Sun and sky-radiance
measurements", *J. Geophys. Res., **105*****,** 9791-9806.

1998, **Holben, B.N.**, T.F. Eck, I Slutsker, D. Tanré, J.P. Buis, A.
Setzer, E. Vermote, J.A. Reagan, Y.J. Kaufman, T. Nakajima, F. Lavenu,
I. Jankowiak, A. Smirnov, 1998. AERONET-A Federated Instrument Network
and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Rsens. Environ.E,
**66,**1-16.

## Roy Johnson, Electrical Engineer {#roy-johnson-electrical-engineer .unnumbered}

**Education**:

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (1987 --1993): B.S. Electrical
Engineering (Mathematics Minor) with concentration in Avionics

San Jose State University (1998 -- 2000): Incomplete B.S.
Psychology/Human Factors (39 credits)

**Professional**:

[2005-present: NASA Ames Research Center: Electronics
Engineer]{.underline}

-Projects: ALIVE, INTEX-B

-Maintain electronics, optics and mechanics of the AATS-14 sunphotometer
instrument.

-Lead efforts for upgrading computers and electronics in the AATS-14
instrument.

-Perform a wide variety of duties with the deployed instrument in
Hawaii, Oklahoma and Mexico including basic aircraft maintenance,
logistics, translating (Spanish), and basic technician duties.

-Operate the AATS-14 instrument in ground tests and in aircraft
deployments.

\- Manage AATS laboratory.

[1997-present: NASA Ames Research Center: Electronics
Engineer]{.underline}

Projects: IRAC instrument (Spitzer Space Telescope), MIRI instrument
(James Webb Space Telescope), WISE instrument (MIDEX)

-Design electronics systems for IR detector testing.

-Design mechanical assemblies including cryogenic vessels and optics for
IR applications.

-Perform tests for optimizing and screening development IR detector
arrays and flight candidate IR detector arrays.

-Assist in radiation hardness testing of IR detector space flight
devices.

-Assist in data reduction and data package assembly.

-Perform laboratory management duties including safety inspections,
equipment calibration and electrostatic bench maintenance.

[1993-1997: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: Electronics
Engineer]{.underline}

Projects: CIRS instrument (Cassini Spacecraft), IRAC (Spitzer Space
Telescope)

-Designed and built IR camera electronics for both field astronomy and
lab tests.

-Wrote assembly and some C software code for detector timing.

-Performed testing, screening and data package assembly for space flight
IR detectors.

-Designed simple mechanical assemblies for cryogenic and general
applications.

[1991-1993: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: Co-operative education
student]{.underline}

Projects: MODIS-T, ASAS, IRAC

-Built and tested electronics and mechanical assemblies.

-Performed basic electronics testing in a clean room environment.

***Nicholas Truong, Mechanical and Control Engineer***

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Sum   | Mechanical and Control Engineering experience including    |
| mary:** | Design, Testing, and Manufacturing Process in Automotive,  |
|         | Class II Medical Device, and Atmospheric Science Research. |
|         | Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering, M.S.M.E..     |
|         | Extensive knowledge of PRO-E, LABVIEW, SOLIDWORKS, and     |
|         | AUTOCAD.                                                   |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *       | **Sr. Research & Development Engineer** Nov 2004 --        |
| *Experi | present                                                    |
| ence:** |                                                            |
|         | Bay Area Environmental Research Institute                  |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch                  |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Earth Science Division                                     |
|         |                                                            |
|         | NASA Ames Research Center, CA                              |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Developing the ground prototype of the new NASA Ames       |
|         | Airborne Sun/ Sky-Scanning Spectrometer instrument which   |
|         | will yield detailed information on aerosol optical         |
|         | properties and gases and which is targeted for autonomous  |
|         | operation on small or unmanned aircraft. Activities        |
|         | include:                                                   |
|         |                                                            |
|         | 1.  Develop and write technical specifications for the     |
|         |     Ground based and airborne sunphotometers.              |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Design the ground based Sun/Sky-Scanning Sunphotometer |
|         |     mechanical components and subassemblies using Pro-E.   |
|         |     Major mechanical subsystems are elevation and azimuth  |
|         |     subassemblies, entrance optics subassembly.            |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Design entrance optics / baffle subsystem for          |
|         |     suppression of unwanted stray light.                   |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Design and integrate electronic subsystems. These      |
|         |     include stepping motors and drivers, motion controller |
|         |     board, spectrometer electronics, signal processing     |
|         |     board, and quad tracking detector board.               |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Write and test control applications programs using     |
|         |     LabView. The LabView programs control the sun tracking |
|         |     function while allowing the atmospheric measurements   |
|         |     to be taken by the spectrometer at various wavelengths |
|         |     for direct-sun and skylight applications.              |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Test, trouble shoot, and maintain documentation.       |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Continue design work toward an airborne version        |
|         |                                                            |
|         | **Sr. Mechanical Design Engineer** March 2004 -- Sept 2004 |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Logitech Inc., Fremont, CA (contract)                      |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Worked in the Video Hardware R & D Engineering group on    |
|         | the design of web cams. Activities included:               |
|         |                                                            |
|         | 1.  Defined, developed, wrote, and implemented the         |
|         |     required functional specifications for the web cam     |
|         |     gear boxes.                                            |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Designed the web cam injection molding components      |
|         |     using Pro-E (cam housing, lenses, armatures, base,     |
|         |     spindle).                                              |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Developed and implemented Engineering Test plan for    |
|         |     gear boxes and web cams for V & V. Wrote test results  |
|         |     and analysis.                                          |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Developed and wrote gear box top level engineering     |
|         |     analysis, breakaway torque analysis, hard stop         |
|         |     analysis, and gear breakage analysis.                  |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Developed and wrote gear box ECO's (Engineering Change |
|         |     Order).                                                |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Developed and designed tool fixtures.                  |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  FMEA, Risk Analysis, First Article Inspection.         |
|         |                                                            |
|         | ```{=html}                                                 |
|         | <!-- -->                                                   |
|         | ```                                                        |
|         | 1.  Worked with gear box vendor and outside technical      |
|         |     resources.                                             |
|         |                                                            |
|         | **Sr. Manufacturing / Mechanical Engineer** 2000 -- Dec    |
|         | 2003                                                       |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Philips Medical Systems, Milpitas, CA                      |
|         |                                                            |
|         | **Product Research and Development Project / Manufacturing |
|         | Engineer** 1995 - 2000                                     |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Ford Motor Company, MI                                     |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Educa | **University of Michigan**, Dearborn, MI                   |
| tion:** |                                                            |
|         | **Master of Science in Engineering - Mechanical            |
|         | Engineering, M.S.M.E.,** June 1997.                        |
|         |                                                            |
|         | 1.  Areas of study: Fiber reinforced composite materials,  |
|         |     Theory of finite element analysis, advanced stress     |
|         |     analysis, stress/strength considerations in design,    |
|         |     viscous theory, heat transfer, mechanical vibrations,  |
|         |     and engineering analysis.                              |
|         |                                                            |
|         | **Michigan State University**, East Lansing, MI            |
|         |                                                            |
|         | **Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, B.S.M.E.  |
|         | (with honor),** June 1985.                                 |
|         |                                                            |
|         | 1.  Minor: Aerospace Engineering                           |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Sk    | **Computer skills**. SolidWorks 2004, Pro/E WildFire 2.0,  |
| ills:** | LabVIEW 7.0, Autocad 2005, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft      |
|         | Word, Power Point, Flow Charting 4, Minitab, MATLAB,       |
|         | FORTRAN, Finite Element Analysis (ANSYS), Intergraph       |
|         | Workstation (UNIX-based), Intergraph Microstation 5.0      |
|         | (PC-based).                                                |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

## Cecilia Chang, Software Engineer {#cecilia-chang-software-engineer .unnumbered}

# Education

-   M.S. Software Engineering, International Tech University, Santa
    Clara, CA

-   B.A. Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan

# Work Experience

-   Staff Scientist/Software Programmer, Bay Area Environmental Research
    Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 1997 -
    present

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Upgrading Sunphotometer AATS-14 system for NASA Ames
    Sunphotometer/Satellite team. Responsible for porting C code to new
    hardware and operating system.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Developed PC/104 format real-time airborne data acquisition software
    for NASA Ames Meteorological Measurement System team (MMS).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Developed MMS web page.

-   Field integration and support for NASA field experiments CAMEX3,
    SOLVE, CAMEX4, CRYSTAL-FACE, MidCIX , AVE and CR_AVE.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Developed LabView routine to monitor in-flight real-time data
    string.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Developed IGOR (an integrated program for visualizing, analyzing,
    transforming and presenting data) routine to analyze and present
    science data in graphics.

# Awards 

-   NASA Group Achievement Awards for CRYSTAL-FACE, CAMEX4, SOLVE and
    SONEX Science Teams

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Member of Phi Theta Kappa society

## Jens Redemann, Co-I {#jens-redemann-co-i .unnumbered}

Professional Experience

  --------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------
  Senior Research       BAERI, Sonoma, CA **April 1999 to present**
  Scientist                               

  Research Assistant    UCLA, CA          **May 1995 to March 1999**

  Lecturer              UCLA, CA          **Jan. 1999 to present**

  Research Assistant    FU Berlin,        **June 1994 to April 1995**
                        Germany           
  --------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------

Education

+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Ph.D. in Atmospheric Sciences,  | > **1999**                         |
| UCLA.                           |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| M.S. in Atmospheric Sciences,   | > **1997**                         |
| UCLA.                           |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| M.S. in Physics, FU Berlin,     | > **1995**                         |
| Germany.                        |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+

Relevant Research Experience

-   Co-Principal Investigator for the study of the spatial variability
    of aerosol products in the vicinity of clouds from MODIS and MISR.
    MODIS science team member.

-   Mission Principal Investigator and Mission Scientist for the
    Extended-MODIS-λ Validation Experiment (EVE) in 2004, an airborne
    field campaign to validate MODIS near-IR AOD measurements of Asian
    dust transported across the Pacific basin.

-   PI, NASA New Investigator Program (NIP), 2003-2005.

-   PI for the participation of AATS (an airborne sunphotometer) in the
    CLAMS satellite validation study (July 2001). Responsible for
    proposal writing and experiment design, instrument integration, as
    well as scheduling and supervision of three group members. Member of
    the CLAMS science team.

-   Related airborne sunphotometer, lidar and spectral solar flux
    radiometer measurements to in situ measurements of atmospheric
    aerosols and gases to model and derive the vertical structure of
    aerosol-induced radiative flux changes in Earth's atmosphere.

-   Participated in the SAFARI-2000, ACE-Asia, PRIDE, CLAMS, ADAM , ARM
    Aerosol IOP, EVE and INTEX-A&B field experiments aimed at
    investigating atmospheric aerosols. Responsible for daily flight
    planning and platform coordination in CLAMS, INTEX and EVE.

-   Utilized satellite derived aerosol optical depth fields and aerosol
    properties from the ACE-Asia campaign to determine the aerosol
    radiative forcing of climate in the Pacific Basin troposphere.

-   Developed a coupled aerosol microphysics and chemistry model to
    study the dependence of the aerosol single scattering albedo on
    ambient relative humidity.

Honors / Organizations

+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| AGU Fall meeting invited presentation                    | #### 2005 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| NASA Group Achievement Awards -- INTEX-A Science Team    | #### 2005 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Member of technical committee: NASA Earth System         | #### Ju   |
| Scholars Network                                         | ne 2004 - |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| NASA Group Achievement Awards - SOLVE II Science Team    | #### 2004 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Invited Presentation at the 5^th^ International APEX     | ####      |
| workshop, Miyazaki, Japan.                               | July 2002 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Invited Presentation at the Atmospheric Chemistry        | #### 1999 |
| Colloquium for Emerging Senior Scientists (ACCESS V).    |           |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Outstanding Student Paper Award, AGU Fall meeting.       | **1998**  |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| NASA Global Change Research Fellowship Awards.           | **19      |
|                                                          | 95-1998** |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| UCLA Neiburger Award for excellence in teaching of the   | **1997**  |
| atmospheric sciences.                                    |           |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

Summary of bibliography: 34 (+1 submitted) peer-reviewed journal
articles \[9 (+1 submitted) first-authored\], 100+ conference
presentations (45+ first-authored).

Publications relevant to this Call are listed in Appendix D of this
proposal. A complete list of publications can be found at
http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgg/AATS-website/CV_info/redemann.html.

##  

## John Livingston, Co-I {#john-livingston-co-i .unnumbered}

Education

  ---------------------------- --------- ----------------------------------
  Notre Dame Year-in-Japan     1971-72   Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
  Program                                

  B.S., Earth Sciences         1974      University of Notre Dame, Notre
                                         Dame, IN

  M.S., Atmospheric Sciences   1977      University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

  M.B.A.                       1992      Santa Clara University, Santa
                                         Clara, CA
  ---------------------------- --------- ----------------------------------

**Professional Experience**

[SRI International]{.underline} (formerly Stanford Research Institute),
Menlo Park, CA (1978-present)

Senior Research Meteorologist, Center for Geospace Studies, Engineering
and Systems Division

[University of Arizona]{.underline},Tucson, AZ (1974-1977)

Research assistant, Institute of Atmospheric Physics

NASA Kennedy Space Center (summers, 1975-1976): thunderstorm
electrification studies

**Scientific Contributions**

-   Acquisition and analysis of ground-based, airborne, and shipboard
    sunphotometer measurements (NASA Ames 6-channel and 14-channel
    airborne sunphotometers) in a variety of coordinated international
    field campaigns to study the radiative impact on climate of
    anthropogenic pollution, volcanic aerosol, and African and Asian
    dust

-   Validation of satellite aerosol extinction measurements (SAM II,
    SAGE I, SAGE II, SAGE III, and POAM III), and corresponding studies
    of the global distribution of stratospheric aerosols

-   Analysis of in situ measurements of stratospheric and tropospheric
    aerosols

-   Analysis of ground-based lidar measurements obtained at Sondrestrom,
    Greenland to retrieve atmospheric density and temperature profiles
    in the polar stratosphere and mesosphere and to characterize the
    physical properties of noctilucent clouds

-   Acquisition, modeling and analysis of Differential Absorption Lidar
    measurements of tropospheric ozone

-   Simulation of passive sensor radiance measurements to infer range to
    an absorbing gas

-   Error analysis and simulation of lidar aerosol measurements

-   Analysis of lidar propagation through fog, smoke, and dust clouds

-   Weather forecasting for large-scale air pollution field study

-   Testing and evaluation of an offshore coastal dispersion computer
    model

-   Application of objective wind field/trajectory models to
    meteorological measurements

**Honors and Awards**

-   1997 NASA Ames Research Center Contractor of the Year

**Scientific Societies**

-   Member, American Geophysical Union

**Publications**

-   Over 52 peer-reviewed publications in various atmospheric science
    journals. Selected relevant publications are listed in Appendix D of
    this proposal.

**Appendix B: Letters of Intent from PNNL Partner and GSFC Lead
Collaborator**

![](media/image7.png){width="5.385416666666667in" height="8.1875in"}

![](media/image8.png){width="5.34375in" height="2.3541666666666665in"}

TO: Philip B. Russell, NASA ARC

FROM: Brent Holben, NASA GSFC

I acknowledge that I am identified by name as the NASA GSFC Lead
Collaborator in the proposal entitled "**Partnership for Airborne
Sun-Sky Spectrometry"** that is submitted by NASA ARC in response to the
Partnership Seed Fund Call for Proposals---2006 of the Innovative
Partnerships Program Office. I intend to carry out all responsibilities
identified for me in this proposal. I understand that the extent and
justification of my participation as stated in this proposal will be
considered during peer review in determining in part the merits of this
proposal.

Signed:

  ------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
  ![](media/image9.png){width="3.7083333333333335in"                  
  height="0.6805555555555556in"}                                      

  **Brent N. Holben**                                                 

  **Date: August 18, 2006**                                           
  ------------------------------------------------------------------- ---

**Appendix C: Letter of Concurrence from Contributing NASA HQ Program
Office Representative**

To Whom it may concern,\
\
The proposal entitled: *Partnership for Airborne Sun-Sky Spectrometry*
is of great interest to the NASA Radiation Science Program, Earth
Science Division, Science Mission Directorate.  The value of this effort
is twofold.  First, the instrument developed will be necessary for the
validation of current and future NASA satellites.  Second, the new
sunphotometer will generate critical data addressing the broader goals
of the Program in understanding the impacts of atmospheric composition
on the earth's radiation budget and climate.\
\
Therefore, I concur with the proposal submitted by NASA ARC in response
to the Partnership Seed Fund Call for Proposals--2006 of the Innovative
Partnerships Program Office.  In addition, I commit to providing funding
from the Radiation Sciences Program at the level specified in the
proposal budget, provided the other elements of the proposal are
selected and funded.  

![](media/image10.wmf){width="2.0694444444444446in"
height="0.8194444444444444in"}\
Hal Maring\
Radiation Sciences Program\
Earth Science Division\
Science Mission Directorate\
Mail Suite 3F71\
NASA Headquarters\
Washington, DC  20546-0001\
hal.maring@nasa.gov\
202.358.1679 (voice)\
202.358.2770 (fax)\
\
FedEx Delivery Address\
Science Mission Directorate\
Attn: Receiving & Inspection (Rear of Building)\
NASA Headquarters\
300 E Street SW\
Washington DC 20024-3210

**Appendix D: Publications Using AATS-6 or AATS-14 Results or Describing
Methods**

Anderson T. L., Y. Wu, D. A. Chu, B. Schmid , J. Redemann, O. Dubovik.
[Testing the MODIS satellite retrieval of aerosol fine-mode
fraction](http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005.../2005JD005978.shtml).
*J. Geophys. Res.,* 110 , D18204, doi:10.1029/2005JD005978, 2005.

Andrews E., P.J. Sheridan, M. Fiebig, A. Mccomiskey, J. Ogren, W. P.
Arnott, D. Covert, R. Elleman, R. Gasparini, D. Collins, H. Jonsson, B.
Schmid , J. Wang, [Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol asymmetry
parameter.](http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2004JD005734.shtml)
*J. Geophys. Res.,* 111, D05S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD005734, 2006.

Bergstrom, R. W., and P. B. Russell, "Estimation of aerosol radiative
effects over the mid-latitude North Atlantic region from satellite and
in situ measurements." *Geophys. Res. Lett*., *26*, 1731-1734, 1999

Bergstrom, R. W., P. B. Russell, and P. Hignett, Wavelength dependence
of the absorption of black carbon particles: Predictions and results
from the TARFOX experiment and implications for the aerosol single
scattering albedo, *J. Atmos. Sci., 59,* 568-578, 2002.

Bergstrom, R. W., P. Pilewskie, B. Schmid, and P. B. Russell, Estimates
of the spectral aerosol single scattering albedo and aerosol radiative
effects during SAFARI 2000, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 108(D13), 8474,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002435, 2003.

Bergstrom, R. W., P. Pilewskie, J. Pommier, M. Rabbette, P. B. Russell,
B. Schmid, J. Redemann, A. Higurashi, T. Nakajima, and P. K. Quinn,
Spectral absorption of solar radiation by aerosols during ACE-Asia, *J.
Geophys. Res.*, 109, D19S15, doi:10.1029/2003JD004467, 2004.

Bergstrom, R. W., P. Pilewskie, J. Pommier, M. Rabbette, P. B. Russell,
B. Schmid, J. Redemann, A. Higurashi, T. Nakajima, and P. K. Quinn,
Spectral absorption of solar radiation by aerosols during ACE-Asia, *J.
Geophys. Res.*, 109, D19S15, doi:10.1029/2003JD004467, 2004.

Chowdhary, J, B. Cairns, M.I. Mishchenko P. V. Hobbs, Glenn Cota, Jens
Redemann, Ken Rutledge, Brent N. Holben, Ed Russell, 2005: Retrieval of
aerosol scattering and absorption properties from photo-polarimetric
observations over the ocean during the CLAMS experiment, *J. Atmos.
Sc*i., **6**2, 1093-1117.

Chu, D. A., L. A. Remer, Y. J. Kaufman, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, K.
Knobelspiesse, J.-D. Chern, J. Livingston, P. Russell, X. Xiong, and W.
Ridgway, Evaluation of aerosol properties over ocean from Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during ACE-Asia, *J.
Geophys. Res.*, VOL. 110, D07308, doi:10.1029/2004JD005208, 2005.

Colarco, P. R., O. B. Toon, J. S. Reid, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell,
J. R. Redemann, B. Schmid, H. B. Maring, D. Savoie, J. Welton, J. R.
Campbell, B. N. Holben, and R. Levy, Saharan dust transport to the
Caribbean during PRIDE: Part 2. Transport, vertical profiles, and
deposition in simulations of in situ and remote sensing observations,
*J. Geophys. Res*., 108(D19), 8590, doi:10.1029/2002JD002659, 2003.

Collins, D. R., Jonsson, H. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Gasso,
S., Hegg, D., Russell, P. B., Livingston, J. M., Schmid, B., Öström, E.,
Noone, K. J., and Russell, L. M. In situ aerosol size distributions and
clear column radiative closure during ACE 2. *Tellus B 52*, 498-525,
2000.

Durkee, P. A., K. E. Nielsen, P. B. Russell, P. B., B. Schmid, J. M.
Livingston, D. Collins, , R. Flagan, J. Seinfeld, K. Noone, S. Gasso, D.
Hegg, T. S. Bates, and P. K. Quinn, "Regional aerosol properties from
satellite observations: ACE-1, TARFOX and ACE-2 results." *J. Aerosol
Sci. 29*(Suppl 1): S1149, 1998.

Durkee, P. A., Nielsen, K. E., Russell, P. B., Schmid, B., Livingston,
J. M., Collins, D., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, H. H., Noone, K. J.,
Ostrom, E., Gassó, S., Hegg, D., Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., and
Russell, L. M. Regional aerosol properties from satellite observation:
ACE-1, TARFOX and ACE 2 results. *Tellus B 52*, 484-497, 2000.

Ferrare, R., et al. (with P. B. Russell), Comparison of aerosol optical
properties and water vapor among ground and airborne lidars and Sun
photometers during TARFOX, *J. Geophys. Res*., *105*, 9917-9933, 2000a.

Ferrare, R., et al. (with P. B. Russell), Comparisons of LASE, aircraft,
and satellite measurements of aerosol optical properties and water vapor
during TARFOX, *J. Geophys. Res*., *105*, 9935-9947, 2000b.

Ferrare R., D. Turner, M. Clayton, B. Schmid , J. Redemann, D. Covert,
R. Elleman, J. Ogren, E. Andrews, J. Goldsmith, H. Jonsson, [Evaluation
of Daytime Measurements of Aerosols and Water Vapor made by an
Operational Raman Lidar over the Southern Great
Plains](http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD005836.shtml) *J.
Geophys. Res.*, 1111, D05S08, doi:10.1029/2005JD005836, 2006.

Gassó, S., Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., Noone, K., Ostrom, E., Schmid,
B., Russell, P. B., Livingston, J. M., Durkee, P. A., and Jonsson, H.
Influence of humidity on the aerosol scattering coefficient and its
effect on the upwelling radiance during ACE-2. *Tellus B 52*, 546-567,
2000.

Gatebe, C. K., M. D. King, S. Platnick, G. T. Arnold, E. F. Vermote, and
B. Schmid, 2003: Airborne spectral measurements of surface-atmosphere
anisotropy for several surfaces and ecosystems over southern Africa. *J.
Geophys. Res.*, **108**, 8489, doi:10.1029/2002JD002397.

Hartley WS, Hobbs PV, Ross JL, Russell PB, Livingston JM, Properties of
aerosols aloft relevant to direct radiative forcing off the mid-Atlantic
coast of the United States, *J. Geophys. Res*., *105*, 9859-9885, 2000.

Hegg, D. A., J. Livingston, P. V. Hobbs, T. Novakov, and P. B. Russell,
\"Chemical Apportionment of Aerosol Column Optical Depth Off the
Mid-Atlantic Coast of the United States,\" *J. Geophys. Res. , 102* ,
25,293-25,303, 1997.

Hobbs, P. V., T. Novakov, P. Russell, J. M. Livingston, and J. L. Ross,
"Relative contributions of atmospheric aerosol constituents to optical
depths and direct radiative forcing on the United States east coast."
*J. Aerosol Sci. 29*(Suppl 1): S1297-S1298, 1998.

Huebert, B. J., T. Bates, P. B. Russell, G. Shi, Y. J. Kim, K. Kawamura,
G. Carmichael, and T. Nakajima, An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for
quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic
impacts, *J. Geophys. Res.*, *108*(D23), 8633, doi:10.1029/2003JD003550,
2003.

Ismail S, Browell EV, Ferrare RA, Kooi SA, Clayton MB, Brackett VG,
Russell PB, LASE measurements of aerosol and water vapor profiles during
TARFOX, *J. Geophys. Res*., *105*, 9903-9916, 2000.

Jin, Z., T.P. Charlock, W.L. Smith Jr., K. Rutledge, G. Cota, R. Kahn,
**J**. Redemann, T. Zhang, D. Rutan, and F. Rose, [Radiative Transfer
Modeling for the CLAMS
Experiment](http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2FJAS3351.1),
*J. Atmos. Sci.* , doi: 10.1175/JAS3351.1, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp.
1053-1071, 2005.

Kahn, R., J. Anderson, T.L. Anderson, T. Bates, F. Brechtel, C.M.
Carrico, A. Clarke, S.J. Doherty, E. Dutton, R. Flagan, R. Frouin, H.
Fukushima, B. Holben, S. Howell, B. Huebert, A. Jefferson, H. Jonsson,
O. Kalashnikova, J. Kim, S-W. Kim, P. Kus, W-H. Li, J.M. Livingston, C.
McNaughton, J. Merrill, S. Mukai, T. Murayama, T. Nakajima, P. Quinn, J.
Redemann, M. Rood, P. Russell, I. Sano, B. Schmid, J. Seinfeld, N.
Sugimoto, J. Wang, E.J. Welton, J-G. Won, S-C. Yoon, Environmental
Snapshots From ACE-Asia, *J. Geophys. Res*., Vol. 109, No. D19, D19S14
10.1029/2003JD004339*,* 2004.

Kaufman Y. J., J. M. Haywood, P. V. Hobbs, W. Hart, R. Kleidman and B.
Schmid . [Remote sensing of vertical distributions of smoke aerosol off
the coast of Africa during SAFARI
2000](http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003.../2003GL017068.shtml).
*Geophys. Res. Lett.* , Vol. 30, No. 16, doi:10.1029/2003GL017068, 2003.

Levy, R. C. L. Remer, D. Tanré, Y. Kaufman, C. Ichoku, B. Holben, J.
Livingston, P. Russell, H. Maring, Evaluation of the MODIS retrievals of
dust aerosol over the ocean during PRIDE, *J. Geophys. Res.*, Vol. 108,
No. D19, 8594 10.1029/2002JD002460, 23 July 2003.

Levy, R.C., L.A. Remer, J.V. Martins, Y.J. Kaufman, A. Plana-Fattori, J.
Redemann, B. Wenny, [Evaluation of the MODIS aerosol retrievals over
ocean and land during
CLAMS](http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175/JAS3391.1),
*J. Atmos.c Sci.* , Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 974--992., 2005.

Livingston, J.M. and P.B. Russell, Comparison of satellite-inferred
(SAGE II) aerosol optical depths with corresponding airborne
sun-photometer optical depths, Preprint AIAA 27th Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 9-12, 1989, Reno Nevada.

Livingston, J. M., V. Kapustin, B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, P. A. Durkee,
T. S. Bates, and P. K. Quinn, "Shipboard sunphotometer measurements of
aerosol optical depth spectra and columnar water vapor during ACE-2*, J.
Aerosol Sci. 29*(Suppl 1): S257-S258, 1998.

Livingston, J. M., V. Kapustin, B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, P. K. Quinn,
T. S. Bates, P. A. Durkee, P. J. Smith, V. Freudenthaler, D. S. Covert,
S. Gassó, D. A. Hegg, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, V.
Vitale, and C. Tomasi, Shipboard sunphotometer measurements of aerosol
optical depth spectra and columnar water vapor during ACE 2 and
comparison to selected land, ship, aircraft, and satellite measurements.
*Tellus*, B 52, 594-619, 2000.

Livingston, J. M**.,** et al., Airborne sunphotometer measurements of
aerosol optical depth and columnar water vapor during the Puerto Rico
Dust Experiment, and comparison with land, aircraft, and satellite
measurements, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 108 (D19), 8588,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002520, 2003.

Livingston, J. M., B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, J. A. Eilers, R. W. Kolyer,
J. Redemann, S. A.  Ramirez, J-H. Yee, W. H. Swartz, C. R. Trepte, L. W.
Thomason, M. C. Pitts, M. A. Avery, C. E. Randall, J. D. Lumpe, R. M.
Bevilacqua, M. Bittner, T. Erbertseder, R. D. McPeters, R. E. Shetter,
E. V. Browell, J. B. Kerr, K. Lamb, Retrieval of ozone column content
from airborne Sun photometer measurements during SOLVE II: Comparison
with coincident satellite and aircraft measurements, *Atmos. Chem.
Phys*., 5, 2035--2054, 2005,
[www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/2035/](http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/2035/),
SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2005-5-2035.

Magi, B. I., P. V. Hobbs, B. Schmid , and J. Redemann, [Vertical
profiles of light scattering, light absorption and single scattering
albedo during the dry, biomass burning season in southern Africa and
comparisons of in situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosol
optical
depths](http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003.../2002JD002361.shtml),
*J. Geophys. Res.* , 108(D13), 8504, doi:10.1029/2002JD002361, 2003.

Magi B. I., P. V. Hobbs, D. A. Hegg, T. W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, S.
Gao, J. Redemann B. Schmid , [Aerosol Properties and Chemical
Apportionment of Aerosol Optical Depth at Locations off the United
States East Coast in July and August
2001](http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175/JAS3263.1).
*J. Atmos. Sci.* , doi: 10.1175/JAS3263.1, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 919--933,
2005.

Matsumoto, T., P. Russell, C. Mina, W. Van Ark , and V. Banta, 1987:
[\"Airborne Tracking
Sunphotometer,\"](http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1987)004<0336:ATS>2.0.CO;2)
*J. Atmos. Ocean . Tech.*, *4* , 336-339.

McGill M., D. Hlavka, W. Hart, J. Spinhirne, S. Scott, and B. Schmid .
[The Cloud Physics Lidar: Instrument Description and Initial Measurement
Results](http://ao.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=69186). *Applied Optics* -LP,
Volume 41, Issue 18, 3725-3734, June 2002.

Murayama, Toshiyuki, Sarah J. Masonis, Jens Redemann, Tad Anderson, Beat
Schmid, John Livingston, Philip Russell, Barry J. Huebert, D. Steven
Howell, Cameron McNaughton, Antony Clarke, Makoto Abo, Atsushi Shimizu,
Nobuo Sugimoto, Masanori Yabuki, H Kuze, Shunsuke Fukagawa, Kari
Maxwell, Rodney Weber, Douglas Orsini, Byron Blomquist , Alan R. Bandy,
Donald Thornton, An intercomparison of lidar-derived aerosol optical
properties with airborne measurements near Tokyo during ACE-Asia, *J.
Geophys. Res,* *108*(D23), 8651, doi:10.1029/2002JD003259, 2003

Pilewskie P, Rabbette M, Bergstrom R, Marquez J, Schmid B, Russell PB,
The discrepancy between measured and modeled downwelling solar
irradiance at the ground: Dependence on water vapor, *Geophys. Res.
Lett., 27*, 137-140, 2000.

Pilewskie, P., J. Pommier, R. Bergstrom, W. Gore, S. Howard, M.
Rabbette, B. Schmid , P.V. Hobbs, and S. C. Tsay, [Solar Spectral
Radiative Forcing During the Southern African Regional Science
Initiative](http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003.../2002JD002411.shtml),
*J. Geophys. Res.* , 108(D13), 8486, doi:10.1029/2002JD002411, 2003.

Pitts, M. C., L. W. Thomason, J. M. Zawodny, B. N. Wenny, J. M.
Livingston, P. B. Russell, J.-H. Yee, W. H. Swartz, R. E. Shetter, Ozone
observations by the Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor during SOLVE II,
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 9953--9992, 2005,
[www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acpd/5/9953/](http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acpd/5/9953/),
SRef-ID: 1680-7375/acpd/2005-5-9953
<http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acpd/recent_papers.html>.

Pueschel, R.F., J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell**,** D.A. Colburn,
T.P.Ackerman, B.V. Zak, D.A. Allen, and W. Einfeld, 1988: [\"Smoke
Optical Depths: Magnitude, Variability and Wavelength
Dependence,\"](http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1988/88JD00246.shtml)
*J. Geophys. Res., 93* , 8388-8402.

Pueschel, R.F. and J.M. Livingston, Aerosol spectral optical depths: Jet
fuel and forest fire smokes, *J. Geophys. Res.*, *95*, 22,417-22,422,
1990.

Pueschel, R. F., S. A. Kinne, P. B. Russell**,** K. G. Snetsinger, and
J. M. Livingston, 1992: [\"Effects of the 1991 Pinatubo Volcanic
Eruption on the Physical and Radiative Properties of Stratospheric
Aerosols,\"](http://www.deepakpublishing.com/Booktitles/132.html)
*Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation* (Proc. IRS \'92), S.
Keevallik, ed., A. Deepak Press.

Pueschel, R.F., J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, and S. Verma, 1994:
\"Physical And Optical Properties of The Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosol:
Aircraft Observations with Impactors and a Sun-tracking Photometer,\"
*J. Geophys. Res., 99,* 12,915-12,922, 1994.

Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, K.N. Liou, P.B. Russell, R.W. Bergstrom, B.
Schmid, J.M. Livingston, P.V. Hobbs, W.S. Hartley, S. Ismail, R.A
Ferrare, E.V. Browell, Retrieving the vertical structure of the
effective aerosol complex index of refraction from a combination of
aerosol in situ and remote sensing measurements during TARFOX, *J.
Geophys. Res.* *105*, 9949-9970, 2000a.

Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, K.N. Liou, P.V. Hobbs, W.S. Hartley, R.W.
Bergstrom, E.V. Browell, and P.B. Russell, Case Studies of the Vertical
Structure of the Direct Shortwave Aerosol Radiative Forcing During
TARFOX, *J. Geophys. Res., 105,* 9971-9979, 2000b.

Redemann, J., S. Masonis, B. Schmid, T. Anderson, P. Russell, J.
Livingston, O. Dubovik, A. Clarke, Clear-column closure studies of
aerosols and water vapor aboard the NCAR C-130 in ACE-Asia, 2001, *J.
Geophys. Res.* *108*(D23), 8655, doi:10.1029/2003JD003442, 2003.

Redemann, J., B. Schmid **,** J. A. Eilers, R.A. Kahn, R. C. Levy, P. B.
Russell, J. M. Livingston, P. V. Hobbs, W. L. Smith Jr., B. N. Holben,
Suborbital measurements of spectral aerosol optical depth and its
variability at sub-satellite grid scales in support of CLAMS, 2001, *J.
Atmos. Sci.* , doi:10.1175/JAS3387.1,Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 993-1007, 2005.

Redemann, J., P. Pilewskie, P. Russell, J. Livingston, S. Howard, B.
Schmid, J. Pommier, W. Gore, J. Eilers, and M. Wendisch, Airborne
measurements of spectral direct aerosol radiative forcing in INTEX/ITCT,
*J. Geophys. Res*., in press, February 2006.

Reid, J.S, J.E. Kinney, D.L. Westphal, B.N. Holben, E.J. Welton,
S-C.Tsay, D.P. Eleuterio, J. Campbell, S.A. Christopher, H.H. Jonnson,
J.M. Livingston, H.B. Maring, M.Meier, P. Pilewskie, J.Prospero, E.A.
Reid, L.A. Remer, P.B. Russell, D. Savoie, A.Smirnov and D. Tanre,
Analysis of measurements of Saharan dust by airborne and ground-based
remote sensing methods during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE),
*J. Geophys. Res*., VOL. 108, NO. 0, XXXX, doi:10.1029/2002JD002493,
2003.

Revercomb H.E., D.D. Turner, D.C. Tobin, R.O. Knuteson, W.F. Feltz, J.
Barnard, J. Bösenberg, S. Clough, D. Cook, R. Ferrare, J. Goldsmith, S.
Gutman, R. Halthore, B. Lesht, J. Liljegren, H. Linné, J. Michalsky, V.
Morris, W. Porch, S. Richardson, B. Schmid , M. Splitt, T. Van Hove, E.
Westwater, and D. Whiteman. [The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
Program\'s Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods: Overview,
Accomplishments, and Future
Challenges](http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175/BAMS-84-2-217)
. *Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc* ., Vol. 84, No. 2, 217-236, February 2003.

Ricchiazzi P., C. Gautier, J. Ogren, and B. Schmid . A comparison of
aerosol optical properties obtained from in-situ measurements and
retrieved from Sun and sky radiance observations during the May 2003 ARM
aerosol intensive observation period. *J. Geophys. Res.* 2005JD005837,
in press.

Russell, P. B., et al., Measurements with an airborne, autotracking,
external-head sunphotometer, *Preprint Volume, Sixth Conference on
Atmospheric Radiation, May 13-16, 1986*, pp. 55-58, Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
Boston, MA, 1986.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, E. G. Dutton, R. F. Pueschel, J. A.
Reagan, T. E. DeFoor, M. A. Box, D. Allen, P. Pilewskie, B. M. Herman,
S. A. Kinne, and D. J. Hofmann, \"Pinatubo And Pre-Pinatubo Optical
Depth Spectra: Mauna Loa Measurements, Comparisons, Inferred Particle
Size Distributions, Radiative Effects, And Relationship To Lidar Data,
*J. Geophys. Res., 98*, 22,969-22,985, 1993a.

Russell, P.B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. A. Reagan, E.V.
Browell, G. C. Toon, P.A. Newman, M.R. Schoeberl, L.R. Lait, L. Pfister,
Q. Gao, and B. M. Herman, 1993: \"Post-Pinatubo Optical Depth Spectra
vs. Latitude and Vortex Structure: Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer
Measurements in AASE II,\" *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, *20*, 2571-2574,
1993b.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. J. Bauman, J. B.
Pollack, S. L. Brooks, P. J. Hamill, L. W. Thomason, L. L. Stowe, T.
Deshler, E. G. Dutton, and R. W. Bergstrom. \"Global to Microscale
Evolution of the Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosol, Derived from Diverse
Measurements and Analyses.\" *J. Geophys. Res.* , *101*, 18,745-18,763,
1996.

Russell, P. B., S. Kinne, and R. Bergstrom, \"Aerosol Climate Effects:
Local Radiative Forcing and Column Closure Experiments,\" *J. Geophys.
Res. 102*, 9397-9407, 1997.

Russell, P. B., P. Hignett, J. M. Livingston, B. Schmid, A. Chien, P. A.
Durkee, P. V. Hobbs, T. S. Bates, and P. K. Quinn, Radiative flux
changes by aerosols from North America, Europe, and Africa over the
Atlantic Ocean: Measurements and calculations from TARFOX and ACE 2.
Fifth International Aerosol Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, 14-18
September 1998, *J. Aerosol Sci. 29*(Suppl 1): S255-S256, 1998a.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, B. Schmid, A. Chien, S. Gasso, D.
Hegg, K. Noone, D. Collins, H. Jonsson, K. Nielsen, P. Durkee, R.
Flagan, J. Seinfeld, T. S. Bates, and P. K. Quinn, "Clear column closure
studies of urban-marine and mineral-dust aerosols using aircraft, ship,
and satellite measurements in ACE-2." *J. Aerosol Sci. 29*(Suppl 1):
S1143-S1144, 1998b.

Russell, P. B., P. V. Hobbs, and L. L. Stowe, Aerosol properties and
radiative effects in the United States Mid-Atlantic haze plume: An
overview of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational
Experiment (TARFOX), J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2213-2222, 1999a.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, P. Hignett, S. Kinne, J. Wong, and P.
V. Hobbs, Aerosol-induced radiative flux changes off the United States
Mid-Atlantic coast: Comparison of values calculated from sunphotometer
and in situ data with those measured by airborne pyranometer, *J.
Geophys. Res.,* *104*, 2289-2307, 1999b.

Russell, P. B., and J. Heintzenberg, An Overview of the ACE 2 Clear Sky
Column Closure Experiment (CLEARCOLUMN), *Tellus* B 52, 463-483, 2000.

Russell, P. B., J. Redemann, B. Schmid, R. W. Bergstrom, J. M.
Livingston, D. M. McIntosh, S. Hartley, P. V. Hobbs, P. K. Quinn, C. M.
Carrico, M. J. Rood, E. Öström, K. J. Noone, W. von Hoyningen-Huene, and
L. Remer, Comparison of aerosol single scattering albedos derived by
diverse techniques in two North Atlantic experiments, *J. Atmos. Sci.,*
*59*, 609-619, 2002.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, O. Dubovik, S. A. Ramirez, J. Wang, J.
Redemann, B. Schmid, M. Box, and B. N. Holben (2004), Sunlight
transmission through desert dust and marine aerosols: Diffuse light
corrections to Sun photometry and pyrheliometry, *J. Geophys. Res*.,
109, D08207, doi:10.1029/2003JD004292, 2004.

Russell, P. , J. Livingston, B. Schmid, J. Eilers, R. Kolyer, J.
Redemann, S. Ramirez, J-H. Yee, W. Swartz, R. Shetter, C. Trepte, A.
Risley, Jr., B. Wenny, J. Zawodny, W. Chu, M. Pitts, J. Lumpe, M. Fromm
,C. Randall, K. Hoppel, R. Bevilacqua, Aerosol optical depth
measurements by airborne Sun photometer in SOLVE II: Comparisons to SAGE
III, POAM III and airborne spectrometer measurements, *Atmos. Chem.
Phys*., *5*, 1311--1339, 2005 (SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2005-5-1311,
[www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/1311/](http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/1311/)).

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, J. Redemann, B. Schmid, S. A. Ramirez,
J. Eilers, R. Kahn, A. Chu, L. Remer, P. K. Quinn, M. J. Rood, W. Wang,
Multi-grid-cell validation of satellite aerosol property retrievals in
INTEX/ITCT/ICARTT 2004*, J. Geophys. Res.,* ICARTT special section,
submitted May 2006*.*

Schmid, B., J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, P. A. Durkee, H. Jonsson,
K. E. Nielsen, S. Gasso, E. J. Welton, K. Voss, P. Formenti, and M. O.
Andreae, "Three dimensional investigation of lower tropospheric aerosol
and water vapor during ACE-2 by means of airborne sunphotometry." *J.
Aerosol Sci. 29*(Suppl 1): S1145-S1146, 1998.

Schmid, B., J. J. Michalsky, R. N. Halthore, M. C. Beauharnois, L. C.
Harrison, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, B. Holben, T. Eck, and A.
Smirnov, Comparison of aerosol optical depth from four solar radiometers
during the Fall 1997 ARM Intensive Observation Period, *Geophys. Res.
Lett*., *17*, 2725-2728, 1999.

Schmid, B., J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, P. A. Durkee, H. H.
Jonsson, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, S. Gassó, D. A.
Hegg, E. Öström, K. J. Noone, E. J. Welton, K. J. Voss, H. R. Gordon, P.
Formenti, and M. O. Andreae, Clear sky closure studies of lower
tropospheric aerosol and water vapor during ACE 2 using airborne
sunphotometer, airborne in-situ, space-borne, and ground-based
measurements, *Tellus*, B 52, 568-593, 2000.

Schmid B., J.J. Michalsky, D.W. Slater, J.C. Barnard, R.N. Halthore,
J.C. Liljegren, B.N. Holben, T.F. Eck, J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, T.
Ingold, and I. Slutsker. Comparison of columnar water-vapor measurements
from solar transmittance methods. *Applied Optics,* Vol. 40, No. 12,
1886-1896, 2001.

Schmid, B., D. A. Hegg, J. Wang, D. Bates, J. Redemann, P. B. Russell,
J. M. Livingston, H. H. Jonsson, E. J. Welton, J. H. Seinfeld, R. C.
Flagan, D. S. Covert, O. Dubovik, A. Jefferson, Column closure studies
of lower tropospheric aerosol and water vapor during ACE-Asia using
airborne sunphotometer, airborne in-situ and ship-based lidar
measurements, *J. Geophys. Res.*, Vol. 108 D23,
doi:10.1029/2002JD003361, 2003a.

Schmid B., J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, P. V. Hobbs, D. L. Hlavka, M. J.
McGill, B. N. Holben, E. J. Welton, J. Campbell, O. Torres, R. A. Kahn,
D. J. Diner, M. C. Helmlinger, D. A. Chu, C. Robles Gonzalez, and G. de
Leeuw, Coordinated airborne, spaceborne, and ground-based measurements
of massive, thick aerosol layers during the dry season in Southern
Africa, *J. Geophys. Res*, 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002297, 2003b.

Schmid B**.**, R. Ferrare, C. Flynn, R. Elleman, D. Covert, A. Strawa,
E. Welton, D. Turner, H. Jonsson, J. Redemann, J. Eilers, K. Ricci, A.
G. Hallar, M. Clayton, J. Michalsky, A. Smirnov, B. Holben, J. Barnard.
[How well do state-of-the-art techniques measuring the vertical profile
of tropospheric aerosol extinction
compare?](http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgg/AATS-website/CV_info/2005JD005837.pdf)
*J. Geophys. Res.* Vol. 111, D05S07 doi:10.1029/2005JD005837, 2006.

Smith Jr., W.L., Charlock, T.P., Kahn, R., Martins, J.V., Remer, L.A.,
Hobbs, P.V., Redemann, J.**,** Rutledge, C.K., [EOS-TERRA aerosol and
radiative flux validation: An overview of the Chesapeake Lighthouse and
Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS)
experiment](http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175/JAS3398.1),
, *J. Atmos. Sci.* , doi: 10.1175/JAS3398.1, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp.
903-918, 2005.

Strawa A. W., R. Elleman, A. G. Hallar, D. Covert, K. Ricci, R.
Provencal, T. W. Owano, H. H. Jonsson, B. Schmid, A. P. Luu, K.
Bokarius, E. Andrews. Comparison of in situ aerosol extinction and
scattering coefficient measurements during the Aerosol Intensive
Operations Period. *J. Geophys. Res.* 111, D05S03,
doi:10.1029/2005JD006056, 2006

Swartz, W. H., J.-H. Yee, R. E. Shetter, S. R. Hall, B. L. Lefer, J. M.
Livingston, P. B. Russell, E. V. Browell, M. A. Avery, Column ozone and
aerosol optical properties retrieved from direct solar irradiance
measurements during SOLVE II, *Atmos. Chem. Phys*., *5*, 611-622, 2005
(SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2005-5-611,
[www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/1311/](http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/5/1311/)).

Toon, O., E. Browell, B. Gary, L. Lait, J. Livingston, P. Newman, R.
Pueschel, P. Russell, M. Schoeberl, G. Toon, W. Traub, F.P.J. Valero, H.
Selkirk, J. Jordan, 1993: \"Heterogeneous Reaction Probabilities,
Solubilities, and the Physical State of Cold Volcanic Aerosols,\"
*Science*, *261*, 1136-1140.

Wang, J., R.C.Flagan, J.H.Seinfeld, H.H.Jonsson, D.R.Collins,
P.B.Russell, B.Schmid, J.Redemann, J.M.Livingston, S.Gao, D.A.Hegg,
E.J.Welton, and D.Bates, Clear-column radiative closure during ACE-Asia:
Comparison of multiwavelength extinction derived from particle size and
composition with results from sunphotometry J. Geophys. Res.,
*107*(D23), 4688, doi:10.1029/2002JD002465, 2002.

Wang, J., S. A. Christopher, J. S. Reid, H. B. Maring , D. L. Savoie ,
B. N. Holben, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell and S-K. Yang, GOES-8
retrieval of dust aerosol optical thickness over the Atlantic Ocean
during PRIDE, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 108 D19, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002494,
2003a.

Wang, Jun, Sundar Christopher, Fredrick Brechtel, Jiyoung Kim, Beat
Schmid, Jens Redemann, Philip Russell, Patricia Quinn, Brent Holben,
Geostationary Satellite Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Thickness during
ACE-Asia, *J. Geophys. Res.Vol*. 108, No. D23, 8657,
10.1029/2003JD003580, 2003b.

Welton, E. J., Voss, K. J., Gordon, H. R., H. Maring, Smirnov, A.,
Holben, B., Schmid, B., Livingston, J. M., Russell, P. B., Durkee, P.
A., Formenti, P., and Andreae, M. O., Ground-based lidar measurements of
aerosols during ACE 2: Instrument description, results, and comparisons
with other ground-based and airborne measurements. *Tellus B 52*,
636-651, 2000.

Wrigley, R.C., M.A. Spanner, R.E.. Sly, R.F. Pueschel, and H.R.
Aggarwal, Atmospheric correction of remotely sensed image data by a
simplified model. *J. Geophys. Res.,* *97*, 18797-18814, 1992.

**Appendix E: Acronyms**

  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------
  AATS                 Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer

  AERONET              Aerosol Robotic Network

  ARC                  Ames Research Center

  ARM                  Atmospheric Radiation Measurement

  ASP                  Atmospheric Science Program

  ASTL                 Airborne Science & Technology Laboratory

  BAER                 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute

  DOE                  Department of Energy

                       

  FTE                  Full-Time Equivalent

  GSFC                 Goddard Space Flight Center

  IPP                  Innovative Partnerships Program

  NASA                 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

  PNNL                 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

  SMD                  Science Mission Directorate

  4STAR                Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking
                       Atmospheric Research

  WYE                  Work-Year Equivalent
  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------