![](media/image1.jpeg){width="7.35in" height="9.456944444444444in"}

**NASA**

**Capability Road Map (CRM) 12**

**Science Instruments and Sensors**

**[Capability Portfolio]{.underline}**

**Chair:** Richard Barney, NASA GSFC

**Co-Chair:** Maria Zuber, MIT

**Deputy Chair:** Juan Rivera, NASA GSFC

**Coordinators**

**[Directorate]{.underline}** **[APIO]{.underline}**

Harley Thronson, NASA SMD Perry Bankston, NASA JPL

Giulio Varsi, NASA SMD

**Team Members**

**[NASA / JPL]{.underline} [Academia]{.underline}**

Brian Ramsey, NASA MSFC Chris Ruf, University of Michigan

Bruce Spiering, NASA SSC Steve Ackerman, University of Wisconsin

Soren Madsen, NASA JPL Suzanne Staggs, Princeton

Craig McCreight, NASA ARC

Tim Krabach, NASA JPL **[Industry]{.underline}**

Azita Valinia, NASA GSFC Ron Polidan, Northrop Grumman

Paul Mahaffy, NASA GSFC Rich Dissly, Ball Aerospace

David Chenette, Lockheed Martin

**[Consultants]{.underline}**

David Glackin, Aerospce Corp. **[Technical Experts]{.underline}**

Richard McEntire, JHU/APL Carl Stahle, NASA GSFC

Shyam Bajpai, NOAA Amy Walton, NASA ESTO

Lee Rickard, Naval Research Laboratory Louis Barbier, NASA GSFC

Thomas Black, NRO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

12.1 General Portfolio Overview [1](#__RefHeading___Toc109198782)

12.1.1 Technology Capability Description
[1](#__RefHeading___Toc109198783)

12.1.2 Benefits and Traceability [1](#__RefHeading___Toc109198784)

12.1.2.1 Enabled Missions/Science Goals
[1](#__RefHeading___Toc109198785)

12.1.2.2 Traceability to Vision and Other Priority Agency Objectives
[2](#__RefHeading___Toc109198786)

12.1.3 Assumptions, Qualifications, Provisions and Legacy Activities
[2](#__RefHeading___Toc109198787)

12.1.4 Key Architecture/Strategic Decisions
[3](#__RefHeading___Toc109198788)

12.1.5 Major Technical Challenges [4](#__RefHeading___Toc109198789)

12.1.6 Key Capabilities and Status [5](#__RefHeading___Toc109198790)

12.2 Detailed Portfolio Discussions [8](#__RefHeading___Toc109198791)

12.2.1 Microwave Instruments and Sensors
[8](#__RefHeading___Toc109198792)

12.2.1.1 Summary Description of Major Component Technologies
[8](#__RefHeading___Toc109198793)

12.2.1.2 Benefits and Relationship to Missions and to Strategies
[8](#__RefHeading___Toc109198794)

12.2.1.3 Metrics and Major Requirements
[9](#__RefHeading___Toc109198795)

12.2.1.4 Current State of the Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment
[10](#__RefHeading___Toc109198796)

12.2.1.5 Demonstration and Precursor Mission(s)
[13](#__RefHeading___Toc109198797)

12.2.2 Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR)
[13](#__RefHeading___Toc109198798)

12.2.2.1 Summary Description of Major Component Technologies
[13](#__RefHeading___Toc109198799)

12.2.2.2 Benefits and Relationship to Missions and to Strategies
[14](#__RefHeading___Toc109198800)

12.2.2.3 Metrics and Major Requirements
[14](#__RefHeading___Toc109198801)

12.2.2.4 Current State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment
[15](#__RefHeading___Toc109198802)

12.2.2.5 Demonstration and Precursor Mission(s)
[19](#__RefHeading___Toc109198803)

12.2.3 Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma)
[19](#__RefHeading___Toc109198804)

12.2.3.1 Summary Description of Major Component Technologies
[19](#__RefHeading___Toc109198805)

12.2.3.2 Benefits and Relationship to Missions and to Strategies
[20](#__RefHeading___Toc109198806)

12.2.3.3 Metrics and Major Requirements
[20](#__RefHeading___Toc109198807)

12.2.3.4 Current State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment
[21](#__RefHeading___Toc109198808)

12.2.3.5 Demonstration and Precursor Mission(s)
[25](#__RefHeading___Toc109198809)

12.2.4 Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing [25](#__RefHeading___Toc109198810)

12.2.4.1 Summary Description of Major Component Technologies
[25](#__RefHeading___Toc109198811)

12.2.4.2 Benefits and Relationship to Missions and to Strategies
[26](#__RefHeading___Toc109198812)

12.2.4.3 Metrics and Major Requirements
[26](#__RefHeading___Toc109198813)

12.2.4.4 Current State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment
[27](#__RefHeading___Toc109198814)

12.2.4.5 Demonstration and Precursor Mission(s)
[31](#__RefHeading___Toc109198815)

12.2.5 Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields and Waves
[31](#__RefHeading___Toc109198816)

12.2.5.1 Summary Description of Major Component Technologies
[31](#__RefHeading___Toc109198817)

12.2.5.2 Benefits and Relationship to Missions and to Strategies
[32](#__RefHeading___Toc109198818)

12.2.5.3 Metrics and Major Requirements
[34](#__RefHeading___Toc109198819)

12.2.5.4 Current State-of-the-Aart/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment
[34](#__RefHeading___Toc109198820)

12.2.5.5 Demonstration and Precursor Mission(s)
[38](#__RefHeading___Toc109198821)

12.2.6 *In Situ* Instrumentation [38](#__RefHeading___Toc109198822)

12.2.6.1 Summary Description of Major Component Technologies
[38](#__RefHeading___Toc109198823)

12.2.6.2 Benefits and Relationship to Missions and to Strategies
[39](#__RefHeading___Toc109198824)

12.2.6.3 Metrics and major requirements
[39](#__RefHeading___Toc109198825)

12.2.6.4 Current State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment
[40](#__RefHeading___Toc109198826)

12.2.6.5 Demonstration and Precursor Mission(s)
[44](#__RefHeading___Toc109198827)

12.3 Roadmap Process [44](#__RefHeading___Toc109198828)

12.3.1 Summary History of Roadmap Team, Meetings and Presentations
[44](#__RefHeading___Toc109198829)

12.3.2 Capability Breakdown Structure (CBS)
[45](#__RefHeading___Toc109198830)

12.3.3 Connection to Other Roadmaps [46](#__RefHeading___Toc109198831)

12.4.1 Major Conclusions and Recommendations
[48](#__RefHeading___Toc109198832)

12.4.2 Next Steps [52](#__RefHeading___Toc109198833)

12.5 Acknowledgement/References [52](#__RefHeading___Toc109198834)

12.5.1 Acknowledgement [52](#__RefHeading___Toc109198835)

12.5.2 References [52](#__RefHeading___Toc109198836)

12.5.2.1 Strategic Documents [52](#__RefHeading___Toc109198837)

12.5.2.2 National Research Council Reports
[53](#__RefHeading___Toc109198838)

12.5.2.3 APIO Design Reference Missions
[53](#__RefHeading___Toc109198839)

12.5.2.4 Advanced Mission Studies: Mars Exploration Program

Analysis Group [53](#__RefHeading___Toc109198840)

12.5.2.5 Enterprise Strategies [54](#__RefHeading___Toc109198841)

12.A Appendices A-[1](#__RefHeading___Toc109198842)

12.A.1 Design Reference Mission Set A-[1](#__RefHeading___Toc109198843)

12.A.2 Science Traceability Matrix A-[2](#__RefHeading___Toc109198844)

12.A.3 Sub-Capability Team Expertise A-[5](#__RefHeading___Toc109198845)

12.A.4 Detailed Assumptions of the Roadmapping Process
A-[7](#__RefHeading___Toc109198846)

12.A.4.1 Scope A-[7](#__RefHeading___Toc109198847)

12.A.4.2 SIS Library A-[7](#__RefHeading___Toc109198848)

12.A.4.3 Science Traceability Spreadsheets
A-[7](#__RefHeading___Toc109198849)

12.A.4.4 References from the Master Spreadsheets
A-[9](#__RefHeading___Toc109198850)

12.A.4.5 Roadmap Development Overall Process
A-[9](#__RefHeading___Toc109198851)

12.A.4.6 SIS Top-Level Assumptions A-[11](#__RefHeading___Toc109198852)

12.A.4.7 Microwave Instruments and Sensors (12.1) Assumptions
A-[12](#__RefHeading___Toc109198853)

12.A.4.8 Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR) (12.2)

Assumptions A-[12](#__RefHeading___Toc109198854)

12.A.4.9 Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma) (12.3) Assumptions
A-[13](#__RefHeading___Toc109198855)

12.A.4.10 Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing (12.4) Assumptions
A-[14](#__RefHeading___Toc109198856)

12.A.4.11 Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields and Waves (12.5)

Assumptions A-[14](#__RefHeading___Toc109198857)

12.A.4.12 *In Situ* Instrumentation (12.6) Assumptions
A-[15](#__RefHeading___Toc109198858)

12.A.5 Acronyms and Abbreviations A-[17](#__RefHeading___Toc109198859)

**TABLES**

12.1.1 Impacts of Key Architectural and Strategic Decisions 4\
12.1.2 Major Technical Challenges 5\
12.1.3 Status of Key Capabilities 6\
12.2.1 Metrics for Microwave Instrumentation 9\
12.2.2 Current State of Practice for Microwave Instrumentation 10\
12.2.3 Metrics for Vis-IR-FIR Imaging and Spectroscopic Instrumentation
15\
12.2.4 Current State of Practice for Vis-IR-FIR Imaging and
Spectroscopic

Instrumentation 16\
12.2.5 Metrics for UV-Gamma Ray Imaging and Spectrometric
Instrumentation 21\
12.2.6 Current State of Practice for UV-Gamma Ray Imaging and
Spectrometric

Instrumentation 22\
12.2.7 Metrics for Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing Instrumentation 27\
12.2.8 Current State of Practice of Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing
Instrumentation 28\
12.2.9 Metrics for Direct Sensing Instrumentation 33\
12.2.10 Current State of Practice of Direct Sensing Instrumentation 34\
12.2.11 Metrics for *In Situ* Instrumentation 39\
12.2.12 Current State of Practice for *In Situ* Instrumentation 40\
12.3.1 Interrelationships to Other Capability and Strategic Roadmaps 46\
12.4.1 Key Sub-Capabilities 47\
12.4.2 Critical Facility Needs 49\
12.4.3 "Breakthrough" Technologies for Future Mission Architectures 50

12.A.1 Missions Referenced in Roadmaps A-1

12.A.2 Sample Excerpt from Science Traceability Database A-3

**FIGURES**

12.1a Microwave Instruments and Sensors Near Term Capability Roadmap 11\
12.1b Microwave Instruments and Sensors Far Term Capability Roadmap 12\
12.2a Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR) Near Term

Capability Roadmap 17\
12.2b Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR) Far Term

Capability Roadmap 18\
12.3a Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma) Near Term Capability Roadmap 23\
12.3b Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma) Far Term Capability Roadmap 24\
12.4a Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing Near Term Capability Roadmap 29\
12.4b Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing Near Far Capability Roadmap 30\
12.5a Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields and Waves Near Term Capability
Roadmap 35\
12.5b Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields and Waves Far Term Capability
Roadmap 36\
12.6a In-Situ Instrumentation Near Term Capability Roadmap 41\
12.6b In-Situ Instrumentation Near Far Capability Roadmap 42\
12.7 Science Instruments and Sensor Capability Breakdown Structure 45

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198782 .anchor}**12.1 General Portfolio
Overview**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198783 .anchor}12.1.1 Technology Capability
Description

The Science Instruments and Sensors (SIS) roadmap (*2005 NASA Capability
Portfolio*) includes capabilities associated with the collection,
detection, calibration, conversion and processing of scientific data
required to answer compelling science questions driven by the *Vision
for Space Exploration* and *The New Age of Exploration (NASA's Direction
for 2005 & Beyond*). Science Instruments and Sensors is a broad and
diverse rubric with many enabling science measurement challenges. This
technology investment portfolio, derived from the roadmap, is the result
of a careful review and analysis of studies conducted by the National
Academy of Sciences and by NASA (see 12.1.2.2) and of the extensive
experience of the team members in scientific space instrumentation.

The Science Instrument and Sensors portfolio is organized into
capabilities (12.X) and sub-capabilities (12.X.X) corresponding to the
measurement wavelength range or specialized function. The 6 top-level
capabilities are:

1.  Microwave Instruments and Sensors

2.  Multi-Spectral Imaging / Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR)

3.  Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma)

4.  Laser / LIDAR Remote Sensing

5.  Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields, and Waves

6.  *In Situ* Instrumentation

The Capability Breakdown Structure (CBS; see 12.3.2 and Figure 12.7) was
established to define the sub-capabilities and integrated technologies
required to meet instrument or sensor performance criteria. For each
capability, the roadmap shows driving design reference missions, science
measurements, capability/technology gaps and a description of the
developments (including alternate paths and options) required to advance
the capability or technology to spaceflight. Because of the requirement
to develop strategic and capability roadmaps in parallel, it was not
possible to prioritize *a priori* capability development on the basis of
the highest ranked scientific strategies. Thus, the emphasis was placed
on identifying science instrument and sensor capabilities that would
enable multiple design reference missions, *i.e.,* those having
crosscutting applications. This means that elements were prioritized by
the degree to which they enabled or enhanced scientific discovery, by
the breadth of their application across instrument and sensor
capabilities and by the extent to which they met the needs of multiple
Design Reference Missions (DRMs).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198784 .anchor}12.1.2 Benefits and Traceability

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198785 .anchor}12.1.2.1 Enabled
Missions/Science Goals

NASA's pursuit of the Vision for Space Exploration cannot proceed
without the development of new science instruments and sensors
capabilities. These capabilities are necessary for the collection and
processing of scientific data, either to answer compelling science
questions as old as human curiosity (e.g., How does life begin?) or to
provide crucial knowledge to enable an exploration mission (e.g., remote
surveys of Martian geology to identify optimal landing sites). Several
of these capabilities are also required to support human missions
through measurements of the safety of the environment and its
suitability for human operations.

Critical science instrument and sensor capabilities were also found to
have crosscutting applications in several other capability roadmaps. For
example, sensors developed for science applications can also be used for
subsurface and atmospheric reconnaissance of planetary surfaces, a
priority of the Robotic Access to Planetary Surfaces Roadmap (CRM #6).
Large format focal planes required by future instruments for IR to UV
observations can provide critical feedback detection for active
wave-front control systems required by the Advanced Telescope and
Observatories Roadmap (CRM #4).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198786 .anchor}12.1.2.2 Traceability to Vision
and Other Priority Agency Objectives

Science Instrument and Sensor capability needs can be traced directly
back to the set of top-level strategic documents listed in 12.5 below.
In addition to the *Vision for Space Exploration*, these sources include
a variety of planning documents that express priority objectives of NASA
and the research community. Specific linkages between them and
instrument needs are addressed via the Science Traceability Database,
which is discussed in 12.1.3.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198787 .anchor}12.1.3 Assumptions,
Qualifications, Provisions and Legacy Activities

The process by which the SIS Capability Roadmap was developed was
discussed in the Executive Summary report (chapter 12 in *NASA
Capability Roadmaps Executive Summary -- May 22, 2005*); additional
detail is given in Appendix 12.A.4. Of primary importance here is the
fact that the roadmap was formulated on the basis of strategic mission
architectures derived from Strategic Roadmap Technical Interchange
Meetings, Interim SRM Reports (dated April 15, 2005), and reviews of
Final SRM Reports conducted during the period May 26 through June 3,
2005 with SRMs #2 (Robotic and Human Exploration of Mars), #3 (Solar
System Exploration), #4 (Search for Earth-like Planets), #8 (Universe
Exploration), #9 (Earth Science and Application from Space) and #10
(Sun-Solar System Connection).

A Comprehensive Design Reference Mission (DRM) Set of over 300 missions
was compiled from NASA Advanced Planning and Integration Office (APIO)
and Science Mission Directorate (SMD) documents (see 12.5.2), Advanced
Mission Studies from the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group
(MEPAG), and reports from Strategic Roadmap Teams and at scientific
professional meetings. The missions that actually drive the development
of enabling science instrument and sensor capabilities are given as the
Design Reference Mission set shown in Table 12.A.1. The missions appear
in alphabetical order with the earliest planned mission dates given by
the appropriate strategic roadmap. Also listed are the strategic and SIS
Capability Roadmaps which reference each mission.

A Science Traceability Database was developed to link compelling science
questions, design reference missions, science instrument measurement
needs, and critical instrument and sensor capability/technology gaps.
This database draws on top-level strategic documentation, existing
roadmaps, science measurement priorities described in design reference
mission documentation, and science and engineering community input. An
illustrative section of the database is shown in Appendix 12.A.2. The
full database is available as a separate product.

A number of technologies were excluded from these roadmaps, primarily
because they were covered by other roadmaps. Thus, instruments and
sensors performing "engineering" functions and instrument platform
accommodations on a variety of platforms were handled by flight
technology roadmaps; astronaut tools required to use instruments and
sensors were handled by human systems roadmaps; and large sets of
systems and associated technologies necessary to collect, concentrate
and combine electromagnetic bands ranging from gamma-rays to radio waves
(including gravity-waves) were handled by the telescopes and
observatories roadmap**.** The exception has been the inclusion of large
antenna systems for microwaves in this roadmap, established in concert
with the Advanced Telescopes and Observatories CRM. Finally, the
technical requirements of onboard data communications and storage,
command and control software, transport of data from platform to Earth
ground station, software for data analysis and data archiving have been
presumed to be handled by roadmaps for communications and navigation and
for advanced software systems.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198788 .anchor}12.1.4 Key
Architecture/Strategic Decisions

Architectural and strategic decisions on the implementation of the
*Vision* will guide the instrument and sensor development. Table 12.1.1
highlights those that are most important for this roadmap; the order
does not indicate prioritization. Each strategic decision includes a
description of the needed capability development. The decisions are
driven by three primary factors: a) potential scientific discoveries, b)
evolving programmatic emphasis, or c) the demonstration of technical
feasibility. Dates are consistent with the strategic mission set shown
in Table 12.A.1.

**Table 12.1.1**

Impacts of Key Architectural and Strategic Decisions

+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| **Key Architecture /   | **Date | **Impact of Decision**            |
| Strategic Decisions**  | De     |                                   |
|                        | cision | **(Capability Development)**      |
|                        | is     |                                   |
|                        | Ne     |                                   |
|                        | eded** |                                   |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to          | 200    | > Development of new synthetic    |
| > accelerate           | 5-2010 | > aperture interferometric        |
| > capability for       |        | > imagers for high spatial        |
| > reliable 10--day     |        | > resolution imaging of global    |
| > weather forecasting. |        | > precipitation from GEO.         |
|                        |        | > Significant advances in the     |
|                        |        | > capability to measure wind      |
|                        |        | > speed and direction is          |
|                        |        | > required. Interconnection of    |
|                        |        | > numerical climate and forecast  |
|                        |        | > models with network of sensors  |
|                        |        | > into a sensor web is required.  |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Ability to forecast  | 201    | > Develop capability to detect    |
| > earthquakes,         | 0-2015 | > land surface deformation with   |
| > volcanic eruptions,  |        | > high precision and frequency    |
| > tsunamis and related |        | > using either a small            |
| > solid earth          |        | > constellation of large MEO or   |
| > deformation events   |        | > GEO platforms or a dense LEO    |
| > is shown to be       |        | > constellation of smaller        |
| > feasible from remote |        | > platforms. Link spaceborne and  |
| > sensing.             |        | > ground based land deformation   |
|                        |        | > sensors using finite element    |
|                        |        | > solid earth model.              |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to utilize  | 2008   | > Develop sample acquisition and  |
| > accessible lunar     |        | > handling systems that can       |
| > volatiles for ISRU   |        | > operate for extended periods at |
| > based on possible    |        | > \~40K.                          |
| > discovery by LRO or  |        |                                   |
| > follow-on missions.  |        |                                   |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to          | 201    | > Require next generation of      |
| > establish a          | 5-2020 | > detector systems for particles  |
| > continuous human     |        | > and fields to be used on        |
| > presence on the      |        | > missions to study the Sun-Earth |
| > Moon.                |        | > environment to predict the      |
|                        |        | > safety of long-term human       |
|                        |        | > operations in space.            |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to          | 200    | > Requires *in situ*              |
| > undertake a focused  | 5-2010 | > instrumentation and sensors to  |
| > search for extant    |        | > detect life in a variety of     |
| > life on Mars, if     |        | > places not currently accessible |
| > prompted by the      |        | > by available technology.        |
| > discovery of reduced |        |                                   |
| > organics,            |        |                                   |
| > hydrothermal         |        |                                   |
| > activity, or         |        |                                   |
| > accessible extant    |        |                                   |
| > aquifers.            |        |                                   |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to probe an | 201    | > Develop novel subsurface sample |
| > accessible           | 5-2020 | > acquisition systems and *in     |
| > subsurface ocean on  |        | > situ* instrumentation           |
| > Europa, based on     |        | > compatible with aqueous         |
| > precursor remote     |        | > environments.                   |
| > mapping.             |        |                                   |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Build the capability | 200    | > Develop sensor web of           |
| > to characterize an   | 8-2015 | > instruments, detectors, and     |
| > extrasolar           |        | > optical systems (spatial        |
| > earth-like planet,   |        | > interferometry, metrology,      |
| > based on the         |        | > etc.) capable of detailed       |
| > discovery of such a  |        | > spectral and spatial            |
| > body.                |        | > observations of this planet.    |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to          | 2014   | > High-sensitivity laser          |
| > prioritize           |        | > interferometry would be needed  |
| > investigations of    |        | > with developments in stable     |
| > cosmological gravity |        | > high-power lasers and           |
| > waves from the       |        | > spacecraft disturbance control, |
| > formation of the     |        | > significantly beyond LISA       |
| > universe, black hole |        | > capabilities.                   |
| > mergers, and from    |        |                                   |
| > stars being devoured |        |                                   |
| >                      |        |                                   |
| > by black holes.      |        |                                   |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to          | 201    | > Necessitates                    |
| > prioritize probing   | 0-2015 | > ultra-high-energy-resolution    |
| > the structure of     |        | > x-ray focal plane detectors;    |
| > early universe and   |        | > microcalorimeter arrays with    |
| > map the distribution |        | > associated continuous           |
| > of dark matter.      |        | > high-efficiency 50 mK coolers.  |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| > Decision to          | 201    | > Need to measure both            |
| > prioritize study of  | 0-2015 | > large-scale structures in the   |
| > the nature of dark   |        | > universe as well as the density |
| > energy which is      |        | > of objects as a function of     |
| > accelerating the     |        | > redshift. Development of large  |
| > expansion of the     |        | > aperture optical systems with   |
| > universe.            |        | >                                 |
|                        |        | > billion-pixel class focal       |
|                        |        | > planes.                         |
+------------------------+--------+-----------------------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198789 .anchor}12.1.5 Major Technical
Challenges

The highest priority technical challenges associated with Science
Instrument and Sensors top-level capabilities are identified in Table
12.1.2, along with two crosscutting challenges shared by most of them.
The challenges were selected by identifying those which, when met, will
provide the capabilities needed to enable the highest priority design
reference missions recommended by the science strategic roadmaps. A 15+
year roadmap of performance targets is also given for each of the
challenges. Technical challenges are listed in order of the Level 1 CBS
(see Figure 12.7) element to which they are most closely related (as
indicated in parentheses). Their order in Table 12.1.2 does not indicate
prioritization.

Table 12.1.2

Major Technical Challenges

+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
|             | **Requirements   |                  |                |
|             | to Enable        |                  |                |
| **Major     | Driving          |                  |                |
| Technical   | Reference        |                  |                |
| Challenge** | Missions**       |                  |                |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
|             | **2006-2010**    | **2010-2020**    | **2020 and     |
|             |                  |                  | Beyond**       |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Large       | 60% efficiency   | 1 W Tx @ W-band  | Very large     |
| lightweight | L-Band T/R       | T/R module; 250  | apertures      |
| ele         | modules;         | mW DC digitizing | (\~1000 m^2^)  |
| ctronically | Lightweight      | receiver at 200  | with           |
| scanned RF  | apertures,       | GHz              | integrated     |
| arrays      | membranes or     |                  | electronics,   |
| (12.1)      | panels           |                  |                |
|             | (\<8kg/m^2^)     |                  | L-band and     |
|             |                  |                  | Ka-band.       |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Quantum     | 1x10^3^ pixels @ | Broadband        | Large low      |
| limited     | 30 -100 GHz; low | receivers near   | power, broad   |
| heterodyne  | power            | quantum limit to | bandwidth,     |
| receivers   | dissipation      | 12 THz ;         | tunable arrays |
| (12.1)      |                  |                  |                |
|             |                  | \> 4 octave      |                |
|             |                  | spectrometry     |                |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Large       | 5x10^8^ BLIP CCD | 1x10^3^          | 1x10^7^ pixel  |
| format      | pxls at 140 K @  | polarimetric     | X ray, 1eV     |
| focal plane | Vis/IR; 2eV      | BLIP array @     | resolution,    |
| arrays      | X-ray resolution | FIR;             | response \> 6  |
| (12.1, 12.2 |                  |                  | keV;           |
| & 12.3)     |                  | 1x10^8^ pixel    | Synthesize     |
|             |                  | array @ IR;      | 1x10^7^pixel   |
|             |                  | 1x10^9^ pixel @  | mm-wave imager |
|             |                  | UV               | with thinned   |
|             |                  |                  | focal plane    |
|             |                  |                  | array; 1x10^8^ |
|             |                  |                  | pixel UV/Vis.  |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Improved    | 3 W @ 1-2        | Tunable over 5   | 300 W with     |
| LASER       | micron; lifetime | GHz;             | 1:10^-13^      |
| energy,     | \> 5 yr move     |                  | stability;     |
| lifetime,   | current          | \> 1 J/pulse     | lifetime \> 5  |
| tuning,     | technology to    |                  | yr             |
| noise &     | relevant         |                  |                |
| efficiency  | environment demo |                  |                |
| (12.4)      |                  |                  |                |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| M           | Thicker, larger  | Plasma isotopic  | Energetic      |
| iniaturized | SSD arrays with  | composition      | neutral atom   |
| particles   | associated lower |                  | conversion     |
| and fields  | power,           |                  | surfaces,      |
| instruments | radiation-hard   |                  | imaging,       |
| (12.5)      | readout and      |                  | composition    |
|             | processing       |                  |                |
|             | electronics      |                  |                |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Co          | Bulk sample      | Broad survey sub | Microfluidic,  |
| mprehensive | characterization | ppt-level        | lab on a chip  |
| biomarker   | of organic       | sensitivities in | bioassay;      |
| and organic | content at ppb   | a flight package | biopolymer     |
| assessment  | levels           |                  | identification |
| (12.6)      |                  |                  |                |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Sample      | 40K sample       | Sample handling  | Low-power      |
| handling    | handling with    | with minimal     | drilling in    |
| systems     | minimal volatile | alteration or    | environments   |
| (12.6)      | loss; 130K       | contamination;   | \<40 K with    |
|             | sample           | selective        | quantitative   |
|             | containment      | subsampling in   | volatile       |
|             |                  | core             | preservation   |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Rad         | 100 Mps/W        | 8 GHz BW digital | 100 TIPS       |
| iation-hard | microprocessor;  | spectrometer;    | digital        |
| rep         | 1-10 TIPS        | 100 TIPS digital | correlator     |
| rogrammable | digital          | correlator; 1    |                |
| logic and   | correlator,      | Mradiation-hard  | @ \< 50 W      |
| massively   | Hi-Rad ASIC      | processor        |                |
| parallel    |                  |                  |                |
| ASIC DSP    |                  |                  |                |
| (cr         |                  |                  |                |
| osscutting) |                  |                  |                |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+
| Space       | 5 K high         | 0.1 K cooler @   | Continuous 50  |
| qualified   | efficiency       | 100 mW load      | mK cooler @ 50 |
| cryocoolers | cooler;          |                  | microwatts     |
| (cr         | continuous 50 mK |                  | load           |
| osscutting) | cooler @ 5       |                  |                |
|             | microwatts load  |                  |                |
+-------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198790 .anchor}12.1.6 Key Capabilities and
Status

In this section we describe the ten most important sub-capabilities
selected from a list of over 100 candidates. The following selection
criteria were applied:

> • Do they enable or enhance scientific discovery linked to the *Vision
> for Space*
>
> *Exploration*?
>
> • Do they have broad application across science instrument and sensors
>
> capabilities?
>
> • Do they meet the needs of multiple design reference missions?

These sub-capabilities are shown in Table 12.1.3, where Current Status
refers to performance levels that have been demonstrated in a relevant
space environment. No prioritization among the 10 sub-capabilities was
attempted.

Table 12.1.3

Status of Key Capabilities

+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| **Cap     | **       | **Missions      | **Current       | **Minimum |
| ability** | Sub-Capa | Enabled**       | Status**        | De        |
|           | bility** |                 |                 | velopment |
|           |          |                 |                 | Time      |
|           |          |                 |                 | (yr)**    |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.1      | In       | L-Band LEO      | 10-30W, 40%     | 3         |
| Microwave | tegrated | InSAR,          | efficient;      |           |
| In        | radar    |                 |                 |           |
| struments | T/R      | L-Band MEO      | 4-5 chip MCM,   |           |
| and       | modules  | InSAR, Ocean    | \$1K/module,    |           |
| Sensors   |          | Structure and   | Tx/Rx only      |           |
|           |          | Circulation,    |                 |           |
|           |          | LEO Cloud       |                 |           |
|           |          | System          |                 |           |
|           |          | Structure,      |                 |           |
|           |          | InSAR Land      |                 |           |
|           |          | Topomapper      |                 |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.1      | In       | Jupiter Polar   | THz Receivers:  | 5         |
| Microwave | tegrated | Orbiter with    | 100 element     |           |
| In        | ra       | Probes, Sea Ice | array at 100    |           |
| struments | diometer | Thickness,      | GHz; 2 THz but  |           |
| and       | r        | Einstein        | not cryogenic;  |           |
| Sensors   | eceivers | Inflation       | Digitizing MMIC |           |
|           |          | Probe, Global   | Receivers: 500  |           |
|           |          | Tropospheric    | mW at           |           |
|           |          | Aerosols, Mars  |                 |           |
|           |          | Electrification | \< 60 GHz       |           |
|           |          | Imager          |                 |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.2      | Visible, | TPF-C, Joint    | Vis: 2k x 4k    | 5         |
| Multi     | Near and | Dark Energy     | pixels, CCD;    |           |
| -Spectral | Far-IR   | Mission,        |                 |           |
| Imaging / | Detector | Magnetic        | NIR: 2k x 2k    |           |
| Spe       | Arrays   | Transition      | pixels,         |           |
| ctroscopy | and      | Region Probe,   | photodi         |           |
| (Vi       | Readouts | GEO Lightning   | ode/multiplexer |           |
| s-IR-FIR) |          | Imager          |                 |           |
|           |          |                 | FIR: \~ 400     |           |
|           |          | Large Aperture  | pixels,         |           |
|           |          | UV-Optical      | bolometer       |           |
|           |          | Observatory     | array, NEP \~   |           |
|           |          |                 | 10^-18^ W/√Hz,  |           |
|           |          |                 | unproven        |           |
|           |          |                 | multiplexing    |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.1      | Active   | Einstein        | \>50K: standard | 5         |
| Microwave | Cooling  | Inflation       | flight          |           |
| In        | Systems  | Probe, Single   | technology\     |           |
| struments |          | Aperture Far    | 30-50K: in      |           |
| and       |          | Infrared        | qualification\  |           |
| Sensors   |          | Observatory,    | 4K-30K: in lab  |           |
|           |          | Neptune Orbiter | development     |           |
| 12.2      |          | with Probes,    |                 |           |
| Multi     |          | Joint Dark      | Intermittent    |           |
| -Spectral |          | Energy Mission, | sub-kelvin      |           |
| Imaging / |          | Life Finder,    | cooling: in     |           |
| Spe       |          | Planet Imager,  | service         |           |
| ctroscopy |          |                 |                 |           |
| (Vi       |          | C               | continuous      |           |
| s-IR-FIR) |          | onstellation-X, | sub-kelvin      |           |
|           |          |                 | cooling:        |           |
| 12.3      |          | Generation-X    | breadboard      |           |
| Multi     |          |                 | validation      |           |
| -Spectral |          |                 | cryogen-free    |           |
| Sensing   |          |                 | interface with  |           |
|           |          |                 | mechanical      |           |
|           |          |                 | cooler: proof   |           |
|           |          |                 | of concept      |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.3      | Large    | Large Aperture  | UV: 10^7^       | 5         |
| Multi     | Format   | UV Optical      | pixels MCP,15%  |           |
| -Spectral | Focal    | Observatory,    | QE;             |           |
| Sensing   | Planes;  | Stellar Imager, |                 |           |
| (         | Hig      | Magnetic        | UV/X-ray:       |           |
| UV-Gamma) | h-Energy | Transition      | Megapixel CCDs, |           |
|           | Re       | Region Probe    | 10 W/Megapixel, |           |
|           | solution |                 | 120 eV@6 keV    |           |
|           | P        |                 | resolution, 1   |           |
|           | ixelated |                 | Hz readout      |           |
|           | D        |                 | speed, 150 nm - |           |
|           | etectors |                 | 6 keV;          |           |
|           |          |                 |                 |           |
|           |          |                 | X-ray: 36 pixel |           |
|           |          |                 | mic             |           |
|           |          |                 | ro-calorimeter, |           |
|           |          |                 | 6 eV @ 6 keV,   |           |
|           |          |                 | 100 cps/pixel   |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+

Table 12.1.3 (continued)

Status of Key Capabilities

+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| **Cap     | **       | **Missions      | **Current       | **Minimum |
| ability** | Sub-Capa | Enabled**       | Status**        | De        |
|           | bility** |                 |                 | velopment |
|           |          |                 |                 | Time      |
|           |          |                 |                 | (yr)**    |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.4      | Lasers:  | Lunar Recon     | 6x10^8^ shots   | 5         |
| Laser /   | L        | Orbiter,        | in space;       |           |
| LIDAR     | ifetime, | Stratospheric   | 10^-11^ noise   |           |
| Remote    | High     | Composition,    | in lab; 30 mW   |           |
| Sensing   | Power,   | Mars High       | in lab; no      |           |
|           | High     | Resolution      | tunable or      |           |
| 12.5      | F        | Spatial Mapper, | frequency       |           |
| Direct    | requency | Laser           | stable designs  |           |
| Sensing   | S        | Interferometer  | space           |           |
| of        | tability | Space Antenna,  | qualified.      |           |
| Fields,   |          | Global          |                 |           |
| P         |          | Troposphere     |                 |           |
| articles, |          | Winds,          |                 |           |
| and Waves |          | Stratospheric   |                 |           |
|           |          | Composition,    |                 |           |
|           |          | Photosynthetic  |                 |           |
|           |          | Efficiency, Big |                 |           |
|           |          | Bang Observer,  |                 |           |
|           |          | Europa          |                 |           |
|           |          | Geophysical     |                 |           |
|           |          | Explorer,       |                 |           |
|           |          | Advanced Land   |                 |           |
|           |          | Cover Change    |                 |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.1      | Low      | L-Band MEO      | 1 Tera          | 5         |
| Microwave | power,   | InSAR, Sea Ice  | instructions    |           |
| In        | radiat   | Thickness,      | per second;     |           |
| struments | ion-hard | Global          |                 |           |
| and       | ele      | Tropospheric    | Microprocessor: |           |
| Sensors   | ctronics | Aerosols, GEO   | \~ 10 Mps/W;    |           |
|           |          | Global          |                 |           |
| 12.3      |          | Precipitation,  | DC/DC Conv.:    |           |
| Multi     |          | Europa          | effic. \~ 20 -  |           |
| -Spectral |          | Geophysical     | 50%;            |           |
| Sensing   |          | Orbiter, Solar  |                 |           |
| (         |          | Probe,          | A/D Conv.: 14   |           |
| UV-Gamma) |          |                 | bits, 10 MHz,   |           |
|           |          | All             | 250 mW; HVPS    |           |
| 12.5      |          | m               | 150-400 gm      |           |
| Direct    |          | ulti-spacecraft |                 |           |
| Sensing   |          | missions        | Readout Analog  |           |
| of        |          |                 | Electronics:    |           |
| Fields,   |          |                 | 10^6^ channels, |           |
| P         |          |                 | 100μW/channel,  |           |
| articles, |          |                 | 200 e rms       |           |
| and Waves |          |                 | noise/channel   |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.5      | Particle | Europa          | Solid state     | 5         |
| Direct    | d        | Geophysical     | detector energy |           |
| Sensing   | etectors | Orbiter, Inner  | thresholds ≥ 10 |           |
| of        | with     | Heliosphere     | keV;            |           |
| Fields,   | in       | Sentinels       |                 |           |
| P         | tegrated | (IHS), Solar    | Limited arrays  |           |
| articles, | ele      | Probe, Mag Con, | and higher      |           |
| and Waves | ctronics | Telemachus,     | power;          |           |
|           |          | Interstellar    |                 |           |
|           |          | Probe (ISP),    | Soft integrated |           |
|           |          | Heliospheric    | electronics     |           |
|           |          | Imager and      |                 |           |
|           |          | Galactic        |                 |           |
|           |          | Observer (HIGO) |                 |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.6 In   | Compr    | Mars Deep       | Terrestrial     | 5         |
| Situ      | ehensive | Drill, Mars     | lab-based       |           |
| Instru    | b        | Foundation      | systems for     |           |
| mentation | iomarker | Laboratory,     | sub-ppt level   |           |
|           | and      | Titan Explorer, | sensitivity;    |           |
|           | organic  | Europa          | no              |           |
|           | as       | Pathfinder      | n-comprehensive |           |
|           | sessment | Lander, Europa  | ppb-level       |           |
|           |          | Astrobiology    | sensitivity in  |           |
|           |          | Lander          | bulk samples    |           |
|           |          |                 | for flight      |           |
|           |          |                 | prototypes      |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+
| 12.6 In   | Sample   | Lunar Polar     | MER rock        | 5         |
| Situ      | handling | Explorer, Comet | abrasion tool,  |           |
| Instru    | with     | Surface Sample  | Phoenix sample  |           |
| mentation | minimal  | Return, Comet   | acquisition     |           |
|           | sample   | Cryo Sample     |                 |           |
|           | al       | Return, Mars    |                 |           |
|           | teration | Deep Drill,     |                 |           |
|           | or       | Europa          |                 |           |
|           | conta    | Pathfinder      |                 |           |
|           | mination | Lander, Mercury |                 |           |
|           |          | Sample Return,  |                 |           |
|           |          | Comet Surface   |                 |           |
|           |          | Sample Return,  |                 |           |
|           |          | Venus In-Situ   |                 |           |
|           |          | Experiment      |                 |           |
|           |          | Explorer,       |                 |           |
|           |          | Europa          |                 |           |
|           |          | Pathfinder      |                 |           |
|           |          | Lander          |                 |           |
+-----------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198791 .anchor}**12.2 Detailed Portfolio
Discussions**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198792 .anchor}12.2.1 Microwave Instruments and
Sensors

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198793 .anchor}12.2.1.1 Summary Description of
Major Component Technologies

*Microwave Instruments and Sensors* include active microwave instruments
(radar), passive radiometers, microwave navigation sensors (GPS) and
crosscutting technologies such as cryogenic coolers and radiation-hard
electronics. The frequency range

covered ranges from 30 kHz to 3 THz. Key components include: antennas,
receivers, transmitters and signal and data processing electronics.
Excluded from this portfolio are non-microwave electromagnetic science
instruments, microwave instruments not designed for science (e.g.,
Entry, Descent and Landing Navigation Systems), and *in situ* microwave
science instruments and sensors.

The Level 3 breakout of this portfolio is:

> 12.1.1 Radar Altimetry
>
> 12.1.2 Real Aperture Radar
>
> 12.1.3 Synthetic Aperture Radar
>
> 12.1.4 Interferometric SAR
>
> 12.1.5 Radar Subsurface Sounding
>
> 12.1.6 Passive Microwave Real Aperture Imager
>
> 12.1.7 Passive Microwave Synthetic Aperture Imager
>
> 12.1.8 Passive Microwave Sounder
>
> 12.1.9 GPS -- Radio-Time-of-Flight Triangulation
>
> 12.1.10 Other Technologies

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198794 .anchor}12.2.1.2 Benefits and
Relationship to Missions and to Strategies

Key science questions (and representative missions) addressed by the
Microwave Instruments and Sensors Portfolio include:

-   **Universe** (Einstein Inflation Probe, SAFIR)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What powered the big bang?

-   How and when did galaxies first form?

-   What are the properties of the earliest stars?

```{=html}
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```
-   **Planetary Science** (Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes, Neptune
    Orbiter/Probes, Europa Geophysical Orbiter)**:**

```{=html}
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```
-   How long did it take Jupiter to form, and how was the formation of
    the Uranus and Neptune different from that of Jupiter and Saturn?

-   Confirm the presence of interior oceans on Europa, measure ice
    thickness, elucidate formation of surface features

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Earth System Science** (Sea Ice Thickness, Global Tropospheric
    Aerosols, Global Soil Moisture, Ocean Surface Winds, GEO Global
    Precip, mmWave GEO Radar, Land deformation InSAR, Ocean Structure
    and Circulation, Cloud System Structure)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   How does the cryosphere respond to and affect global environmental
    change?

-   How do atmospheric trace constituents respond to and affect global
    environmental change?

-   How are global precipitation, evaporation, and the cycling of water
    changing?

-   How can weather forecast duration and reliability be improved?

-   How are variations in local weather, precipitation and water
    resources related to global climate variation?

-   How is the Earth\'s surface being transformed by naturally-occurring
    tectonic and climatic processes?

-   How is the global ocean circulation varying on inter-annual,
    decadal, and longer time scales?

-   What are the effects of clouds and surface hydrologic processes on
    Earth\'s climate?

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198795 .anchor}12.2.1.3 Metrics and Major
    Requirements

Table 12.2.1 describes the primary metrics used to evaluate the various
categories of microwave instrumentation, the present levels of
satisfaction of those metrics and required levels of performance to
address the science questions and mission requirements identified above.

Table 12.2.1

Metrics for Microwave Instrumentation

+--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **Sub-       | **Figures of    | **Current        | **Needed        |
| Capability** | Merit**         | Technology**     | Technology**    |
+--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Int          | Temporal and    | Moderate High    | Large           |
| erferometric | spatial         | efficiency       | (400--700m^2^), |
| SAR          | resolution,     | L-band T/R       | deployable      |
|              | swath width     | modules,         | antennas, High  |
|              |                 | Moderate         | efficiency      |
|              |                 | \~30m^2^         | radiation-hard  |
|              |                 | antennas         | T/R modules,    |
|              |                 |                  | Digital Beam    |
|              |                 |                  | Formation (DBF) |
|              |                 |                  | radiation-hard  |
|              |                 |                  | processor       |
+--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Millimeter   | Electronic Beam | Non-deployable   | Large           |
| Wave RAR,    | Steering, Phase | antenna;         | deployable      |
| SAR,         | stability,      | mechanical beam  | antenna,        |
|              | Transmitted     | steering,        | Electronic Beam |
| and          | power, Receiver | Discrete power   | Formation,      |
| In           | noise figure    | amplifier (EIK)  |                 |
| terferometry |                 |                  | High frequency  |
|              |                 |                  | T/R modules     |
+--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Millimeter   | Noise limit,    | Non-Quantum      | Quantum limit   |
| Wave         | frequency       | limit cryogenic  | cryo receiver,  |
| Polarimeter  | resolution,     | receiver;        | 1000s pixels;   |
| Arrays,      | bandwidth,      | moderate power   | highly          |
| S            | number of       | consumption; 10s | integrated;     |
| pectrometers | pixels, degree  | of pixels;       | wideband        |
| & Sounders   | of system       | individual       | digital         |
|              | integration; DC | assembly;        | autocorrelator, |
|              | power           | moderate         | radiation-hard  |
|              | requirement     | bandwidth        | processor, high |
|              |                 | digital          | efficiency      |
|              |                 | autocorrelator   | cryocooler      |
+--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Passive      | Spatial         | TRL 6 synthetic  | Low power MMIC  |
| Synthetic    | resolution,     | aperture         | receiver,       |
| Aperture     | swath width,    | aircraft demos;  | massively       |
| Microwave    | number of       | TRL 4 MMIC       | parallel        |
| Imagers      | frequen         | correlating      | digital         |
|              | cy/polarization | receivers, TRL 4 | correlator,     |
|              | channels, DC    | ASIC correlators | radiation-hard  |
|              | power, noise    |                  | processor       |
|              | limit           |                  |                 |
+--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198796 .anchor}12.2.1.4 Current
State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment

Table 12.2.2 presents detailed assessments of the current state of
practice for specific enabling technologies linked to particular
missions, and minimum estimated development times for achieving the
level of performance to enable the relevant missions.

Table 12.2.2

Current State of Practice for Microwave Instrumentation

+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| **Sub-Cap | *           | **State**    | *              | *        |
| ability** | *Missions** |              | *Performance** | *Minimum |
|           |             | **of         |                | E        |
|           | **Enabled** | Practice**   | **Required     | stimated |
|           |             |              | to**           | Dev      |
|           |             |              |                | elopment |
|           |             |              | **Enable       | Time     |
|           |             |              | Mission**      | (yrs)**  |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > I       | > L-Band    | > 10-30W,    | > 10-30 W, 60% | 3        |
| ntegrated | > LEO       | > 40%        | > efficient;   |          |
| > radar   | > InSAR,    | > efficient; | > Single chip  |          |
| > T/      | >           | >            | > L-Band T/R,  |          |
| R-modules | > L-Band    | > 4-5 chip   | > 2-5 W, 60%   |          |
|           | > MEO       | > MCM,       | > efficiency;  |          |
|           | > InSAR,    | >            | > T/R MMIC at  |          |
|           | > Ocean     | >            | > K-Band, 2-5  |          |
|           | > Structure | \$1K/module, | > W, 60%       |          |
|           | > and       | >            | > efficiency;  |          |
|           | > C         | > Tx/Rx only | >              |          |
|           | irculation, |              | > W-Band T/R,  |          |
|           | > LEO Cloud |              | > 1 W, 20%     |          |
|           | > System    |              | > efficiency;  |          |
|           | >           |              | > Ka-Band      |          |
|           |  Structure, |              | > 5--10W, 40%  |          |
|           | > InSAR     |              | > efficiency., |          |
|           | > Land      |              |                |          |
|           | >           |              |                |          |
|           |  Topomapper |              |                |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > I       | > Jupiter   | > THz        | > Quantum      | 5        |
| ntegrated | > Polar     | > Receivers: | > limited      |          |
| > r       | > Orbiter   | > 100        | > noise at     |          |
| adiometer | > with      | > element    | > 30-110 GHz;  |          |
| >         | > Probes,   | > array at   | > Low power    |          |
| receivers | > Sea Ice   | > 100 GHz; 2 | > MMIC Rx; 2   |          |
|           | >           | > THz but    | > THz          |          |
|           |  Thickness, | > not        | > cryogenic    |          |
|           | > Einstein  | > cryogenic; | > receiver;    |          |
|           | > Inflation | > Digitizing | >              |          |
|           | > Probe,    | >            | > 25-520 μm at |          |
|           | > Global    | > MMIC       | > quantum      |          |
|           | > T         | > Receivers: | > limit;       |          |
|           | ropospheric | > 500 mW at  | > 10/100 GHz   |          |
|           | > Aerosols, | > \< 60 GHz  | > ultra low    |          |
|           | > Mars      |              | > power MMIC   |          |
|           | > Elec      |              | > Rx           |          |
|           | trification |              |                |          |
|           | > Imager    |              |                |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Radia   | > L-Band    | > 1 Tera     | > 1 MRad FPGA; | 3        |
| tion-hard | > MEO       | >            | > 1 Tera-IPS   |          |
| > el      | > InSAR,    | instructions | > correlator;  |          |
| ectronics | > Sea Ice   | > per        | > Digital      |          |
|           | >           | > second;    | > Spectrometer |          |
|           |  Thickness, | >            | > @ 2 GHz BW,  |          |
|           | > Europa    | > 100 MHz    | > 100 kHz res; |          |
|           | >           | > bandwidth  | > Q\~10^8^     |          |
|           | Geophysical | > for        | > spectral     |          |
|           | > Orbiter,  | > digital    | > resolution;  |          |
|           | > Global    | >            | > 10 Tera-IPS  |          |
|           | > T         | spectrometer | > correlator;  |          |
|           | ropospheric |              | > 100 Tera-IPS |          |
|           | > Aerosols, |              | > correlator   |          |
|           | > GEO       |              |                |          |
|           | > Global    |              |                |          |
|           | > Pr        |              |                |          |
|           | ecipitation |              |                |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Cr      | > Einstein  | > Lab        | > 4 -- 10 K,   | 3        |
| yocoolers | > Inflation | > cryocooler | > high         |          |
|           | > Probe     |              | > efficiency,  |          |
|           |             |              | > space        |          |
|           |             |              | > qualified    |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| >         | > L-Band    | > Rigid      | > Active       | 4        |
| Precision | > LEO       | > panels,    | > arrays (50   |          |
| > d       | > InSAR,    | > 10-15      | > m^2^,        |          |
| eployable | >           | > kg/m^2^    | >              |          |
| > large   | > L-Band    | > plus       | > 9 kg/m^2^,   |          |
| > s       | > MEO       | > deployment | > LEO; 400     |          |
| tructures | > InSAR,    | > structure  | > m^2^,        |          |
|           | > Ocean     |              | >              |          |
|           | > Sa        |              | > 4 kg/m^2^,   |          |
|           | linity/Soil |              | > MEO; 700     |          |
|           | > Moisture, |              | > m^2^,        |          |
|           | > InSAR     |              | >              |          |
|           | > Land      |              | > 2 kg/m^2^,   |          |
|           | >           |              | > GEO; all 5   |          |
|           | Topomapper, |              | > mm           |          |
|           | > GEO       |              | > surfaces),   |          |
|           | > Global    |              | > Booms        |          |
|           | > Pr        |              | > (10-100 m    |          |
|           | ecipitation |              | > length, 1    |          |
|           |             |              | > kg/m;        |          |
|           |             |              | > metrology    |          |
|           |             |              | >              |          |
|           |             |              | >              |          |
|           |             |              | compensation), |          |
|           |             |              | > Reflector    |          |
|           |             |              | > antennas     |          |
|           |             |              | > (700-7000    |          |
|           |             |              | > m^2^,        |          |
|           |             |              | >              |          |
|           |             |              | > 1-2 kg/m^2^, |          |
|           |             |              | > LEO, 5 mm    |          |
|           |             |              | >              |          |
|           |             |              | > surface; 500 |          |
|           |             |              | > m^2^, 10     |          |
|           |             |              | > kg/m^2^,     |          |
|           |             |              | >              |          |
|           |             |              | > \> GEO, 1 µm |          |
|           |             |              | > surface,     |          |
|           |             |              | > cooled \<    |          |
|           |             |              | > 10K)         |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+

In the near-term and far-term capability roadmaps (Figures 12.1a and
12.1b), we present a graphical representation of the critical technical
developments needed to achieve specific scientific measurement
capabilities in support of particular driving missions.

> ![](media/image2.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.402777777777778in"}
>
> ![](media/image3.pct){width="8.998611111111112in" height="5.39375in"}

Some technology elements were found to be critical (i.e., enabling) to
specific DRMs, but not sufficiently cross-cutting to be assigned a high
priority. Of particular note among these are:

-   For Global Soil Moisture Mission

\- Precision deployable/inflatable structures (other than reflectors)

\- Control of spinning apertures (balancing)

-   For Solar Radio Bursts and Termination Shock Mission

\- Large data storage

-   For Next Generation Geodetic Networks/Observatory

\- Next generation GPS/GNSS receivers

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198797 .anchor}12.2.1.5 Demonstration and
Precursor Mission(s)

The legacy and current missions underlying development of this
technology capability to its current state are:

-   **Universe:** WMAP, Herschel (*aka* FIRST), Planck, SOFIA (airborne)

-   **Planetary Science:** Pioneer, Apollo--17, Magellan, Cassini,
    MARSIS

-   **Earth System Science:** MSU, AMSU, MLS, MLS-2; SeaSat, DMSP,
    WindSat; SIR-A,B,C; SRTM; NScat, QuikScat; GeoSat, TOPEX, Jason;
    ESMR, TRMM, CloudSat

Some Earth Science and Planetary Science missions can serve as
capability test beds for other missions. We note the heritage from
Nimbus NEMS and SCAMS to TIROS MSU to DMSP SSM/T, and from SeaSat SAR to
Magellan SAR. Similarly, the Jason MMICs provide a test bed for the JUNO
Water/Ammonia Radiometer, and the MLS receivers and Spectrometers for
similar instruments on the Jupiter and Neptune Orbiters.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198798 .anchor}12.2.2 Multi-Spectral
Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR)

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198799 .anchor}12.2.2.1 Summary Description of
Major Component Technologies

*Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (VIS-IR-FIR)* includes sub-systems
and components covering wavelengths from 0.4 to 1000+ μm. The key
sub-capabilities are detector arrays, instrument-level optics and
filters, mechanisms, (internal) calibration sources, electronics, as
well as ancillary technologies, *e.g.,* cryogenic coolers, and data
processing systems. Excluded from this category were Vis-IR near-field
sensing systems or measurements within planetary atmospheres, both
assumed to be covered by the

*In-Situ* Instrumentation roadmap.

The Level 3 breakout of this portfolio is:

> 12.2.1 Visible Imagers, Photometers, Radiometers, Sounders
>
> 12.2.2 Visible Spectrometers/Interferometers
>
> 12.2.3 Visible Spectral and Hyperspectral Imagers
>
> 12.2.4 IR/FIR Imagers, Photometers, Radiometers, Sounders
>
> 12.2.5 IR/FIR Spectrometers/Interferometers
>
> 12.2.6 IR/FIR Spectral and Hyperspectral Imagers

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198800 .anchor}12.2.2.2 Benefits and
Relationship to Missions and to Strategies

Key science questions (and representative missions) addressed by the
Vis-IR-FIR Imaging/Spectrometry Portfolio include:

-   **Earth System Science** (Black Carbon, Total Column Ozone, GEO
    Coastal Carbon, L2 Earth Atmosphere Solar Interferometer, LEO Cloud
    Particle Structure, GEO Lightning Imager)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   How do trace atmospheric constituents affect global climate change?

-   How is climate change affected by trends in solar irradiation?

-   How can weather forecasting be improved and made more reliable?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Planetary Science** (Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes, Europa
    Geophysical Explorer, Neptune Orbiter/Probes)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What processes marked the initial stages of planet and satellite
    formation?

-   Which processes produce and maintain habitable zones within the
    solar system?

-   How long did it take for Jupiter to form and how did its formation
    differ from that of the other gas giant planets?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Sun-Solar System Studies** (MTRAP, Jupiter Polar
    Orbiter/Probes)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What are the dynamics of the sun's transition region?

-   What are the similarities between auroral acceleration processes of
    different planets?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Universe & Earth-like planets search** (TPF-C, TPF-I, Einstein
    Inflation Probe, JDEM, Large Aperture UV Observatory, SAFIR, Life
    Finder, Planet Imager/Mapper)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Is there evidence of life in other planetary systems?

-   How are planetary systems formed, and what are their properties?

-   Did the early universe undergo a process of rapid expansion?

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198801 .anchor}12.2.2.3 Metrics and Major
    Requirements

Table 12.2.3 describes the primary metrics used to evaluate the various
categories of

Vis-IR-FIR imaging and spectrometric instrumentation, the present levels
of satisfaction of those metrics, and required levels of performance to
address the science questions and mission requirements identified above.

Table 12.2.3

Metrics for Vis-IR-FIR Imaging and Spectroscopic Instrumentation

+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
| **Sub-C     | **Figures of    | **Current**      | **Needed         |
| apability** | Merit**         |                  | Technology**     |
|             |                 | **Technology**   |                  |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
| Visible     | Pixel Count,    | ≤1 k x 2 k       | \>2 k x 2 k      |
| Detector    | Uniformity,     | format ;         | format; Mosaics; |
| Arrays      |                 |                  |                  |
|             | Quantum         | Radiation        | Radiation        |
|             | Efficiency,     | degradation;     | tolerance;       |
|             |                 |                  |                  |
|             | Noise,          | Transition       | Stable           |
|             |                 | (CCD - CMOS);    | fabrication      |
|             | Crosstalk       |                  |                  |
|             |                 | Few, changeable  | infrastructure   |
|             |                 | foundries        |                  |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
| IR Detector | Pixel Count,    | \~10^4^ pixels   | Large formats    |
| Arrays      |                 | for some         | for all          |
|             | Noise,          |                  | applications;    |
|             |                 | applications;    | Mosaics;         |
|             | Power           |                  |                  |
|             | Dissipation,    | \~10^6^ pixels   | Higher T arrays  |
|             |                 | for              | proven;          |
|             | Temperature,    | astrophysics;    |                  |
|             |                 |                  | Wider spectral   |
|             | Frame Time,     | Limited mosaics; | response;        |
|             |                 |                  |                  |
|             | Ability to sync | Low-T's          | Linear, fast     |
|             | to scene        | required;        | response;        |
|             |                 |                  |                  |
|             |                 | Irregular        | High-throughput  |
|             |                 | effects          | fabrication and  |
|             |                 |                  | testing          |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
| Far-IR      | Pixel Count,    | Parallel         | Mature 10^4^     |
| Detector    | Uniformity,     | investigations   | pixel            |
| Arrays      |                 | of               |                  |
|             | Quantum         |                  | ba               |
|             | Efficiency,     | best detection   | ckground-limited |
|             |                 | approaches;      | arrays;          |
|             | Noise,          |                  |                  |
|             |                 | Early            | Demonstration of |
|             | Crosstalk       | development of   | polarization,    |
|             |                 | readout/mux      | and              |
|             |                 | approaches;      |                  |
|             |                 |                  | 0.1-0.3 K        |
|             |                 | Limited system   | cryogenics;      |
|             |                 | demonstrations   |                  |
|             |                 |                  | High-T FIR       |
|             |                 |                  | broadband        |
|             |                 |                  | detectors;       |
|             |                 |                  |                  |
|             |                 |                  | Stable           |
|             |                 |                  | fabrication and  |
|             |                 |                  | testing          |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
| ≥6 K        | Cooling Power,  | Limited flight   | Flight           |
| Cryocoolers |                 | experience;      | experience;      |
| for Space   | Ultimate        |                  |                  |
|             | temperature,    | Significant      | No reluctance to |
|             |                 | reluctance to    | adopt in         |
|             | Thermodynamic   | adopt in         | projects;        |
|             | Efficiency,     | projects;        |                  |
|             | Lifetime,       |                  | Long-life proven |
|             |                 | Lifetime tests   | in lab           |
|             | Vibration       | in lab           | (unattended)     |
|             |                 | preliminary but  |                  |
|             |                 | encouraging      |                  |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
| Sub-kelvin  | Cooling Power,  | Few systems      | Mature,          |
| coolers     |                 | developed and    | high-efficiency  |
|             | Ultimate        | qualified for    | systems for      |
|             | temperature,    | flight;          | zero-g;          |
|             |                 |                  |                  |
|             | Thermodynamic   | Alternate        | Proven when      |
|             | Efficiency,     | systems under    | staged to        |
|             |                 | investigation    | advanced 6 K     |
|             | Lifetime        |                  | coolers          |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
| Instrument  | Transmissivity, | Moderate size    | Large, high-τ    |
| Optics      |                 | filters;         | filters;         |
|             | Spectral        |                  |                  |
|             | resolution,     | Moderate         | Large, powerful  |
|             |                 | capability       | dispersive       |
|             | Element         | dispersive       | instruments;     |
|             | diameter and    | instruments;     |                  |
|             | uniformity,     |                  | Proven masks,    |
|             |                 | Emerging active  | and other        |
|             | Survives        | masks            | techniques       |
|             | thermal cycling |                  |                  |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198802 .anchor}12.2.2.4 Current
State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment

Table 12.2.4 presents detailed assessments of the current state of
practice for specific enabling technologies linked to particular
missions, and minimum estimated development times for achieving the
level of performance to enable the relevant missions.

Table 12.2.4

Current State of Practice for Vis-IR-FIR Imaging and Spectroscopic
Instrumentation

+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| **Sub-Cap | *           | **State**    | *              | *        |
| ability** | *Missions** |              | *Performance** | *Minimum |
|           |             | **of         |                | E        |
|           | **Enabled** | Practice**   | **Required     | stimated |
|           |             |              | to**           | Dev      |
|           |             |              |                | elopment |
|           |             |              | **Enable       | Time     |
|           |             |              | Mission**      | (yrs)**  |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Visible | > TPF-C,    | > 2k x 4k    | > 5x10^8^ BLIP | 5        |
| >         | > Joint     | > pixel      | > CCD pixels   |          |
|  Detector | > Dark      | > CCD,\      | > at 140 K,    |          |
| > Arrays  | > Energy    | > two-chip   | > ASIC, 4      |          |
| > and     | > Mission,  | > focal      | > electron     |          |
| >         | > Magnetic  | > plane      | > noise        |          |
| >         | >           | > array,     | > (JDEM); High |          |
|  Readouts |  Transition | >            | > contrast FPA |          |
|           | > Region    | conventional | > with         |          |
|           | > Probe,    | > drive      | > coronagraph  |          |
|           | > GEO       | >            | > (TPF-C);     |          |
|           | > Lightning | electronics, | > 10^8^ pixel  |          |
|           | > Imager,   | > \~ 5       | > visible      |          |
|           | > Large     | > electron   | > array        |          |
|           | >           | > noise      | > mosaic,      |          |
|           |  UV-Optical |              | > photon       |          |
|           | >           |              | > counting     |          |
|           | Observatory |              | > (LUVO)       |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > IR      | > Neptune   | > 2k x 2k    | > 2x10^8^ BLIP | 5        |
| >         | > Orbiter   | > pixel      | > NIR pixels   |          |
|  Detector | > with      | > near-IR    | > at 140 K, 4  |          |
| > Arrays  | > Probes,   | > array, lab | > electron     |          |
| > and     | > Joint     | > crycooler, | > noise, ASIC  |          |
| >         | > Dark      | >            | > (JDEM);      |          |
|  Readouts | > Energy    | > 320 x 240  | > 10^6^ room   |          |
|           | > Mission,  | > mic        | > temp array,  |          |
|           | > Life      | ro-bolometer | > 0.02 K NE∆T  |          |
|           | > Finder,   | > array 0.04 | > (Neptune     |          |
|           | > Planet    | > K          | > Orbiter);    |          |
|           | > Imager    | >            | > 3-17 μm BLIP |          |
|           |             | NE∆T(THEMIS) | > arrays       |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > FIR     | > Einstein  | > \~ 400     | > 10^3^ pixel  | 5        |
| >         | > Inflation | > pixel      | > BLIP array   |          |
|  Detector | > Probe,    | > arrays,    | > with         |          |
| >         | > Single    | > NEP \~     | > polarization |          |
| > Arrays  | > Aperture  | > 10^-18^    | > sensitivity  |          |
| > and     | > Far       | > W/√Hz,     | > (IP); 10^4^  |          |
| >         | > Infrared  | > unproven   | > pixel BLIP   |          |
| >         | >           | > m          | > array,       |          |
|  Readouts | Observatory | ultiplexing, | >              |          |
|           |             | > lab        | > 10^-18^      |          |
|           |             | >            | > W/√Hz NEP,   |          |
|           |             |  cryocoolers | > continuous   |          |
|           |             |              | > cooling at T |          |
|           |             |              | >              |          |
|           |             |              | > \< 50mK      |          |
|           |             |              | > (SAFIR)      |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Cr      | > Einstein  | > \>50K:     | > 4 -- 10 K,   | 3        |
| yocoolers | > Inflation | > standard   | > high         |          |
|           | > Probe,    | > flight     | > efficiency,  |          |
|           | > Single    | >            | > space        |          |
|           | > Aperture  |  technology\ | > qualified    |          |
|           | > Far       | > 30-50K: in | >              |          |
|           | > Infrared  | > qu         | > Reliable and |          |
|           | > O         | alification\ | > continuous   |          |
|           | bservatory, | > 4K-30K: in | > 0.1K cooling |          |
|           | > Neptune   | > lab        |                |          |
|           | > Orbiter   | >            |                |          |
|           | > with      |  development |                |          |
|           | > Probes,   | >            |                |          |
|           | > Joint     | >            |                |          |
|           | > Dark      | Intermittent |                |          |
|           | > Energy    | > sub-kelvin |                |          |
|           | > Mission,  | > cooling:   |                |          |
|           | > Life      | > in         |                |          |
|           | > Finder,   | > service\   |                |          |
|           | > Planet    | > continuous |                |          |
|           | > Imager    | > sub-kelvin |                |          |
|           |             | > cooling:   |                |          |
|           |             | > breadboard |                |          |
|           |             | >            |                |          |
|           |             |  validation\ |                |          |
|           |             | >            |                |          |
|           |             | cryogen-free |                |          |
|           |             | > interface  |                |          |
|           |             | > with       |                |          |
|           |             | > mechanical |                |          |
|           |             | > cooler:    |                |          |
|           |             | > proof of   |                |          |
|           |             | > concept    |                |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > I       | > TPF-I,    | > Small      | > IR Imaging   | 7        |
| nstrument | > Neptune   | > scale      | > FTS, 10^6^   |          |
| > Optics  | > Orbiter   | >            | > pixels; 8 m  |          |
| > and     | > with      |  instruments | > boom, 0.1 μm |          |
| >         | > Probes,   | > in space,  | > path         |          |
|  Filters, | > L2        | >            | > stability;   |          |
| >         | > Inte      | > \<         | >              |          |
|  Advanced | rferometer, | > Megapixel  | > 10^3^ pixel  |          |
| > Visible | > GEO       | > arrays,    | > BLIP array,  |          |
| > and IR  | > Coastal   | >            | > 10^-20^      |          |
| > Spec    | > Carbon,   | ground-based | > W/√Hz;       |          |
| trometers | > Magnetic  | > int        | >              |          |
|           | >           | erferometers | > High         |          |
|           |  Transition |              | > throughput   |          |
|           | > Region    |              | > filter at    |          |
|           | > Probe,    |              | >              |          |
|           | > Single    |              | > 10 μm,       |          |
|           | > Aperture  |              | >              |          |
|           | > Far       |              | > High         |          |
|           | > Infrared  |              | > contrast FPA |          |
|           | > O         |              | >              |          |
|           | bservatory, |              | > Cryocooler   |          |
|           | > Life      |              | > at 4-6K      |          |
|           | > Finder    |              |                |          |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+----------------+----------+

In the near-term and far-term capability roadmaps (Figures 12.2a and
12.2b), we present a graphical representation of the critical technical
developments needed to achieve specific scientific measurement
capabilities in support of particular driving missions.

> ![](media/image4.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.406944444444444in"}
>
> ![](media/image5.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.4006944444444445in"}

Sustained development of larger-format, higher-sensitivity focal plane
arrays is key to meeting future instrument needs across the spectrum.
Important component (e.g., optics) and support (e.g., cryogenics)
technologies are also critical; they need to be proven at the
instrument-system level. Other key technologies are on-board (or
'intra-instrument') calibration sources, imaging optics, data processing
and compression systems (including, e.g., real-time feature extraction),
and mechanical technologies enabling the deployment and control of the
overall opto-mechanical structures.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198803 .anchor}12.2.2.5 Demonstration and
Precursor Mission(s)

The legacy and current missions underlying development of this
technology capability to its current state are:

-   **Earth System Science:** LandSat, Ikonos, Quickbird 2, MODIS
    (Terra, Aqua), AIRS (Aqua)

-   **Planetary Studies:** THEMIS, VIMS (Cassini), HiRISE and CRISM
    (Mars Recon Orbiter), TES (Mars Global Surveyor)

-   **Sun-Solar System Studies:** LASCO, MDI/SOI (SOHO), SOT (Solar-B),
    SECCHI/STEREO

-   **Universe and Search for Earth-Like Planets:** IRAC and IRS and
    MIPS (Spitzer), ACS (HST), NIRCam and NIRSpec and MIRI (JWST)

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198804 .anchor}12.2.3 Multi-Spectral
    Sensing (UV-Gamma)

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198805 .anchor}12.2.3.1 Summary Description
    of Major Component Technologies

*Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma)* includes sub-systems and components
for remote

imaging and spectrometry for the UV to Gamma ray wavelength range, λ \<
0.4 μm (energies larger than 3 eV). The key technologies are detector
arrays and associated electronics plus ancillary equipment such as
cryogenic coolers. It is assumed that lightweight, high-resolution
grazing and normal incidence and diffractive optics (and coatings) are
all covered by the Advanced Telescopes and Observatories roadmap, as are
formation flying capabilities and the necessary metrology. Technologies
for cooling of large structures (including large-area detectors) and
general thermal control are assumed to be handled by flight hardware
roadmaps, and advanced data handling capabilities (high-speed telemetry,
data compression, etc.) are handled by the communication and navigation
roadmap.

The Level 3 breakout of this area is:

> 12.3.1 UV Imaging and Spectrometry
>
> 12.3.2 UV Interferometry
>
> 12.3.3 X-Ray Imaging and Spectrometry
>
> 12.3.4 X-Ray Timing and Polarimetry
>
> 12.3.5 X-Ray Interferometry
>
> 12.3.6 Gamma-Ray Imaging and Spectrometry

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198806 .anchor}12.2.3.2 Benefits and
Relationship to Missions and to Strategies

Key science questions (and representative missions) addressed by the
UV-Gamma Ray Multi-Spectral Sensing Portfolio include:

-   **Universe & Earth-like planet search** (Constellation-X, Black Hole
    Finder Probe, Large UV-Optical Observatory, Black Hole Imager,
    Advanced Compton Telescope, Generation-X, Stellar Imager)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Determine origin of stars, planets, and life

-   Determine origin of elements

-   Probe early universe

-   Map distribution of dark matter

-   Perform black hole census

-   Probe formation and evolution of black holes

-   Probe space and time around black hole

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Sun-Solar System Studies** (MTRAP, RAM, SCOPE)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Measure and understand the magnetic transition region

-   Determine the dynamics of the sun's transition region

-   Determine solar reconnection mechanisms

-   Probe structure of region between heliosphere and local galactic
    environment

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198807 .anchor}12.2.3.3 Metrics and Major
    Requirements

Table 12.2.5 describes the primary metrics used to evaluate the various
categories of

UV-Gamma Ray imaging and spectrometric instrumentation, the present
levels of satisfaction of those metrics, and required levels of
performance to address the science questions and mission requirements
identified above.

**Table 12.2.5**

Metrics for UV-Gamma Ray Imaging and Spectrometric Instrumentation

+-------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| **Sub-C     | **Figures of    | **Current**      | **Needed**        |
| apability** | Merit**         |                  |                   |
|             |                 | **Technology**   | **Technology**    |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| UV Imaging  | Large-format    | Limited by       | Factor of 10      |
| and         | focal plane     | quantum          | increase in pixel |
| S           | detectors;      | efficiency and   | number and factor |
| pectrometry | Microchannel    | overall number   | of 2-5 increase   |
|             | plate           | of pixels        | in quantum        |
|             | performance     |                  | efficiency        |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| UV and      | Large-format    | Megapixel CCDs   | Larger CCDs with  |
| X-ray       | focal plane     | with moderate    | two orders of     |
| Imaging and | detectors;      | power            | magnitude less    |
| S           |                 | requirements,    | power (possible   |
| pectrometry | CCD and active  | moderate readout | change of         |
|             | pixel sensor    | speeds, and      | technology to     |
|             | performance     | limited UV and   | active pixel      |
|             |                 | X-ray response   | sensors), faster  |
|             |                 |                  | readout rate, and |
|             |                 |                  | extended UV (\<   |
|             |                 |                  | 200 nm) and x-ray |
|             |                 |                  | (\> 6 keV)        |
|             |                 |                  | response          |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| X-Ray       | High-en         | Limited energy   | Factor of 2 and 4 |
| Imaging and | ergy-resolution | resolution,      | (near and far     |
| S           | pixelated       | pixel array      | term) improvement |
| pectrometry | detector        | sizes and count  | in energy         |
|             | performance     | rate capability  | resolution, 30    |
|             |                 |                  | and 3x10^5^ (near |
|             |                 |                  | and far term)     |
|             |                 |                  | increase in pixel |
|             |                 |                  | number and factor |
|             |                 |                  | of ten increase   |
|             |                 |                  | in rate           |
|             |                 |                  | capability        |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
|             | Cryogenic       | Limited lifetime | Long-lifetime (7  |
|             | cooler          | (laboratory      | year) systems;    |
|             | performance     | prototype)       |                   |
|             |                 | continuous (50   | Reduced mass and  |
|             |                 | mK) coolers;     | power (factors of |
|             |                 |                  | two) and          |
|             |                 | Cryocoolers      | increased         |
|             |                 | requiring too    | robustness        |
|             |                 | much power and   |                   |
|             |                 | weight           |                   |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| Gamma Ray   | Readout         | Systems cannot   | Systems to handle |
| Imaging and | electronics     | handle future    | 100 x more        |
| S           | power, noise,   | channel counts   | channels with     |
| pectrometry | yield and       | and noise        |                   |
|             | architecture    | requirements;    | low-noise         |
|             |                 |                  | interconnects;    |
|             |                 | Low custom-chip  |                   |
|             |                 | yields (10-20%); | Factor of 2-5     |
|             |                 |                  | increase in       |
|             |                 | Typical current  | custom chip yield |
|             |                 | architecture     | (due to large     |
|             |                 | leads to long    | number needed);   |
|             |                 | interconnects    |                   |
|             |                 |                  | Novel ways to     |
|             |                 |                  | interconnect to   |
|             |                 |                  | reduce noise and  |
|             |                 |                  | provide near      |
|             |                 |                  | seamless arrays   |
+-------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198808 .anchor}12.2.3.4 Current
State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment

Table 12.2.6 presents detailed assessments of the current state of
practice for specific enabling technologies linked to particular
missions and minimum estimated development times for achieving the level
of performance to enable the relevant missions.

**Table 12.2.6**

Current State of Practice for UV-Gamma Ray Imaging and Spectrometric
Instrumentation

+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+
| **Sub-Cap | *           | **State**    | **            | **Minimum |
| ability** | *Missions** |              | Performance** | Estimated |
|           |             | **of         |               | De        |
|           | **Enabled** | Practice**   | **Required    | velopment |
|           |             |              | to**          | Time      |
|           |             |              |               | (yrs)**   |
|           |             |              | **Enable      |           |
|           |             |              | Mission**     |           |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+
| > Large   | > Large     | > 10^7^      | > 8x10^7^     | 5         |
| > Format  | > Aperture  | > pixels,    | > pixels,     |           |
| > UV      | > UV        | > 10-15%     | >             |           |
| > Focal   | > Optical   | > quantum    | > 50% quantum |           |
| > Planes, | >           | > efficiency | > efficiency  |           |
| > Mic     | Observatory |              | > (LUVO)      |           |
| rochannel |             |              |               |           |
| > Plates  |             |              |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+
| > Large   | > Stellar   | > Megapixel, | > \> 10^8^    | 5         |
| > Format  | > Imager,   | > \> 150 nm  | > pixels      |           |
| > UV      | > Magnetic  | > response   | > (UV),       |           |
| > Focal   | >           |              | >             |           |
| > Planes, |  Transition |              | > 6k x 6k,    |           |
| > CCD/APS | > Region    |              | > buttable,   |           |
|           | > Probe     |              | >             |           |
|           |             |              | > extended UV |           |
|           |             |              | > response    |           |
|           |             |              | > (MTRAP)     |           |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+
| > Large   | > Const     | > Megapixel, | > 4k x 4k,    | 5         |
| > Format  | ellation-X, | > 120 eV @   | > 4-side      |           |
| > X-ray   | >           | >            | > buttable,   |           |
| > Focal   | > Black     | > 6 keV      | > \<120 eV @  |           |
| > Planes, | > Hole      | >            | > 6 keV       |           |
| > CCD/APS | > Imager,   |  resolution, | > (BHI);      |           |
|           | >           | > 1 Hz       | >             |           |
|           | > Black     | > readout    | > 30 Hz       |           |
|           | > Hole      | > speed,     | > readout     |           |
|           | > Finder,   | >            | > speed       |           |
|           | >           | > 10         | > (Con-X);    |           |
|           | > G         | >            | > 0.1         |           |
|           | eneration-X | W/Megapixel, | > W/Megapixel |           |
|           |             | > 6 keV      | > (BHI);      |           |
|           |             | > response   | >             |           |
|           |             |              | > X-ray       |           |
|           |             |              | > response \> |           |
|           |             |              | > 6 keV       |           |
|           |             |              | > (Gen-X)     |           |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+
| > High    | > Const     | > 36 pixels, | > 2 eV, 10^3^ | 5         |
| > Energy  | ellation-X, | > 6 eV @     | > pixels      |           |
| > R       | >           | >            | > (Con-X);    |           |
| esolution | > G         | > 6 keV      | >             |           |
| >         | eneration-X | >            | > 1 eV, 10^7^ |           |
| >         |             |  resolution, | > pixels      |           |
| Pixelated |             | >            | > (Gen-X)     |           |
| >         |             | > 100 cps    | >             |           |
| Detectors |             | > per pixel  | > \> 1000 cps |           |
|           |             | >            | > per pixel   |           |
|           |             | > (Astro-E2) | >             |           |
|           |             |              | > (Con-X)     |           |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+
| > Cr      | > Const     | > Cryogenic  | > 50 mK, 5    | 5         |
| yocoolers | ellation-X, | > coolers:   | > μW,         |           |
|           | >           | >            | > continuous  |           |
|           | > G         | > 50 mK, 5   | > or duty     |           |
|           | eneration-X | > μW,        | > cycle \>    |           |
|           |             | >            | > 95%,        |           |
|           |             | > nea        | >             |           |
|           |             | r-continuous | > 7 year      |           |
|           |             | > ADR, 300   | > lifetime,   |           |
|           |             | > μW/W       | >             |           |
|           |             | > efficiency | > 500 μW/W    |           |
|           |             | > (          | > efficiency  |           |
|           |             | cryocooler), | > (Con-X)     |           |
|           |             | > lifetime   |               |           |
|           |             | > not        |               |           |
|           |             | >            |               |           |
|           |             | demonstrated |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+
| > Meg     | > Black     | > 10^6^      | > 5x10^6^ --  | 5         |
| a-to-Giga | > Hole      | > channels   | > 10^8^, 100  |           |
| > Channel | > Finder    | > (GLAST),   | > μW to       |           |
| > Analog  | > Probe     | > 100        | >             |           |
| > El      |             | >            | > 2           |           |
| ectronics |             |  μW/channel. | > μW/channel, |           |
|           |             | > 200        | > \< 300 e    |           |
|           |             | > electrons  | > rms with    |           |
|           |             | > rms        | >             |           |
|           |             | > n          | interconnects |           |
|           |             | oise/channel | > and         |           |
|           |             | >            | > coupling    |           |
|           |             | > (no        | > (BHFP)      |           |
|           |             | >            |               |           |
|           |             | connections) |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-----------+

In the near-term and far-term capability roadmaps (Figures 12.3a and
12.3b), we present a graphical representation of the critical technical
developments needed to achieve specific scientific measurement
capabilities in support of particular driving missions.

> ![](media/image6.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.4006944444444445in"}
>
> ![](media/image7.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.404166666666667in"}

The key development for the UV through X-ray range is higher-performance
focal plane detectors and their associated systems, with special
emphasis on high energy-resolution detectors for high-energy photons.
For gamma-ray missions, the driving technology requirement is low-power
electronics and architectures supporting mega-to-giga channel
instruments. Other key technologies are high-resolution, light-weight
optics; formation flying and precision metrology for interferometry;
on-board data process, storage, and high-bandwidth telemetry; cooling of
large area detectors, and general thermal control; and on-ground (and
in-flight) calibration of high-resolution detector systems and their
associated optics.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198809 .anchor}12.2.3.5 Demonstration and
Precursor Mission(s)

The legacy and current missions underlying development of this
technology capability to its current state are:

-   **Sun-Solar System Studies:** SOHO, IMAGE, RHESSI, Solar-B, STEREO

-   **Universe & Earth-like Planet Search:** EUVE, HST, FUSE, Uhuru,
    Einstein, Chandra, Compton GRO, GLAST

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198810 .anchor}12.2.4 Laser/LIDAR Remote
    Sensing

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198811 .anchor}12.2.4.1 Summary Description
    of Major Component Technologies

*Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing* encompasses sub-systems and components for
surface elevation and atmospheric layer height measurements, transponder
and interferometer operation for precise distance measurements,
scattering for aerosol and cloud properties and composition, and Doppler
velocity determination for wind measurement. Wavelengths range from 0.3
to 2 μm. The key technologies include lasers (high power, multi-beam and
--wavelength, pulsed and continuous wave), detectors, receivers, and
scanning mechanisms. Excluded from this portfolio are laser systems for
optical communication, range finders for landing systems, and
laser/LIDAR *in situ* systems. It is assumed that receiver optics and
infrastructure are also addressed by the Advanced Telescopes and
Observatories Roadmap, and that platform systems (especially to provide
stability) are addressed by flight hardware roadmaps. It is also noted
that aircraft-based prototype systems are particularly important for
validation of these technologies.

The Level 3 breakout of this technology area is:

> 12.4.1 Altimeters
>
> 12.4.2 Transponders
>
> 12.4.3 Atmospheric LIDARS
>
> 12.4.4 Spectrometers
>
> 12.4.5 Interferometers

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198812 .anchor}12.2.4.2 Benefits and
Relationship to Missions and to Strategies

Key science questions (and representative missions) addressed by the
Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing Portfolio include:

-   **Earth System Science** (CALIPSO/CALIOP, Tropical Winds, High
    Resolution CO2, Advanced Land Cover Change, Stratospheric
    Composition, Photosynthetic Efficiency)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What do the distributions of ozone, aerosols and climate change
    imply about present-day climate?

-   How do tropospheric winds affect weather?

-   What do the distributions of trace gases imply for global warming?

-   What is the three-dimensional structure of the world's vegetation?

-   What are the implications of photosynthetic efficiency for
    biological productivity?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Planetary Science** (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Europa
    Geophysical Orbiter, Mars High-resolution Spatial Mapper)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What is the surface evolution of the solid planets and how does
    surface geology relate to planetary thermal evolution?

-   What is the history of volatile compounds, especially water, across
    the solar system?

-   What does the solar system tell us about the development and
    evolution of extrasolar planetary systems and vice versa?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Universe & Earth-like planet search** (LISA, Big Bang
    Observer)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What happens at the edge of black holes?

-   What is the nature of the pre-inflation universe?

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198813 .anchor}12.2.4.3 Metrics and Major
    Requirements

Table 12.2.7 describes the primary metrics used to evaluate the various
categories of laser/LIDAR remote sensing instrumentation, the present
levels of satisfaction of those metrics, and required levels of
performance to address the science questions and mission requirements
identified above.

**Table 12.2.7**

Metrics for Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing Instrumentation

+-------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| **Sub-C     | **Figures of     | **Current**     | **Needed**       |
| apability** | Merit**          |                 |                  |
|             |                  | **Technology**  | **Technology**   |
+-------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| Ranging     | Time of flight;  | Single laser    | Multiple beams;  |
| Altimeters; |                  | profiling       |                  |
| Backscatter | Signal           | systems         | Scanning or      |
| LIDARS      | intensity;       |                 | pixelated        |
|             |                  |                 | detectors with   |
|             | Detector         |                 | long lifetime    |
|             | sensitivity      |                 |                  |
+-------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| Doppler     | Doppler shift of | Demonstrated    | Longer lifetime; |
| Wind        | narrow linewidth | from ground and | Increased        |
| Profilers   | beam             | aircraft;       | resolution for   |
|             |                  | Orbital sensors | Earth and        |
|             |                  | under           | planetary        |
|             |                  | development     | applications     |
+-------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| Surface/    | Detect presence  | Demonstrated    | High-power       |
| Atmosphere  | of chemical      | from aircraft   | systems with     |
| Reflectance | component and    |                 | wavelength       |
| Sp          | concentration    |                 | tunability and   |
| ectrometers | through          |                 | fine range       |
|             | absorption or    |                 | gating           |
|             | fluorescence at  |                 |                  |
|             | targeted         |                 |                  |
|             | wavelengths      |                 |                  |
+-------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| Inte        | Precise          | Demonstrated in | Advanced systems |
| rferometers | measurement of   | lab             | capable of       |
|             | distance         |                 | operation in     |
|             |                  |                 | orbit and free   |
|             |                  |                 | space            |
+-------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198814 .anchor}12.2.4.4 Current
State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment

Table 12.2.8 presents detailed assessments of the current state of
practice for specific enabling technologies linked to particular
missions, and minimum estimated development times for achieving the
level of performance to enable the relevant missions.

**Table 12.2.8**

Current State of Practice of Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing Instrumentation

+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| **Sub-**  | **Missions**    | **State**  | **            | *        |
|           |                 |            | Performance** | *Minimum |
| **Cap     | **Enabled**     | **of       |               | E        |
| ability** |                 | Practice** | **Required    | stimated |
|           |                 |            | to**          | Dev      |
|           |                 |            |               | elopment |
|           |                 |            | **Enable      | Time     |
|           |                 |            | Mission**     | (yrs)**  |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| > Laser   | > Lunar Recon   | > 6 x10^8^ | > \>10^9^     | 5        |
| >         | > Orbiter,      | > shots in | > shots in    |          |
|  Lifetime | > Stratosphere  | > space,   | > space,      |          |
|           | > Composition,  | > \< 1     | >             |          |
|           | > Mars High     | > year     | > \> 5 years  |          |
|           | > Resolution    |            |               |          |
|           | > Spatial       |            |               |          |
|           | > Mapper, Big   |            |               |          |
|           | > Bang Observer |            |               |          |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| > Laser   | > Laser         | > 40 Hz    | > 75 -- 100   | 5        |
| >         | >               | >          | > kHz         |          |
|  Sampling |  Interferometer | > (space   |               |          |
| > Rate    | > Space         | >          |               |          |
|           | > Antenna,      | qualified) |               |          |
|           | > Advanced Land |            |               |          |
|           | > Cover Change, |            |               |          |
|           | > Mars High     |            |               |          |
|           | > Resolution    |            |               |          |
|           | > Mapper        |            |               |          |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| > High    | > Laser         | > 30 mW    | > 3W -- 300   | 5        |
| > Power   | >               |            | > W,          |          |
| > Laser   |  Interferometer |            | >             |          |
|           | > Space         |            | > 300         |          |
|           | > Antenna,      |            | > mJ/pulse,   |          |
|           | > Global        |            | > NIR         |          |
|           | > Troposhere    |            | >             |          |
|           | > Winds,        |            | > 75          |          |
|           | > Stratospheric |            | > mJ/pulse,   |          |
|           | > Composition,  |            | > Vis         |          |
|           | >               |            | >             |          |
|           |  Photosynthetic |            | > 500         |          |
|           | > Efficiency,   |            | > mJ/pulse    |          |
|           | > Big Bang      |            |               |          |
|           | > Observer      |            |               |          |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| > High    | > Europa        | > 1 part   | > Risk        | 5        |
| >         | > Geophysical   | > in       | > reduction   |          |
| Frequency | > Explorer,     | > 10^13^   | > demo;       |          |
| >         | > Laser         | > (lab);   | >             |          |
| Stability | >               | >          | > 1 part in   |          |
| > Laser   |  Interferometer | > laser    | > 10^13^      |          |
|           | > Space Antenna | > noise:   | > (space);    |          |
|           | > Advanced Land | > 10^-11^  | >             |          |
|           | > Cover Change, | > m (lab); | > +/- 2 MHz   |          |
|           | > Big Bang      | >          | > over 1 GHz; |          |
|           | > Observer      | > laser    | >             |          |
|           |                 | > phase:   | > 10^8^       |          |
|           |                 | > 10^-4^   | > reduction   |          |
|           |                 | > over +/- | > laser       |          |
|           |                 | > 50 kHz   | > noise;      |          |
|           |                 |            | >             |          |
|           |                 |            | > laser       |          |
|           |                 |            | > phase:      |          |
|           |                 |            | > 10^-12^ m   |          |
|           |                 |            | > over 1 λ    |          |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| > Laser   | > Global        | > Visible  | > NIR,        | 7        |
| >         | > Tropospheric  | >          | > Visible, UV |          |
| Frequency | > Winds,        | > (space   |               |          |
| > Access  | > Stratospheric | >          |               |          |
|           | > Composition,  | qualified) |               |          |
|           | >               |            |               |          |
|           |  Photosynthetic |            |               |          |
|           | > Efficiency    |            |               |          |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| >         | > Lunar Recon   | > Visible, | > NIR,        | 3        |
| Detectors | > Orbiter,      | > single   | > Visible,    |          |
|           | > Europa        | > element  | > UV;         |          |
|           | > Geophysical   | > (space   | >             |          |
|           | > Explorer,     | > q        | > Array \>    |          |
|           | > Global        | ualified); | > 100 pixels; |          |
|           | > Atmosphere    | >          | >             |          |
|           | > Composition,  | > 32 x 32  | > Photon      |          |
|           | > LISA, Global  | > array,   | > counting;   |          |
|           | > Tropospheric  | > photon   | >             |          |
|           | > Winds,        | > counting | > Space       |          |
|           | > Stratospheric | > (lab)    | > qualified,  |          |
|           | > Composition,  |            | >             |          |
|           | >               |            | > \> 5 years  |          |
|           |  Photosynthetic |            | > life        |          |
|           | > Efficiency,   |            |               |          |
|           | > Mars High     |            |               |          |
|           | > Resolution    |            |               |          |
|           | > Spatial       |            |               |          |
|           | > Mapper, Big   |            |               |          |
|           | > Bang Observer |            |               |          |
+-----------+-----------------+------------+---------------+----------+

In the near-term and far-term capability roadmaps (Figures 12.4a and
12.4b), we present a graphical representation of the critical technical
developments needed to achieve specific scientific measurement
capabilities in support of particular driving missions.

> ![](media/image8.pct){width="8.993055555555555in"
> height="5.4215277777777775in"}
>
> ![](media/image9.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.402777777777778in"}

The key challenge is to develop reliable, efficient, space-qualified
laser sources at the wavelengths required by the science measurements.
The identified tradeoffs dictate that competition must be used to choose
optimal designs. Funding transitions from low TRL (\~1) to mid TRL (\~4)
is essential to risk and cost management. Other key technologies include
radiation-hard electronics, imaging optics, and the mechanical
technologies required to deploy and control the overall opto-mechanical
systems.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198815 .anchor}12.2.4.5 Demonstration and
Precursor Mission(s)

The legacy and current missions underlying development of this
technology capability to its current state are:

-   **Earth System Science:** LITE, SLA, ICEsat/GLAS, CALIPSO/CALIOP,
    ALADIN/ADM-Aeolus

-   **Planetary Science:** Clementine, NEAR, MGS MOLA, Messenger MLA,
    LRO LOLA

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198816 .anchor}12.2.5 Direct Sensing of
    Particles, Fields and Waves

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198817 .anchor}12.2.5.1 Summary Description
    of Major Component Technologies

*Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields and Waves* includes capabilities
for *in situ* and remote sensing of particles (ions, electrons, neutral
atoms, neutrons, cosmic rays); DC electric and magnetic fields, plasma
waves, and gravity fields and waves. The sub-capability includes
energetic particle and plasma imagers and spectrometers, high-energy
particle detectors, magnetometers, electric fields and waves sensors,
and gravitational waves and fields instruments. It is presumed that the
technology for measuring gravitational waves to meet the requirements of
astrophysical experiments will be sufficient for measurements of the
gravity field for planetary and earth science applications. The
associated laser technology is assumed to be handled either by the
Laser/LIDAR Roadmap (for laser development) or the Advanced Telescopes
and Observatories Roadmap (for transmit/receive telescopes and pointing
systems). It is also noted that a key aspect of direct particle and
field measurement is the miniaturization and reduction in mass and power
needs required to enable multi-spacecraft missions and missions that,
because of the significant propulsion requirements levied by their
extreme deployments, are very limited in their support to payload mass
and power. This miniaturization thrust is shared with the *in-situ* and
remote sensing teams and with the development of spacecraft avionics.

The Level 3 breakout of this capability is:

> 12.5.1 Energetic Particle and Plasma Imagers and Spectrometers
>
> 12.5.2 High Energy Particle Detector Systems
>
> 12.5.3 Magnetometers
>
> 12.5.4 Electric Fields and Waves Instruments
>
> 12.5.5 Gravitational Waves and Fields Instruments

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198818 .anchor}12.2.5.2 Benefits and
Relationship to Missions and to Strategies

Key science questions (and representative missions) addressed by the
Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields and Waves Portfolio include:

-   **Universe** (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, Big Bang
    Observer)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What is the geometry of the Universe and the nature of dark energy?

-   Is there observational evidence supporting the hypothesis that the
    early universe underwent a period of rapid inflation?

-   How do super massive black holes at the centers of galaxies form or
    evolve and what happens when they merge?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Earth System Science**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What are the motions of the Earth\'s interior, and how do they
    directly impact our environment?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Planetary Science (**Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes, Europa
    Geophysical Explorer)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   How long did it take the gas giant, Jupiter, to form and how was the
    formation of the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, different from that
    of Jupiter and its gas-giant sibling, Saturn?

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Sun-Solar System Studies** (Solar Probe, Inner Heliosphere
    Sentinels, Telemachus, Interstellar Probe, Heliospheric Imager and
    Galactic Observer, Ionosphere/Thermosphere Storm Probes, Radiation
    Belt Storm Probes, Geospace Electrodynamics Connection,
    Magnetospheric Constellation)**:**

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   What is the origin and societal impact of variability in the
    Sun-Earth system?

-   How is the supersonic solar wind produced, and how does it evolve
    from the Sun's transition region to the boundary of the heliosphere?

-   How and where are solar energetic particles accelerated, what is
    their composition, how do they propagate through the heliosphere?
    What is their impact on the safety of extended manned exploration of
    the moon, Mars and beyond?

-   What is the detailed structure of the heliosphere? How does it
    change with time and modulate the intensity of galactic cosmic rays?

-   What is the nature of the interstellar medium and how does the
    heliosphere interact with it?

-   How do the space environment and ionosphere and upper atmosphere of
    the Earth respond to varying external and internal influences? What
    are the coupling mechanisms? How do interactions at other planets
    compare? What can magnetic field measurements tell us about the
    internal structure of these planets?

-   What are the fundamental processes that operate in space plasmas?
    How is energy transferred from stressed magnetic fields to heat
    plasmas and accelerate particles?

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198819 .anchor}12.2.5.3 Metrics and Major
    Requirements

Table 12.2.9 describes the primary metrics used to evaluate the various
categories of direct sensing instrumentation, the present levels of
satisfaction of those metrics, and required levels of performance to
address the science questions and mission requirements identified above.

Table 12.2.9

Metrics for Direct Sensing Instrumentation

+-------------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| **Sub-C     | **Figures of   | **Current**       | **Needed**      |
| apability** | Merit**        |                   |                 |
|             |                | **Technology**    | **Technology**  |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| Gr          | High           | Laser             | High power,     |
| avitational | sensitivity to | Interferometry    | stable,         |
| Waves and   | low frequency  |                   | long-life       |
| Fields      | (10^-3^ -- 1   |                   | lasers;         |
|             | Hz) relative   |                   | Interferometer  |
|             | displacement   |                   | system;         |
|             | of proof       |                   |                 |
|             | masses         |                   | Disturbance     |
|             |                |                   | compensation    |
|             |                |                   | system          |
|             |                |                   | (DISCOS);       |
|             |                |                   | Telescope       |
|             |                |                   | accuracy and    |
|             |                |                   | pointing        |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| Particle    | Energy/        | Electrostatic     | Compact sensors |
| Detectors   | species/charge | analyzers;        | with better     |
|             | coverage and   |                   | energy/angle    |
| (plasmas,   | resolution;    | Time-of-Flight    | coverage;       |
| energetic   |                | (TOF) and         |                 |
| electrons,  | Solid angle    |                   | Low threshold   |
| ions,       | coverage and   | Solid State       | array           |
| neutrals)   | resolution;    | Detector (SSD)    | detectors;      |
|             |                | telescopes        |                 |
|             | Dynamic range  |                   | UV blind        |
|             |                |                   | gratings;       |
|             |                |                   | Conversion      |
|             |                |                   | surfaces;       |
|             |                |                   |                 |
|             |                |                   | Highly          |
|             |                |                   | integrated      |
|             |                |                   | signal          |
|             |                |                   | processing      |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| Vector      | Sensitivity;   | Vector: Fluxgate  | New fluxgate    |
| ma          |                |                   | cores or        |
| gnetometers | Absolute       | Scalar: He        | alternate;      |
|             | accuracy;      | Precession        |                 |
| Scalar      |                |                   | Miniature       |
| ma          | Radiation      | 3 - 10 m boom     | scalar sensors; |
| gnetometers | tolerance;     |                   |                 |
|             | Orientation    |                   | Mrad tolerant   |
|             | knowledge;     |                   | electronics;    |
|             |                |                   |                 |
|             | Spacecraft     |                   | Multi-sensor    |
|             | magnetic field |                   | systems: 0.5 to |
|             | contamination  |                   | 1 m booms       |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| Measurement | Frequency      | Mix of analog and | Highly          |
| of EM waves | coverage       | digital           | flexible,       |
|             |                | electronics in    | digital         |
| DC Electric | (DC-40 MHz);   | pass bands, each  | coverage of     |
| Fields      |                | with a different  | entire          |
|             | Sensitivity    | receiver;         | bandwidth;      |
|             |                |                   |                 |
|             | 3 axis         | 50 m spin plane   | Lower power,    |
|             | Sensitivity    | boom, 2.25 kg;    | mass, cost;     |
|             |                |                   |                 |
|             |                | 10 m spin axis    | Lightweight     |
|             |                | boom, 5 kg        | electric field  |
|             |                |                   | booms, reliable |
|             |                |                   | deployment for  |
|             |                |                   | both spinning   |
|             |                |                   | and             |
|             |                |                   |                 |
|             |                |                   | non-spinning    |
|             |                |                   | spacecraft      |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| Lower       | Low power,     | Relatively high   | More standard   |
| power,      |                | power processors; | components that |
| rad         | Radiation-hard |                   | are             |
| iation-hard | (\>1 Mrad),    | Low efficiency DC | radiation-hard, |
| electronics | High speed,    | converters; High  | low power, and  |
|             |                | power A/D;        | miniature.      |
|             | High           |                   |                 |
|             | resolution,    | HVPS limited      |                 |
|             |                | reliability;      |                 |
|             | Reliable       |                   |                 |
|             |                | Large             |                 |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198820 .anchor}12.2.5.4 Current
State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment

Table 12.2.10 presents detailed assessments of the current state of
practice for specific enabling technologies linked to particular
missions and minimum estimated development times for achieving the level
of performance to enable the relevant missions.

Table 12.2.10

Current State of Practice of Direct Sensing Instrumentation

+-----------+--------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| **Sub-Cap | **Missions** | **State**    | *              | *        |
| ability** |              |              | *Performance** | *Minimum |
|           | **Enabled**  | **of         |                | E        |
|           |              | Practice**   | **Required     | stimated |
|           |              |              | to**           | Dev      |
|           |              |              |                | elopment |
|           |              |              | **Enable       | Time     |
|           |              |              | Mission**      | (yrs)**  |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Grav    | > Laser      | > 30 mW      | > 1 W laser,   | 5        |
| itational | > In         | > laser,     | > life ≥ 5 yr  |          |
| > Waves   | terferometer | > life \< 1  | >              |          |
| > and     | > Space      | > yr;        | Interferometry |          |
| > Fields  | > Antenna    | > Int        | > 10^-12^ m,   |          |
|           | > (LISA)     | erferometry: | >              |          |
|           | >            | >            | > 10^-3^ Hz    |          |
|           | > Big Bang   | > 10^-11^ m, | > GRS: 10^-15^ |          |
|           | > Observer   | > 10Hz;      | > m/s/s (LISA) |          |
|           | > (BBO)      | >            | >              |          |
|           |              | > G          | > 300 W laser, |          |
|           |              | ravitational | > life ≥ 5 yr  |          |
|           |              | > Reference  | >              |          |
|           |              | > Sensor:    | Interferometry |          |
|           |              | > 10^-10^    | > 10^-16^ m,   |          |
|           |              | > m/s/s      | >              |          |
|           |              |              | > 1 Hz GRS:    |          |
|           |              |              | > 10^-17^      |          |
|           |              |              | > m/s/s (BBO)  |          |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| >         | > Europa     | > Solid      | > Ion          | 3        |
|  Particle | >            | > state      | > implanted    |          |
| >         |  Geophysical | > detector   | > SSDs 15 µm   |          |
| Detectors | > Orbiter,   | > energy     | > to 5 mm      |          |
| >         | > Inner      | > thresholds | > thick; Large |          |
| (plasmas, | >            | > ≥ 10 keV;  | > arrays; Low  |          |
| >         |  Heliosphere | > Limited    | > power, low   |          |
| energetic | > Sentinels  | > arrays and | > noise,       |          |
| > e       | > (IHS),     | > higher     | >              |          |
| lectrons, | > Solar      | > power;     | radiation-hard |          |
| > ions,   | > Probe,     | > Soft       | > electronics; |          |
| >         | >            | > integrated | > UV           |          |
| neutrals) | > Mag Con,   | >            | > suppression  |          |
|           | >            |  electronics | > grids;       |          |
|           |  Telemachus, |              | > Stable       |          |
|           | >            |              | > charge       |          |
|           | Interstellar |              | > conversion   |          |
|           | > Probe      |              | > coatings     |          |
|           | > (ISP),     |              |                |          |
|           | >            |              |                |          |
|           | Heliospheric |              |                |          |
|           | > Imager and |              |                |          |
|           | > Galactic   |              |                |          |
|           | > Observer   |              |                |          |
|           | > (HIGO),    |              |                |          |
|           | > Radiation  |              |                |          |
|           | > Belt Storm |              |                |          |
|           | > Probes     |              |                |          |
|           | > (RBSP)     |              |                |          |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Vector  | > Europa     | > Fluxgate:  | > Low noise    | 3        |
| > Magn    | >            | > 10 pT, 0.1 | > core         |          |
| etometers |  Geophysical | > nT/week;   | > material;    |          |
| >         | > Orbiter,   | > Scalar     | > Multi-sensor |          |
| > Scalar  | > Geospace   | > (He):      | > system       |          |
| > Magn    | > Ele        | >            | > (Solar       |          |
| etometers | ctrodynamics | > 1 pT, 1    | > Probe, ISP); |          |
|           | >            | > ppm;       | >              |          |
|           |  Connection, | >            | Radiation-hard |          |
|           | > Tropical   | > 30 krad    | > electronics  |          |
|           | > ITM, Solar | >            | > (\~ Mrad)    |          |
|           | > Probe, Mag | electronics; | > (EGO, RBSP); |          |
|           | > Con,       | >            | >              |          |
|           | >            | > Boom: 3 -  | > 1 pT vector  |          |
|           | Interstellar | > 10 m       | > sensitivity  |          |
|           | > Probe      |              | > \< 1 W       |          |
|           | > (ISP),     |              | > (ISP); Low   |          |
|           | > RBSP       |              | > resource: \< |          |
|           |              |              | > 0.2 W, \<    |          |
|           |              |              | > 0.1kg (Mag   |          |
|           |              |              | > Con)         |          |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Me      | > Solar      | > A/D        | > A/D: 18 bits | 3        |
| asurement | > Probe,     | > Converter: | > @ 80 Msps @  |          |
| > of EM   | >            | > 8 bits,    | > \< 100 mW    |          |
| > waves   | Interstellar | >            | >              |          |
| >         | > Probe      | > ≤ 20 Msps  | > DSP:         |          |
| > DC      | > (ISP)      | > at 500 mW; | > Radiation    |          |
| >         |              | >            | > hard, 250    |          |
|  Electric |              | > DSP:       | > mW, 10^3^    |          |
| > Fields  |              | > N          | > pt. FFT at 3 |          |
|           |              | on-radiation | > MHz;         |          |
|           |              | > hard, 1 W; | > Antenna:     |          |
|           |              | >            | >              |          |
|           |              | > Antenna:   | > 50 m spin, ≤ |          |
|           |              | > 50 m spin  | > 1 kg (inc.   |          |
|           |              | > at         | > sensor);     |          |
|           |              | >            | > Axial \~ 20  |          |
|           |              | > 3 kg, 10 m | > m, rigid, ≤  |          |
|           |              | > axial at 5 | > 2 kg         |          |
|           |              | > kg         |                |          |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+----------------+----------+
| > Lower   | > Europa     | > Mic        | > 100 Mps/W,   | 3        |
| > power,  | >            | roprocessor: | > on par with  |          |
| > radia   |  Geophysical | > \~ 10      | > cell phone   |          |
| tion-hard | > Orbiter,   | > Mps/W;     | > technology;  |          |
| > el      | >            | > DC/DC      | >              |          |
| ectronics | > Solar      | > Convert:   | > Efficiencies |          |
|           | > Probe,     | >            | > \~ 85%\      |          |
|           | >            | efficiencies | > A/D          |          |
|           | > All        | > \~ 20 -    | > Converters:  |          |
|           | > mult       | > 50%; A/D   | > ≥ 14 bits,   |          |
|           | i-spacecraft | >            | > 80 MHz, 50   |          |
|           | > missions   |  Converters: | > mW; HVPS     |          |
|           |              | > 14 bits,   | >              |          |
|           |              | > 10 MHz at  | > Standard     |          |
|           |              | > 250 mW;    | > design, \<   |          |
|           |              | >            | > 100 gm       |          |
|           |              | > HVPS;      |                |          |
|           |              | > 150-400 gm |                |          |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+----------------+----------+

In the near-term and far-term capability roadmaps (Figures 12.5a and
12.5b), we present a graphical representation of the critical technical
developments needed to achieve specific scientific measurement
capabilities in support of particular driving missions.

> ![](media/image10.pct){width="8.998611111111112in"
> height="5.404166666666667in"}
>
> ![](media/image11.pct){width="8.993055555555555in"
> height="5.4006944444444445in"}

Gravitational wave instruments will operate in a regime unattainable on
Earth -- key to their scientific success, but raising significant
challenges for pre-flight test and validation. The required technology,
though, will be synergistic with other mission requirements. The highly
distributed nature of planned direct measurements of particles and
fields throughout the solar system emphasizes the need to substantially
reduce instrument mass, power, and cost. It also raises the need to
develop further the incorporation of many distributed sensors into a
"sensor web". Other key technologies are MEMS, high quality mirrors (for
laser interferometers) and miniaturization of spacecraft avionics.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198821 .anchor}12.2.5.5 Demonstration and
Precursor Mission(s)

The legacy and current missions underlying development of this
technology capability to its current state are:

-   **Earth System Science:** GRACE, Polar, IMAGE, TIMED, Cluster

-   **Planetary Science:** Galileo, Cassini, Messenger

-   **Sun-Solar System Studies:** Voyager, Ulysses, ACE

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198822 .anchor}12.2.6 *In Situ*
    Instrumentation

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198823 .anchor}12.2.6.1 Summary Description
    of Major Component Technologies

*In Situ* Instrumentation required by future NASA missions ranges from
close range electromagnetic sensors to the full gamut of analytical
chemistry and modern molecular biology techniques. They incorporate
technologies essential to NASA science missions involving landed
planetary exploration, sample return, and atmospheric probes, as well as
technologies that support prospecting for *in-situ* resources.
Techniques for acquiring, handling, processing, and storing samples are
required. In addition to miniaturizing traditional laboratory size
equipment, the instruments must be capable of operating in extreme
environmental conditions of temperature, radiation, pressure, and
corrosiveness, potentially with stringent planetary protection
requirements. Excluded from consideration were sensors for astronaut
health and safety and general curatorial facilities for sample return
(including quarantine facilities and mission-specific environmental
maintenance).

The Level 3 breakout of this instrumentation area is:

> 12.6.1 Imaging/Microscopy
>
> 12.6.2 Mineralogical/Elemental Analysis
>
> 12.6.3 Chemical Detection and Identification
>
> 12.6.4 Isotope Analysis/Age Dating
>
> 12.6.5 Biological Detection and Identification
>
> 12.6.6 Geophysical Measurements
>
> 12.6.7 Sample Handling and Preparation
>
> 12.6.8 *In-Situ* Instrument Engineering

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198824 .anchor}12.2.6.2 Benefits and
Relationship to Missions and to Strategies

Key science questions (and representative missions) addressed by the
*In-Situ* Instrumentation Portfolio include:

-   **Planetary Science** (Astrobiology Field Lab, Groundbreaking Mars
    Sample Return, Deep Drill, Long-Lived Lander Network, Lunar South
    Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return, Comet Surface Sample Return, Comet
    Cryogenic Sample Return, Asteroid Sample Return, Venus Surface
    Sample Return, Mercury Sample Return, Lunar Seismic Network, Venus
    In-Situ Explorer, Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes, Neptune
    Orbiter/Probes, Europa Pathfinder Lander, Titan Explorer, Europa
    Astrobiology Lander, Uranus Orbiter/Probes, Neptune Orbiter w/
    Triton Lander)**:**

```{=html}
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```
-   What processes marked the initial stages of planet and satellite
    formation?

-   Where are the habitable zones for life in the solar system and what
    are the planetary processes responsible for producing and sustaining
    habitable worlds?

-   How long did it take the gas giant, Jupiter, to form and how was the
    formation of the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, different from that
    of Jupiter and its gas-giant sibling, Saturn?

-   How did the impactor flux decay during the solar system's youth and
    in what way(s) did this decline influence the timing of life's
    emergence on Earth?

-   What is the history of volatile compounds, especially water, across
    the solar system?

-   What is the nature of the organic material in the solar system? Its
    history?

-   What global mechanisms affect the evolution of volatiles on
    planetary bodies?

-   Does (or did) life exist beyond Earth?

-   Why did the terrestrial planets differ so dramatically in their
    evolution?

-   How do the processes that shape the contemporary character of
    planetary bodies operate and interact?

-   What does the solar system tell us about the development and
    evolution of extrasolar planetary systems and vice versa?

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198825 .anchor}12.2.6.3 Metrics and major
    requirements

Table 12.2.11 describes the primary metrics used to evaluate the various
categories of

*in situ* instrumentation, the present levels of satisfaction of those
metrics, and required levels of performance to address the science
questions and mission requirements identified above.

**Table 12.2.11**

Metrics for *In Situ* Instrumentation

+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Sub-       | **Figures of     | **Current**     | **Needed**      |
| Capability** | Merit**          |                 |                 |
|              |                  | **Technology**  | **Technology**  |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Biomarker    | Sensitivity;     | C               | Quantitative    |
| Detection    | Selectivity;     | haracterization | assessment of   |
| and          |                  | of viable       | all organic     |
| Char         | Contamination ID | organisms that  | material;       |
| acterization | and              | can be          |                 |
|              | quantification   | cultured;       | Technology to   |
|              |                  | Terrestrial     | ensure          |
|              |                  | contamination   | isolation from  |
|              |                  | exceeds         | terrestrial     |
|              |                  | detection       | contamination   |
|              |                  | limits          |                 |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Sample       | Operability in   | Bias from       | No bias or      |
| Handling and | relevant         | particle size   | fractionation   |
| Preparation  | environment;     | and density;    | in end-to-end   |
|              |                  |                 | sample handling |
|              | Degree of sample | Qualitative     | chain, even in  |
|              | alteration;      | ability to      | multi-phase     |
|              |                  | preserve        | samples;        |
|              | Subsampling      | volatile        |                 |
|              | accuracy         | fractions;      | Ability to      |
|              |                  |                 | selectively     |
|              |                  | Operability     | subsample in    |
|              |                  | over limited    | primary sample  |
|              |                  | temperature     | acquisition;    |
|              |                  | ranges          |                 |
|              |                  |                 | Operability     |
|              |                  |                 | from 40K to     |
|              |                  |                 | 750K            |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Planetary    | Sensitivity to   | C               | C               |
| Protection   | detection of     | haracterization | haracterization |
|              | viable           | of viable       | of any viable   |
|              | organisms;       | organisms that  | organisms;      |
|              |                  | can be          |                 |
|              | Breadth of       | cultured;       | Sterilization   |
|              | detection of     |                 | levels on par   |
|              | viable           | Detection       | with detection  |
|              | organisms;       | levels well     | levels          |
|              |                  | below           |                 |
|              | Degree of        | sterilization   |                 |
|              | sterilization    | levels          |                 |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Chemical     | Spatial          | Micron-level    | Micron-level    |
| Id           | resolution;      | chemical and    | chemical and    |
| entification |                  | isotopic        | isotopic        |
| at Small     | Sensitivity;     | assessment in   | assessment in   |
| Spatial      |                  | terrestrial     | flight package  |
| Scales       | Selectivity or   | labs;           |                 |
|              | mass resolution  |                 |                 |
|              |                  | AFM for crude   |                 |
|              |                  | surface         |                 |
|              |                  | analysis        |                 |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Mini         | Mass;            | Payload         | Payload         |
| aturization, |                  | elements        | elements        |
| Ru           | Power;           | developed       | developed       |
| ggedization, |                  | separately,     | together        |
| and Payload  | Volume;          | little common   | minimize mass   |
| Integration  |                  | mass and power  | and power       |
|              | Shock/Vibration  | elements        | resources       |
|              | tolerance;       |                 |                 |
|              |                  |                 |                 |
|              | Survivability in |                 |                 |
|              | extreme          |                 |                 |
|              | environments     |                 |                 |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198826 .anchor}12.2.6.4 Current
State-of-the-Art/Practice; Timeframe for Deployment

Table 12.2.12 presents detailed assessments of the current state of
practice for specific enabling technologies linked to particular
missions and minimum estimated development times for achieving the level
of performance to enable the relevant missions.

**Table 12.2.12**

Current State of Practice for *In Situ* Instrumentation

+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| **Sub-Cap | *           | **State**     | **            | **Minimum |
| ability** | *Missions** |               | Performance** | Estimated |
|           |             | **of          |               | De        |
|           | **Enabled** | Practice**    | **Required    | velopment |
|           |             |               | to**          | Time      |
|           |             |               |               | (yrs)**   |
|           |             |               | **Enable      |           |
|           |             |               | Mission**     |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| >         | > Mars Deep | > Lab-based   | > ppb         | 5         |
| Biomarker | > Drill,    | > commercial  | > sensitivity |           |
| > A       | > Mars      | > systems     | > and         |           |
| ssessment | >           |               | > mi          |           |
|           |  Foundation |               | niaturization |           |
|           | >           |               | > to flight   |           |
|           | Laboratory, |               | > scales      |           |
|           | > Titan     |               | > (MFL)       |           |
|           | > Explorer, |               |               |           |
|           | > Europa    |               |               |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           |  Pathfinder |               |               |           |
|           | > Lander,   |               |               |           |
|           | > Europa    |               |               |           |
|           | > A         |               |               |           |
|           | strobiology |               |               |           |
|           | > Lander    |               |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| > Sample  | > Lunar     | > Cr          | > 40K demo    | 3         |
| >         | > Polar     | yomechanisms: | > (LPE)       |           |
|  Handling | > Explorer, | > MER         |               |           |
|           | > Comet     | > mobility    |               |           |
|           | > Surface   | > system      |               |           |
|           | > Sample    |               |               |           |
|           | > Return,   |               |               |           |
|           | > Comet     |               |               |           |
|           | > Cryo      |               |               |           |
|           | > Sample    |               |               |           |
|           | > Return    |               |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
|           | > Mars Deep | >             | > mm-scale    | 5         |
|           | > Drill,    |  Subsampling: | > sampling of |           |
|           | > Mars      | > MER RAT     | > sedimentary |           |
|           | >           |               | > layers      |           |
|           |  Foundation |               | > (MFL)       |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           | Laboratory, |               |               |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           | > Europa    |               |               |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           |  Pathfinder |               |               |           |
|           | > Lander,   |               |               |           |
|           | > Mercury   |               |               |           |
|           | > Sample    |               |               |           |
|           | > Return    |               |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
|           | > Comet     | > Sample      | > No heating  | 5         |
|           | > Surface   | > Phase       | > of samples  |           |
|           | > Sample    | >             | > above --20C |           |
|           | > Return,   | Preservation: | > (MFL)       |           |
|           | > Venus     | > Phoenix     |               |           |
|           | > In-Situ   | > sample      |               |           |
|           | > Explorer, | > acquisition |               |           |
|           | > Europa    |               |               |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           |  Pathfinder |               |               |           |
|           | > Lander,   |               |               |           |
|           | > Mars      |               |               |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           |  Foundation |               |               |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           |  Laboratory |               |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| >         | > Jupiter   | > Sensitive   | > Full range  | 3         |
| Planetary | > Orbiter   | > assays:     | > of viable   |           |
| > P       | > w/Probes, | > subset of   | > life        |           |
| rotection | > Mars      | > viable      | >             |           |
|           | >           | > spores      | characterized |           |
|           |  Foundation | > cultivated  | > (MFL)       |           |
|           | >           |               |               |           |
|           |  Laboratory |               |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
|           | > Jupiter   | >             | > Sub-ppb     | 3         |
|           | > Orbiter   | Contamination | > organic     |           |
|           | > w/Probes, | > control in  | >             |           |
|           | > Mars      | > sample      | contamination |           |
|           | >           | > handling:   | > in returned |           |
|           |  Foundation | > organic     | > samples     |           |
|           | >           | >             | > (MSR)       |           |
|           | Laboratory, | contamination |               |           |
|           | > Mars      | > in lunar    |               |           |
|           | > Sample    | > sample of   |               |           |
|           | > Return    | > 10s of ppb  |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| >         | > Mars      | >             | > Submicron   | 5         |
|  Chemical | >           |  Miniaturized | > imaging     |           |
| > ID at   |  Foundation | > imaging     | > combined    |           |
| > small   | >           | >             | > with        |           |
| > spatial |  Laboratory | > systems     | > chem        |           |
| > scales  |             | > Phoenix     | ical/isotopic |           |
|           |             | > AFM;        | > analysis    |           |
|           |             | >             | > (MFL)       |           |
|           |             |  Miniaturized |               |           |
|           |             | > composition |               |           |
|           |             | > probes:     |               |           |
|           |             | > Lab-based   |               |           |
|           |             | > system      |               |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| > Miniat  | > Mars      | > Galileo and | > 10x smaller | 5         |
| urization | > Sample    | > MER         | > than        |           |
| > and     | > Return,   | >             | > Galileo,    |           |
| > Payload | > Mars Deep | > payloads    | > Downhole    |           |
| > In      | > Drill,    |               | > Instrument  |           |
| tegration | > Titan     |               | > Suite,      |           |
|           | > Explorer  |               | > balloon     |           |
|           |             |               | > payload     |           |
+-----------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+

In the near-term and far-term capability roadmaps (Figures 12.6a and
12.6b), we present a graphical representation of the critical technical
developments needed to achieve specific scientific measurement
capabilities in support of particular driving missions.

> ![](media/image12.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.405555555555556in"}
>
> ![](media/image13.pct){width="8.995138888888889in"
> height="5.405555555555556in"}

*In situ* instrument development will be a key enabling technology for
exploration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond; specific driving
missions may change, but the driving science likely will not. Robust
mid-TRL programs are needed to close the gap between needed and
available capabilities for lunar and non-Mars destinations (e.g., a
MIDP-like program for New Frontiers). *In situ* performance should be
validated in environmentally-relevant test beds prior to competitive
selection (e.g., instrument breadboard sensitivity and precision should
be proven in a realistic Mars test bed).

The most challenging developments for *in situ* instrumentation will be
contamination control and the mechanical and electronics developments
that enable operation in the wide variety of extreme environments
(radiation, temperature, pressure, liquid medium) relevant to the
various missions. Other key technologies will relate to payload system
integration and distributed processing.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198827 .anchor}12.2.6.5 Demonstration and
Precursor Mission(s)

The legacy and current missions underlying development of this
technology capability to its current state are:

-   **Planetary Science:** Viking, Mars Pathfinder, MER, Phoenix, MSL,
    Apollo Sample Return, Genesis, Stardust, Pioneer Venus Probes,
    Galileo Probe, Huygens Lander

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198828 .anchor}**12.3 Roadmap Process**

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198829 .anchor}12.3.1 Summary History of
    Roadmap Team, Meetings and Presentations

The SIS Capability Roadmap was initiated with a kickoff meeting on
September 28, 2004, at which team member recommendations were collected
from NASA, academia, and industry. Basic planning activities carried out
at that time were the development of the Level 1 Capability Breakdown
Structure and the determination of the overall schedule and required
budget. Public input to the process was solicited for a workshop held on
November 30, 2004, which had 112 registrants, 23 capability
presentations and 67 white papers submitted. This process was considered
particularly important as the development of scientific instruments and
sensors is a peer-reviewed process that emerges more from the proposal
process than from strategic planning activities. The CRM Team held its
first roadmapping workshop at JPL on December 8-9, 2004, at which time
the team reviewed the planning documents, CBS, and roadmap development
process and listened to a number of science and technology
presentations. The sub-teams met on their own, primarily via
teleconferences, to define the Level 2 CBS, develop the spreadsheets for
the Science Traceability Database and review the strategic reference
documentation. A second CRM workshop was then held at GSFC on January
4-6, 2005. The team presented status of the Capability Roadmap and
Strategic Roadmap Teams, reviewed and discussed the Science Traceability
Spreadsheets developed by Aerospace Corp., completed several CBS related
tasks, and established a 3-month detailed schedule leading to the NRC
Review in March 2004. In addition to presentations on the NASA Science
Vision and on various capabilities and technologies, the team worked on
the Science Traceability Database and examined the connection points
with other CRMs. At a third CRM workshop on February 2-4, 2005, the team
completed the CBS to Level 4, reviewed the Science Traceability
Database, identified high-priority capabilities and began preparation
for a review of its work by the NRC.

On March 16, 2005, the SIS draft capability roadmap was presented to a
panel of external reviewers put together by the NRC. The key questions
that the NRC panel was asked to address were: Has the roadmap identified
a clear pathway to development of the needed capabilities? Have the
maturity levels of the technologies been correctly assessed? Have
appropriate metrics been defined for measuring the advancement of
technical maturity levels? Have the connection points with other
capability and strategic roadmaps been properly identified? An extensive
debriefing of the NRC panel after the presentations was used to guide
and correct the SIS roadmap.

On March 31, 2005, the SIS Chair presented the status of the roadmapping
effort to the SMD senior external advisory committee in Washington, DC.
The Space Science Advisory Committee/Earth System Science and
Applications Advisory Committee (SScAC/ESSAAC) reports to the NASA
Advisory Council (NAC). The presentation was well-received and the
committee was very impressed with the roadmapping effort.

Through extensive teleconferences, the SIS CRM team drafted an Executive
Summary Roadmap, which was submitted to the NASA Advanced Planning and
Integration Office on May 14, 2005 and, after some modification, to the
NASA Administrator on June 1, 2005. Additional teleconferences were held
with representatives of the SRM teams for Exploration of Mars,
Exploration of the Solar System, Search for Earth-Like Planets,
Exploration of the Universe, Earth Science and Applications, and
Sun-Solar System Connection in order to verify that the priorities
established by the SIS roadmap were not in conflict with the mission
architectures established by the SRMs. These guided the final
preparation of this report.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198830 .anchor}12.3.2 Capability Breakdown
Structure (CBS)

The Science Instruments and Sensor Capability Breakdown Structure, shown
in Figure 12.7, represents an attempt to group similar technologies
which, for electromagnetic sensors, also maps closely to wavelength
ranges. This approach produced a total of six capabilities; each one
generally covers a very wide range of wavelengths and technologies, all
supporting and linked to diverse science and exploration strategic
objectives.

![](media/image14.pct){width="6.23125in" height="4.947916666666667in"}

**Figure 12.7**

**Science Instruments and Sensor Capability Breakdown Structure**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198831 .anchor}12.3.3 Connection to Other
Roadmaps

In order to explicate the overlaps and interfaces with other elements of
the NASA roadmapping activity, Table 12.3.1 highlights capability and
strategic roadmaps with which important interrelationships with the
Scientific Instruments and Sensors Roadmap have been identified. Those
contributions deemed critical have been highlighted in red in the
left-adjoining column; those contributions considered moderate have been
highlighted in green. CRMs and SRMs for which the interrelationships
were considered marginal have not been listed at all.

Table 12.3.1

Interrelationships to Other Capability (CRM) and Strategic (SRM)
Roadmaps

+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| **CRM**         |   | **Contributions**     |   | **Contributions**      |
|                 |   |                       |   |                        |
|                 |   | **to SIS**            |   | **from SIS**           |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > In-Space      | [ | []{.mark}             | [ |                        |
| >               | ] |                       | ] |                        |
|  Transportation | { |                       | { |                        |
|                 | . |                       | . |                        |
|                 | m |                       | m |                        |
|                 | a |                       | a |                        |
|                 | r |                       | r |                        |
|                 | k |                       | k |                        |
|                 | } |                       | } |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Advanced      |   | > Telescopes and      |   | > Instruments for      |
| > Telescopes    |   | > platforms, with     |   | > which telescopes are |
| > and           |   | > particular reliance |   | > deployed; microwave  |
| > Observatories |   | > on large deployable |   | > antenna systems;     |
|                 |   | > precision           |   | > control systems      |
|                 |   | > structures, and     |   | > using focal-plane    |
|                 |   | > wavefront sensing   |   | > data; telescope      |
|                 |   | > and control         |   | > metrology systems    |
|                 |   | > systems. Also       |   |                        |
|                 |   | > critical are        |   |                        |
|                 |   | > formation flying    |   |                        |
|                 |   | > interferometers and |   |                        |
|                 |   | > active cryo systems |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Communication |   | > High bandwidth      |   |                        |
| > and           |   | > communications for  |   |                        |
| > Navigation    |   | > high data-rate      |   |                        |
|                 |   | > sensors.            |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Robotic       |   | > Access to *in-situ* |   | > Instruments for      |
| > Access to     |   | > samples, both       |   | > subsurface and       |
| > Planetary     |   | > surface and         |   | > atmospheric          |
| > Surfaces      |   | > subsurface          |   | > reconnaissance       |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Human         |   |                       |   | > Instruments for      |
| > Planetary     |   |                       |   | > surface and          |
| > Landing       |   |                       |   | > atmospheric recon;   |
| > Systems       |   |                       |   | > robotic precursors   |
|                 |   |                       |   | > systems              |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Human Health  |   |                       |   |                        |
| > and Support   |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Systems       |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Human         |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Exploration   |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Systems and   |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Mobility      |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Autonomous    |   | > Radiation-hard      |   |                        |
| > Systems and   |   | > processors          |   |                        |
| > Robotics      |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > In Situ       |   | > Collection of       |   | > Synoptic surveys for |
| > Resource      |   | > material for *in    |   | > resource mapping;    |
| > Utilization   |   | > situ* analysis      |   | > *in situ* analysis   |
|                 |   |                       |   | > for resource         |
|                 |   |                       |   | > assessment           |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Advanced      |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Modeling,     |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Simulation,   |   |                       |   |                        |
| > and Analysis  |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Systems       |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Engineering   |   |                       |   |                        |
| > and Cost/Risk |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Analysis      |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| >               |   | > Devices, sensors,   |   |                        |
|  Nanotechnology |   | > actuators,          |   |                        |
|                 |   | > electronics         |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
|                 |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| **SRM**         |   | **Impact of SRM**     |   | **Reliance of SRM**    |
|                 |   |                       |   |                        |
|                 |   | **on SIS Work**       |   | **on SIS Products**    |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Lunar         |   | > In situ analysis;   |   |                        |
| > Exploration   |   | > imaging             |   |                        |
|                 |   | > spectrometers;      |   |                        |
|                 |   | > astronomical        |   |                        |
|                 |   | > platforms           |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Mars          |   | > In situ analysis;   |   | > Laser altimeters; in |
| > Exploration   |   | > imaging             |   | > situ sampling        |
|                 |   | > spectrometers; high |   | > systems; geological  |
|                 |   | > spectral resolution |   | > surveying;           |
|                 |   | > sensors             |   | > atmospheric          |
|                 |   |                       |   | > characterization and |
|                 |   |                       |   | > monitoring           |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Solar System  |   | > In situ analysis;   |   | > Laser altimeters; in |
| > Exploration   |   | > imaging             |   | > situ sampling        |
|                 |   | > spectrometers; high |   | > systems; surface     |
|                 |   | > spectral resolution |   | > surveying;           |
|                 |   | > sensors             |   | > atmospheric          |
|                 |   |                       |   | > characterization and |
|                 |   |                       |   | > monitoring           |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Search for    |   | > Wide-FOV optics;    |   | > Wide field-of-view   |
| > Earth-Like    |   | > long-baseline       |   | > surveys; very high   |
| >               |   | > imaging optical     |   | > spatial resolution   |
| > Planets       |   | > interferometers;    |   | > imaging; high        |
|                 |   | > high spectral       |   | > sensitivity, high    |
|                 |   | > resolution sensors  |   | > spectral resolution  |
|                 |   |                       |   | > spectrometry         |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Universe      |   | > Wide-FOV imagers;   |   | > Large-scale detector |
| > Exploration   |   | > interferometric     |   | > arrays; high         |
|                 |   | > gravity wave        |   | > stability, high      |
|                 |   | > detection;          |   | > precision lasers for |
|                 |   | > background-limited  |   | > gravitational wave   |
|                 |   | > sensors across the  |   | > detection; sub-mK    |
|                 |   | > spectrum            |   | > sensors and coolers  |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Earth Science |   | > InSAR;              |   | > High precision land  |
| > and           |   | > high-resolution     |   | > deformation; trace   |
| > Applications  |   | > passive spatial     |   | > gas atmospheric      |
|                 |   | > interferometer;     |   | > composition;         |
|                 |   | > mm-Wave             |   | > penetration to       |
|                 |   | > spectrometer; High  |   | > surface through      |
|                 |   | > spectral resolution |   | > extreme weather      |
|                 |   | > sensors;            |   | > events; tropospheric |
|                 |   | > high-speed,         |   | > wind profiler        |
|                 |   | > high-sensitivity    |   |                        |
|                 |   | > LIDARs and DIALs;   |   |                        |
|                 |   | > stable, long-term   |   |                        |
|                 |   | > calibration         |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Sun-Solar     |   | > Sub-VHF radio       |   | > Imagers;             |
| > System        |   | > systems; solar      |   | > spectrometers; RF    |
| > Connection    |   | > radar; high-speed   |   | > systems;             |
|                 |   | > i                   |   | > magnetometers;       |
|                 |   | magers/spectrometers. |   | > particle analysis    |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Education     |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+
| > Nuclear       |   |                       |   |                        |
| > Systems       |   |                       |   |                        |
+-----------------+---+-----------------------+---+------------------------+

**12.4 Summary and Recommendations**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198832 .anchor}12.4.1 Major Conclusions and
Recommendations

The Science Instruments and Sensors Capability Roadmap Team used current
NASA exploration and science measurement strategies, design reference
missions, and science instrument/sensor technology roadmaps to identify
critical science measurement capability gaps and assess future
technology development needs. It was clear that prioritization of
technical developments required careful traceability to science
measurement needs; therefore, in support of this, the team developed a
Science Traceability Database as a separate product.

Several key sub-capabilities were identified that are traceable to the
*Vision for Exploration* and cut across instrument capabilities and
science applications. These are summarized in Table 12.4.1.

Table 12.4.1

Key Sub-Capabilities

+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
| **Ca       | **Sub-Capability** | **C         | **Sub-Capability**  |
| pability** |                    | apability** |                     |
|            | **Technical        |             | **Technical         |
|            | Requirements**     |             | Requirements**      |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
| Microwave  | Large deployable   | L           | High energy lasers  |
| I          | antennas           | asers/LIDAR | (for atmospheric    |
| nstruments |                    | Remote      | sensing, formation  |
| and        |                    | Sensing     | flying, etc.)       |
| Sensors    |                    |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Integrated high    |             | Quality control of  |
|            | efficiency T/R     |             | laser systems (all  |
|            | modules            |             | components)         |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Radiation-hard     |             | Frequency stability |
|            | electronics        |             | and selection       |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Quantum limited    |             | Spatial coverage:   |
|            | cryogenic          |             | multibeam,          |
|            | receivers          |             | scanning, pixelated |
|            |                    |             | detectors           |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | High frequency,    |             | High-sensitivity    |
|            | low power MMIC     |             | detectors           |
|            | receivers          |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Large scale        | Direct      | High power lasers   |
|            | digital            | Sensing of  |                     |
|            | spectrometers and  | Fields,     |                     |
|            | correlators        | Particles   |                     |
|            | (radiation-hard    | and Waves   |                     |
|            | FPGAs and ASICs)   |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Low power, long    |             | Spacecraft          |
|            | life cryocoolers   |             | disturbance         |
|            |                    |             | compensation        |
|            |                    |             | systems             |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
| Mult       | Low power, long    |             | Detectors and       |
| i-Spectral | life cryocoolers   |             | detector arrays,\   |
| Imaging/   |                    |             | light weight rigid  |
|            |                    |             | booms               |
| Sp         |                    |             |                     |
| ectroscopy |                    |             |                     |
| (V         |                    |             |                     |
| is-IR-FIR) |                    |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Detectors &        |             | Compact,            |
|            | Readout            |             | radiation-hard,     |
|            | Electronics (large |             | high integration    |
|            | format, better     |             | electronics and     |
|            | sensitivity)       |             | sensors             |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Optics             | *In Situ*   | Sample handling in  |
|            | (dispersive/       | Inst        | wide range of       |
|            | imaging;           | rumentation | extreme             |
|            | instrument level   |             | environments        |
|            | including filters, |             |                     |
|            | coolers,           |             |                     |
|            | polarimeters)      |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
| Mult       | Large format CCDs  |             | Sample acquisition  |
| i-Spectral | / active pixel     |             | on the surface of   |
| Sensing    | sensors            |             | Mars                |
| (UV --     |                    |             |                     |
| Gamma Ray) |                    |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | High               |             | Miniaturization for |
|            | -energy-resolution |             | instruments and     |
|            | single-photon      |             | integrated payloads |
|            | detectors          |             | (nano)electronics;  |
|            |                    |             | better integrated   |
|            |                    |             | across the board    |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Low-power,         |             |                     |
|            | long-life          |             |                     |
|            | cryogenic coolers  |             |                     |
|            | to achieve less    |             |                     |
|            | than 0.1K          |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Mega-to-giga       |             |                     |
|            | channel analog     |             |                     |
|            | electronics        |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+
|            | Optics             |             |                     |
|            | (Normal/grazing    |             |                     |
|            | incidence,         |             |                     |
|            | higher-energy      |             |                     |
|            | optics, gratings   |             |                     |
+------------+--------------------+-------------+---------------------+

Certain major technical challenges were highlighted. For example,
several planetary missions require that science payloads (and especially
*in situ* instruments) operate in environments far more severe than
previously attempted. These include the high radiation environment of
near-Jupiter orbit, the high temperature (730 K) and pressure (90 bars)
surface of Venus, the extremely cold (\< 100 K) surfaces and atmospheres
of the outer planets and their satellites, and the immersion in liquid
required for subsurface exploration (e.g., of Europa). Also, the
extremely resource-constrained circumstances of planetary missions
(especially for the outer solar system) require payloads of limited mass
and volume that can operate at limited power levels and data rates. This
has a particular impact on the use of cryogenically cooled sensors.

While the focus has been on specific technical issues, it is important
to note the challenges associated with the general process of instrument
development and deployment. High fidelity instrument system models are
required to perform early risk assessments and technical resource trade
analyses. A robust flight demonstration program is essential to risk
reduction and involves both airborne and orbital flights. The latter
will continue to be a pacing item for the introduction of new
technologies required to reduce capability gaps. Finally, significant
infrastructure investments are required to develop performance testing
capabilities. When coupled with some of the collection systems called
out by the Advanced Telescopes and Observatories Roadmap, it is clear
that ground-based test facilities will be hard pressed to verify
performance for many of the instruments incorporated into high-priority
missions. Table 12.4.2 lists the critical facility needs for which
significant physical infrastructure planning is required.

Table 12.4.2

Critical Facility Needs

+-------------+----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| **C         | **Critical**   | **Existing       | **Physical        |
| apability** |                | Facilities**     | Infrastructure    |
|             | **Facility     |                  | Planning**        |
|             | Need**         |                  |                   |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| 12.1        | Stable and     | NASA: GSFC       | Critical for      |
| Microwave   | h              | (DDL), JPL (MDL) | continued         |
| Instruments | igh-throughput | for detector     | development of    |
| and Sensors | fabrication    | arrays and       | large format      |
|             | infrastructure | miniaturized     | detector arrays.  |
| 12.2        | for large      | instrument       | DOD community and |
| Mul         | format         | optics;          | commercial        |
| ti-Spectral | detector       |                  | industry has      |
| Imaging /   | arrays,        | NIST: Detector   | little interest   |
| S           | detector       | arrays and       | in FIR detectors. |
| pectroscopy | arrays,        | superconducting  | Sole source in    |
|             | readout        | readout          | NIST for          |
| (           | multiplexers,  | multiplexers     | superconducting   |
| Vis-IR-FIR) | and            |                  | readout           |
|             | miniaturized   | University: MIT  | multiplexers.     |
| 12.3        | instrument     | Lincoln Labs,    |                   |
| Mul         | optics         | Caltech and UC   | Detector          |
| ti-Spectral |                | Berkeley for     | fabrication and   |
| Sensing     | H              | detector arrays  | testing           |
|             | igh-throughput |                  | infrastructure    |
| (UV-Gamma)  | testing for    | Industry:        | requires          |
|             | large format   | Rockwell,        | substantial       |
|             | detector       | Raytheon, and    | financial         |
|             | arrays         | BAE for large    | investment, which |
|             |                | format IR        | typical research  |
|             |                | detector arrays  | awards cannot     |
|             |                | and multiplexer  | support           |
|             |                | readouts         |                   |
|             |                |                  | Many scientific   |
|             |                | NASA: GSFC       | detector arrays   |
|             |                | (DCL), JPL, ARC  | (microwave, FIR,  |
|             |                | University:      | IR, X-ray)        |
|             |                | Princeton,       | operate at        |
|             |                | Caltech, UC      | cryogenic temps,  |
|             |                | Berkeley, MIT,   | which requires    |
|             |                | Univ. Hawaii     | cryogenic testing |
|             |                |                  | infrastructure    |
|             |                | Industry:        |                   |
|             |                | Vis-IR-UV        |                   |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| 12.1        | Large RF,      |                  |                   |
| Microwave   | environmenta   |                  |                   |
| Instruments | lly-controlled |                  |                   |
| and Sensors | facility for   |                  |                   |
|             | development    |                  |                   |
|             | and testing of |                  |                   |
|             | large          |                  |                   |
|             | deployable     |                  |                   |
|             | antennas       |                  |                   |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| 12.2        | Instrumented   | Rogers Dry Lake  | Critical for      |
| Mul         | calibration    | CA, Stennis      | instrument        |
| ti-Spectral | regions        | Space Center MS, | calibration of    |
| Imaging /   |                | Cuprite NV,      | the full field of |
| S           | Aircraft and   | Barreal Blanco   | the instrument    |
| pectroscopy | ground-based   | Argentina, Mt.   | over the full     |
|             | prototype      | Fitton and Lake  | spectral range,   |
| (           | testing        | Frome Australia, | especially for    |
| Vis-IR-FIR) |                | ocean sites near | spectrometric     |
|             |                | Hawaii and       | imagers           |
| 12.4 Laser  |                | Bermuda          |                   |
| / LIDAR     |                |                  |                   |
| Remote      |                |                  |                   |
| Sensing     |                |                  |                   |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| 12.5 Direct | High charge    | U. Bern RF       | Establish NASA    |
| Sensing of  | state ion beam | powered source,  | high-charge state |
| Fields,     | facility, keV  | GSFC has hollow  | facility for      |
| Particles   | energies;      | cathode source   | community use     |
| and Waves   |                |                  |                   |
|             | Neutral beam   | U. Denver O/H    | Establish NASA    |
|             | facility,      | facility         | neutral atom      |
|             |                | inoperative      | source and beam   |
|             | 1 eV to 1 MeV; | owing to PI      | facility for      |
|             |                | death            | community use     |
|             | Solar corona   |                  |                   |
|             | simulator      |                  |                   |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| 12.6 In     | E              | Mars Yard at     | Environmentally   |
| Situ        | nvironmentally | JPL; various     | relevant test bed |
| Inst        | relevant       | non-dedicated    | will provide an   |
| rumentation | instrument     | thermal vacuum   | important service |
|             | test beds to   | chambers         | to the community  |
|             | simulate       |                  | and reduce        |
|             | conditions on  |                  | mission risk      |
|             | Moon, Mars,    |                  |                   |
|             | Venus, etc.    |                  |                   |
+-------------+----------------+------------------+-------------------+

One important challenge that bridges the domains of this analysis and
those of data communications and advanced software is the significant
future opportunity posed by the linkage of orbital and ground-based
observations into "sensor webs". This is seen in a wide range of
instrumentation frameworks, including Earth system studies, planetary
studies, and Sun-solar system studies.

This team concluded that a sustained advanced technology program will be
required to narrow or close the identified science instrument and
sensors capability gaps and enable several strategic missions. Many of
the specific capabilities required must be brought from low TRL levels
to TRL\~6, at a rapid pace, to meet the integration timescales of their
driving missions. This is particularly true for technology to support
human exploration of Mars, for which many of the significant decisions
must be made decades before the missions themselves.

Extensive involvement by the science communities during the process of
assessing capability gaps reinforced critical aspects of NASA's science
instrument and sensors strategic investment processes. The competed,
peer-reviewed development programs that rely on NASA, government,
commercial and academia partnerships are essential to develop the
technology capabilities necessary to achieve NASA's priority science
program. This approach also seems to be key for securing reliable
funding over the long term.

Finally, in addition to laying out an evolutionary scheme for technology
development to meet the demands of the future NASA mission
architectures, some consideration was given to identifying those areas
where revolutionary developments would have great impact. Table 12.4.3
lists these "breakthrough" technology areas; more detailed descriptions
are documented elsewhere.

Table 12.4.3

\"Breakthrough\" Technologies for Future Mission Architectures

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| **Capability**       | **"Breakthrough" Technology**                 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 12.1 Microwave       | Fourier synthesis microwave imaging           |
| Instruments and      |                                               |
| Sensors              |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Large aperture multi-frequency radar          |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 12.2 Multi-Spectral  | Holographic optics                            |
| Imaging/Spectroscopy |                                               |
|                      |                                               |
| (vis-IR-FIR)         |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Uncooled imaging detectors                    |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Mega-pixel, photon-counting radiation-hard    |
|                      | CCDs                                          |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Quantum computing for detectors               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Three-dimensional imaging                     |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 12.3 Multi-Spectral  | Three-dimensional imaging                     |
| Sensing (UV-Gamma)   |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 12.4 Laser/LIDAR     | High-power, high-reliability laser diodes     |
| Remote Sensing       |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | High-efficiency, non-linear optical           |
|                      | components                                    |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | High storage time fiber architectures         |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Synthetic aperture LIDAR                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 12.5 Direct Sensing  | Swarms of miniaturized, autonomous sensors    |
| of Particles, Fields |                                               |
| and Waves            |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Extremely low energy neutral atom (ELENA) and |
|                      | pickup ion imaging                            |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Comprehensive organic and biomarker ID in a   |
|                      | compact package                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 12.6 *In Situ*       | Detailed subsurface sounding of structure &   |
| Instrumentation      | composition                                   |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | *In-situ* chemical ID at micron scales, e.g., |
|                      | downhole                                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | MEMS high-specificity comprehensive gas-phase |
|                      | and liquid-phase ID                           |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Precise age dating in compact package         |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Targeted single atom/molecule ID in           |
|                      | terrestrial sample return analysis with       |
|                      | minimal sample preparation                    |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Selective sample concentration techniques,    |
|                      | such as solvent extraction                    |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Targeted *in-situ* sub-sampling               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Sample handling at hot/cold extremes          |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Handling of multiphase samples                |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Sample handling/containment zero              |
|                      | forward/backward contamination                |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Milliwatt power sources                       |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198833 .anchor}12.4.2 Next Steps

Rough order-of-magnitude costing of the development plan laid out in
this document will be reported separately. This must be reconciled with
investment guidance from NASA management. While there has been some
attempt to identify obvious disagreements with the recommendations of
the Strategic Roadmaps, there is a clear need for a more extensive
interchange and resolution of conflicting assumptions. There are, as
well, some overlaps and interfaces with other Capability Roadmap
analyses that need to be examined to ensure consistency and coverage.
Analyses of gaps in this development plan with respect to the strategic
roadmaps, of the proper linkage and prioritization of developments with
respect to those plans, and of the reasonableness of the timescales for
development to meet the needs of the missions identified by those
strategic plans are proper subjects for review by the NRC.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198834 .anchor}**12.5
Acknowledgement/References**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198835 .anchor}12.5.1 Acknowledgement

The information contained herein is the product of 9 months of hard work
from the SIS CRM Team composed of NASA, industry, other government
agencies and academic experts nationwide. We want to thank the SIS CRM
Team for their dedication and contributions to the development of the
Science Instruments and Sensor Capability Portfolio 2005. Our
compliments go to the leadership and membership of the SIS Team on both
the depth and breadth of their efforts to support the goals of the
Agency, NASA's Science Program and its Capability Roadmapping efforts.
We look forward to potential future collaborations between NASA,
industry, other government agencies and academia to implement the
recommendations from this long-range, strategic planning process.

We want to thank the SMD Coordinators, Mr. Harley Thronson, Mr. Giulio
Varsi, and Mr. Jens Feeley, for their leadership and guidance. We want
to thank Mr. Perry Bankston, from NASA JPL, for his coordination efforts
on behalf of the NASA Advanced Planning and Integration Office (APIO).
Special thanks go to: Ms. Heather Lancaster, from NASA Peer Review
Services, for setting up the funding mechanisms for the External Team
Members; Ms. Amanda Peterson and Ms. Monica Washington, from the NASA
Peer Review Services, for helping with all the conference/workshops
logistics; Ms. Shelly Standiford and Ms. Donna Drummond, from NASA GSFC,
for their overall administration and resources support; and last, but
not least, Ms. Mary Pat Hrybik-Keith, Ms. Ruth Jennings, and Ms. Deborah
Clark, from NASA GSFC, for their graphics and editorial support.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198836 .anchor}12.5.2 References

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198837 .anchor}12.5.2.1 Strategic Documents

*The Vision for Space Exploration* (February 2004), NASA
NP-2004-01-334-HQ

*A Journey to Inspire, Innovate, and Discover: Report of the President's
Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy*
(June 2004), U. S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 016-073075-9.

*Strategic Plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program*, Climate
Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research
(7/24/03)

*Our Changing Planet: The US Climate Change Science Program for Fiscal
Years 2004 and 2005*

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198838 .anchor}12.5.2.2 National Research
Council Reports

*Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium*, Astronomy and
Astrophysics Survey Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Space
Studies Board (2001), National Academy of Sciences

*Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos: Eleven Science Questions for the New
Century*, Committee on the Physics of the Universe (2003), National
Academy of Sciences

*Implementing Climate and Global Change Research: A Review of the Final
U.S. Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan*, Committee to Review
the U.S. Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan (2004), National
Academy of Science

*New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy*,
Solar System Exploration Survey, Space Studies Board (2003), National
Academy of Science

*Solar and Space Physics and Its Role in Space Exploration*, Committee
on Assessment of the Role of Solar and Space Physics in NASA\'s Space
Exploration Initiative (2004), National Academy of Science

*The Sun to the Earth \-- and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in
Solar and Space Physics*, Solar and Space Physics Survey Committee
(2002), National Academy of Sciences

*The Sun to the Earth \-- and Beyond: Panel Reports*, Solar and Space
Physics Survey Committee, Committee on Solar and Space Physics (2003),
National Academy of Sciences

3.  []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198839 .anchor}APIO Design Reference
    Missions

Architecture Study #2, Human Exploration of Mars, Artificial-Gravity
Nuclear Electric Propulsion Option (7/15/03)

Earth-Sun System: Potential Roadmap and Mission Development Activities
(12/23/04)

Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars
(6/01/98)

Lunar Surface Reference Missions: A Description of Human and Robotic
Surface Activities (07/01/03)

Mars 98 Reference Mission: Reference Mission of the NASA Mars
Exploration Study Team (7/7/97)

The Mars Surface Reference Mission: A Description of Human and Robotic
Surface Activities (12/01)

Solar System Exploration - 2000 to 2035 (Draft 3)

Universe Design Reference Missions (12/13/04)

4.  []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198840 .anchor}Advanced Mission Studies:
    Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group

Astrobiology Field Laboratory-2013 (Biosignature Detection)

Ground Breaking Mars Sample Return

Mars Deep Drill: Explore Active Hydrothermal Habitats

Mars Deep Drill: Search for Evidence of Past Life

5.  []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198841 .anchor}Enterprise Strategies

Beyond Einstein: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (2003), Structure and
Evolution of the Universe Roadmap Team

Earth Science Application Plan

Earth Science Enterprise Strategy (2003)

Earth Science Research Plan (Draft, 1/6/05)

Earth-Sun System: Potential Roadmap and Mission Development Activities,
Earth Science Technology Office (Draft, 12/23/04)

Sun-Earth Connection Roadmap (2003-2028)

Physics of the Universe: A Strategic Plan for Federal Research

Solar System Exploration Roadmap

Origins Roadmap (2003)

Structure and Evolution of the Universe Roadmap

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198842 .anchor}**12.A Appendices**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198843 .anchor}12.A.1 Design Reference Mission
Set

Table 12.A.1 lists the missions referred to in the capability roadmaps
shown in section 12.2. In addition to the name, the table gives the
current planned launch date, the Strategic Roadmap whose architecture
includes the mission, the sub-capability responding to the mission and
an indication of whether the mission appears in the SIS Executive
Summary report. Missions listed with an \* are not traceable to the CRM
Planning Milestones, however, they represent major options for
architectural decisions in subsequent years.

**Table 12.A.1**

Design Reference Mission Set

+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| **Mission**                        | **Launch  | **St    | **Ca     |
|                                    | Date for  | rategic | pability |
|                                    | P         | Ro      | R        |
|                                    | lanning** | admap** | oadmap** |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Advanced Compton Telescope (ACT)\* | 2026      | 8       | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Advanced Land Cover Change         | 2017      | 9       | 12.4     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Big Bang Observer (BBO)            | 2025      | 8       | 12.4     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Black Hole Finder Probe (BHFP)     | 2018      | 8       | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Black Hole Imager (BHI)            | 2025      | 8       | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Comet Cryogenic Sample Return      | 2020      | 3       | 12.6     |
| (CSSR)                             |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Comet Surface Sample Return (CSSR) | 2013      | 3       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Constellation-X                    | 2017      | 8       | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Einstein Inflation Probe (EIP)     | 2016      | 8       | 12.1     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Europa Astrobiology Lander         | 2030      | 3       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Europa Geophysics Explorer         | 2012      | 3       | 12.1     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.2     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.4     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Europa Pathfinder Lander           | 2022      | 3       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Geospace Electrodynamics           | 2016      | 10      | 12.5     |
| Connections (GEC)                  |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Generation-X\*                     | 2027      | 8       | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| GEO Coastal Carbon                 | 2018      | 9       | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| GEO Global Precipitation           | 2027      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| GEO Lightning Imager               | 2027      | \-      | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| GEO Seismology from Space\*        | 2030      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| GEO Surface Deformation\*          | 2025      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Global Atmospheric Composition     | 2013      | 9       | 12.4     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Global Tropospheric Aerosols\*     | 2016      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Global Tropospheric Winds          | 2015      | 9       | 12.4     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Heliospheric Imager and Galactic   | 2032      | 10      | 12.5     |
| Observer (HIGO)                    |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Inner Heliospheric Sentinels (IHS) | 2015      | 10      | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Interstellar Probe (ISP)           | 2028      | 10      | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM)   | 2020      | 8       | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter\*        | 2017      | 3       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Jupiter Polar Orbiter with Probes  | 2014      | 10      | 12.1     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Large Aperture UV-Optical          | 2020      | 4, 8    | 12.3     |
| Observatory (LUVO)                 |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| **Mission**                        | **Launch  | **St    | **Ca     |
|                                    | Date for  | rategic | pability |
|                                    | P         | Ro      | R        |
|                                    | lanning** | admap** | oadmap** |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Laser Interferometer Space Antenna | 2014      | 8       | 12.4     |
| (LISA)                             |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| L-Band LEO InSAR\*                 | 2012      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| L-Band MEO InSAR\*                 | 2014      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| LEO Cloud System Structure\*       | 2023      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| LEO Wetland and River Monitor\*    | 2015      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Life Finder                        | 2025      | 4       | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Lunar Polar Explorer\*             | 2012      | \-      | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) | 2009      | 1       | 12.4     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Magnetospheric Constellation       | 2021      | 10      | 12.5     |
| (MagCon)                           |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Magnetic Transition Region Probe   | 2020      | 10      | 12.2     |
| (MTRAP)\*                          |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Mars Deep Drill                    | 2018      | 2       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Mars Electrification Imager        | 2022      | \-      | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Mars Foundation Laboratory         | 2020      | 2       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Mars High Spatial Resolution       | 2023      | \-      | 12.4     |
| Mapper\*                           |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Mars Sample Return (MSR)\*         | 2016      | 2       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Mercury Sample Return\*            | 2025      | \-      | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Neptune Orbiter and Probes         | 2018      | 3       | 12.1     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Ocean Salinity/Soil Moisture\*     | 2017      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Ocean Structure and Circulation\*  | 2019      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Ocean Surface Winds                | 2018      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Photosynthetic Efficiency\*        | 2020      | 9       | 12.4     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Planet Imager                      | 2035      | 4       | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Reconnection and Microscale        | 2025      | 10      | 12.2     |
| (RAM)\*                            |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Sea Ice Thickness\*                | 2014      | 9       | 12.1     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Single Aperture Far InfraRed       | 2023      | 4       | 12.1     |
| Observatory (SAFIR)                |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.2     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Solar Connections Observatory for  | 2033      | 10      | 12.3     |
| Planetary Environments (SCOPE)     |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Solar Polar Imager (SPI)           | 2026      | 10      | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Solar Probe                        | 2018      | 10      | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Stellar Imager (SI)                | 2030      | 8, 10   | 12.3     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Stratospheric Composition\*        | 2018      | \-      | 12.4     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Telemachus\*                       | 2026      | 10      | 12.5     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Terrestrial Planet Finder --       | 2016      | 4       | 12.2     |
| Coronagraph (TPF-C)                |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Terrestrial Planet Finder --       | 2019      | 4       | 12.2     |
| Imager (TPF-I)                     |           |         |          |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Titan Explorer\*                   | 2020      | 3       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Triton Lander\*                    | 2032      | 3       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Tropical ITM Couplet\*             | 2017      | 10      | 12.5     |
|                                    |           |         |          |
|                                    |           |         | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Venus Aeronomy Probe (VAP)         | 2032      | 10      | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+
| Venus *In Situ* Experiment         | 2018      | 3       | 12.6     |
+------------------------------------+-----------+---------+----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198844 .anchor}12.A.2 Science Traceability
Matrix

The Science Traceability Database was developed to establish, track, and
communicate linkages between compelling science questions, design
reference missions, science instrument measurement needs and critical
instrument and sensor capability/technology gaps. The database draws on
top-level strategic documentation, existing enterprise roadmaps, science
measurement priorities described in design reference mission
documentation and science and engineering community input. It relates
compelling science questions and associated design reference missions to
science instrument measurement needs and critical instrument and sensor
capabilities/technologies gaps. Additional details on the preparation of
this product are included in 12.A.4 as part of the discussion of
background assumptions.

An illustrative section of the database is shown in Table 12.A.2. Not
shown in the table, but present in the full database, are linkages for
each Science Question to the Strategic Roadmaps, NASA Science Reference
Documents and Scenario Documents. Each measurement scenario is assessed
as to the presence of a technology gap and a number is assessed as to
specific orbital requirements for the measurement platform. The full
database is available as a separate product.

Table 12.A.2

Sample Excerpt from Science Traceability Database

+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| *        | **Re   | **  | **Mea    | **Mea    | **Ta | *           |
| *Science | levant | Lau | surement | surement | rget | *Technology |
| Qu       | Miss   | nch | Par      | Sc       | Bo   | Component   |
| estion** | ions** | Dat | ameter** | enario** | dy** | De          |
|          |        | e** |          |          |      | velopment** |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| > How    | > GEO  | 2   | >        | > Large  | >    | > Spiral    |
| > are    | >      | 027 | Rainfall | >        | Eart | > scan via  |
| > global | Global |     | > and    |  Ka-band | h\'s | >           |
| > precip | > P    |     | > wind   | > spi    | > at |  mechanical |
| itation, | recipi |     | > in     | ral-scan | mosp | > scanning  |
| > evap   | tation |     | > hur    | > radar; | here | > of        |
| oration, | > D    |     | ricanes; | > M      |      | > transmit  |
| > and    | oppler |     | > Temp   | icrowave |      | > and       |
| > the    | >      |     | >        | >        |      | > receive   |
| >        | Radar/ |     | profile; | sounder, |      | > feeds; 30 |
|  cycling | > P    |     | >        | > 50 and |      | > m         |
| > of     | assive |     | moisture | > 183    |      | >           |
| > water  | >      |     | >        | > GHz    |      | lightweight |
| > c      | Imager |     | profile; |          |      | >           |
| hanging? |        |     | > preci  |          |      |  deployable |
| > How    |        |     | pitation |          |      | > membrane  |
| > are    |        |     | > under  |          |      | > antenna;  |
| > va     |        |     | > clouds |          |      | > 50 and    |
| riations |        |     |          |          |      | > 183 GHz   |
| > in     |        |     |          |          |      | > MMIC      |
| > local  |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
| >        |        |     |          |          |      | radiometers |
| weather, |        |     |          |          |      | > with \< 4 |
| > preci  |        |     |          |          |      | > dB NF;    |
| pitation |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
| > and    |        |     |          |          |      | > 1-bit     |
| > water  |        |     |          |          |      | > digital   |
| > r      |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
| esources |        |     |          |          |      | > cross-    |
| >        |        |     |          |          |      | correlators |
|  related |        |     |          |          |      | > with 200  |
| > to     |        |     |          |          |      | > MHz BW    |
| > global |        |     |          |          |      |             |
| >        |        |     |          |          |      |             |
|  climate |        |     |          |          |      |             |
| > va     |        |     |          |          |      |             |
| riation? |        |     |          |          |      |             |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| > What   | > Ma   | 2   | >        | >        | >    | > Large,    |
| > are    | gnetic | 020 | Velocity |  Doppler |  Sun | >           |
| > the    | > Tran |     | >        | >        |      | lightweight |
| >        | sition |     |  (vector |  Imager/ |      | > UV        |
| dynamics | >      |     | > if     | > Magn   |      | >           |
| > of     | Region |     | > p      | etograph |      |  reflective |
| > Sun\'s | >      |     | ossible) |          |      | > optics;   |
| >        | >      |     | > and    |          |      | > Up to 16K |
| magnetic |  Probe |     | > vector |          |      | > x 16K     |
| > tr     |        |     | >        |          |      | > CCDs with |
| ansition |        |     | magnetic |          |      | > high QE   |
| > region |        |     | > fields |          |      | > at 150 nm |
| >        |        |     | > in     |          |      | > and low   |
|  between |        |     | > chrom  |          |      | > power     |
| > pho    |        |     | osphere/ |          |      |             |
| tosphere |        |     | > corona |          |      |             |
| > and    |        |     |          |          |      |             |
| > upper  |        |     |          |          |      |             |
| > chrom  |        |     |          |          |      |             |
| osphere? |        |     |          |          |      |             |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| > What   | >      | 2   | >        | >        | >    | > CCD focal |
| > is the |  Con-X | 017 |  Imaging |  Measure | Quas | > plane     |
| > s      |        |     | > Spec   | > the    | ars, | > detectors |
| tructure |        |     | troscopy | > x-ray  | >    | > with 30   |
| > of the |        |     |          | >        | gala | > Hz        |
| > early  |        |     |          |  spectra | ctic | > readout   |
| > U      |        |     |          | > of     | >    | > rate.     |
| niverse? |        |     |          | >        | clus | >           |
| >        |        |     |          |  distant | ters | > Micro     |
| > What   |        |     |          | >        | >    | calorimeter |
| > are    |        |     |          |  quasars | > B  | > with      |
| > the    |        |     |          | > and    | lack | > 10^3^     |
| > pr     |        |     |          | >        | > h  | > pixels,   |
| operties |        |     |          | earliest | oles | >           |
| > of     |        |     |          | >        |      | > 2 eV      |
| > space  |        |     |          | galactic |      | >           |
| > time   |        |     |          | >        |      | resolution, |
| > near a |        |     |          | clusters |      | > and 10^3^ |
| > black  |        |     |          | >        |      | > c/s rate  |
| > hole?  |        |     |          | > X-ray  |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          | >        |      | capability. |
|          |        |     |          |  spectra |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          | > of     |      | > Cryogenic |
|          |        |     |          | > matter |      | > coolers   |
|          |        |     |          | > near   |      | > with      |
|          |        |     |          | > black  |      | > long-life |
|          |        |     |          | > hole   |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > (7        |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > years),   |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          |          |      |  continuous |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > (or duty  |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > cycle \>  |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > 95%)      |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          |          |      |  operation, |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > and high  |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          |          |      |  efficiency |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > (500      |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > micr      |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | owatt/watt) |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+

Table 12.A.2 (continued)

Sample Excerpt from Science Traceability Database

+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| *        | **Re   | **  | **Mea    | **Mea    | **Ta | *           |
| *Science | levant | Lau | surement | surement | rget | *Technology |
| Qu       | Miss   | nch | Par      | Sc       | Bo   | Component   |
| estion** | ions** | Dat | ameter** | enario** | dy** | De          |
|          |        | e** |          |          |      | velopment** |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| > How    | >      | 2   | > Atm    | > Direct | > E  | > 2 µm      |
| > can    | Global | 013 | ospheric | >        | arth | > laser 2   |
| > ter    | >      |     | > wind   |  Doppler |      | > J/pulse   |
| restrial | Tropos |     | >        | > or     |      | > with 12   |
| >        | pheric |     |  profile | >        |      | > Hz PRF    |
|  weather | >      |     |          | coherent |      | > and 3     |
| >        |  Winds |     |          | > LIDAR  |      | > year      |
| forecast |        |     |          |          |      | > life;     |
| >        |        |     |          |          |      | > 0.75 m    |
| duration |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
| > and    |        |     |          |          |      | lightweight |
| > rel    |        |     |          |          |      | > diffract  |
| iability |        |     |          |          |      | ion-limited |
| > be     |        |     |          |          |      | > optics;   |
| > i      |        |     |          |          |      | > tunable   |
| mproved? |        |     |          |          |      | > cw laser  |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > for local |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | oscillator; |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > high      |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > precision |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > optical   |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
|          |        |     |          |          |      |  alignment; |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > conical   |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > scanning; |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > lag-angle |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > co        |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | mpensation; |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > etc.      |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| > How do | >      | 2   | > Fields | > In     | >    | > Ion       |
| > fields |  Inner | 015 | > and    | > Situ   | Heli | > implanted |
| > and    | >      |     | > P      | > Ins    | o-sp | > solid     |
| > p      |  Helio |     | articles | truments | here | > state     |
| articles | sphere |     |          |          |      | >           |
| > in     | > Sen  |     |          |          |      |  detectors, |
| > inner  | tinels |     |          |          |      | >           |
| > hel    |        |     |          |          |      | > 15 µm to  |
| iosphere |        |     |          |          |      | > 5 mm      |
| > change |        |     |          |          |      | > thick;    |
| > with   |        |     |          |          |      | > Large     |
| > time?  |        |     |          |          |      | > arrays;   |
| > What   |        |     |          |          |      | > Low       |
| > is the |        |     |          |          |      | > power,    |
| > dis    |        |     |          |          |      | > low       |
| tinction |        |     |          |          |      | > noise,    |
| >        |        |     |          |          |      | > rad       |
|  between |        |     |          |          |      | iation-hard |
| > flare  |        |     |          |          |      | > e         |
| > and    |        |     |          |          |      | lectronics; |
| > shock  |        |     |          |          |      | > UV        |
| > acc    |        |     |          |          |      | >           |
| elerated |        |     |          |          |      | suppression |
| > pa     |        |     |          |          |      | > grids     |
| rticles? |        |     |          |          |      |             |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+
| > How do | > Mars | 2   | > Ch     | >        | >    | > Sample    |
| > the    | >      | 016 | emistry, |  Samples | Mars | > handling  |
| > p      | Sample |     | > min    | > from   |      | > with      |
| rocesses | >      |     | eralogy, | > c      |      | > minimal   |
| > that   | Return |     | > and    | arefully |      | > sample    |
| > shape  |        |     | > ch     | > chosen |      | > co        |
| > the    |        |     | ronology | > sites  |      | ntamination |
| > cont   |        |     | > of the | > will   |      | > or        |
| emporary |        |     | > crust, | > be     |      | >           |
| > c      |        |     | > the    | >        |      | alteration; |
| haracter |        |     | > role   | returned |      | >           |
| > of     |        |     | > of     | > to     |      | > m         |
| > p      |        |     | > vo     | >        |      | icron-scale |
| lanetary |        |     | latiles, | > Earth  |      | > min       |
| > bodies |        |     | > and    |          |      | eralogical, |
| >        |        |     | > p      |          |      | > elemental |
|  operate |        |     | otential |          |      | > and       |
| > and    |        |     | > bi     |          |      | > isotopic  |
| > i      |        |     | omarkers |          |      | >           |
| nteract? |        |     |          |          |      |  assessment |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > for       |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > sample    |
|          |        |     |          |          |      | > selection |
+----------+--------+-----+----------+----------+------+-------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198845 .anchor}12.A.3 Sub-Capability Team
Expertise

Microwave Instruments and Sensors

[Name]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Primary
Expertise]{.underline}

Soren Madsen NASA JPL (co-lead) Radar

Chris Ruf Univ. Michigan (co-lead) Atmosphere and Ocean Radiometry

Dave Glackin Aerospace Earth Remote Sensing Satellites

Suzanne Staggs Princeton Cosmic Microwave Background

Azita Valinia NASA GSFC Earth Science Technology

Juan Rivera NASA GSFC Instruments Design/Engineering

Shyam Bajpai NOAA SIS Operational Weather Satellites

Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR)

[Name]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Primary
Expertise]{.underline}

Craig McCreight NASA ARC (co-lead) IR Detectors for Astronomy

Ron Polidan Northrop Grumman (co-lead) UV-Visual-IR Sensors,

> Instrumentation Systems

Bruce Spiering NASA Stennis Vis-IR Remote Sensing

> Instrumentation, Oceans

Steve Ackerman U. Wisconsin Meteorology, Cloud Science,

Aerosols

Rich Dissly Ball Aerospace *In situ*, and Atmospheric

Applications

Tim Krabach NASA JPL LWIR to FIR Detectors

Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma Ray)

[Name]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Primary
Expertise]{.underline}

Brian Ramsey NASA MSFC (co-lead) XRay-Gamma Ray Instrumentation

David Chenette Lockheed Martin (co-lead) Space Radiation Measurements

Ron Polidan Northrop Grumman UV Instrument Systems

Juan Rivera NASA GSFC Instruments Design/Engineering

Azita Valinia NASA GSFC Earth Science Technology

Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing

[Name]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Primary
Expertise]{.underline}

Maria Zuber MIT (co-lead) Laser Ranging and Altimetry

Richard Barney NASA GSFC (co-lead) Laser Instrument Design

Richard Dissly Ball Aerospace *In situ* and Atmospheric

> Instrumentation

Direct Sensing of Particles, Fields and Waves

[Name]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Primary
Expertise]{.underline}

Richard McEntire JHU/APL (co-lead) Particle Instrumentation

Carl Stahle NASA GSFC (co-lead) Detector Systems

Tim Krabach NASA JPL LWIR to FIR Detectors

Paul Mahaffy NASA GSFC Analytical Systems

Dave Chenette Lockheed Martin Space Radiation Measurement

*In-Situ* Instrumentation

[Name]{.underline} [Organization]{.underline} [Primary
Expertise]{.underline}

Tim Krabach NASA JPL (co-lead) Astrobiological Systems

Rich Dissly Ball Aerospace (co-lead) Analytical Systems

Paul Mahaffy NASA GSFC Analytical Systems

Richard McEntire JHU/APL Particles and Fields

Dave Chenette Lockheed Martin High-Energy Detectors

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198846 .anchor}12.A.4 Detailed Assumptions of
the Roadmapping Process

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198847 .anchor}12.A.4.1 Scope

-   The material prepared by the CRM 12 Team will be based upon the team
    members' technical expertise and instrument development experience
    and has to be traceable to the Vision for Space Exploration.

-   There are two criteria to meet in evaluating candidate
    Instrument/sensor technologies. Highest priority is given to
    technologies that will:

    -   Achieve goals closely aligned with the Exploration Vision.

    -   Constitute a major advance and/or enable a large number of
        missions/goals.

-   Specific science instrument and sensor groups include the following:

    -   Microwave Instruments and Sensors

    -   Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis, IR, FIR)

    -   Multi-Spectral Sensing (UV-Gamma)

    -   Laser/LIDAR Remote Sensing

    -   Direct Sensing of Fields, Waves and Particles

    -   *In Situ* Instrumentation

-   The Science Instruments and Sensors Roadmap scope will not include:

    -   Instruments and sensors performing "engineering" functions

    -   Instrument accommodations on a variety of platforms (orbiting,
        landers, rovers, probes, aerial vehicles)

    -   Astronaut tools required to use instruments and sensors

    -   Large sets of systems and associated technologies necessary to
        collect, concentrate and combine electromagnetic bands ranging
        from gamma-rays to radio waves and including gravity-waves

        []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198848 .anchor}12.A.4.2 SIS Library

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Regarding information exchange and status, JPL's secure DocuShare
    website will be used as the repository for:

    -   Individual Roadmap Data Storage

    -   Information Exchange

    -   Overall Schedule Update

    -   Issue Resolution Postings

    -   APIO Briefings

        []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198849 .anchor}12.A.4.3 Science
        Traceability Spreadsheets

-   All Science Instrument and Sensors capability needs can be traced
    directly back to the following top-level strategic documentation
    (detailed list is shown in backup charts):

    -   The Vision for Space Exploration

    -   A Journey to Inspire, Innovate, and Discover: President's
        Commission Report

    -   The New Age of Exploration: NASA Strategic Objectives for 2005
        and Beyond

    -   Our Changing Planet: The US Climate Change Science Program for
        Fiscal Years 2004 and 2005

    -   Design Reference Missions

    -   Moon and Mars Science Working Groups

    -   NASA Enterprise Strategies

    -   National Research Council Reports

-   Science Traceability Spreadsheets were developed to establish, track
    and communicate linkages between compelling science questions,
    design reference missions, science instrument measurement needs and
    critical instrument and sensor capabilities/technologies gaps.

    -   NASA Design Reference Missions, existing enterprise roadmaps,
        science measurement priorities and science and engineering
        community input was collected, reviewed and documented.

    -   Interim Earth, Planetary Science, Sun-Solar System and
        Astrophysics spreadsheets were presented to several Strategic
        Roadmap Teams for review.

-   The spreadsheets deal with missions that launch by 2030, but not
    beyond. Aerospace Corp developed four spreadsheets covering: Earth
    Science, Planetary Science, Sun-Solar System Connection and
    Astrophysics.

-   [Earth Science]{.underline}:

    -   Science questions are organized into the six ESE science focus
        areas.

    -   All missions are Design Reference Missions (DRMs). Only those
        missions that have Power Point charts associated with them in
        the DRM document (NASA ESTO December 23, 2004 briefing) are
        included; the others fly too soon to be influenced.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   [Sun-Solar System Connection]{.underline}:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Some non-DRM missions are listed but can be ignored because they
    have launch dates after 2030 or have uncertain launch dates.

-   Comparative magnetospheres missions have been included.

-   Orbital information is given for this spreadsheet only, because it
    can be varied and interesting.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   [Planets]{.underline}:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   All missions are DRMs.

-   There were no firm launch dates; the earliest proposed year is
    given.

-   No technology development items are proposed in the documents,
    except for vague generalities, thus none are listed for the
    planetary area.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   [Astrophysics]{.underline}:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   All missions are DRMs, except those shown in red. (Note that
    ground-based instruments and near-term space missions like JWST, are
    not DRMs.)

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198850 .anchor}12.A.4.4 References from the
    Master Spreadsheets

![](media/image15.png){width="5.99375in" height="3.209722222222222in"}

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc109198851 .anchor}12.A.4.5 Roadmap Development
Overall Process

-   Capability Roadmap Team Kickoff (September 28, 2004)

    -   Establish the SIS Team

        -   Select and invite the External Co-Chair

        -   Collect team member recommendations from NASA, academia and
            industry

        -   Select NASA and external team members

    -   Preliminary Planning activities

        -   Develop the Capability Breakdown Structure, Roadmap
            Development Plan, Budget, and Schedule

        -   Investigate Roadmap Overlap

-   Public Workshop (November 30, 2004)

    -   112 people registered to the SIS session

    -   67 White Papers submitted

    -   23 Capability Presentations

    -   Follow-up activity with presenters

-   First Team Workshop (JPL) (December 8-9, 2004)

    -   Team Introductions

    -   Review Planning Documents

    -   CBS

    -   Science and Technology Presentations

    -   Roadmap Development Process

    -   Sub Teams Selection

    -   Sub Team Activities

        -   Define the Capability Work Breakdown Structure (CBS) Level 2
            and Dictionary

        -   Develop the Science Traceability Spreadsheets

        -   Review Strategic Reference Documentation

    -   NRC Presentation Planning and Preparation

        -   Review the template and develop the data products

        -   Prepare initial Sub-team presentations for review

-   GSFC Workshop (January 4-6, 2005)

    -   Status from NASA HQ, APIO, Capability Roadmap Teams and
        Strategic Roadmap Teams.

    -   Review and discuss Science Traceability Spreadsheets developed
        by Aerospace Corp.

    -   Complete the following Capability Breakdown Structure related
        tasks:

        -   Level 1 Statement of Scope

        -   Level 2 Definition (including dictionary)

        -   Establish linkages between the Capability Breakdown
            Structure Level 2 and science/exploration needs via the
            Science Traceability Spreadsheets and Design Reference
            Missions.

        -   Begin to capture Level 3 content.

    -   Discuss roadmap development plan and near term milestones such
        as the NRC review in March, 2004. Establish 3-month, detailed
        schedule with deliverables.

    -   Presentations on Science Vision, Science Capability and
        Technology content.

-   MIT Workshop (February 2-4, 2005)

    -   Development of the CBS Level 4 and Dictionary

    -   NRC Presentation Preparations

    -   Review Science Traceability Spreadsheet

    -   Identification of High-priority Capabilities

-   Walk through presentation with NASA HQ's (March 1, 2005)

-   NRC products delivered to the NRC (March 7, 2005)

-   NRC Dialogue (March 16, 2005)

    -   A Clear Pathway to Capability Development?

    -   Technology Maturity Levels?

    -   Metrics for Measuring Technical Maturity Advancement

    -   Connection Points to Other Roadmaps?

-   Deliver the first draft of Roadmaps

    -   Capability Priorities

    -   Sub-Capability Roadmaps

    -   Integration with Other Roadmaps

-   Strategic Roadmap Alignment

-   NRC Summary Review

-   Final Product Delivery

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198852 .anchor}12.A.4.6 SIS Top-Level
    Assumptions

-   Design reference missions and strategic science measurement needs
    must be driven by the Vision for Space Exploration and the New Age
    of Exploration (NASA's Direction for 2005 and Beyond).

    -   Supplemental information was obtained (and documented) from
        science working group interactions, presentations to the
        Strategic Roadmap Teams and science/engineering technical
        presentations.

    -   Mars Robotic and Human expeditions needs were compiled from the
        Advanced Mission Studies performed by the Mars Exploration
        Program Analysis Group (MEPAG).

-   Development of realistic Science Instrument and Sensor Roadmaps is
    dependent upon *many* CRM team development activities. Dual
    membership occurs within the following CRM teams:

    -   Advanced Telescopes and Observatories (Ron Polidan)

    -   *In Situ* Resource Utilization (Richard Dissly)

    -   Nanotechnology (Carl Stahle)

-   Commercial/Academia partnerships are essential to implementing
    technology solutions required to narrow or close critical capability
    gaps.

-   Roadmap Format:

    -   Capability needs are shown in the timeline to be met 3-5 years
        before mission launch. The target is 3-5 years before Mission
        launch, where we need to be at TRL 6.

    -   Mission timelines were provided by APIO/SMD.

-   Roadmap Approach:

    -   Science Instruments and Sensors is a [broad]{.underline} and
        [diverse]{.underline} roadmapping topic with significant science
        measurement application challenges.

        -   Previous instrument and sensor roadmapping efforts were
            limited to specific science measurement priorities (Earth
            Science, Universe, Solar System, etc.).

        -   [Integration]{.underline} of challenging science measurement
            needs was a significant driver in determining integrated
            capability gaps.

    -   Extensive participation from past, present and future Principal
        Investigators is encouraged at public meetings and workshops.

        -   Development of science instruments and sensors is a
            competed, peer-reviewed process where lessons learned can
            influence future missions.

        -   Specific technology implementation strategies are the
            outcome of the proposal process and not the science
            instruments and sensors roadmap strategic planning activity.

        -   Roadmapping products are subject to a peer review process
            prior to completion.

    -   Sub-Capability elements were prioritized by the degree of
        cross-cutting applicability to multiple DRMs.

        -   Do they enable or enhance scientific discovery?

        -   Do they have broad application across instrument and sensor
            capabilities?

        -   Do they meet the needs of multiple exploration mission?

            []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198853 .anchor}12.A.4.7 Microwave
            Instruments and Sensors (12.1) Assumptions

```{=html}
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```
-   Roadmapping Philosophy

    -   Highlight capabilities that enable the maximum number of science
        applications

    -   Capability roadmaps are developed at Level 3 (subsystems) to
        highlight cross-cutting between Level 2 (instrument type) areas

-   What Isn't Covered

    -   Non-microwave electromagnetic science instruments

    -   Non-science microwave (*e.g.,* Entry, Descent and Landing
        Navigation)

    -   *In situ* microwave science instruments and sensors

-   Mission Drivers

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Astronomy & Astrophysics:** Einstein Inflation Probe, SAFIR

-   **Planetary Science:** Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes, Neptune
    Orbiter/Probes, Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

-   **Earth System Science:** Ice Thickness, Global Tropospheric
    Aerosols, Global Soil Moisture, Ocean Surface Winds, GEO Global
    Precipation, mmWave GEO Radar, Land deformation InSAR, Ocean
    Circulation and Eddies, Cloud System Structure, Land deformation
    repeat pass InSAR

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Connection Points to Other Roadmaps

    -   Cross-cutting between Microwave and other groups' DRMs

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Radiation-hard Processors

-   Cryo-coolers

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Cross-cutting between Microwave DRMs

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   MMIC RF Technology

-   Large Scale ASIC Digital Signal Processing

-   Radiation-hard Processors

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Cross-cutting between major science themes

    -   Earth Science missions serve as capability test beds for other
        missions. Examples:

        -   Nimbus NEMS&SCAMS =\> TIROS MSU =\> DMSP SSM/T

        -   SeaSat SAR =\> Magellan SAR

        -   Jason MMICs =\> JUNO Water/Ammonia Radiometer

        -   MLS receivers and spectrometers =\> Jupiter and Neptune
            Orbiters

            []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198854 .anchor}12.A.4.8
            Multi-Spectral Imaging/Spectroscopy (Vis-IR-FIR) (12.2)
            Assumptions

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Vis-IR near-field sensing, or measurements within planetary
    atmospheres, covered by *in situ*

-   Important overlaps with telescope technology team (long-baseline
    systems) in developing advanced interferometers

-   Agency will support necessary infrastructure (fabrication, testing,
    expertise)

-   Mission Drivers

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **[Earth Science]{.underline}**: Black Carbon, Total Column Ozone,
    GEO Coastal Carbon, L2 Earth Atmosphere Solar Interferometer, LEO
    Cloud Particle Structure, GEO Lightning Imager

-   **[Planetary Science]{.underline}**: Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes,
    Europa Geophysical Explorer, Neptune Orbiter/Probes

-   **[Sun-Solar]{.underline}**: MTRAP, Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes

-   **[Universe+Earth-like Planets]{.underline}**: TPF-C, TPF-I,
    Einstein Inflation Probe, JDEM, Large Aperture UV-Optical
    Observatory, SAFIR, Life Finder, Planet Imager/Mapper

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Connection Points to Other Roadmaps

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   *In situ*

-   UV-gamma Sensing

-   Microwave (sub-mm astrophysics)

-   Telescopes

-   Nanotechnology

-   Infrastructure (fabrication, test, expertise)

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198855 .anchor}12.A.4.9 Multi-Spectral
    Sensing (UV-Gamma) (12.3) Assumptions

```{=html}
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```
-   Light-weight, high-resolution, grazing and normal incidence and
    diffractive optics, plus coatings, are covered by the Advanced
    Telescopes and Observatories (CRM #4)

-   Formation flying capabilities and necessary metrology are covered in
    CRM #4

-   Advanced data handling capabilities are available when needed
    (high-speed telemetry, data compression, etc.)

-   Cooling of large structures (including large-area detectors) and
    general thermal control covered elsewhere

-   Adequate provisions made at the appropriate time for calibration and
    testing

-   Mission Drivers

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **[Sun-Solar:]{.underline}**

    -   MTRAP (2020)

    -   RAM (2032)

    -   SCOPE (2033)

-   **[Universe+Earth-like Planets]{.underline}***:*

    -   Constellation-X (2014)

    -   Black Hole Finder Probe (2018)

    -   Large UV Observatory (2020)

    -   Black Hole Imager (2025)

    -   Advanced Compton Telescope (2026)

    -   Generation-X (2027)

    -   Stellar Imager (2034)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Connection Points to Other Roadmaps

    -   Telescopes and Large Structure

    -   Telecommunications

    -   Advanced Modeling

    -   Infrastructure (fabrication, test, expertise)

        []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198856 .anchor}12.A.4.10 Laser/LIDAR
        Remote Sensing (12.4) Assumptions

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Receiver optics and infrastructure also addressed by Advanced
    Telescopes and Observatories Capability Roadmap.

-   Agency will support risk reduction activities, including aircraft
    and ground-based prototype testing.

-   Sensors must reach technical maturity 3-5 years before launch.

-   Some Earth science sensors have direct planetary applications and
    vice versa.

-   Astrophysical applications using metrology included.

-   Tradeoffs:

    -   Detection probability: power versus aperture versus detector
        sensitivity

    -   Spatial coverage: number of beams versus scanning versus
        pixelated detectors

-   [Not covered here]{.underline}: optical communication, landing range
    finders, *in situ* systems.

-   [Other things that matter]{.underline}: platform stability,
    alignment, precise and stable oscillators, precision optics,
    radiation-hard, low-noise electronics

-   Mission Drivers:

    -   **Earth Science:**

        -   Calipso/Caliop

        -   Tropical Winds

        -   Hi Res CO2

        -   Advanced Land Cover Change

        -   Stratospheric Composition

        -   Photosyntnhetic Efficiency

    -   **Planetary Science:**

        -   Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

        -   Europa Geophysical Orbiter

        -   Mars High-resolution Spatial Mapper

    -   **Universe+Earth-like Planets:**

        -   LISA

        -   Big Bang Observer

-   Connection Points to Other Roadmaps

    -   *In situ*

    -   Telescopes and Structures

    -   Data Processing and Storage

    -   Advanced Communications

    -   Infrastructure (fabrication, test)

    -   Nanotechnology

    -   Formation Flying

        []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198857 .anchor}12.A.4.11 Direct Sensing
        of Particles, Fields and Waves (12.5) Assumptions

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```
-   Laser transmit/receive telescopes and laser telescope pointing
    actuator will be covered by the Advanced Telescopes and
    Observatories (CRM #4)

-   Laser development will be covered by Laser/LIDAR sub-team

-   Spacecraft disturbance compensation system will be provided
    separately.

-   Development of technology for astrophysics needs to measure
    gravitational waves will be sufficient for measurements of the
    gravity field for planetary and earth science applications

-   Most Particles and Fields measurement needs can be met with present
    technology, but planetary environments, the heliosphere and the sun
    are a dynamic-coupled system that requires distributed measurements.
    Many future missions will be

> multi-spacecraft and/or very limited in payload and cost. Deliberate
> evolutionary
>
> miniaturization of instruments and electronics is very important to
> enhance or enable
>
> these future missions.

-   Similar miniaturization and reductions in cost are needed for
    *in-situ* and remote-sensing instruments and for spacecraft
    avionics.

-   Mission Drivers:

    -   **Terrestrial:** Ionosphere/Thermosphere Storm Probes (ITSP),
        Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP), Geospace Electrodynamics
        Connection (GEC), Magnetospheric Constellation (MC)

    -   **Planetary:** Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes (JPOP), Europa
        Orbiter

    -   **Heliospheric:** Solar Probe (SP), Inner Heliosphere Sentinels
        (IHS), Telemachus, Interstellar Probe (ISP), Heliospheric Imager
        and Galactic Observer (HIGO)

    -   **Astrophysics:** Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), Big
        Bang Observer (BBO)

-   Connection Points to Other Roadmaps

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Laser Remote Sensing

-   Advanced Telescopes and Observatories

-   Visible-UV Sensing

-   *In-Situ* Instruments

-   Nanotechnology

-   Infrastructure (fabrication, test, calibration)

    []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198858 .anchor}12.A.4.12 *In Situ*
    Instrumentation (12.6) Assumptions

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```
-   Vis-IR far-field sensing, or measurements outside of planetary
    atmospheres, covered by Multi-spectral Imaging sub team

-   *In-situ* measurements of interplanetary plasmas covered in
    Particles, Fields and Waves sub team

-   *In-situ* sensors for astronaut health and safety are not covered by
    this group

-   General curatorial facilities for sample return will be covered by
    NASA, including quarantine facilities, independent of this
    assessment

-   Analytical instrumentation and mission-specific environmental
    maintenance for returned samples are not necessarily provided; this
    team has not covered capability needs in this area yet

-   Development includes the testbeds necessary to successfully
    implement these instruments in Exploration

-   Mission Drivers:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Mars:** Astrobiology Field Lab, Groundbreaking Mars Sample Return,
    Deep Drill, Long-Lived Lander Network

-   **Sample Return:** Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin SR, Comet Surface
    SR, Comet Cryogenic SR, Asteroid SR, Venus Surface SR, Mercury SR

-   **Other Planetary:** Lunar Seismic Network, Venus In-Situ Explorer,
    Jupiter Polar Orbiter/Probes, Neptune Orbiter/Probes, Europa
    Pathfinder Lander, Titan Explorer, Europa Astrobiology Lander,
    Uranus Orbiter/Probes, Neptune Orbiter w/ Triton Lander

```{=html}
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```
-   Connection Points to Other Roadmaps

    -   Atmospheric Entry Systems

    -   Landing Systems

    -   Planetary Surface and Subsurface Access

    -   Cryogenic Sample Handling

    -   Remote Sensing and Sounding of Surface/Subsurface Composition

    -   Nanotechnology

        []{#__RefHeading___Toc109198859 .anchor}12.A.5 Acronyms and
        Abbreviations

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ACE            | Advanced Composition Explorer Mission               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ACS            | Advanced Camera for Surveys                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ACT            | Advanced Compton Telescope                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ADM            | Atmospheric Dynamics Mission                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ADR            | Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| AFL            | Astrobiology Field Laboratory                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| AFM            | Atomic Force Microscope                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| AIRS           | Atmospheric Infrared Sounder                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ALADIN         | Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| AMSU           | Advanced Microwave Sounder Unit                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| APIO           | Advanced Planning and Integration Office            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| APL            | Applied Physics Laboratory (Johns Hopkins           |
|                | University)                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| APS            | Active Pixel Sensor                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ARC            | Ames Research Center                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ASIC           | Application-Specific Integrated Circuit             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ASTEP          | Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring   |
|                | Planets                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ASTID          | Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument      |
|                | Development                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ATO            | Advanced Telescopes and Observatories               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| BATC           | Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| BBO            | Big Bang Observer Mission                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| BHFP           | Black Hole Finder Probe Mission                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| BHI            | Black Hole Imager Mission                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| BLIP           | Background Limited Infrared Photo-detector          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Bolos          | Bolometer Arrays                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Bolo v. Hetero | Bolometer versus Heterodyne arrays                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| BW             | Bandwidth                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CALIOP         | Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR with Orthogonal Polarization    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CALIPSO        | Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder         |
|                | Satellite                                           |
|                |                                                     |
|                | Observation Mission                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CBS            | Capability Breakdown Structure                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CCD            | Charge Coupled Device                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CMB            | Cosmic Microwave Background                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CMOS           | Complementary Metal-Oxide Semi-conductor            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Con-X          | Constellation-X Mission                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CRISM          | Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for     |
|                | Mars                                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CRM            | Capability Roadmap                                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Cryo           | Cryogenic                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| CSSR           | Comet Surface Sample Return Mission                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| cw             | continuous wave                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DBF            | Digital Beam Formation                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DC             | Direct Current                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DCL            | NASA GSFC Detector Characterization Laboratory      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DDL            | NASA GSFC Detector Development Laboratory           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Demo           | Demonstration                                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DMSP           | Defense Meteorological Satellite Program            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DoD            | Department of Defense                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DRMs           | Design Reference Missions                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| DSP            | Digital Signal Processor chip                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| EG             | Europa Geophysics Mission                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| EIK            | Discrete Power Amplifier                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| EIP            | Einstein Inflation Probe Mission                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ESA            | Electronically Scanned Arrays                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ESMR           | Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ESTO           | Earth Science Technology Office                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| EUVE           | Extreme Ultraviolet Experiment Mission              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| eV             | Electron-volt                                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Far IR         | Far Infrared                                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FIR            | Far Infrared                                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FIRST          | Far Infrared and Submillimeter Telescope Mission    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FOV            | Field-of-View                                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FPA            | Focal Plane Assembly                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FPGA           | Field-Programmable Gate Array                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FTS            | Fourier Transform Spectrometer                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| FUSE           | Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Mission      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GaAs           | Gallium Arsenide                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GEC            | Geospace Electrodynamics Connection Mission         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Gen X          | Generation X Mission                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GEO            | Geosynchronous Orbit                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GEO Coastal C  | GEO Coastal Carbon Mission                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GEOSAT         | Geodetic Satellite Mission                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GEO Global     | GEO Global Precipitation (GGP) Mission              |
| Precip         |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GGP            | GEO Global Precipitation Mission                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GHz            | Gigahertz                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GLAS           | Geoscience Laser Altimetry System                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GLAST          | Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GPS            | Global Positioning System                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GPS/GNSS       | Global Positioning System/Global Navigation         |
|                | Satellite System                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GRACE          | Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GRO            | Gamma-Ray Observatory Mission                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GSFC           | Goddard Space Flight Center                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GSM            | Global Soil Moisture Mission                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| GTA            | Global Tropospheric Aerosols Mission                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| HCIPE          | High Capability Instruments                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| HIGO           | Heliospheric Imager and Galactic Observer Mission   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| HiRISE         | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| HRes CO2       | High Resolution CO2                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| HST            | Hubble Space Telescope Mission                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| HVPS           | High Voltage Power Supply                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ICESat         | Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| IHS            | Inner Heliosphere Sentinels Mission                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| IMAGE          | Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global            |
|                | Exploration Mission                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| InSAR          | Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| IPS            | Integrated Power Systems                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| IR             | Infrared                                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| IRAC           | Infrared Array Camera                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| IRS            | Infrared Spectrograph                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ISP            | Interstellar Probe Mission                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ISRU           | *In situ* Resource Utilization                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ITSP           | Ionosphere/Thermosphere Storm Probes Mission        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| J/Pulse        | Joule/Pulse                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JDEM           | Joint Dark Energy Mission                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JHU            | Johns Hopkins University                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JIMO           | Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Mission                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JPL            | Jet Propulsion Laboratory                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JPO            | Jupiter Polar Orbiter Mission                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JPOP           | Jupiter Polar Orbiter Probes Mission                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JWST           | James Webb Space Telescope                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LASCO          | Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph           |
|                | Experiment                                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LASER          | Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of       |
|                | Radiation                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LEO            | Low Earth Orbit                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Leo LFSM       | LEO Low Frequency Soil Moisture                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LF             | Life Finder Mission                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LFF InSAR      | L-band Formation Flying InSAR                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LHP            | Loop Heat Pipe                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LIDAR          | Light Detection and Ranging                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LISA           | Laser Interferometer Space Antenna Mission          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LITE           | LIDAR In-Space Technology Experiment                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LM             | Lockheed Martin                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LOLA           | Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LRO            | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Lunar SPA-SR   | Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| LUVO           | Large Aperture Ultraviolet Optical Observatory      |
|                | Mission                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| L2 Interfr     | L2 Interferometer                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Mag Con        | Magnetospheric Constellation Mission                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MARSIS         | Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric  |
|                | Sounding                                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MC             | Magnetospheric Constellation Mission                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MCM            | Multi-Chip Module                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MCP            | Micro-channel Plate                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MDI/SOI        | Michelson Doppler Imager/Solar Oscillations         |
|                | Investigation                                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MDL            | NASA JPL Micro-Devices Laboratory                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MEMS           | Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MEO            | Mid Earth Orbit                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MEPAG          | Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MER            | Mars Exploration Rover                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MER RAT        | Mars Exploration Rover Rock Abrasion Tool           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MFL            | Mars Foundation Laboratory                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MGS            | Mars Global Surveyor Mission                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MHRSM          | Mars High Resolution Spatial Mapper                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MIDP           | Mars Instrument Development Program                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MIPS           | Multiband Imaging Spectrometer for SIRTF            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MIRI           | Mid Infrared Instrument                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MIT            | Massachusetts Institute of Technology               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| mK             | millikelvin                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MLA            | Mercury Laser Altimeter                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MLS            | Microwave Limb Sounder                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MMIC           | Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MMS            | Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| mmW            | millimeter wave                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| mmWave         | millimeter wave                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MODIS          | Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MOLA           | Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Mps            | Megabits per second                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MRO            | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MSFC           | Marshall Space Flight Center                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MSL            | Mars Surface Laboratory                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MSU            | Microwave Sounder Unit                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| MTRAP          | Magnetic Transition Region Probe                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| mW             | milliwatt                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NEAR           | NLR Near Laser Rangefinder                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NEMS           | Nimbus E Microwave Spectrometer                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NEP            | Noise Equivalent Power                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NIRCam         | Near Infrared Camera                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NIRSpec        | Near Infrared Spectrometer                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NIST           | National Institute of Standards and Technology      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NLR            | NEAR Laser Rangefinder                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NO             | Neptune Orbiter                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NOAA           | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NRC            | National Research Council                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NRO            | National Reconnaissance Office                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| NSCAT          | NASA Scatterometer                                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| OSS            | Office of Space Science                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| OSW            | Ocean Surface Winds                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| PI             | Planet Imager Mission                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| PIDDIP         | Planetary Instrument Development and Definition     |
|                | Program                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ppb            | parts per billion                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| PRF            | Pulse Repetition Frequency                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| QE             | Quantum Efficiency                                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| QGG            | Quantum Gravity Gradiometer                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| QuickScat      | NASA Quick Scatterometer                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| RAM            | Reconnection and Microscale Mission                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| RAR            | Real Aperture Radar                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| RBSP           | Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| RF             | Radio Frequency                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| RHESSI         | Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectrographic Imager      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| rms            | root mean square                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SAFIR          | Single Aperture Far Infrared Observatory Mission    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SAR            | Synthetic Aperture Radar                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SC             | Stratospheric Composition Mission                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| S/C            | Spacecraft                                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SCAMS          | Scanning Microwave Spectrometer                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SCOPE          | Solar Connections Observatory for Planetary         |
|                | Environments                                        |
|                |                                                     |
|                | Mission                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SECCHI         | Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric       |
|                | Investigation                                       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SEU            | Structure and Evolution of the Universe             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SI             | Stellar Imager Mission                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SiGe           | Silicon Germanium                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SIR            | Shuttle Imaging Radar                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SIRTF          | Space Infrared Telescope Facility Mission (AKA      |
|                | Spitzer Space                                       |
|                |                                                     |
|                | Telescope)                                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SIS            | Science Instruments and Sensors                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SIT            | Sea Ice Thickness Mission                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SLA            | Shuttle Laser Altimeter                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SMD            | Science Mission Directorate                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SOFIA          | Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SOHO           | Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Mission          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SOT            | Solar Optical Telescope                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SP             | Solar SIT Probe Mission                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SPI            | Solar Probe Imager                                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SRM            | Strategic Roadmap                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SRTM           | Shuttle Radar Topography Mission                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SSD            | Solid State Detector                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SSED           | Solar System Exploration Division                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SSES           | Solar System Exploration Subcommittee               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SSM/T          | Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| STEREO         | Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Mission     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| SWIR           | Shortwave Infrared                                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| τ              | transmissivity                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TDI            | Time Delay and Integration                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TES            | Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mars Global          |
|                | Surveyor)                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TES            | Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (Aura)           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| THz            | Terahertz                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| THEMIS         | The History of Events and Macroscale Interactions   |
|                | During                                              |
|                |                                                     |
|                | Substorms                                           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TIMED          | Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and   |
|                | Dynamics                                            |
|                |                                                     |
|                | Mission                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TIPS           | Tera Instruction Per Second                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TIROS          | Television Infrared Operational Satellite           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TOF            | Time-of-Flight                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TOPEX          | Topography Experiment                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TPF-C          | Terrestrial Planet Finder-Coronagraph Mission       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TPF-I          | Terrestrial Planet Finder-Interferometer Mission    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| T/R            | Transmitter/Receiver                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Tx/Rx          | Transmitter/Receiver                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TRL            | Technology Readiness Level                          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| TRMM           | Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Tropical ITM   | Tropical ITM Couplet Mission                        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| UM             | University of Michigan                              |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| UV             | Ultraviolet                                         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| UW             | University of Wisconsin                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| VAP            | Venus Aeronomy Probe                                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| VHF            | Very High Frequency                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| VIMS           | Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer           |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Vis            | Visible                                             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| VISE           | Venus In Situ Experiment (Explorer) Mission         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| WMAP           | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe                |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image16.jpeg){width="7.366666666666666in"
height="9.503472222222221in"}