# PART VIII -- FENCING

### **ITEM F-160 WIRE FENCE WITH WOOD POSTS (Classes A and B Fences)**

DESCRIPTION

**160-1.1**  This item covers the requirements for furnishing materials
and constructing new wire fences and gates with wood posts in accordance
with the details included herein and as shown on the plans.  The class
of fence to be erected shall be either Class A, woven wire fencing
surmounted by two strands of barbed wire, or Class B, four strands of
barbed wire, as indicated on the plans and in the bid proposal.

MATERIALS

**160-2 WIRE.**

**a. Woven Wire (Zinc-coated).**  The woven wire fence shall be 7‑bar,
26‑inch (66 cm) field fence with top and bottom wires No. 10 gauge, and
filler and stay wires No. 12 1/2 gauge.  Stay wires shall be spaced 6
inches (150 mm) apart.  All wires shall be smooth galvanized steel wire,
conforming to ASTM A 121, Type B.  All wires shall be two‑dip and shall
be spaced as shown on the plans.

**b. Barbed Wire (Zinc-coated).**  Zinc‑coated barbed wire shall be
2‑strand twisted No. 12 1/2 gauge galvanized steel wire with 4‑point
barbs of No. 14 gauge galvanized steel wire.  All wire shall conform to
ASTM A 121, Type A.  The barbs shall be spaced approximately 4 inches
(100 mm) apart.

**c. Barbed Wire (Copper-covered).**  Copper‑covered steel barbed wire
shall conform to ASTM A 121, Type A.

**d. Barbed Wire (Aluminum-coated).**  Aluminum‑coated steel‑barbed wire
shall be 2‑strand twisted No. 12 1/2 gauge.  The 4‑point barbs of No. 14
gauge aluminum‑coated steel wire shall be spaced approximately 5 inches
(125 mm) apart.  The steel wire shall have a tensile strength of between
60,000 and 80,000 pounds per square inch (413 400 and 551 200 kPa), and
the aluminum coating shall have a minimum weight of 0.30 ounce per
square foot (0.07 kg/square meter) of wire surface on the No. 12 1/2
gauge line wires and 0.25 ounce per square foot (0.06 kg/square meter)
of wire surface on the No. 14 gauge barbs.

**e. Bracing Wire (Zinc-coated).**  Wire used for cable for bracing
shall be No. 9 smooth galvanized soft wire.

**160-2.2 GATES AND HARDWARE.**  Gates shall be constructed of
galvanized steel tubing conforming to Fed. Spec. RR‑F‑191 and shall be
the size shown on the plans.  Heavily galvanized hinges and latches for
wood posts shall be furnished with each gate.  Either a bolt or lag
screw hinge shall be used, and either a wing or butterfly latch shall be
furnished.

**160-2.3 POSTS.**

**a. Species.**  All posts shall be one of the following species of
wood, unless otherwise noted in the proposal.

**Group I Group II**

Cedar Douglas‑fir

Chestnut Gum, Red

Cypress, Southern Larch, Western

Locust, Black Pine, Southern Yellow

Osage‑orange Pine, Lodgepole

Redwood Tamarack

Yew, Pacific Ash

Honeylocust Maple, Sugar

Oak, White Oak, Red

Mulberry Spruce

Live Oak

Posts of Group I may be used untreated, provided at least 75% of the
wood is heartwood.  Posts of less than 75% heartwood of Group I shall be
given a preservative treatment for the part of the post that will have
contact with the ground line in accordance with the method specified
under subparagraph e(1) below.  Posts of Group II shall be given a
preservative treatment in accordance with the method specified under
subparagraph e(2) below.

**b. Quality.**  Posts shall be peeled, sound, straight‑grained, free
from decay, cracks, and splits; shakes shall not be in excess of 1/4
inch (6 mm) wide and 3 feet (90 cm) long.  Checks (lengthwise
separations of the wood in a generally radial direction) are permitted,
provided they are not injurious.

**c. Dimensions.**  All posts shall be of the length shown on the
plans.  Posts shall have the minimum top diameters shown on the plans or
as specified.  Sawed and split posts are acceptable in lieu of round
posts provided their dimensions are such that round posts of required
diameter could be turned therefrom.

**d. Manufacture.**  Outer bark shall be completely removed from all
posts including depressions.  Inner bark shall be removed from all post
surfaces to be treated, except inner bark may remain in depressions. 
The amount of wood shaved off in the removal of inner bark shall be held
to a minimum.

**e. Treatment.**

**(1) Butt treatment.**  All timber shall be thoroughly seasoned and dry
(22% maximum moisture content) before applying preservative treatment. 
The treatment shall be by a process at least equal to a hot and cold
bath process.  The hot bath temperature shall be from 200 to 230 F (90
to 110 C) for a duration of 45 minutes, and the cold bath temperature
not over 120 F (50 C) for a duration of 45 minutes.  The preservative
shall be either coal‑gas tar or coke‑oven tar creosote conforming to
American Wood Preservers Association (AWPA) Specification No. 4 for
Grade 1 creosote; or a 5% minimum, by weight, pentachlorophenol
petroleum solution made by either mixing a liquid concentrate of
pentachlorophenol in fuel oil or kerosene, or by dissolving
pentachlorophenol crystals of technical purity in suitable fuel oil
solvents, as specified by AWPA.

**(2) Full length treatment.**  Posts shall be conditioned by air
seasoning, steaming, or heating in oil in a manner that prevents
injurious checking, splitting, or warping before treating.  The
treatment, care and preservative shall be in accordance with AWPA.

**160-2.4 BRACES.**  Cleats, gate stops, and braces shall be of the size
shown on the plans.  They shall be of the same species and quality
specified for the posts or approved by the Engineer, and they shall be
free from knots larger than one‑third the width of the piece.  Gate
stops shall be made of posts of suitable length.  Braces may be made of
posts of suitable length or of sawed lumber.  All cleats, gate stops,
and any braces in contact with the ground and for a distance of at least
6 inches (150 mm) above the ground shall be treated by the hot and cold
bath process, specified herein for posts.  The wire used in cable for
bracing shall conform to 160‑2.1e.

**160-2.5 STAPLES.**  The staples shall be No. 9 galvanized steel wire,
1 inch (25 mm) long for hardwood posts and 1‑1/2 inches (37 mm) long for
use in softwood posts.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**160-3.1 GENERAL.**  The fence shall be constructed in accordance with
the details on the plans and as specified herein using new materials,
and all work shall be performed in a workmanlike manner, satisfactory to
the Engineer.  Prior to the beginning of the work or upon the request of
the Contractor, the Engineer shall locate the position of the work by
establishing and marking the property line or fence line.  When
directed, the Contractor shall span the opening below the fence with
barbed wire fastened to posts of extra length at locations of small
natural or drainage ditches where it is not practical to conform the
fence to the general contour of the ground surface.  The new fence shall
be permanently tied to the terminals of existing fences whenever
required by the Engineer.  The finished fence shall be plumb, taut, true
to line and ground contour, and complete in every detail.  When
directed, the Contractor shall stake down the woven wire fence at
several points between posts.

When directed, in order to keep stock on adjoining property enclosed at
all times, the Contractor shall arrange the work so that construction of
the new fence will immediately follow the removal of existing fences. 
The length of unfenced section at any time shall not exceed 300 feet (90
m) or such length that the stock can be kept in the proper field.  The
work shall progress in this manner, and at the close of the working day,
the newly constructed fence shall be tied to the unremoved existing
fence.  Any openings in the fence shall be guarded when stock is using
the adjoining property.

**160-3.2 CLEARING FENCE LINE.**  The site of the fence shall be
sufficiently clear of obstructions, and surface irregularities shall be
graded so that the fence will conform to the general contour of the
ground.  The fence line shall be cleared to a minimum width of 2 feet
(60 cm) on each side of the centerline of the fence.  This clearing
shall consist of the removal of all stumps, brush, rocks, trees, or
other obstructions that will interfere with proper construction of the
fence.  Stumps within the cleared area of the fence line shall be
grubbed or excavated.  The bottom of the fence shall be placed a uniform
distance above ground as specified in the plans.  When shown on the
plans or as directed by the Engineer, the existing fences which coincide
with, or are in a position to interfere with, the new fence location
shall be removed by the Contractor as part of the construction work,
unless such removal is listed as a separate item in the bid schedule. 
All holes remaining after post and stump removal shall be refilled with
suitable soil, gravel, or other material acceptable to the Engineer and
shall be compacted properly with tampers.

The work shall include the handling and disposal of all material
cleared, of excess excavation and the removal of spoiled material
regardless of the type, character, composition, or condition of such
material encountered.

**160-3.3 SETTING POSTS.**  Posts shall be set with large ends down,
plumb, and in good line on the side on which the wire is to be
fastened.  Posts shall be set full depth and shall not be cut off to
eliminate rock or other excavation.  Where rock is encountered, it shall
be removed, even if blasting is necessary, to provide full‑depth and
full‑size holes.  The bottoms of all posts shall be cut off square.  The
diameter of the holes shall be at least 6 inches (150 mm) larger than
the diameter of the posts.  When cleats are used on posts, the holes
shall be dug large enough to accommodate them.  After posts are placed
and lined, the holes shall be backfilled with suitable material that
shall be properly compacted by the use of tampers.  The posts adjacent
to end, corner, anchor, and gate posts shall be set and braced with
braces and wire, as shown on the plans.  No extra compensation shall be
made for rock excavation.  Rock excavation shall not be grounds for
extension of time.

**160-3.4 ANCHORING.**  Corner, end, gate, and adjacent intermediate
posts shall be anchored, by gaining and spiking cleats to the sides of
the posts, as indicated on the plans.  No cleats will be required on
other intermediate posts or on anchor posts.

**160-3.5 BRACING.**  End, corner, anchor, and gate posts shall be
braced by using a post of sufficient length or a piece of sawed lumber
of the proper size, together with a wire cable.  The wooden brace shall
be gained and securely spiked into the end, corner, anchor, or gate
posts and into the next intermediate posts about 6 inches (150 mm) from
the top of the respective posts.  A cable made of a double strand of
galvanized soft wire shall be looped around the end, corner, anchor, or
gate post near the ground and around the next intermediate post about 12
inches (300 mm) from the top.  After the cable has been stapled in this
position, it shall be twisted until tight.  The staples used to hold the
cable shall be not less than 1‑1/2 inches (37 mm) long.  The tool used
for twisting the cable shall be left in placed to permit later
adjustment of bracing if found necessary.  Anchor posts shall be set at
approximately 500‑foot (150 m) intervals and braced to the adjacent
posts.  Posts shall be braced before the wire fencing is placed.

**160-3.6 INSTALLING WIRE.**  The wires shall be placed on the side of
the posts away from the airport or as directed.  The wire fence shall be
placed on the posts at the height indicated on the plans.  Longitudinal
wires shall be installed parallel and drawn uniformly taut.  The
vertical stay wires of the woven wire fencing shall be straight and
vertical.  At end and gate posts the woven wire and barbed wire shall be
wrapped once around the post; each longitudinal wire shall be stapled at
least three times and the ends of these wires shall be tied with a snug,
tight twist.  Each longitudinal wire shall be stapled to each
intermediate post with one steel wire staple; at the corner and anchor
posts, two or more stapled shall be used.  The top strand of barbed wire
of all fences shall be stapled with two staples in each post.  All
staples shall be set diagonally with the grain of the wood and driven up
tight.  After the fence has been erected, the tops of the wood posts
shall be sawed off with a 1‑to‑3 pitch. The bottom wire of the wire
fencing shall clear the ground by not more than 4 inches (100 mm) or
less than 1 inch (25 mm) at any place.

**160-3.7 SPLICING WIRE.**  Wire splices in longitudinal wires will be
permitted if made with an approved galvanized bolt‑clamp splice or a
wire splice made as follows:  The end of the wires shall be carried 3
inches (75 mm) past the splice tool and wrapped around the other wire
away from the tool for at least six turns in opposite directions.  After
the tool is removed, the space occupied by it shall be closed by pulling
the ends together.  The unused ends of the wires shall be cut close to
make a neat, workmanlike job.  Woven wire shall be spliced only at
posts.

**160-3.8 INSTALLING GATES.**  The gates shall be hung on gate fittings,
as shown on the plans.  Fittings on the gate posts shall be clamped,
screwed, or bolted to prevent slipping.  Gates shall be so erected as to
swing in the direction indicated and shall be provided with gate stops,
as specified or as shown on the plans.  Gates shall be erected locations
shown on the plans.

**160-3.9 EXISTING FENCE CONNECTIONS.**  Wherever the new fence joins an
existing fence, either at a corner or at the intersection of straight
fence lines, a corner or anchor post shall be set at the junction and
braced and anchored the same as herein described for corner posts.

If the connection is made at other than the corner of the new fence, the
last span of the old fence shall contain a brace span.

**160-3.10 CLEANING UP.**  The Contractor shall remove from the vicinity
of the completed work all tools, buildings, equipment, etc., used during
construction.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**160-4.1**  Fences, Class A (Wood Posts) or Class B (Wood Posts), shall
be measured in place from outside to outside of end posts or corner
posts and shall be the length of fence actually constructed, except for
the space occupied by the gates.

Driveway gates and walkway gates shall be measured in units for each
gate installed and accepted.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**160-5.1**  Payment will be made at the contract unit price per linear
foot (meter) for Class A or Class B wire fence.  This price shall be
full compensation for furnishing all materials and for preparation,
erection, and installation of these materials, and for all labor,
equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the item.

Payment will be made at the contract unit price per each for driveway or
for walkway gates.  This price shall be full compensation for furnishing
all materials and for all preparation, erection, and installation of
these materials and for all labor, equipment, tools, and necessary
incidentals to complete the item.

Payment will be made under:

Item F‑160‑5.1 Fence, Class A---per linear foot (meter)

Item F‑160‑5.2 Fence, Class B---per linear foot (meter)

Item F‑160‑5.3 Driveway Gates---per each

Item F‑160‑5.4 Walkway Gates---per each

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

ASTM A 121 Standard Specification for Zinc Coated (Galvanized) Steel
Barbed Wire

FED SPEC Fencing, Wire and Post, Metal

RR-F-191/Gen

AWPA Specification No. 4 for Grade I Creosote

**END OF ITEM F-160**

**Intentionally Left Blank**