# ![](media/image1.png){width="2.0520833333333335in" height="0.6277777777777778in"}

####### National Sedimentation Laboratory

####### Oxford, Mississippi 38655

**Characterizing the Sediment Impounded by**

**USDA-NRCS Flood Control Dams, Oklahoma**

![](media/image5.wmf){width="1.9256944444444444in"
height="2.777083333333333in"}

**By Sean J. Bennett and Charles M. Cooper**

**Research Report No. 20 January 2001**

A final report prepared for the USDA-NRCS, Stillwater, OK

# Executive Summary

Since 1948, the USDA-NRCS has constructed over 10,000 upstream flood
control dams in 2000 watersheds in 47 states, over two-thirds of these
dams have a design life of 50 years. Because of population growth, land
use changes, and time, sediment pools are filling, some structural
components have deteriorated, safety regulations are stricter, and the
hazard classification has changed for some dams. Before any
rehabilitation strategy can be designed and implemented, the sediment
impounded by these dams must be assessed in terms of the structure's
efficiency to regulate floodwaters and the potential hazard the sediment
may pose if reintroduced into the environment. This report represents
the completion of a demonstration project designed to evaluate
technologies, methodologies, and protocols for the cost-effective
characterization of this sediment.

Three field sites were chosen for this project. Sugar Creek #12 and
Sugar Creek #14 are located near Hinton, OK, and historic land use of
cultivated fields of cotton and peanuts at Sugar Creek #12 suggests that
agrichemicals may be present in the lake sediments. Sergeant Major #4 is
located near Cheyenne, OK, and it has become the sole water supply for
the town of Cheyenne. Thus, preserving water quality is a major concern.

Seismic profiles were successfully obtained in each of the three
reservoirs in Oklahoma. However, the very shallow water depths at Sugar
Creek #12 and Sugar Creek #14 caused unwanted noise in the seismic
signal, and the processed data are virtually impossible to interpret.
The seismic profiles at Sergeant Major #4 show a number of distinct
interpreted seismic reflectors in the subsurface, and select
seismographs show some correlation to the stratigraphic boundaries
observed in the sediment cores.

Ten continuous, undisturbed cores of lake sediment were successfully
obtained at Sugar Creek #12. These cores are composed of sand, silt, and
clay, but most of the deposited sediment is silt and clay in nearly
equal proportions. Four continuous, undisturbed cores of lake sediment
were successfully obtained at Sergeant Major #4. These cores are
composed of poorly sorted gravel, sand, silt, and clay.

The analysis of sediment quality included 50 different pesticides,
herbicides, PCBs, heavy metals, elements, and other contaminants. A
total of 57 sediment samples obtained from these reservoirs were
analyzed. Results from testing these sediments show very good overall
sediment quality. Residual breakdown products of DDT and methyl
parathion are found in low concentrations in all three reservoirs but
such concentrations pose no health concern.

By using radioactive Cesium emission as a dating technique, relatively
high rates of sedimentation are deduced at Sugar Creek #12, presumably
related to a basin-wide historic conversion of forested areas to
cropland and knickpoint erosion and channel degradation above the
reservoir. The historic conversion of cropland to native seed grasses
within the watershed of Sergeant Major #4 has resulted in relatively low
rates of sedimentation.

**Table of Contents**

Executive Summary [2](#executive-summary)

1\. Introduction [13](#introduction)

1.1 Federal Program for Flood Control
[13](#federal-program-for-flood-control)

1.2 Current Status of Small Watershed Program
[14](#current-status-of-small-watershed-program)

1.3 Problem Statement [14](#problem-statement)

1.4 Statement of Work [15](#statement-of-work)

1.5 Global Positioning Systems [17](#global-positioning-systems)

2\. Field Sites [18](#field-sites)

2.1 Sugar Creek #12 [18](#sugar-creek-12)

2.2 Sugar Creek #14 [21](#sugar-creek-14)

2.3 Sergeant Major #4 [24](#sergeant-major-4)

3\. Seismic Surveying [28](#seismic-surveying)

3.1 Seismic Equipment Used [28](#seismic-equipment-used)

3.2 Post-processing of Seismic Data
[31](#post-processing-of-seismic-data)

3.3 Results [32](#results)

3.3.1 Seismograms for Sugar Creek #12
[32](#seismograms-for-sugar-creek-12)

3.3.2 Seismograms for Sugar Creek #14
[37](#seismograms-for-sugar-creek-14)

3.3.3 Seismograms for Sergeant Major #4
[42](#seismograms-for-sergeant-major-4)

3.4 Discussion [49](#discussion)

4\. Sediment Coring [50](#sediment-coring)

4.1 Sediment Cores Obtained at Sugar Creek #12
[51](#sediment-cores-obtained-at-sugar-creek-12)

4.2 Sediment Cores Obtained at Sergeant Major #4
[61](#sediment-cores-obtained-at-sergeant-major-4)

4.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Sediment within the
Cores
[65](#physical-and-chemical-characteristics-of-the-sediment-within-the-cores)

4.3.1 Methods and Procedures [65](#methods-and-procedures)

4.3.2 Grain Size Analysis Results [65](#grain-size-analysis-results)

4.3.3 Magnetic Susceptibility Results
[66](#magnetic-susceptibility-results)

4.3.4 Sediment pH and Nitrogen and Carbon Content
[66](#sediment-ph-and-nitrogen-and-carbon-content)

4.3.5 Sediment Color [66](#sediment-color)

4.3.6 Correlation amongst the Physical and Chemical Characteristics
[66](#correlation-amongst-the-physical-and-chemical-characteristics)

4.4 Discussion [79](#discussion-1)

5\. Chemical Analysis [80](#chemical-analysis)

5.1 [Phase I]{.underline} Results [80](#phase-i-results)

5.1.1 Sediment Sampling Methods [80](#sediment-sampling-methods)

5.1.2 Sediment Sampling Locations [80](#sediment-sampling-locations)

5.1.3 Agrichemical and PCB Analysis for Sugar Creek #12 and #14
[87](#agrichemical-and-pcb-analysis-for-sugar-creek-12-and-14)

5.1.4 Oil Field Contaminants, Sediment Parameters, Major Element, and
Heavy Metal Analysis for Sugar Creek #12 and #14
[87](#oil-field-contaminants-sediment-parameters-major-element-and-heavy-metal-analysis-for-sugar-creek-12-and-14)

5.1.5 Agrichemical and PCB Analysis for Sergeant Major #4
[87](#agrichemical-and-pcb-analysis-for-sergeant-major-4)

5.1.6 Oil Field Contaminants, Sediment Parameters, Major Element, and
Heavy Metal Analysis for Sergeant Major #4
[87](#oil-field-contaminants-sediment-parameters-major-element-and-heavy-metal-analysis-for-sergeant-major-4)

5.2 [Phase II]{.underline} Results [95](#phase-ii-results)

5.2.1 Sediment Sampling Methods [95](#sediment-sampling-methods-1)

5.2.2 Agrichemical and PCB Analysis for Sugar Creek #12
[95](#agrichemical-and-pcb-analysis-for-sugar-creek-12)

5.2.3 Oil Field Contaminants, Sediment Parameters, Major Element, and
Heavy Metal Analysis for Sergeant Major #4
[95](#oil-field-contaminants-sediment-parameters-major-element-and-heavy-metal-analysis-for-sergeant-major-4-1)

5.3 [Phase II]{.underline} Radioactive Cesium Analysis and Results
[96](#phase-ii-radioactive-cesium-analysis-and-results)

5.4 Discussion [98](#discussion-2)

6\. Integration of Results [99](#integration-of-results)

6.1 Radioactive Cesium Results and Sedimentation Rates
[99](#radioactive-cesium-results-and-sedimentation-rates)

6.2 Stratigraphic Correlation within Sugar Creek #12
[99](#stratigraphic-correlation-within-sugar-creek-12)

6.2.1 North to South Traverse on Eastern Side of Reservoir
[106](#north-to-south-traverse-on-eastern-side-of-reservoir)

6.2.2 North to South Traverse on Western Side of Reservoir
[106](#north-to-south-traverse-on-western-side-of-reservoir)

6.2.3 West to East Traverse [106](#west-to-east-traverse)

6.3 Isopach Map of the Sediment Impounded at Sugar Creek #12
[106](#isopach-map-of-the-sediment-impounded-at-sugar-creek-12)

6.4 Seismic Stratigraphy in Sergeant Major #4
[109](#seismic-stratigraphy-in-sergeant-major-4)

6.5 Effect of Land Use on Sedimentation
[117](#effect-of-land-use-on-sedimentation)

6.5.1 Sugar Creek #12 [117](#sugar-creek-12-3)

6.5.2 Sergeant Major #4 [117](#sergeant-major-4-4)

6.6 Discussion [117](#discussion-3)

7\. Recommendations [119](#recommendations)

8\. Conclusions [121](#conclusions)

9\. References [124](#references)

Appendix: Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds.
[126](#appendix-summary-of-carcinogenic-levels-for-chemicals-and-compounds.)

**List of Figures**

Figure 2-1. Photograph of Sugar Creek #12 looking directly south showing
earthen embankment on left, spillway channel in far distance, and
reservoir (November 1999). [19](#__RefHeading___Toc507397327)

Figure 2-2. Photograph of Sugar Creek #12 looking toward the southwest
showing the reservoir and the main tributary on right (November 1999).
[19](#__RefHeading___Toc507397328)

Figure 2-3. Base map of Sugar Creek #12 constructed from a hand-held
global positioning system receiver with differential corrections
applied. Shown are the outline of the lake, the centerline of the
earthen embankment, the primary spillway drain, and the cement dam
marker. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[20](#__RefHeading___Toc507397329)

Figure 2-4. Temporal variation in the land use within the watershed of
Sugar Creek #12. [21](#__RefHeading___Toc507397330)

Figure 2-5. Photograph of Sugar Creek #14 looking northeast from the
embankment showing reservoir, primary spillway drain on left, and main
tributary source in far distance (November 1999).
[22](#__RefHeading___Toc507397331)

Figure 2-6. Photograph of Sugar Creek #14 looking directly west showing
reservoir, earthen embankment of left, and primary spillway drain in far
distance (November 1999). [22](#__RefHeading___Toc507397332)

Figure 2-7. Base map of Sugar Creek #14 constructed from a hand-held
global positioning system receiver with differential corrections
applied. Shown are the outline of the lake, the centerline of the
earthen embankment, the primary spillway drain, and the cement dam
marker. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[23](#__RefHeading___Toc507397333)

Figure 2-8. Photograph of Sergeant Major #4 looking almost directly
south from the embankment showing reservoir, primary spillway drain in
foreground, and the vessel used during seismic surveying in the distance
(November 1999). [25](#__RefHeading___Toc507397334)

Figure 2-9. Photograph of Sergeant Major #4 looking southeast from
access road showing the reservoir and the vessel used during seismic
surveying in the distance (November 1999).
[25](#__RefHeading___Toc507397335)

Figure 2-10. Base map of Sergeant Major #4 constructed from a hand-held
global positioning system receiver with differential corrections
applied. Shown are the outline of the lake, the centerline of the
earthen embankment, the primary spillway drain, and the fence line near
the embankment. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[26](#__RefHeading___Toc507397336)

Figure 2-11. Temporal variation in the land use within the watershed of
Sergeant Major #4. [27](#__RefHeading___Toc507397337)

Figure 3-1. Photograph of the catamaran. The black PVC pipes provided
floatation, the aluminum frame is resting on the wooden box the
catamaran was shipped in, and the front of the catamaran is on the right
(November 1999). [29](#__RefHeading___Toc507397338)

Figure 3-2. Photograph of the catamaran being towed by the vessel. The
catamaran is about 7 meters from the vessel, and it is moving toward the
left (taken at Sugar Creek #12, November 1999).
[30](#__RefHeading___Toc507397339)

Figure 3-3. Photograph of the oscilloscope on left and gray-scale
printer (foreground on right), DAT tape recorder (background top), and
signal processor (background bottom; November 1999).
[30](#__RefHeading___Toc507397340)

Figure 3-4. Photograph of general operating procedure for the seismic
surveying and the number of personnel required (taken at Sugar Creek
#14, November 1999). [31](#__RefHeading___Toc507397341)

Figure 3-5. Base map of Sugar Creek #12 showing traces for all seismic
lines. Three segments, labeled A-A', B-B', and C-C', are discussed in
text. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[33](#__RefHeading___Toc507397342)

Figure 3-6. Seismogram of section A-A' from Sugar Creek #12 (next page;
refer to Figure 3-5). Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately
0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line represents the
water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted
seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales
are shown, and total length of seismic record is 162 m.
[34](#__RefHeading___Toc507397343)

Figure 3-7. Seismogram of section B-B' from Sugar Creek #12 (next page;
refer to Figure 3-5). Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately
0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line represents the
water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted
seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales
are shown, and total length of seismic record is 158 m.
[35](#__RefHeading___Toc507397344)

Figure 3-8. Seismogram of section C-C' from Sugar Creek #12 (next page;
refer to Figure 3-5). Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately
0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line represents the
water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted
seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales
are shown, and total length of seismic record is 156 m.
[36](#__RefHeading___Toc507397345)

Figure 3-9. Base map of Sugar Creek #14 showing traces for all seismic
lines. Three segments, labeled A-A', B-B', and C-C', are discussed in
text. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[38](#__RefHeading___Toc507397346)

Figure 3-10. Seismogram of section A-A' from Sugar Creek #14 (next page;
refer to Figure 3-9). Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately
0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line represents the
water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted
seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales
are shown, and total length of seismic record is 84 m.
[39](#__RefHeading___Toc507397347)

Figure 3-11. Seismogram of section B-B' from Sugar Creek #14 (next page;
refer to Figure 3-9). Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately
0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line represents the
water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted
seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales
are shown, and total length of seismic record is 134 m.
[40](#__RefHeading___Toc507397348)

Figure 3-12. Seismogram of section C-C' from Sugar Creek #14 (next page;
refer to Figure 3-9). Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately
0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line represents the
water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted
seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales
are shown, and total length of seismic record is 116 m.
[41](#__RefHeading___Toc507397349)

Figure 3-13. Base map of Sergeant Major #4 showing traces for all
seismic lines. Five segments, labeled A-A', B-B', C-C', D-D', and E-E'
are discussed in text. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[43](#__RefHeading___Toc507397350)

Figure 3-14. Seismogram of section A-A' from Sergeant Major #4 (next
page; refer to Figure 3-13). Thick solid line is location of boomer
(approximately 0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line
represents the water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth
are interpreted seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth
and length scales are shown, and total length of seismic record is 105
m. [44](#__RefHeading___Toc507397351)

Figure 3-15. Seismogram of section B-B' from Sergeant Major #4 (next
page; refer to Figure 3-13). Thick solid line is location of boomer
(approximately 0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line
represents the water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth
are interpreted seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth
and length scales are shown, and total length of seismic record is 66 m.
[45](#__RefHeading___Toc507397352)

Figure 3-16. Seismogram of section C-C' from Sergeant Major #4 (next
page; refer to Figure 3-13). Thick solid line is location of boomer
(approximately 0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line
represents the water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth
are interpreted seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth
and length scales are shown, and total length of seismic record is 120
m. [46](#__RefHeading___Toc507397353)

Figure 3-17. Seismogram of section D-D' from Sergeant Major #4 (next
page; refer to Figure 3-13). Thick solid line is location of boomer
(approximately 0.5 m below the water surface), the first solid line
represents the water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth
are interpreted seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth
and length scales are shown, and total length of seismic record is 127
m. [47](#__RefHeading___Toc507397354)

Figure 3-18. Seismogram of section E-E' from Sergeant Major #4 (next
page; refer to Figure 3-13). The first solid line represents the
water-sediment interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted
seismic reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales
are shown, and total length of seismic record is 293 m. Due to space
limitations, the location of the boomer was omitted.
[48](#__RefHeading___Toc507397355)

Figure 4-1. Photograph of floating vibracore system showing the tripod
and portable rafts. A core pipe is being connected to the vibracore
head. [52](#__RefHeading___Toc507397356)

Figure 4-2. Photograph of floating vibracore system showing the tripod
and portable rafts. The pipe is being positioned to obtain a core (June
1999). [52](#__RefHeading___Toc507397357)

Figure 4-3. Photograph of vibracore system showing the tripod, vibracore
head, and winch and cable assembly. [53](#__RefHeading___Toc507397358)

Figure 4-4. Photograph of extracted core being cut open on-site (June
1999). [53](#__RefHeading___Toc507397359)

Figure 4-5. Typical photographs of sediment within the extracted cores
(June 1999). [54](#__RefHeading___Toc507397360)

Figure 4-6. Base map of Sugar Creek #12 showing locations of all cores
(numbered 1-10). Arrows show flow direction of major tributaries
entering the reservoir. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[55](#__RefHeading___Toc507397361)

Figure 4-7. Stratigraphic logs of Core 1 (left) and Core 2 (right)
obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6 for exact location). Also
shown are schematic textural and color characteristics of the units and
the location of samples obtained for analysis including sediment and
agrichemical analysis. [56](#__RefHeading___Toc507397362)

Figure 4-8. Stratigraphic logs of Core 3 (left) and Core 4 (right)
obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6 for exact location). Also
shown are schematic textural and color characteristics of the units and
the location of samples obtained for analysis including sediment,
^137^Cs, and agrichemical analysis. [57](#__RefHeading___Toc507397363)

Figure 4-9. Stratigraphic logs of Core 5 (left) and Core 6 (right)
obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6 for exact location). Also
shown are schematic textural and color characteristics of the units and
the location of samples obtained for analysis including sediment and
agrichemical analysis. [58](#__RefHeading___Toc507397364)

Figure 4-10. Stratigraphic logs of Core 7 (left) and Core 8 (right)
obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6 for exact location). Also
shown are schematic textural and color characteristics of the units and
the location of samples obtained for analysis including sediment,
^137^Cs, and agrichemical analysis. [59](#__RefHeading___Toc507397365)

Figure 4-11. Stratigraphic logs of Core 9 (left) and Core 10 (right)
obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6 for exact location). Also
shown are schematic textural and color characteristics of the units and
the location of samples obtained for analysis including sediment,
^137^Cs, and agrichemical analysis. [60](#__RefHeading___Toc507397366)

Figure 4-12. Base map of Sergeant Major #4 showing locations of all
cores (numbered 1-4). Arrows show flow direction of major tributaries
entering the reservoir. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[62](#__RefHeading___Toc507397367)

Figure 4-13. Stratigraphic logs of Core 1 (left) and Core 2 (right)
obtained at Sergeant Major #4 (see Figure 4-12 for exact location). Also
shown are schematic textural and color characteristics of the units and
the location of samples obtained for analysis including sediment,
^137^Cs, and agrichemical analysis. [63](#__RefHeading___Toc507397368)

Figure 4-14. Stratigraphic logs of Core 3 (left) and Core 4 (right)
obtained at Sergeant Major #4 (see Figure 4-12 for exact location). Also
shown are schematic textural and color characteristics of the units and
the location of samples obtained for analysis including sediment,
^137^Cs, and agrichemical analysis. [64](#__RefHeading___Toc507397369)

Figure 4-15. Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and
magnetic susceptibility for all sediment samples.
[72](#__RefHeading___Toc507397370)

Figure 4-16. Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and pH for
all sediment samples. [72](#__RefHeading___Toc507397371)

Figure 4-17. Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and
percentage nitrogen by weight for all sediment samples.
[73](#__RefHeading___Toc507397372)

Figure 4-18. Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and
percentage carbon by weight for all sediment samples.
[73](#__RefHeading___Toc507397373)

Figure 4-19. Relation between the percentage sand by weight and color
(hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment samples.
[74](#__RefHeading___Toc507397374)

Figure 4-20. Relation between the percentage silt by weight and color
(hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment samples.
[74](#__RefHeading___Toc507397375)

Figure 4-21. Relation between the percentage clay by weight and color
(hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment samples.
[75](#__RefHeading___Toc507397376)

Figure 4-22. Relation between magnetic susceptibility and pH, percentage
nitrogen, and percentage carbon for all sediment samples.
[75](#__RefHeading___Toc507397377)

Figure 4-23. Relation between magnetic susceptibility and color (hue,
value, and chroma) for all sediment samples.
[76](#__RefHeading___Toc507397378)

Figure 4-24. Relation between pH and percentage nitrogen and carbon by
weight for all sediment samples. [76](#__RefHeading___Toc507397379)

Figure 4-25. Relation between the pH and color (hue, value, and chroma)
for all sediment samples. [77](#__RefHeading___Toc507397380)

Figure 4-26. Relation between percentage nitrogen by weight and color
(hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment samples.
[77](#__RefHeading___Toc507397381)

Figure 4-27. Relation between percentage carbon by weight and color
(hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment samples.
[78](#__RefHeading___Toc507397382)

Figure 4-28. Relation between percentage nitrogen and percentage carbon
by weight for all sediment samples. [78](#__RefHeading___Toc507397383)

Figure 5-1. Photograph of the sediment coring tube used to obtain
sediment samples (taken at Sugar Creek #12, October 1999).
[81](#__RefHeading___Toc507397384)

Figure 5-2. Photograph of the sediment coring tube used to obtain
sediment samples and the ruled sediment core catcher (taken at Sugar
Creek #12, October 1999). Also shown is the aluminum extension necessary
to obtain deep-water samples. [81](#__RefHeading___Toc507397385)

Figure 5-3. Photograph of the sediment core being extruded into core
catcher (taken at Sugar Creek #12, October 1999). Core is extruded by
tipping core and shaking out contents.
[82](#__RefHeading___Toc507397386)

Figure 5-4. Photograph of the sediment from core being placed into
sample bottles for later analysis (taken at Sugar Creek #12, October
1999). [82](#__RefHeading___Toc507397387)

Figure 5-5. Map of Sugar Creek #12 showing sediment sample locations.
[83](#__RefHeading___Toc507397388)

Figure 5-6. Map of Sugar Creek #14 showing sediment sample locations.
[84](#__RefHeading___Toc507397389)

Figure 5-7. Map of Sergeant Major #4 showing sediment sample locations.
[85](#__RefHeading___Toc507397390)

Figure 6-1. Comparison of stratigraphic logs at Sugar Creek #12 with
^137^Cs results. The 1964 level is identified and shown.
[100](#__RefHeading___Toc507397391)

Figure 6-2. Comparison of stratigraphic logs at Sergeant Major #4 with
^137^Cs results. The 1964 level is identified and shown.
[101](#__RefHeading___Toc507397392)

Figure 6-3. Base map of Sugar Creek #12 showing the location of all
sediment cores (numbered) and the positions of the stratigraphic
cross-sections depicted in Figures 6-4, 6-5, and 6-5 (dashed lines). All
positions are in UTM coordinates. [102](#__RefHeading___Toc507397393)

Figure 6-4. A north to south representation of the subsurface
stratigraphy obtained at Sugar Creek #12 for Cores 2, 3, 4, and 8,
placed relative to the current lake bottom and distance across the
reservoir (note vertical exaggeration). Lines show the current lake
bottom and the 1964 datum. The location of the sediment samples examined
are shown by the tick marks, and the numbers beside each tick give grain
size (top line, given as % sand/silt/clay), magnetic susceptibility
(middle line, given as 10^-8^ m^3^/kg), and color (on bottom and
underlined, given as hue YR value/chroma where YR is yellow red). Refer
to Figure 4-7 for legend. [103](#__RefHeading___Toc507397394)

Figure 6-5. A north to south representation of the subsurface
stratigraphy obtained at Sugar Creek #12 for Cores 1, 10, 6, and 5,
placed relative to the current lake bottom and distance across the
reservoir (note vertical exaggeration). Lines show the current lake
bottom and the 1964 datum. The location of the sediment samples examined
are shown by the tick marks, and the numbers beside each tick give grain
size (top line, given as % sand/silt/clay), magnetic susceptibility
(middle line, given as 10^-8^ m^3^/kg), and color (on bottom and
underlined, given as hue YR value/chroma where YR is yellow red). Refer
to Figure 4-7 for legend. [104](#__RefHeading___Toc507397395)

Figure 6-6. A west to east representation of the subsurface stratigraphy
obtained at Sugar Creek #12 for Cores 9, 1, 7, and 2, placed relative to
the current lake bottom and distance across the reservoir (note vertical
exaggeration). Lines show the current lake bottom and the 1964 datum.
The location of the sediment samples examined are shown by the tick
marks, and the numbers beside each tick give grain size (top line, given
as % sand/silt/clay), magnetic susceptibility (middle line, given as
10^-8^ m^3^/kg), and color (on bottom and underlined, given as hue YR
value/chroma where YR is yellow red). Refer to Figure 4-7 for legend.
[105](#__RefHeading___Toc507397396)

Figure 6-7. Base map of Sugar Creek #12 showing the thickness of
deposited sediment (isopachs) based on the interpreted sediment cores.
All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[108](#__RefHeading___Toc507397397)

Figure 6-8. Base map of Sergeant Major #4 showing traces for all seismic
lines. Three segments close to sediment cores 1, 2, and 3 are discussed
in text. All positions are in UTM coordinates.
[110](#__RefHeading___Toc507397398)

Figure 6-9. Seismogram from Sergeant Major corresponding to Core 1
(Figure 6-8). Solid lines are interpreted seismic reflectors identified
and verified. Depth and length scales are shown. Approximate location of
Core 1 is within center of inset. [111](#__RefHeading___Toc507397399)

Figure 6-10. Seismogram from Sergeant Major at the approximate location
of Core 1 and its interpretation (see Figures 6-8 and 6-9; see Figure
4-13 for stratigraphic legend). Depth and length scales are shown.
[112](#__RefHeading___Toc507397400)

Figure 6-11. Seismogram from Sergeant Major corresponding to Core 2
(Figure 6-8). Solid lines are interpreted seismic reflectors identified
and verified. Depth and length scales are shown. Approximate location of
Core 2 is within center of inset. [113](#__RefHeading___Toc507397401)

Figure 6-12. Seismogram from Sergeant Major at the approximate location
of Core 2 and its interpretation (see Figures 6-8 and 6-11; see Figure
4-13 for stratigraphic legend). Depth and length scales are shown.
[114](#__RefHeading___Toc507397402)

Figure 6-13. Seismogram from Sergeant Major corresponding to Core 3
(Figure 6-8). Solid lines are interpreted seismic reflectors identified
and verified. Depth and length scales are shown. Approximate location of
Core 3 is within center of inset. [115](#__RefHeading___Toc507397403)

Figure 6-14. Seismogram from Sergeant Major at the approximate location
of Core 3 and its interpretation (see Figures 6-8 and 6-13; see Figure
4-13 for stratigraphic legend). Depth and length scales are shown.
[116](#__RefHeading___Toc507397404)

**List of Tables**

Table 1-1. List of chemical groupings.
[16](#table-1-1.-list-of-chemical-groupings.)

Table 1-2. Recommended sediment quality analysis for each field site for
[Phase I]{.underline} and [Phase II]{.underline} of the demonstration
project.
[17](#table-1-2.-recommended-sediment-quality-analysis-for-each-field-site-for-phase-i-and-phase-ii-of-the-demonstration-project.)

Table 2-1. Changes in land use within the watershed of Sugar Creek #12
(percentages based on 2,016 acres; values are estimates). Information
provided by the USDA-NRCS field office in Hinton, OK.
[18](#table-2-1.-changes-in-land-use-within-the-watershed-of-sugar-creek-12-percentages-based-on-2016-acres-values-are-estimates.-information-provided-by-the-usda-nrcs-field-office-in-hinton-ok.)

Table 2-2. Changes in land use within the watershed of Sergeant Major #4
(percentages based on 3,735 acres). Information provided by the
USDA-NRCS field office in Cheyenne, OK.
[24](#table-2-2.-changes-in-land-use-within-the-watershed-of-sergeant-major-4-percentages-based-on-3735-acres.-information-provided-by-the-usda-nrcs-field-office-in-cheyenne-ok.)

Table 4-1. Physical and chemical characteristics of sediment samples
obtained from cores at Sugar Creek #12 and Sergeant Major #4.
[68](#table-4-1.-physical-and-chemical-characteristics-of-sediment-samples-obtained-from-cores-at-sugar-creek-12-and-sergeant-major-4.)

Table 4-3. Summary of correlation amongst the physical and chemical
parameters for Sugar Creek #12. + denotes positive correlation, ++
denotes strongly positive correlation, − denotes negative correlation,
−− denotes strongly negative correlation, and NC denotes no correlation.
[71](#table-4-3.-summary-of-correlation-amongst-the-physical-and-chemical-parameters-for-sugar-creek-12.-denotes-positive-correlation-denotes-strongly-positive-correlation-denotes-negative-correlation-denotes-strongly-negative-correlation-and-nc-denotes-no-correlation.)

Table 4-4. Summary of correlation amongst the physical and chemical
parameters for Sergeant Major #4. + denotes positive correlation, ++
denotes strongly positive correlation, − denotes negative correlation,
−− denotes strongly negative correlation, and NC denotes no correlation.
[71](#table-4-4.-summary-of-correlation-amongst-the-physical-and-chemical-parameters-for-sergeant-major-4.-denotes-positive-correlation-denotes-strongly-positive-correlation-denotes-negative-correlation-denotes-strongly-negative-correlation-and-nc-denotes-no-correlation.)

Table 5-1. Characteristics of sediment samples obtained by the USDA-ARS
at Sugar Creek #12, Sugar Creek #14, and Sergeant Major #4, October
1999.
[86](#table-5-1.-characteristics-of-sediment-samples-obtained-by-the-usda-ars-at-sugar-creek-12-sugar-creek-14-and-sergeant-major-4-october-1999.)

Table 5-2. Chemical analysis results for sediment samples obtained at
Sugar Creek #12. USDA identification numbers are: 1---SC12-1,
2-A---SC12-2-A, etc.
[89](#table-5-2.-chemical-analysis-results-for-sediment-samples-obtained-at-sugar-creek-12.-usda-identification-numbers-are-1sc12-1-2-asc12-2-a-etc.)

Table 5-3. Chemical analysis results for sediment samples obtained at
Sugar Creek #14. USDA identification numbers are: 1---SC14-1, etc.
[91](#table-5-3.-chemical-analysis-results-for-sediment-samples-obtained-at-sugar-creek-14.-usda-identification-numbers-are-1sc14-1-etc.)

Table 5-4. Chemical analysis results for sediment samples obtained at
Sergeant Major #4. USDA identification numbers are: 1---SM4-1,
C1---SM4-1, etc.
[93](#table-5-4.-chemical-analysis-results-for-sediment-samples-obtained-at-sergeant-major-4.-usda-identification-numbers-are-1sm4-1-c1sm4-1-etc.)

Table 5-5. Measured concentrations of ^137^Cs (Bq/g) for select sediment
cores from Sugar Creek #12 and Sergeant Major #4.
[97](#table-5-5.-measured-concentrations-of-137cs-bqg-for-select-sediment-cores-from-sugar-creek-12-and-sergeant-major-4.)

Table A-1. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds
found in residential soils.
[128](#table-a-1.-summary-of-carcinogenic-levels-for-chemicals-and-compounds-found-in-residential-soils.)

Table A-2. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds
found in industrial soils for an indoor worker.
[130](#table-a-2.-summary-of-carcinogenic-levels-for-chemicals-and-compounds-found-in-industrial-soils-for-an-indoor-worker.)

Table A-3. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds
found in industrial soils for an outdoor worker.
[132](#table-a-3.-summary-of-carcinogenic-levels-for-chemicals-and-compounds-found-in-industrial-soils-for-an-outdoor-worker.)

Table A-4. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds
found in ambient air and tap water.
[134](#table-a-4.-summary-of-carcinogenic-levels-for-chemicals-and-compounds-found-in-ambient-air-and-tap-water.)

**Acknowledgments**

This project would not have been possible without the direction and
cooperation of L. Caldwell and G. Miller, USDA-NCRS, Stillwater, OK. B.
Elder, USDA-NRCS, Hinton, OK provided logistical assistance at the Sugar
Creek sites. G. Allen and J. Swartwood, USDA-NRCS, provided logistical
assistance at Sergeant Major #4 and provided land use, conservation
practice, and herbicide/pesticide data for the watershed. During [Phase
I]{.underline}, we thank S. Testa and T. Welch for collecting and
processing the sediment samples and R. Wells, D. Wren, and G. Nabors for
assisting in the seismic surveys. We acknowledge the participation of P.
Simpkin, IKB-Technologies, LTD., who conducted the seismic surveys, and
the expertise and assistance of T. McGee and C. Lutkin, Mississippi
Mineral Resource Institute, University of Mississippi, who processed the
seismic data. During [Phase II]{.underline}, we thank R. Wells and D.
Wren for assisting in all sediment coring activities, F. Rhoton, V.
Campbell, and D. McChesney for processing the sediment samples, and J.
Ritchie for the Cesium analysis.

# 1. Introduction

# 

## **1.1 Federal Program for Flood Control**

In response to devastating floods of the 1930's and 1940's, Congress
enacted legislation for the construction of flood control dams on small
tributary streams. The Flood Control Act of 1944 (PL-534) authorized 11
projects in the United States. Since 1948, more than 3,400 flood control
dams have been constructed in the 320 subwatershed projects covering
more than 35 million acres in 12 states (Caldwell, 1999).

In 1954, Congress enacted the Watershed Protection and Flood Preventaion
Act (PL-566), commonly referred to as the Small Watershed Program
(Caldwell, 1999). Since that time, more than 6,300 flood control dams
have been constructed in every state as well as Puerto Rico and the
Pacific Rim, covering over 109 million acres.

The Pilot Watershed Program provided the transition between PL-534 and
PL-566 (Caldwell, 1999). More than 400 flood control dams were
constructed in 62 projects in 33 states, covering almost 3 million
acres. In addition, the RC&D Program has provided technical and
financial assistance to local sponsors for the planning, designing, and
construction of more than 200 flood control dams since the 1960's.

In total, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) and its cooperators have constructed
over 10,450 flood control dams in 47 states. More than \$8.5 billion
(1997 dollars) of federal funds and over \$6.0 billion of local funds
have been invested in these projects since 1948. This \$14.5 billion
infrastructure provides over \$1 billion in benefits annually.

The primary purposes for these structures were to prevent flooding and
to protect watersheds. Other dams were built or have evolved into
structures for water management, municipal and industrial water supply,
recreation, and the improvement of fish and wildlife, water quality, and
water conservation. Local sponsors were to provide leadership in the
program and secure land rights and easements for construction. The
USDA-NRCS was to provide technical assistance and cost-sharing for the
construction of these dams.

Flood control dams typically consist of an earthen embankment 6 to 20-m
high with a principal spillway made of concrete pipe 0.3 to 1.8-m wide
(Caldwell, 1999). Because the dams were built on small streams in the
upper reaches of watersheds, upstream drainage areas range from 1.6 to
16 km^2^. The majority of these dams were planned and designed for a
50-year service life. The inlet pipe of the principal spillway is placed
at an elevation that would provide water retention for the design storm
and storage for sediment accumulation. Each reservoir also has an
emergency or auxiliary spillway for safe conveyance of water around the
embankment when runoff rates exceed storage capacity.

## **1.2 Current Status of Small Watershed Program**

At present, more than half of the dams constructed are older than 34
years and more than 1,800 will reach their 50-year design life within
the next 10 years (Caldwell, 2000). A rapid survey conducted in April
1999 revealed more than 2,200 dams in need of immediate rehabilitation
at an estimated cost of more than \$540 million. The primary issues of
dam rehabilitation are: replacement of deteriorating components, change
in hazard classification, reservoir sedimentation, failure to meet dam
safety regulations, failure to meet resource needs of the watershed,
inadequate land and water rights, inadequate community benefits, and the
potential transfer of responsibility. Common approaches to address
rehabilitation typically involve dredging the reservoir to remove
accumulated sediment, raising the dam to increase storage capacity, and
removing or decommissioning the dam.

Rehabilitation of aging watershed flood control dams is critical to
Oklahoma. Since 1948 more than 2,100 watershed flood control dams have
been constructed including 1,140 in the Washita River Basin, which was
one of the original 11 watershed projects authorized by PL-534. Many of
these dams are in critical need of rehabilitation (Caldwell, 2000).

## **1.3 Problem Statement**

Before any rehabilitation strategy can be designed and implemented, the
sediment impounded by these dams must be assessed in terms of the
structure's efficiency to regulate floodwaters and the potential hazard
the sediment may pose if reintroduced into the environment.

In response to a verbal requests by Larry Caldwell, State Conservation
Engineer, USDA-NRCS, OK, and Glen Miller, Geologist, USDA-NRCS, the
USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory and its partners at the
University of Mississippi established a task force in September 1998 to
address the immediate research needs of the USDA-NRCS. Members of this
task force met with USDA-NRCS representatives in November 1998 and
visited two reservoirs: Sugar Creek #12 near Hinton, OK, and Sergeant
Major #4 near Cheyenne, OK. These two sites are of interest to the NRCS
because (1) excessive sedimentation has occurred at Sugar Creek #12 and
historic land use of cultivated fields of cotton and peanuts suggests
that agrichemicals may be present in the lake sediments, and (2) the
reservoir at Sergeant Major #4 has become the sole municipal source of
water for neighboring communities, and water quality is a major concern.

For a given lake within an embankment flood control structure, the
USDA-NRCS needs to determine (1) the volume of sediment deposited, (2)
the rates of sedimentation, (3) the quality of sediment with respect to
agrichemicals (related to agricultural practices) and petrochemicals
(related to hydrocarbon extraction, drilling, and well development), and
(4) the spatial distribution of the sediment quality. To this end, a
demonstration project was designed to evaluate technologies,
methodologies, and protocols for the cost-effective characterization of
sediment.

## **1.4 Statement of Work**

Three field sites were selected for this demonstration project. These
are Sugar Creek #12, Sugar Creek #14 (also located near Hinton, OK), and
Sergeant Major #4. The work as described below represents the
recommendations of the task force and subsequent discussions with the
USDA-NRCS, and the project was to be completed in two phases. [Phase
I]{.underline} entailed seismic surveying and sediment quality analysis
of select samples at all three locations. [Phase II]{.underline}
entailed vibracoring and detailed sediment analysis based on results
from [Phase I]{.underline}. This report represents the completion of
both [Phase I]{.underline} and [Phase II]{.underline}.

Below is a description of the techniques to be used in the demonstration
project, and the products to be delivered.

1.  [Seismic Surveying]{.underline}: High-resolution seismic technology
    relies on the detection of reflected seismic waves from subsurface
    horizons. A horizon might include any sediment deposit that displays
    variations in composition (such as mineralogy), texture (such as
    sediment grain size or porosity), or structure (such as bedding
    planes). These variations can occur both with depth and spatially.
    All geophysical equipment will be mounted to a boat, and seismic
    profiles will be recorded along selected lines at boat speeds of
    several knots in water as shallow as 0.6 m deep. Upon completion of
    these soundings, the digitally recorded seismic lines will be
    post-processed, and reflected horizons identified and verified.

2.  [Vibracoring of Sediment]{.underline}: Undisturbed sediment cores
    will be extracted in water depths from 0.6 to 15 m using a
    vibracorer. An aluminum irrigation pipe, either 3 or 4 inches in
    diameter, will be connected to a high frequency vibration unit via a
    core driver and flange. The corer will be suspended from a tripod on
    a pontoon boat, and stabilizing buoys will ensure the core remains
    in a vertical position as it descends into the water. A check-valve
    within the core tube flange creates the suction necessary to retain
    the sediment during extraction. Once extracted, each core will be
    cut open, photographed, and logged, and samples of the sediment will
    be secured.

3.  [Sediment Analysis]{.underline}: First, the sediment in the cores
    will be subsampled at 0.1-m intervals and at the bounds of distinct
    horizons. Depending on the physical characteristics of the cores,
    these samples will be further analyzed for color, grain size
    distribution, and magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility
    provides a stratigraphic signature that is related to the type and
    amount of iron-bearing minerals present and can be used for
    stratigraphic correlation. Second, based on the information provided
    by the USDA-NRCS on land use within each watershed, the following
    suites of chemical analyses are recommended, and these are grouped
    in Table 1-1. Each sample is depth-integrated except for Group 6.
    The sediment quality analyses recommended for [Phase I]{.underline}
    and [Phase II]{.underline} of the project are listed in Table 1-2.
    The number of samples and the types of compounds to be analyzed in
    [Phase II]{.underline} will depend heavily on the results of [Phase
    I]{.underline} as well as the distribution, stratigraphy, and
    thickness of sediment, and the results of a land use inventory for
    the watershed (to be provided to the USDA-ARS by the USDA-NRCS). The
    Appendix provides some background information on toxicity levels for
    the chemicals and compounds examined herein.

#### **Table 1-1. List of chemical groupings.**

+------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| G    | Title              | Elements/Compounds                      |
| roup |                    |                                         |
+------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| \    | U.S. Environmental | [Pesticides]{.underline}: Aldrin,       |
| (1\) | Protection Agency  | BHC-alpha, BHC-beta, BHC-delta,         |
|      | Priority Pollutant | BHC-gamma, Chlordane, Toxaphene, DDD    |
|      | Pesticide/PCB of   | 4,4\', DDE 4,4\', DDT 4,4\', Dieldrin,  |
|      | potentially        | Endrin, Endrin aldehyde, Endosulfan I,  |
|      | dangerous          | Endosulfan II, Endosulfan sulfate,      |
|      | compounds          | Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide          |
|      |                    |                                         |
|      |                    | [PCBs]{.underline}: Aroclor 1016,       |
|      |                    | Aroclor 1221, Aroclor 1232, Aroclor     |
|      |                    | 1242, Aroclor 1248, Aroclor 1254, and   |
|      |                    | Aroclor 1260                            |
+------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| \    | U.S. Environmental | pH, Electrical Conductivity, Sodium     |
| (2\) | Protection Agency  | Absorption Ratio, Cation Exchange       |
|      | Oil Field          | Capacity, Exchangeable Sodium           |
|      | Contaminants       | Percentage, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, |
|      |                    | Magnesium, Oil & Grease, Arsenic,       |
|      |                    | Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead,        |
|      |                    | Mercury, Selenium, Silver, Zinc         |
+------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| \    | Herbicides and     | Command and Cotoran, Methyl Parathion,  |
| (3\) | Insecticides       | Lasso, Danitol and Thimet, Prowl, Dual, |
|      |                    | Karate, Lorsban                         |
+------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| \    | Rangeland          | Nitrates, DDT, and metabolites          |
| (4\) |                    | (breakdown products from compounds such |
|      |                    | as DDT)                                 |
+------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| \    | Sedimentation      | Cesium at 10 cm sampling; analyzing for |
| (5\) | Rates              | Cesium may date specific horizons,      |
|      |                    | hence sedimentation rates, based on     |
|      |                    | known occurrences of nuclear testing    |
|      |                    | (U.S., Russia, and China) and nuclear   |
|      |                    | accidents (Chernobyl)                   |
+------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------+

#### **Table 1-2. Recommended sediment quality analysis for each field site for [Phase I]{.underline} and [Phase II]{.underline} of the demonstration project.**

+---------------+-------------------------------------+-------+-------+
| Site          | Treatment                           | Phase | G     |
|               |                                     |       | roups |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+-------+-------+
| Sugar Creek   | Cotton and peanuts                  | I     | 1 & 2 |
| #12           |                                     |       |       |
|               |                                     | II    | 3 & 5 |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+-------+-------+
| Sugar Creek   | Cotton and peanuts (minor amount)   | I     | 1 & 2 |
| #14           |                                     |       |       |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+-------+-------+
| Sergeant      | Rangeland (with no herbicide        | I     | 1 & 2 |
| Major #4      | application) and oil production     |       |       |
|               |                                     | II    | 4 & 5 |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+-------+-------+

## **1.5 Global Positioning Systems**

In order to construct maps depicting all activities, two global
positioning systems (GPS) were employed. A commercially-available,
hand-held global positioning receiver was used to demarcate the outline
of the reservoir, the location of the embankment, the dam marker, the
principal spillway drain, and any other pertinent geographic indicators.
Data were collected by (1) setting the receiver to record positions at
one-second intervals, (2) walking the desired geographic feature, and
(3) logging the data to a file. Once completed, the operator would cease
recording data. Files for each geographic feature were temporarily
stored in the receiver and later downloaded to a personal computer. All
positioning data were differentially corrected (DGPS) using base station
data from Vici, OK and Purcell, OK using commercially-available
software. These base stations are part of the National Continuously
Operating Reference Station network operated by the National Geodetic
Survey, a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, and the corrections can be accessed through the
following web-site: www.ngs.noaa.gov/Cors. Under optimum conditions,
sub-meter accuracy of DGPS is possible.

A second hand-held global positioning receiver was used to demarcate the
location of the seismic lines on the lake. These data were collected
with a military-grade receiver that was placed on the vessel and
exported time, latitude, and longitude to a dedicated laptop computer
and to the DAT tape recorder used in the seismic surveys (see below).
These data required no differential corrections, were accurate to less
than 4 meters, and were converted into Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) coordinates for consistency with the commercial receiver.

# 2. Field Sites

## **2.1 Sugar Creek #12**

Sugar Creek #12 is located near Hinton, OK, and it is a relatively small
lake (19 acres) with a mud bottom and fairly shallow water depths (0.6
to 2 m; Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3). Dam construction was completed on
April 6, 1964. This structure has an upstream drainage area of 2,016
acres. The main stream supplying the lake is considered unstable due to
the presence of actively migrating knickpoints, and excessive
sedimentation rates have significantly decreased storage capacity. No
boat ramp is available, and access for small vessels is difficult but
tolerable.

Historic land use data for the environs of Sugar Creek #12 are not very
extensive. In the mid-1960's near the time of dam construction, the
watershed was primarily covered with trees and pastureland (Table 2-1;
Figure 2-4; data provided by the USDA-ARS field office in Hinton, OK).
Between the mid-1960's and the mid-1980's, apparently all forested areas
were converted to cropland that included peanuts, cotton, and small
grains. Since the mid-1980's, approximately 40% of the cultivated land
has been converted to pastureland with no change in the amount of
grassland and tree-lined drains. Cultivated fields of cotton and peanuts
suggests that agrichemicals may be present in the lake sediments.

#### **Table 2-1. Changes in land use within the watershed of Sugar Creek #12 (percentages based on 2,016 acres; values are estimates). Information provided by the USDA-NRCS field office in Hinton, OK.** 

+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|                                  | Time      |           |           |
|                                  | Interval  |           |           |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Land Use                         | m         | m         | Present   |
|                                  | id-1960's | id-1980's |           |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Trees                            | 55        | 0         | 0         |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Improved Pastureland: Bermuda,   | 10        | 27        | 50        |
| Plains                           |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| Bluestem, and Lovegrass          |           |           |           |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Cropland: Peanuts, Cotton, and   | 25        | 65        | 41        |
| Small                            |           |           |           |
|                                  |           |           |           |
| grains                           |           |           |           |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Native Grasses and Tree-Lined    | 10        | 8         | 9         |
| Drains                           |           |           |           |
+----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397327 .anchor}Figure 2-1. Photograph of Sugar
  Creek #12 looking directly south showing earthen embankment on left,
  spillway channel in far distance, and reservoir (November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image7.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397328 .anchor}Figure 2-2. Photograph of Sugar
  Creek #12 looking toward the southwest showing the reservoir and the
  main tributary on right (November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image8.wmf){width="5.753472222222222in"
  height="7.802777777777778in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397329 .anchor}Figure 2-3. Base map of Sugar
  Creek #12 constructed from a hand-held global positioning system
  receiver with differential corrections applied. Shown are the outline
  of the lake, the centerline of the earthen embankment, the primary
  spillway drain, and the cement dam marker. All positions are in UTM
  coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image9.wmf){width="4.501388888888889in" height="3.125in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397330 .anchor}Figure 2-4. Temporal variation
  in the land use within the watershed of Sugar Creek #12.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

## **2.2 Sugar Creek #14**

Sugar Creek #14 is also located near Hinton, OK, and it is a relatively
small lake with a mud bottom and fairly shallow water depths (about 1 to
3 m; Figures 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7). Dam construction was completed in 1962.
This structure has an upstream drainage area of 1,252 acres and a lake
surface area of 18 acres. Historic land use does include cultivation of
cotton and peanuts, but this is small component of the watershed.
Preliminary surveys indicate that sedimentation rates here were not as
high as they were at Sugar Creek #12. A simple boat ramp enabled easy
access to the site.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image10.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397331 .anchor}Figure 2-5. Photograph of Sugar
  Creek #14 looking northeast from the embankment showing reservoir,
  primary spillway drain on left, and main tributary source in far
  distance (November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397332 .anchor}Figure 2-6. Photograph of Sugar
  Creek #14 looking directly west showing reservoir, earthen embankment
  of left, and primary spillway drain in far distance (November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image12.wmf){width="5.949305555555555in"
  height="5.645833333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397333 .anchor}Figure 2-7. Base map of Sugar
  Creek #14 constructed from a hand-held global positioning system
  receiver with differential corrections applied. Shown are the outline
  of the lake, the centerline of the earthen embankment, the primary
  spillway drain, and the cement dam marker. All positions are in UTM
  coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

## **2.3 Sergeant Major #4**

Sergeant Major #4 is located near Cheyenne, OK and was constructed in
1955. It is a moderately sized structure, with a lake surface area of
about 35 acres (Figures 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10), and has an upstream
drainage area of 3,735 acres. This site was chosen for investigation
because it has become the sole municipal source of water for the town of
Cheyenne and preserving water quality is a major concern. At least three
surface water sources as well as some underground springs feed the lake.
Water depth ranges from 2 to 10 m, and near-vertical banks of
terrigenous siliclastic rocks characterize the lake boundary. Some
exposed salt deposits (primarily gypsum) also occur within the
watershed. Access to the site for small vessels is good.

In 1940, land use within the watershed of Sergeant Major #4 was
predominantly native rangeland and cropland, which included cotton and
row crops with a rotation of small grains (Table 2-2; Figure 2-11; data
from the USDA-NRCS field office in Cheyenne, OK). In 1960, the amount of
cropland decreased by nearly 50% and these areas were replaced with
seeded native grass mix. The acreage of native rangeland remained
unchanged. By 1980, the amount of cropland decreased by nearly 30%,
replaced almost entirely by seeded native mix. By 2000, the amount of
cropland decreased by nearly 65%, seeded native mix increased by 32%,
and the amount of pastureland increased by 265%. The amount of native
rangeland remained the same. In summary, the watershed of Sergeant Major
#4 has evolved from a rangeland and cultivated watershed to a
predominantly rangeland and grassland watershed with minor amounts of
cropland and pastureland.

#### **Table 2-2. Changes in land use within the watershed of Sergeant Major #4 (percentages based on 3,735 acres). Information provided by the USDA-NRCS field office in Cheyenne, OK.** 

  ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
                     Year                                      

  Land Use           1940 (%)      1960 (%)      1980 (%)      2000 (%)

  Cropland           42.9          24.2          17.6          6.3

  Pastureland        0             0             1.7           6.2

  Seeded Native Mix  0             17.9          23.1          30.5

  Native Rangeland   54.7          54.7          55.2          53.8

  Roads              1.9           1.9           1.9           1.9

  Oil/Gas Sites      0             0             0             0.4

  Homesteads and     0.4           0.4           0.4           0.9
  Farmsteads                                                   

  Flood Control Dams 0             0.9           0.9           0.9
  ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image13.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397334 .anchor}Figure 2-8. Photograph of
  Sergeant Major #4 looking almost directly south from the embankment
  showing reservoir, primary spillway drain in foreground, and the vessel
  used during seismic surveying in the distance (November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image14.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397335 .anchor}Figure 2-9. Photograph of
  Sergeant Major #4 looking southeast from access road showing the
  reservoir and the vessel used during seismic surveying in the distance
  (November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image15.wmf){width="5.947222222222222in"
  height="6.511111111111111in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397336 .anchor}Figure 2-10. Base map of
  Sergeant Major #4 constructed from a hand-held global positioning
  system receiver with differential corrections applied. Shown are the
  outline of the lake, the centerline of the earthen embankment, the
  primary spillway drain, and the fence line near the embankment. All
  positions are in UTM coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image16.wmf){width="5.847916666666666in"
  height="4.575694444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397337 .anchor}Figure 2-11. Temporal variation
  in the land use within the watershed of Sergeant Major #4.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

The USDA-NRCS, Stillwater, OK provided the following information on the
water quality of Sergeant Major #4. The town of Cheyenne monitors the
levels of alkalinity, pH, hardness, and turbidity in the raw water.
According to the water treatment plant operator, alkalinity is high,
usually between 260 to 340 mg/l, pH generally ranges from 7.7 to 8.2,
hardness usually ranges from 153 to 205 mg/l, and turbidity ranges from
2.0 to 20.0 NTU after a hard rain. Water samples obtained on October 7,
1998 showed key organic and inorganic indictors were in compliance with
the Oklahoma Water Quality Standards for all classes of livestock and
poultry and the water was deemed suitable for irrigation. The total
dissolved solids measured (409 mg/l) were below the recommended limit
for drinking water (500 mg/l).

# 3. Seismic Surveying

During the period from November 4 to November 6, 1999, each lake was
surveyed using high-resolution geophysical equipment. The details of the
equipment used, seismic lines run, and examples of the processed data
are described below.

## **3.1 Seismic Equipment Used**

The physical characteristics of the lakes and sediments necessitated the
use of geophysical techniques that could be employed in shallow water
(as little as 0.6 m) with thin sediment (no greater than 5 m). Most
geophysical equipment commonly used cannot be applied in shallow water
environments. IKB Technologies, LTD., Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada,
owned and operated by Dr. Peter Simpkin, has developed a seismic
profiler for use in such environments.

The IKB-SEISTEC^TM^ profiling system comprises a catamaran, boomer,
source receiver, and signal processor (Simpkin and Davis, 1993). The
catamaran is 2.6-m long, 0.8-m wide, and its drained weight is
approximately 100 kg (Figures 3-1 and 3-2). In this configuration, a
boomer sound source is mounted directly in front of the hydrophone
fairing. The catamaran can be operated at 0 to 4 knots, and cable
distance from the vessel to the catamaran was approximately 7 m.

The seismic source incorporated into the catamaran is a reliable,
wide-band electrodynamic boomer that produces a single positive pressure
pulse with very high repeatability (Simpkin and Davis, 1993; see also
www.seistec.com). The energy expended by the boomer ranges from 100 to
300 Joules per shot with the majority of the energy concentrated within
a ±30° cone. The pulse width is 100 to 180 μm. The boomer has a circular
footprint, a diameter of 0.46 m, an overall thickness of 0.05 m, and it
weighs 15 kg. For the present application, the frequency of the boomer's
pulse was set at four pulses per second.

The fairing houses the seismic receiver or hydrophone. The seismic
receiver is based on the line-in-cone concept where the cone has an
aperture of 0.61 m, a circular array of seven element acceleration
canceling stick hydrophones, and a variable gain preamplifier (Simpkin
and Davis, 1993; see also www.seistec.com). It has a near-field distance
of less than 1 m, it is fully enclosed, and it is placed as close as
physically possible to the source (about 0.7 m).

An SPA-3 analog signal conditioner and processor were used, which are
suitable for a wide range of single channel seismic profiling systems.
This processor provides input signal level matching, separate high and
low pass filters, and raw and conditioned signal outputs. During
operation, the processor was connected to (1) an oscilloscope to monitor
and optimize the incoming seismic signal, (2) a gray-scale line recorder
for real-time display of the seismic profile, and (3) a DAT tape
recorder for data storage (Figure 3-3).

All equipment was placed onto a 16-ft aluminum boat (Figure 3-4). This
included signal processor, oscilloscope, gray scale recorder, DAT tape
recorder, and boomer power unit. In addition, a laptop computer was used
to log positioning data from a military-grade GPS receiver. A 5.8 kW
generator supplied 220 V power to the boomer, and a 2.8 kW generator
supplied a clean power source to all other electronic equipment. Three
people typically were on the vessel: one to operate the boat and to
monitor the position of the catamaran, one to operate the positioning
system, and one to operate the seismic equipment.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image17.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.75in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397338 .anchor}Figure 3-1. Photograph of the
  catamaran. The black PVC pipes provided floatation, the aluminum frame
  is resting on the wooden box the catamaran was shipped in, and the
  front of the catamaran is on the right (November 1999).

  ![](media/image18.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.75in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397339 .anchor}Figure 3-2. Photograph of the
  catamaran being towed by the vessel. The catamaran is about 7 meters
  from the vessel, and it is moving toward the left (taken at Sugar Creek
  #12, November 1999).

  ![](media/image19.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397340 .anchor}Figure 3-3. Photograph of the
  oscilloscope on left and gray-scale printer (foreground on right), DAT
  tape recorder (background top), and signal processor (background
  bottom; November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image20.jpeg){width="4.995833333333334in"
  height="3.3944444444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397341 .anchor}Figure 3-4. Photograph of
  general operating procedure for the seismic surveying and the number of
  personnel required (taken at Sugar Creek #14, November 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

## **3.2 Post-processing of Seismic Data**

Geophysicists from the Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute, located
at the University of Mississippi, conducted the post-processing of the
seismic data. All data recorded to tape were played back in real-time
and digitally recorded to a personal computer. During digitization,
individual seismic lines were correlated to the GPS data so that all
seismic data could be resolved in both time and space.

Once all data were digitized, specific segments of the seismic lines
were identified for further processing. Post-processing entailed three
steps. First, all data were digitally filtered in order to remove any
low frequency oscillation in the seismic signal, and this process is
called detrending. Second, all data were digitally processed in order to
enhance the low-amplitude (low-magnitude) seismic data at depth, and
this numerical technique is called spherical divergence. Third, all data
were digitally filtered in order to reduce the number of reverberations
(echos or multiples) or distortions in the seismic signal, and this
process is called predictive deconvolution. These three steps employed
both user-defined and commercially-available software packages.

After each seismic segment was detrended and both spherical divergence
and predictive deconvolution were applied, the seismic lines were
printed. The operator still can alter the magnitude or the gain of the
seismic signal, thereby enhancing or suppressing reflectors prior to
printing. In general, two copies of each line were generated, at low and
high gain, and this enabled the identification of specific seismic
reflectors. For clarity, only the low-gain seismograms are presented
herein.

In addition, all seismograms were printed as a function of time. For the
vertical scale, time in milliseconds can be converted to distance by
assuming a velocity for the propagation of seismic waves through the
water and the saturated, unconsolidated sediments and then back to the
receiver. Herein this velocity is assumed to be 1500 m/s. Please note
that this value depends greatly on water salinity and temperature, and
the material's grain size, composition, degree of consolidation or
lithification, and the presence of gas. For the horizontal scale, the
GPS data were used to calculate the total distance of each line,
assuming that the boat was moving at a constant velocity between
measured points.

## **3.3 Results**

### *3.3.1 Seismograms for Sugar Creek #12*

Figure 3-5 shows the seismic lines obtained for Sugar Creek #12 and the
location of the three segments chosen for presentation here. Figures
3-6, 3-7, and 3-8 show the seismograms for sections A-A', B-B', and
C-C', respectively.

At the time these seismic data were collected, water depth was quite
low, no greater than 1 m. This caused the seismic source (boomer) and
receiver to be in very close proximity to the sediment bottom. In fact,
the catamaran frequently ran aground. Thus the areal coverage within the
lake was restricted to water depths of at least 0.6 m. Moreover, this
close proximity caused a great deal of reverberation and distortion of
the seismic signal and many multiple reflectors from the same source
were recorded. The numerical algorithms presented above were unable to
filter the seismic signals completely.

In general, the following observations can be made. The sediment near
the water-sediment interface is quite soft, and it is represented by
weak or low-amplitude reflectors (Figure 3-6, 3-7, and 3-8). The
thickness of this reflector is about 0.15 to 0.2 m and it does not vary
in thickness across the basin. However, this reflector does appear to
thicken towards the southern part of the lake (towards B'; see Figure
3-7). At a depth of approximately 0.4 m, a very strong seismic reflector
is observed, and this reflector is ubiquitous in all the seismic
records. This strong seismic reflector caused most of the seismic
reverberations due to its strong seismic properties and its close
proximity to the water surface and seismic receiver. Again, this seismic
reflector is observed basin wide, and may represent a change in sediment
composition such as a sand or gravel layer, a change in sediment density
such as variation in mineralogy or relative compaction, have a
biological origin, or represent some kind of hard-pan. Because this
reflector has such strong seismic characteristics, it is virtually
impossible to observe and verify any deep horizons.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image21.wmf){width="5.757638888888889in"
  height="7.467361111111111in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397342 .anchor}Figure 3-5. Base map of Sugar
  Creek #12 showing traces for all seismic lines. Three segments, labeled
  A-A', B-B', and C-C', are discussed in text. All positions are in UTM
  coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image22.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in"
  height="6.320138888888889in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397343 .anchor}Figure 3-6. Seismogram of
  section A-A' from Sugar Creek #12 (next page; refer to Figure 3-5).
  Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the water
  surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment interface,
  and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic reflectors
  identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are shown, and
  total length of seismic record is 162 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in" height="6.375in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397344 .anchor}Figure 3-7. Seismogram of
  section B-B' from Sugar Creek #12 (next page; refer to Figure 3-5).
  Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the water
  surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment interface,
  and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic reflectors
  identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are shown, and
  total length of seismic record is 158 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in" height="6.30625in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397345 .anchor}Figure 3-8. Seismogram of
  section C-C' from Sugar Creek #12 (next page; refer to Figure 3-5).
  Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the water
  surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment interface,
  and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic reflectors
  identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are shown, and
  total length of seismic record is 156 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

###  

### *3.3.2 Seismograms for Sugar Creek #14*

Figure 3-9 shows the seismic lines obtained for Sugar Creek #14 and the
location of the three segments chosen for presentation here. Figures
3-10, 3-11, and 3-12 show the seismograms for sections A-A', B-B', and
C-C', respectively. At the time these seismic data were collected, water
depth was on the order of 1 to 3 m. As such, the post-processing
algorithms were more successful in removing multiples here than at Sugar
Creek #12.

In general, the following observations can be made. The sediment near
the water-sediment interface is quite soft, and it is represented by
weak or low-amplitude reflectors, similar to Sugar Creek #12 (Figures
3-10, 3-11, and 3-12). This near-surface reflector is about 0.2 m thick,
and it displays little variation in thickness across the basin. Some
thinning of this unit occurs toward the principal spillway (towards A';
Figure 3-10). At a depth of approximately 0.2 m, a very strong seismic
reflector is observed, and this reflector is ubiquitous in all the
seismic records. This strong seismic reflector is similar in depth and
character to the reflector observed at Sugar Creek #12, and the reason
for its presence is still unknown. Because of this strong, shallow
seismic reflector, no deep reflectors can be identified and verified
with confidence.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image25.wmf){width="5.948611111111111in"
  height="5.645138888888889in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397346 .anchor}Figure 3-9. Base map of Sugar
  Creek #14 showing traces for all seismic lines. Three segments, labeled
  A-A', B-B', and C-C', are discussed in text. All positions are in UTM
  coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image26.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in" height="6.30625in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397347 .anchor}Figure 3-10. Seismogram of
  section A-A' from Sugar Creek #14 (next page; refer to Figure 3-9).
  Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the water
  surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment interface,
  and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic reflectors
  identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are shown, and
  total length of seismic record is 84 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image27.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in"
  height="6.292361111111111in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397348 .anchor}Figure 3-11. Seismogram of
  section B-B' from Sugar Creek #14 (next page; refer to Figure 3-9).
  Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the water
  surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment interface,
  and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic reflectors
  identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are shown, and
  total length of seismic record is 134 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image28.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in" height="6.30625in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397349 .anchor}Figure 3-12. Seismogram of
  section C-C' from Sugar Creek #14 (next page; refer to Figure 3-9).
  Dashed line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the water
  surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment interface,
  and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic reflectors
  identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are shown, and
  total length of seismic record is 116 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

###  

### *3.3.3 Seismograms for Sergeant Major #4*

Figure 3-13 shows the seismic lines obtained for Sergeant Major #4 and
the location of the three segments chosen for presentation here. Figures
3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17, and 3-18 show the seismograms for sections A-A',
B-B', C-C', D-D', and E-E', respectively. At the time these seismic data
were collected, water depth ranged from about 1 m in the tributary arms
to about 10 m near the center of the lake. Post-processing algorithms
successfully removed the majority of multiples and distortions of the
seismic signal.

In general, the following observations can be made. The seismic profiles
show a number of interpreted but unverified reflectors in the
subsurface. Along the northwestern tributary arm, (section A-A'; Figure
3-14), reflectors range in thickness from 0.1 to 0.5 m, they occur at
depths up to 1 m, they have variable inclinations, and they are observed
to thin toward the deeper part of the reservoir. In this deeper region,
the reflectors become horizontal and much thinner, less than 0.2 m
thick. The deeper region also displays greater seismic reflectivity,
suggesting a change in substrate grain size and composition.

Similar interpreted but unverified reflectors are observed along the
central tributary arm (section B-B'; Figure 3-15). But these reflectors
are quite thin, about 0.2 m, they are restricted in depth to about 0.3
m, and they display little variation in thickness towards the deeper
basin. Reflectors in the topographically low regions assume horizontal
attitudes.

Along the southern tributary arm, (section C-C'; Figure 3-16),
interpreted but unverified reflectors are more numerous in the
topographically low regions, they range in thickness from 0.1 to 0.3 m,
and they are restricted in depth to about 0.3 to 0.7 m. Many of these
reflectors pinch-out toward the sides of the topographic depressions.

The seismic line parallel to the embankment (section D-D'; Figure 3-17)
shows several interpreted but unverified reflectors that parallel the
subsurface topography. These reflectors range in thickness from 0.1 to
0.2 m and are observed to depths of about 1.5 m. Several of these
reflectors are continuous for up to 80 m across the basin, while others
show very short lateral extents.

The seismic line through the central part of the reservoir (section
E-E'; Figure 3-18) also displays numerous interpreted but unverified
reflectors ranging in thickness from 0.1 to 0.5 m. These reflectors
drape the existing reservoir bathymetry and are restricted in depth to
about 1 m. The reflectors appear to thicken towards the southeast
(towards E'), away from the center of the basin.

The reservoir bathymetry is relatively rugged as compared to the Sugar
Creek sites with several topographic highs and lows. The deepest part of
the reservoir occurs near the center of the lake, and maximum
bathymetric relief is about 4 m. The presumable cause of this topography
is the rock outcrops observable above the water line.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image29.wmf){width="5.968055555555556in"
  height="6.552777777777778in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397350 .anchor}Figure 3-13. Base map of
  Sergeant Major #4 showing traces for all seismic lines. Five segments,
  labeled A-A', B-B', C-C', D-D', and E-E' are discussed in text. All
  positions are in UTM coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image30.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in" height="6.30625in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397351 .anchor}Figure 3-14. Seismogram of
  section A-A' from Sergeant Major #4 (next page; refer to Figure 3-13).
  Thick solid line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the
  water surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment
  interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic
  reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are
  shown, and total length of seismic record is 105 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image31.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in"
  height="6.429861111111111in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397352 .anchor}Figure 3-15. Seismogram of
  section B-B' from Sergeant Major #4 (next page; refer to Figure 3-13).
  Thick solid line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the
  water surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment
  interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic
  reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are
  shown, and total length of seismic record is 66 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image32.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in" height="6.30625in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397353 .anchor}Figure 3-16. Seismogram of
  section C-C' from Sergeant Major #4 (next page; refer to Figure 3-13).
  Thick solid line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the
  water surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment
  interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic
  reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are
  shown, and total length of seismic record is 120 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image33.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in"
  height="6.347222222222222in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397354 .anchor}Figure 3-17. Seismogram of
  section D-D' from Sergeant Major #4 (next page; refer to Figure 3-13).
  Thick solid line is location of boomer (approximately 0.5 m below the
  water surface), the first solid line represents the water-sediment
  interface, and the solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic
  reflectors identified but not verified. Depth and length scales are
  shown, and total length of seismic record is 127 m.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image34.jpeg){width="6.002777777777778in" height="6.30625in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397355 .anchor}Figure 3-18. Seismogram of
  section E-E' from Sergeant Major #4 (next page; refer to Figure 3-13).
  The first solid line represents the water-sediment interface, and the
  solid lines at depth are interpreted seismic reflectors identified but
  not verified. Depth and length scales are shown, and total length of
  seismic record is 293 m. Due to space limitations, the location of the
  boomer was omitted.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

##  

## **3.4 Discussion**

Seismic profiles were successfully obtained in each of the three
reservoirs in Oklahoma. However, the very shallow water depths at Sugar
Creek #12 and Sugar Creek #14 caused unwanted noise in the seismic
signal, and the processed data are virtually impossible to interpret.
The seismic profiles obtained at Sergeant Major #4 required less
processing, and hence these show better performance of the seismic
system. Some individual seismic reflectors were interpreted but could
not be verified. These were less than 0.1 m in thickness and were
recognizable at distances of 10 m below the water surface and at depths
of up to 1.5 m below the sediment bed.

The seismic profiles obtained at Sugar Creek #12 and #14 show that very
soft sediment occurs near the sediment-water interface, and this
sediment is approximately 0.1 to 0.2 m thick. This horizon can be traced
across each reservoir, but its thickness does not vary appreciably. In
both lakes, a very strong seismic reflector is observed at a subsurface
depth of approximately 0.2 m. This reflector caused a significant amount
of unwanted noise in the seismic signal, thus requiring a great deal of
meticulous numerical processing with little success. No deep reflectors
are observed in these seismic profiles due to this unwanted noise. The
cause for this reflector and its characteristics are still unknown.

The seismic profiles at Sergeant Major #4 show a number of distinct
interpreted seismic reflectors in the subsurface. These reflectors range
in thickness from 0.1 to 0.5 m and occur at depths of up to 1.5 m below
the sediment bed. Several reflectors can be traced up to 80 m across the
lake, while others appear to be restricted to the topographically low
regions. Reflector thickness appears to be greatest along the
northwestern tributary arm, while the thinnest reflectors occur along
the small central tributary arm. Nonetheless, reflectors were ubiquitous
in all regions of the lake. These reflectors, however, are unverified.
More rigorous interpretations of seismic profiles are presented and
discussed in §5.

Seismic data alone is not enough to characterize the subsurface
stratigraphy within these reservoirs. The acquisition of deep sediment
cores at key locations would provide invaluable information because such
data will constrain the location and physical characteristics of the
observed seismic horizons. More importantly, the core data would provide
the opportunity to reanalyze the seismic profiles with *a priori*
knowledge of the subsurface stratigraphy.

# 4. Sediment Coring

Vibracoring is a common approach for obtaining undisturbed cores of
unconsolidated sediment in saturated or nearly saturated conditions
(Lanesky et al., 1979; Smith, 1984). Vibracoring works on the principle
of transferring a high-frequency vibration to a thin-walled core pipe
held in a vertical position on the sediment bed. The vibrating pipe
causes the liquefaction or fluidization of sediment only at the
core-sediment interface, thereby allowing the pipe to penetrate the
sediment with little resistance and without disrupting sediment
stratification.

A commercially available vibracoring system was used in this study
(Figures 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3). This system uses a 1-HP motor that drives a
pair of weights (masses) eccentrically mounted on two shafts and housed
within a water-tight aluminum chamber (Figure 4-3). When in operation,
the masses rotate in opposite directions causing the chamber to vibrate
at frequencies ranging from 6000 to 8000 RPM depending upon the sediment
substrate. The chamber (driver) is connected to the top of an aluminum
irrigation pipe 1.5-mm thick, 76-mm wide, and over 3-m long and cabled
to a 4.2-m high aluminum tripod fitted with a battery-operated winch
(Figures 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3). Since the driver is sealed, the entire
system can be immersed in water. A simple check valve placed into the
flange connecting the core pipe to the driver induces internal suction
during core extraction. The tripod is mounted to a raft that can be
easily carried and assembled on site, towed with a small boat, and
anchored into position (Figure 4-2).

Once the core was driven into the sediment, the vibrating motion was
stopped and the winch lifted the core to the water surface (Figure 4-3).
When successful, the core typically had a hard sediment bottom that
acted as a seal. If excessive sand or gravel was present at the bottom
of the core, the entire contents of the pipe would be lost during
lifting. The position of the raft was recorded with a hand-held GPS
receiver whose data were differentially corrected using available base
station information. The core was transferred to the boat and
transported to shore. Each core was opened on site by cutting the
aluminum pipe length-wise on both sides with a circular saw, and the top
half of the pipe was carefully lifted from the sediment (Figure 4-4).
Typical photographs of the sediment within a core are shown in Figure
4-5.

After the core was opened, sediment samples were secured for laboratory
analysis. For the physical characterization of the sediment,
approximately 200 g of sediment was secured from each major
stratigraphic horizon and placed into a sterilized bag. From 2 to 4
sediment samples would be taken from each core. For agrichemical
analysis, approximately 1 to 2 kg of sediment was secured and placed
into a bottle previously washed with acetone. These samples were
integrated over the entire core or over the lower-half and upper-half.
All agrichemical samples would be placed into chests, covered in ice
during transport, and placed into a cooler on site until the analyses
were performed. If a core were to be analyzed for Cesium, the remaining
contents were subdivided into intervals, 0.15 m at Sugar Creek #12 and
0.1 m at Sergeant Major #4, and all sediment was placed into plastic
bags. Once completed, any sediment remaining was disposed on site.

## **4.1 Sediment Cores Obtained at Sugar Creek #12**

Ten continuous, undisturbed cores were obtained at Sugar Creek #12 and
their positions are shown in Figure 4-6. These cores ranged in length
from 1.3 to 3.1 m and were extracted from water depths ranging from 0.5
to 3 m. The positions of the cores were chosen to coincide precisely
with the seismic profiles collected previously (see Figure 3-5).

Stratigraphic columns for each core are shown in Figures 4-7, 4-8, 4-9,
4-10, and 4-11. The stratigraphic logs show the schematic textural and
color characteristics of each core, the location of the sediment samples
secured (e.g., GS 1, GS 2, etc.), and the location of agrichemical and
Cesium samples obtained.

In general, the cores at Sugar Creek #12 are composed of sand, silt, and
clay. In places, alternating layers of black and brown silt and clay are
present (see Core 7, Figure 4-10). These layers are interpreted as
varves, which represent seasonal variations in water stratification due
to temperature and its effect on silt and clay deposition (Leeder,
1982). In the classic interpretation for varve formation, warmer,
sediment-laden river water flows over and within the colder lake water
during the summer, producing a constant rain of particles larger than
clay. The clay particles are held in suspension until the incoming water
temperature drops below the lake water temperature in autumn, which
causes a wholesale overturn of the water, and the remaining sediment is
deposited forming a light-colored winter blanket. Very thick
accumulations, up to 2.4 m, of silt and clay are common (see Cores 1 and
2, Figure 4-7; Core 7, Figure 4-10; and Core 10, Figure 4-11). Many of
these thick silt and clay units have thin-bedded sand units (ca. 5 to 20
mm) within them (see Core 4, Figure 4-8; and Cores 9 and 10, Figure
4-11). Layers rich in organic material such as vegetation are also
common (see Core 5, Figure 4--9; and Core 9, Figure 4-11). Virtually no
gravel is observed.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image35.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="4.179861111111111in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397356 .anchor}Figure 4-1. Photograph of
  floating vibracore system showing the tripod and portable rafts. A core
  pipe is being connected to the vibracore head.

  ![](media/image36.jpeg){width="5.007638888888889in"
  height="3.3381944444444445in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397357 .anchor}Figure 4-2. Photograph of
  floating vibracore system showing the tripod and portable rafts. The
  pipe is being positioned to obtain a core (June 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image37.jpeg){width="5.004861111111111in"
  height="3.3208333333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397358 .anchor}Figure 4-3. Photograph of
  vibracore system showing the tripod, vibracore head, and winch and
  cable assembly.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image38.jpeg){width="5.007638888888889in"
  height="3.3381944444444445in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397359 .anchor}Figure 4-4. Photograph of
  extracted core being cut open on-site (June 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image39.jpeg){width="3.498611111111111in"
  height="2.3465277777777778in"}

  ![](media/image40.png)

  ![](media/image41.jpeg){width="3.498611111111111in"
  height="2.3465277777777778in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397360 .anchor}Figure 4-5. Typical photographs
  of sediment within the extracted cores (June 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image42.wmf){width="5.760416666666667in"
  height="7.550694444444445in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397361 .anchor}Figure 4-6. Base map of Sugar
  Creek #12 showing locations of all cores (numbered 1-10). Arrows show
  flow direction of major tributaries entering the reservoir. All
  positions are in UTM coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image43.wmf){width="2.7805555555555554in"   ![](media/image44.wmf){width="2.779166666666667in"
  height="4.858333333333333in"}                         height="4.858333333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397362 .anchor}Figure 4-7.   
  Stratigraphic logs of Core 1 (left) and Core 2        
  (right) obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6   
  for exact location). Also shown are schematic         
  textural and color characteristics of the units and   
  the location of samples obtained for analysis         
  including sediment and agrichemical analysis.         
  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image45.wmf){width="2.9243055555555557in"   ![](media/image46.wmf){width="2.9243055555555557in"
  height="4.858333333333333in"}                         height="4.858333333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397363 .anchor}Figure 4-8.   
  Stratigraphic logs of Core 3 (left) and Core 4        
  (right) obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6   
  for exact location). Also shown are schematic         
  textural and color characteristics of the units and   
  the location of samples obtained for analysis         
  including sediment, ^137^Cs, and agrichemical         
  analysis.                                             
  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image47.wmf){width="2.73125in"   ![](media/image48.wmf){width="2.8222222222222224in"
  height="4.858333333333333in"}              height="4.858333333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397364            
  .anchor}Figure 4-9. Stratigraphic logs of  
  Core 5 (left) and Core 6 (right) obtained  
  at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6 for     
  exact location). Also shown are schematic  
  textural and color characteristics of the  
  units and the location of samples obtained 
  for analysis including sediment and        
  agrichemical analysis.                     
  ------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image49.wmf){width="2.9243055555555557in"   ![](media/image50.wmf){width="2.6180555555555554in"
  height="4.858333333333333in"}                         height="4.858333333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397365 .anchor}Figure 4-10.  
  Stratigraphic logs of Core 7 (left) and Core 8        
  (right) obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6   
  for exact location). Also shown are schematic         
  textural and color characteristics of the units and   
  the location of samples obtained for analysis         
  including sediment, ^137^Cs, and agrichemical         
  analysis.                                             
  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image51.wmf){width="2.9243055555555557in"   ![](media/image52.wmf){width="2.73125in"
  height="4.858333333333333in"}                         height="4.858333333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397366 .anchor}Figure 4-11.  
  Stratigraphic logs of Core 9 (left) and Core 10       
  (right) obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (see Figure 4-6   
  for exact location). Also shown are schematic         
  textural and color characteristics of the units and   
  the location of samples obtained for analysis         
  including sediment, ^137^Cs, and agrichemical         
  analysis.                                             
  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------

## **4.2 Sediment Cores Obtained at Sergeant Major #4**

Four continuous, undisturbed cores were obtained at Sergeant Major #4
and their positions are shown in Figure 4-12. These cores ranged in
length from 1.3 to 1.6 m and were extracted from water depths ranging
from 1 to 12 m. The positions of the cores were chosen to coincide
precisely with the seismic profiles collected previously (see Figure
3-13). Equipment failure prohibited the collection of additional cores.

Stratigraphic columns for each core are shown in Figures 4-13 and 4-14.
The stratigraphic logs show the schematic textural and color
characteristics of each core, the location of the sediment samples
secured (e.g., GS 1, GS 2, etc.), and the location of agrichemical and
Cesium samples obtained.

In general, the cores at Sergeant Major #4 are composed of gravel, sand,
silt, and clay. In places, alternating layers of black and red-brown
silt and clay (varves) are present (see Core 1, Figure 4-13; and Core 4,
Figure 4-14). Very thick accumulations, up to 1.1 m, of silt and clay
are common (see Core 1, Figure 4-13; and Core 4, Figure 4-14), but also
common are large sand accumulations of up to 1 m (see Core 2, Figure
4-13; and Core 4, Figure 4-14). The thick silt and clay unit in Core 1
has a very thin (ca. 5 mm) sand unit (Figure 4-13). Gravel is observed
near the base of Core 1 (Figure 4-13) and Core 4 (Figure 4-14), and rock
fragments are present near the base of Core 2 (Figure 4-13). Roots are
observed near the base of Cores 3 and 4 and a layer rich in organic
material is present within the silt and clay layer of Core 3 (Figure
4-14).

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image53.wmf){width="5.948611111111111in"
  height="6.291666666666667in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397367 .anchor}Figure 4-12. Base map of
  Sergeant Major #4 showing locations of all cores (numbered 1-4). Arrows
  show flow direction of major tributaries entering the reservoir. All
  positions are in UTM coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image54.wmf){width="2.847916666666667in"   ![](media/image55.wmf){width="2.847916666666667in"
  height="4.70625in"}                                  height="4.70625in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397368 .anchor}Figure 4-13. 
  Stratigraphic logs of Core 1 (left) and Core 2       
  (right) obtained at Sergeant Major #4 (see Figure    
  4-12 for exact location). Also shown are schematic   
  textural and color characteristics of the units and  
  the location of samples obtained for analysis        
  including sediment, ^137^Cs, and agrichemical        
  analysis.                                            
  ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image56.wmf){width="2.9715277777777778in"   ![](media/image57.wmf){width="2.857638888888889in"
  height="4.714583333333334in"}                         height="4.731944444444444in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397369 .anchor}Figure 4-14.  
  Stratigraphic logs of Core 3 (left) and Core 4        
  (right) obtained at Sergeant Major #4 (see Figure     
  4-12 for exact location). Also shown are schematic    
  textural and color characteristics of the units and   
  the location of samples obtained for analysis         
  including sediment, ^137^Cs, and agrichemical         
  analysis.                                             
  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

##  **4.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Sediment within the Cores** 

Select physical and chemical characteristics were determined for each of
the sediment samples obtained form the major stratigraphic horizons
identified in the cores. The purpose of this characterization is to
facilitate the correlation of these stratigraphic horizons across the
reservoir basin. These physical and chemical characterizations include
grain size analysis, magnetic susceptibility, pH, percentage nitrogen
and carbon, and color. All results are tabulated in Tables 4-1 and 4-2.

### *4.3.1 Methods and Procedures*

For grain size analysis, approximately 10 g of sediment was treated in
H~2~0~2~ and shaken overnight in sodium hexametaphosphate for complete
dispersion. Total percent clay (\<0.002 mm) by mass was determined by
siphoning off 5-mL of the dispersed sediment and using the pipette
method (Method 3A1, Soil Survey Staff, 1992). Total percent sand by mass
was determined by wet sieving the remaining sample through a 0.053-mm
sieve and weighing the dried sediment retained. Total percent silt by
mass was calculated by subtracting the masses of sand and clay from the
original sample mass.

For magnetic susceptibility, dried and crushed sediment samples were
packed into 20-mL glass vials and the mass specific magnetic
susceptibility of the sample was measured using a Bartington MS2B
susceptibility meter at a frequency of 0.47 kHz (values presented here
are in SI units; 10^-8^ m^3^/kg; see Lindbo et al., 1997). The magnetic
susceptibility of each glass vial was determined prior to use.

Soil pH was measured in a 1:1 soil/distilled water suspension (McLean,
1982). Organic carbon and nitrogen was determined using a Leco CD-12
carbon and nitrogen analyzer using a 2-g sample.

Quantitative sediment color was determined using a chroma meter that
employs a self-contained pulsed xenon arc lamp as a light source
(Minolta CR-200 Chroma Meter; see Lindo et al., 1998). Water saturated
sediment colors using the Munsell system of hue, value, and chroma are
reported here (Munsell Color Company, 1994).

### *4.3.2 Grain Size Analysis Results*

For Sugar Creek #12, the grain size results show that the silt-clay
dominated stratigraphic units have nearly equal proportions of silt and
clay but the percentage of clay (ca. 55% by weight) is typically higher
than silt (ca. 40% by weight; Table 4-1). The sand dominated units can
have as much as 95% sand by weight, with varying proportions of silt and
clay. Poorly sorted sediments, with varying amounts of sand, silt, and
clay, tend to occur near the silt-clay dominated layers (Core 3, GS3-2,
Table 4-1, Figure 4-8; and Core 9, GS9-1, Table 4-1, Figure 4-11).

For Sergeant Major #4, the grain size results show that much of the
sediment is poorly sorted and the percentage of silt by weight is
typically much greater than clay (Table 4-1). The silt-clay dominated
units generally have two to three times the amount of silt than clay by
weight, and clay percentages rarely exceed 20% by weight. The sandy
units are poorly sorted and each has a greater proportion of silt (ca.
50% by weight) than sand (ca. 32% by weight).

### *4.3.3 Magnetic Susceptibility Results* 

The magnetic susceptibility of sediment is one measure of how easily the
sediment can be magnetized by an external field, expressed as the ratio
of the induced magnetization to the applied (Kimbrough et al., 1997).
Magnetite has a magnetic susceptibility roughly three orders of
magnitude greater than any other naturally occurring mineral (Lindsley
et al., 1966), and therefore it largely controls this physical property
in sediments. Magnetic susceptibility readings, however, are also weakly
dependent on grain size, grain shape, and the presence of other magnetic
minerals.

For Sugar Creek #12, magnetic susceptibility ranges from 2 to 87 10^-8^
m^3^/kg (Table 4-1). In general, the value of magnetic susceptibility at
Sugar Creek is proportional to the amount of silt and clay present (see
below). For Sergeant Major #4, magnetic susceptibility ranges from 5 to
27 10^-8^ m^3^/kg. In general, the magnetic susceptibility values for
Sergeant Major #4 are lower in magnitude and less variable than those
values measured at Sugar Creek #12.

### *4.3.4 Sediment pH and Nitrogen and Carbon Content*

The pH of the sediment at Sugar Creek #12 ranges from as low as 6.2 and
as high as 8.3 with an average value around 7.5 (Table 4-1). In
contrast, the pH of the sediment in Sergeant Major #4 ranges from 7.9 to
9.2, with an average value around 8.5. These values reflect regional
variations in climate and soil type.

Very little nitrogen is present in the sediments at Sugar Creek #12,
typically much less than 0.1% by weight (Table 4-1). Carbon is observed
to range from 0.06 to 2.3% in the same sediments, with an average value
around 0.2%. At Sergeant Major #4, the nitrogen content of the sediment
is very small, typically less than 0.02% by weight. The amount of carbon
in these sediments range from 0.8 to 2.8%, with an average value of
around 2%.

### *4.3.5 Sediment Color*

Table 4-2 summarizes the color determinations for all sediment samples.
In general, the sediment at Sugar Creek #12 has a hue ranging from 3 to
7YR, whereas the sediment in Sergeant Major #4 has a hue ranging from 1
to 4YR.

### *4.3.6 Correlation amongst the Physical and Chemical Characteristics*

An attempt is made to determine any correlation amongst the physical and
chemical characteristics of the sediment. These correlation plots
include grain size and magnetic susceptibility (Figure 4-15), grain size
and pH (Figure 4-16), grain size and percent nitrogen, (Figure 4-17),
grain size and percent carbon (Figure 4-18), percent sand and color
(Figure 4-19), percent silt and color (Figure 4-20), percent clay and
color (Figure 4-21), magnetic susceptibility and pH, percent nitrogen,
and percent carbon (Figure 4-22), magnetic susceptibility and color
(Figure 4-23), pH and percent nitrogen and percent carbon (Figure 4-24),
pH and color (Figure 4-25), percent nitrogen and color (4-26), percent
carbon and color (Figure 4-27), and percent nitrogen and percent carbon
(4-28). Table 4-3 summarizes the correlation of these parameters for
Sugar Creek #12 and Table 4-4 summarizes the correlation of these
parameters for Sergeant Major #4 (denoted as strong, weak, or no
correlation).

The main results of this analysis are summarized below. For the sediment
at Sugar Creek #12, the amount of silt and clay is positively correlated
with the amount of carbon and nitrogen and are associated with high
values of magnetic susceptibility (Table 4-3). Hence, the amount of sand
is negatively correlated with the amount of carbon and nitrogen and is
associated with low values of magnetic susceptibility. Sediment hue is
positively correlated and sediment chroma is negatively correlated to
silt and clay content. Sediment pH is negatively correlated, though
slightly so, with silt and clay content. Carbon and nitrogen are found
to be positively correlated.

For Sergeant Major #4, there is little correlation amongst the physical
and chemical characteristics of the sediment. Carbon content is
positively correlated with silt and clay content and magnetic
susceptibility, and carbon is negatively correlated to sand content.
Some correlation is observed between color, magnetic susceptibilty, and
pH, but these relations are of little significance.

#### **Table 4-1. Physical and chemical characteristics of sediment samples obtained from cores at Sugar Creek #12 and Sergeant Major #4.**

+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| C   | Sa   | Text |      |      | Magnetic   | pH   | Chem |      |
| ore | mple | ural |      |      | Susc       |      | ical |      |
| No. | No.  | Com  |      |      | eptibility |      | Com  |      |
|     |      | posi |      |      |            |      | posi |      |
|     |      | tion |      |      |            |      | tion |      |
|     |      | (%   |      |      |            |      | (%   |      |
|     |      | by   |      |      |            |      | by   |      |
|     |      | m    |      |      |            |      | m    |      |
|     |      | ass) |      |      |            |      | ass) |      |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     |      | Sand | Silt | Clay | 10^-8^     |      | Nitr | Ca   |
|     |      |      |      |      | m^3^/kg    |      | ogen | rbon |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| *Su |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| gar |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| Cr  |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| eek |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| #   |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| 12* |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 1   | 1-1  | 1.42 | 4    | 5    | 73.42      | 7.38 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 4.79 | 3.79 |            |      | .178 | .378 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 1-2  | 0.95 | 4    | 5    | 79.11      | 6.83 | 0    | 1    |
|     |      |      | 7.82 | 1.22 |            |      | .142 | .953 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 1-3  | 0.64 | 3    | 6    | 83.55      | 7.05 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 4.67 | 4.69 |            |      | .184 | .329 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 1-4  | 8    | 5.17 | 5.34 | 8.70       | 8.29 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 9.49 |      |      |            |      |      | .531 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 2   | 2-1  | 0.29 | 3    | 6    | 86.72      | 7.41 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 5.15 | 4.56 |            |      | .167 | .140 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 2-2  | 0.22 | 4    | 5    | 78.76      | 6.24 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 3.68 | 6.10 |            |      | .158 | .093 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 2-3  | 8    | 9.08 | 9.06 | 6.15       | 7.24 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 1.86 |      |      |            |      |      | .476 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 2-4  | 5    | 3    | 1    | 20.77      | 7.26 | 0    | 1    |
|     |      | 2.67 | 5.30 | 2.03 |            |      | .015 | .147 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 3   | 3-1  | 3.82 | 5    | 4    | 69.10      | 7.4  | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 5.02 | 1.15 |            |      | .136 | .258 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 3-2  | 4    | 3    | 2    | 37.10      | 6.75 | 0    | 1    |
|     |      | 5.34 | 2.12 | 2.55 |            |      | .030 | .041 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 3-3  | 2.27 | 4    | 5    | 80.40      | 6.42 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 3.04 | 4.69 |            |      | .170 | .439 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 3-4  | 7    | 1    | 9.58 | 8.41       | 8.26 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 8.56 | 1.85 |      |            |      |      | .228 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 4   | 4-1  | 6    | 1    | 1    | 17.02      | 7.76 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 9.78 | 7.34 | 2.88 |            |      |      | .554 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 4-2  | 9    | 0.03 | 4.50 | 5.53       | 7.49 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 5.47 |      |      |            |      |      | .095 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 4-3  | 2.76 | 3    | 6    | 87.02      | 6.83 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 1.12 | 6.13 |            |      | .185 | .481 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 4-4  | 7    | 1    | 8.21 | 13.85      | 7.52 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 9.34 | 2.45 |      |            |      |      | .460 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 4-5  | 6    | 2    | 1    | 22.94      | 6.65 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 6.45 | 2.38 | 1.18 |            |      |      | .750 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 5   | 5-1  | 9    | 0.08 | 4.66 | 3.66       | 7.26 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 5.25 |      |      |            |      |      | .106 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 5-2  | 6    | 1    | 1    | 18.56      | 7.54 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 7.75 | 6.90 | 5.35 |            |      |      | .722 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 5-3  | 2.00 | 4    | 5    | 86.01      | 6.47 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 1.91 | 6.09 |            |      | .175 | .418 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 5-4  | 9    | n.d. | 5.06 | 3.53       | 6.94 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 5.66 |      |      |            |      |      | .086 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 6   | 6-1  | 3.42 | 4    | 5    | 83.43      | 6.85 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 2.61 | 3.97 |            |      | .152 | .216 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 6-2  | 7    | 1    | 8.69 | 13.39      | 6.5  | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 6.05 | 5.26 |      |            |      |      | .683 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 6-3  | 9    | 2.95 | 6.75 | 2.54       | 7.79 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 0.30 |      |      |            |      |      | .089 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 7   | 7-1  | 1.38 | 4    | 5    | 76.42      | 7.56 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 5.21 | 3.41 |            |      | .148 | .204 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| *Ta |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| ble |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| 4-1 |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| c   |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| ont |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| inu |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| ed* |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| C   | Sa   | Text |      |      | Magnetic   | pH   | Chem |      |
| ore | mple | ural |      |      | Susc       |      | ical |      |
| No. | No.  | Com  |      |      | eptibility |      | Com  |      |
|     |      | posi |      |      |            |      | posi |      |
|     |      | tion |      |      |            |      | tion |      |
|     |      | (%   |      |      |            |      | (%   |      |
|     |      | by   |      |      |            |      | by   |      |
|     |      | m    |      |      |            |      | m    |      |
|     |      | ass) |      |      |            |      | ass) |      |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     |      | Sand | Silt | Clay | 10^-8^     |      | Nitr | Ca   |
|     |      |      |      |      | m^3^/kg    |      | ogen | rbon |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 7-2  | 8    | 9.59 | 8.53 | 6.11       | 7.42 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 1.88 |      |      |            |      |      | .196 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 8   | 8-1  | 9    | 1.01 | 2.49 | 2.40       | 8.08 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 6.50 |      |      |            |      |      | .079 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 8-2  | 7    | 1    | 8.45 | 13.99      | 7.62 | n.d. | 0.48 |
|     |      | 6.68 | 4.87 |      |            |      |      |      |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 8-3  | 8    | 8.92 | 4.92 | 9.28       | 7.78 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 6.17 |      |      |            |      |      | .263 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 8-4  | 4.50 | 5    | 3    | 65.62      | 6.77 | 0    | 1    |
|     |      |      | 6.52 | 8.98 |            |      | .108 | .839 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 9   | 9-1  | 7    | 1    | 9.79 | 20.67      | 8.09 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 1.69 | 8.52 |      |            |      |      | .491 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 9-2  | 2.78 | 4    | 5    | 85.63      | 7.19 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 6.19 | 1.03 |            |      | .154 | .331 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 9-3  | 8    | 6.67 | 5.98 | 4.02       | 7.42 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 7.35 |      |      |            |      |      | .077 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 9-4  | 9    | 3.15 | 3.86 | 4.70       | 6.87 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 2.99 |      |      |            |      |      | .142 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 10  | 10-1 | 1.20 | 4    | 5    | 75.94      | 7.2  | 0    | 1    |
|     |      |      | 3.56 | 5.24 |            |      | .125 | .896 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 10-2 | 9    | 3.55 | 6.10 | 2.54       | 8    | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 0.34 |      |      |            |      |      | .064 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 10-3 | 8    | 5.44 | 5.43 | 3.16       | 8.71 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 9.13 |      |      |            |      |      | .194 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| ### |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| ### |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| ### |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
|  Se |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| rge |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| ant |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
|  Ma |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
| jor |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
|  #4 |      |      |      |      |            |      |      |      |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 1   | 1-1  | 1.89 | 7    | 2    | 19.59      | 8.1  | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 1.40 | 6.71 |            |      | .028 | .258 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 1-2  | 2    | 5    | 1    | 5.10       | 8.7  | n.d. | 2    |
|     |      | 3.26 | 7.30 | 9.44 |            |      |      | .104 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 2   | 2-1  | 2    | 5    | 1    | 8.07       | 8.63 | n.d. | 1    |
|     |      | 6.24 | 6.23 | 7.53 |            |      |      | .731 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 2-2  | 3    | 4    | 1    | 6.55       | 8.82 | n.d. | 2    |
|     |      | 2.38 | 7.84 | 9.79 |            |      |      | .033 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 2-3  | 3    | 4    | 1    | 6.87       | 8.99 | n.d. | 1    |
|     |      | 4.75 | 7.50 | 7.75 |            |      |      | .889 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 2-4  | 3    | 4    | 1    | 6.04       | 9.18 | n.d. | 1    |
|     |      | 8.68 | 3.02 | 8.30 |            |      |      | .539 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 3   | 3-1  | 2    | 5    | 2    | 22.66      | 8.03 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      | 0.03 | 9.17 | 0.79 |            |      | .013 | .162 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 3-2  | 5    | 2    | 1    | 26.92      | 8.35 | n.d. | 0    |
|     |      | 8.60 | 9.97 | 1.42 |            |      |      | .777 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 3-3  | 8.55 | 7    | 2    | 7.40       | 8.55 | n.d. | 1    |
|     |      |      | 0.30 | 1.16 |            |      |      | .696 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 3-4  | 9.19 | 6    | 2    | 6.34       | 8.92 | n.d. | 1    |
|     |      |      | 9.71 | 1.10 |            |      |      | .658 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
| 4   | 4-1  | 0.46 | 4    | 5    | 21.80      | 7.85 | 0    | 2    |
|     |      |      | 5.08 | 4.46 |            |      | .056 | .335 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 4-2  | 1    | 6    | 2    | 6.45       | 8.77 | n.d. | 1    |
|     |      | 3.21 | 4.17 | 2.62 |            |      |      | .943 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 4-3  | 9.24 | 6    | 2    | 6.96       | 8.34 | n.d. | 1    |
|     |      |      | 7.78 | 2.97 |            |      |      | .695 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+
|     | 4-4  | 1    | 6    | 1    | 5.59       | 8.8  | n.d. | 2    |
|     |      | 4.07 | 6.81 | 9.12 |            |      |      | .756 |
+-----+------+------+------+------+------------+------+------+------+

n.d. not detected

**Table 4-2. Color characteristics of sediment samples obtained from
cores at Sugar Creek #12 and Sergeant Major #4 using the Munsell system
of hue, value, and chroma (Munsell Color Company, 1994).**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Core</td>
<td>Sample</td>
<td colspan="3">Munsell Color Scheme</td>
<td>Core</td>
<td>Sample</td>
<td colspan="3">Munsell Color Scheme</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>No.</td>
<td>No.</td>
<td><p>Hue</p>
<p>(YR)</p></td>
<td>Value</td>
<td>Chroma</td>
<td>No.</td>
<td>No.</td>
<td><p>Hue</p>
<p>(YR)</p></td>
<td>Value</td>
<td>Chroma</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="5"><p id="section-5" class="heading"></p>
<p id="sugar-creek-12-1" class="heading"><u>Sugar Creek #12</u></p></td>
<td colspan="5"><p id="section-6" class="heading"></p>
<p id="sergeant-major-4-2" class="heading"><u>Sergeant Major
#4</u></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>1</td>
<td>1-1</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1-1</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>1-2</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td></td>
<td>1-2</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>4.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>1-3</td>
<td>7.0</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2-1</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>1-4</td>
<td>5.2</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td></td>
<td>2-2</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2</td>
<td>2-1</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td></td>
<td>2-3</td>
<td>1.1</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>2-2</td>
<td>6.4</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td></td>
<td>2-4</td>
<td>0.9</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>4.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>2-3</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3-1</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>2-4</td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td></td>
<td>3-2</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>3</td>
<td>3-1</td>
<td>6.4</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td></td>
<td>3-3</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>3-2</td>
<td>5.1</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td></td>
<td>3-4</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>4.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>3-3</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>4-1</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>3-4</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td></td>
<td>4-2</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>4</td>
<td>4-1</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>2.6</td>
<td></td>
<td>4-3</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>4-2</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td></td>
<td>4-4</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>4-3</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>22.6</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>4-4</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>4-5</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>5</td>
<td>5-1</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>5-2</td>
<td>6.0</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>5-3</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>5-4</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>6</td>
<td>6-1</td>
<td>6.7</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>6-2</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>6-3</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>7</td>
<td>7-1</td>
<td>6.5</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>7-2</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>8</td>
<td>8-1</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>8-2</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>8-3</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>8-4</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>9</td>
<td>9-1</td>
<td>5.7</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>9-2</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>9-3</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>9-4</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>10</td>
<td>10-1</td>
<td>5.8</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td>10-2</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>10-3</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

####  **Table 4-3. Summary of correlation amongst the physical and chemical parameters for Sugar Creek #12. + denotes positive correlation, ++ denotes strongly positive correlation, − denotes negative correlation, −− denotes strongly negative correlation, and NC denotes no correlation.** 

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Parameter</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Sand (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Silt (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Clay (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>N (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>C (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Hue</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Value</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Chroma</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Magnetic Susceptibility</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>pH</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sand (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>−</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Silt (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>−</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Clay (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>−</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>−</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>N (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>−</td>
<td>−</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>−−</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>C (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>−</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Hue</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>−−</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Value</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>+</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Chroma</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>++</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Magnetic</p>
<p>Susceptibility</p></td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>pH</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

#### **Table 4-4. Summary of correlation amongst the physical and chemical parameters for Sergeant Major #4. + denotes positive correlation, ++ denotes strongly positive correlation, − denotes negative correlation, −− denotes strongly negative correlation, and NC denotes no correlation.** 

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 17%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Parameter</td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Sand (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Silt (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Clay (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>N (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>C (%)</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Hue</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Value</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Chroma</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>Magnetic Susceptibility</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td><blockquote>
<p>pH</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sand (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Silt (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Clay (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>−</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>N (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>C (%)</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Hue</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>−−</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Value</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>NC</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Chroma</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>−−</td>
<td>++</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Magnetic</p>
<p>Susceptibility</p></td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>NC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>pH</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
<td>•</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image58.wmf){width="2.821527777777778in"    ![](media/image59.wmf){width="2.88125in"   ![](media/image60.wmf){width="2.923611111111111in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.1006944444444446in"}             height="2.1006944444444446in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397370 .anchor}Figure 4-15.                                             
  Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and                                             
  magnetic susceptibility for all sediment samples.                                                

  ![](media/image61.wmf){width="2.6944444444444446in"   ![](media/image62.wmf){width="2.88125in"   ![](media/image63.wmf){width="2.7625in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.1006944444444446in"}             height="2.1118055555555557in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397371 .anchor}Figure 4-16.                                             
  Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and                                             
  pH for all sediment samples.                                                                     
  ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image64.wmf){width="2.7708333333333335in"   ![](media/image65.wmf){width="2.779166666666667in"   ![](media/image66.wmf){width="2.779166666666667in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.089583333333333in"}                        height="2.089583333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397372 .anchor}Figure 4-17.                                                       
  Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and                                                       
  percentage nitrogen by weight for all sediment                                                             
  samples.                                                                                                   

  ![](media/image67.wmf){width="2.7368055555555557in"   ![](media/image68.wmf){width="2.821527777777778in"   ![](media/image69.wmf){width="2.6944444444444446in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.1006944444444446in"}                       height="2.1006944444444446in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397373 .anchor}Figure 4-18.                                                       
  Relation between percentage sand, silt, and clay and                                                       
  percentage carbon by weight for all sediment samples.                                                      
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image70.wmf){width="2.7625in"               ![](media/image71.wmf){width="2.779166666666667in"    ![](media/image72.wmf){width="2.660416666666667in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.089583333333333in"}                         height="2.1006944444444446in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397374 .anchor}Figure 4-19.                                                        
  Relation between the percentage sand by weight and                                                          
  color (hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment                                                             
  samples.                                                                                                    

  ![](media/image73.wmf){width="2.6944444444444446in"   ![](media/image74.wmf){width="2.8895833333333334in"   ![](media/image75.wmf){width="2.7625in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.089583333333333in"}                         height="2.1006944444444446in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397375 .anchor}Figure 4-20.                                                        
  Relation between the percentage silt by weight and                                                          
  color (hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment                                                             
  samples.                                                                                                    
  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image76.wmf){width="2.660416666666667in"   ![](media/image77.wmf){width="2.779166666666667in"    ![](media/image78.wmf){width="2.660416666666667in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                       height="2.089583333333333in"}                         height="2.1006944444444446in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397376 .anchor}Figure 4-21.                                                       
  Relation between the percentage clay by weight and                                                         
  color (hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment                                                            
  samples.                                                                                                   

  ![](media/image79.wmf){width="2.7625in"              ![](media/image80.wmf){width="2.7284722222222224in"   ![](media/image81.wmf){width="2.829861111111111in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                       height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.1118055555555557in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397377 .anchor}Figure 4-22.                                                       
  Relation between magnetic susceptibility and pH,                                                           
  percentage nitrogen, and percentage carbon for all                                                         
  sediment samples.                                                                                          
  ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image82.wmf){width="2.660416666666667in"    ![](media/image83.wmf){width="2.779166666666667in"                                                         ![](media/image84.wmf){width="2.660416666666667in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.089583333333333in"}                                                                              height="2.1006944444444446in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397378 .anchor}Figure 4-23.                                                                                                             
  Relation between magnetic susceptibility and color                                                                                                               
  (hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment samples.                                                                                                               

  ![](media/image85.wmf){width="2.9493055555555556in"                                                        ![](media/image86.wmf){width="2.7708333333333335in"   
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                                                                             height="2.1118055555555557in"}                        

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397379 .anchor}Figure 4-24.                                                                                                             
  Relation between pH and percentage nitrogen and                                                                                                                  
  carbon by weight for all sediment samples.                                                                                                                       
  ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image87.wmf){width="2.592361111111111in"    ![](media/image88.wmf){width="2.8131944444444446in"   ![](media/image89.wmf){width="2.7194444444444446in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.089583333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397380 .anchor}Figure 4-25.                                                        
  Relation between the pH and color (hue, value, and                                                          
  chroma) for all sediment samples.                                                                           

  ![](media/image90.wmf){width="2.6944444444444446in"   ![](media/image91.wmf){width="2.9069444444444446in"   ![](media/image92.wmf){width="2.821527777777778in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                        height="2.089583333333333in"}                         height="2.089583333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397381 .anchor}Figure 4-26.                                                        
  Relation between percentage nitrogen by weight and                                                          
  color (hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment                                                             
  samples.                                                                                                    
  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

  ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image93.wmf){width="2.592361111111111in"   ![](media/image94.wmf){width="2.626388888888889in"   ![](media/image95.wmf){width="2.7194444444444446in"
  height="2.1006944444444446in"}                       height="2.1006944444444446in"}                       height="2.089583333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397382 .anchor}Figure 4-27.                                                      
  Relation between percentage carbon by weight and                                                          
  color (hue, value, and chroma) for all sediment                                                           
  samples.                                                                                                  

  ![](media/image96.wmf){width="2.566666666666667in"                                                        
  height="1.9027777777777777in"}                                                                            

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397383 .anchor}Figure 4-28.                                                      
  Relation between percentage nitrogen and percentage                                                       
  carbon by weight for all sediment samples.                                                                
  ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

## **4.4 Discussion**

Continuous, undisturbed cores of lake sediment were successfully
obtained at Sugar Creek #12 (10 cores) and Sergeant Major #4 (4 cores).
These cores ranged in length from 1.3 to 3.1 m and were obtained in
water depths ranging from 0.5 to 12 m. Core positions were located with
differential GPS recordings and site selection was to coincide precisely
with seismic lines previously obtained. Once opened, each core was
described and sediment samples were secured for later analysis.

At Sugar Creek #12, very thick accumulations of silt and clay are
common, and many of these have thin-bedded sand units within them. These
silt-clay units generally have slightly more clay than silt. The amount
of silt and clay is positively correlated with the amount of carbon,
nitrogen, and magnetic susceptibility.

At Sergeant Major #4, very thick accumulations of silt and clay as well
as sand are common. The sediments are poorly sorted, and the amount of
silt is generally two to three times greater than clay. Gravel is common
near the base of many cores. Little correlation is observed amongst the
physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment.

# 5. Chemical Analysis

## **5.1 [Phase I]{.underline} Results**

### *5.1.1 Sediment Sampling Methods*

[Phase I]{.underline} sediment sampling was completed during the period
of October 26 to October 28, 1999. Sampling sites within each lake were
selected to provide representative sediments from areas of deposition in
major lake inlets and within the main pool area adjacent to the
embankment. At each sampling site, sediment cores were taken to greatest
depth possible with manual coring equipment and procedures from an
anchored boat (Figures 5-1 and 5-2). Multiple attempts at sampling
adjacent to an initially selected site were occasionally necessary when
coring was hindered or impossible due to water depths exceeding manual
coring equipment capabilities, lack of accumulated sediment, excessive
large stony material in sediments, or dense clam or mussel populations.

A sufficient number of four-inch diameter sediment cores were driven at
each site, lifted into a clean semi-tubular ruled trough, and separated
as necessary for needed analyses (Figures 5-3 and 5-4). For Cesium
analysis, 10 cm sections by depth from sediment surface were separated
and stored until a minimum of 1 kg of sediment from each interval was
acquired. At each site, depth-integrated sediment samples
(proportionally representative of entire depth of core) were collected
into appropriately prepared containers for agrichemical and contaminant
analyses for Group 1 (Priority Pollutant Pesticide/PCB, see Table 1-1)
and Group 2 (Oil Field Contaminants, see Table 1-1) contaminants. Since
more detailed Cesium analysis was performed in [Phase II]{.underline},
the Cesium results from [Phase I]{.underline} will not be presented.

### *5.1.2 Sediment Sampling Locations*

Proximate locations of sampling sites for each lake are illustrated on
Figures 5-5, 5-6, and 5-7. At total of seven sites were sampled and each
is described in Table 5-1. GPS data were collected at each sample
location, but due to problems with the base station data these positions
could not be differentially corrected.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image97.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.7444444444444445in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397384 .anchor}Figure 5-1. Photograph of the
  sediment coring tube used to obtain sediment samples (taken at Sugar
  Creek #12, October 1999).

  ![](media/image98.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.75in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397385 .anchor}Figure 5-2. Photograph of the
  sediment coring tube used to obtain sediment samples and the ruled
  sediment core catcher (taken at Sugar Creek #12, October 1999). Also
  shown is the aluminum extension necessary to obtain deep-water samples.

  ![](media/image99.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.75in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397386 .anchor}Figure 5-3. Photograph of the
  sediment core being extruded into core catcher (taken at Sugar Creek
  #12, October 1999). Core is extruded by tipping core and shaking out
  contents.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image100.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.75in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397387 .anchor}Figure 5-4. Photograph of the
  sediment from core being placed into sample bottles for later analysis
  (taken at Sugar Creek #12, October 1999).
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image101.wmf){width="5.759722222222222in"
  height="7.802777777777778in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397388 .anchor}Figure 5-5. Map of Sugar Creek
  #12 showing sediment sample locations.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image102.wmf){width="5.949305555555555in"
  height="5.645833333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397389 .anchor}Figure 5-6. Map of Sugar Creek
  #14 showing sediment sample locations.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image103.wmf){width="5.940972222222222in"
  height="6.504166666666666in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397390 .anchor}Figure 5-7. Map of Sergeant
  Major #4 showing sediment sample locations.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

#### **Table 5-1. Characteristics of sediment samples obtained by the USDA-ARS at Sugar Creek #12, Sugar Creek #14, and Sergeant Major #4, October 1999.**

+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| S     | Location  | W    | Thickness   | Samples Secured           |
| ample |           | ater | of Sediment |                           |
| N     |           | D    | Core        |                           |
| umber |           | epth | Sampled (m) |                           |
|       |           |      |             |                           |
|       |           | \    |             |                           |
|       |           | (m\) |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| ##    |           |      |             |                           |
| ##### |           |      |             |                           |
| #  {# |           |      |             |                           |
| secti |           |      |             |                           |
| on-7} |           |      |             |                           |
|       |           |      |             |                           |
| ####  |           |      |             |                           |
| ####  |           |      |             |                           |
| Sugar |           |      |             |                           |
|  Cree |           |      |             |                           |
| k #12 |           |      |             |                           |
|  {#su |           |      |             |                           |
| gar-c |           |      |             |                           |
| reek- |           |      |             |                           |
| 12-2} |           |      |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| S     | Mouth of  | \    | 0 to 0.8    | 8 sections for Cesium     |
| C12-1 | major     | ~0.6 |             | dating plus depth         |
|       | inflow    |      |             | integrated sample         |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| S     | Mid-lake  | \    | 0 to 1.0    | 10 sections for Cesium    |
| C12-2 |           | ~0.9 |             | dating plus depth         |
|       |           |      |             | integrated sample         |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| ##    |           |      |             |                           |
| ##### |           |      |             |                           |
| #  {# |           |      |             |                           |
| secti |           |      |             |                           |
| on-8} |           |      |             |                           |
|       |           |      |             |                           |
| ####  |           |      |             |                           |
| ####  |           |      |             |                           |
| Sugar |           |      |             |                           |
|  Cree |           |      |             |                           |
| k #14 |           |      |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| S     | Mid-lake  | \    | 0 to 0.2    | 2 sections for Cesium     |
| C14-1 |           | ~1.2 |             | dating plus depth         |
|       |           |      |             | integrated sample         |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| S     | Main pool | \    | 0 to 0.3    | 3 sections for Cesium     |
| C14-2 | adjacent  | ~2.4 |             | dating plus integrated    |
|       | to        |      |             | sample                    |
|       | e         |      |             |                           |
|       | mbankment |      |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| ###   |           |      |             |                           |
| ##### |           |      |             |                           |
|  Serg |           |      |             |                           |
| eant  |           |      |             |                           |
| Major |           |      |             |                           |
|  #4 { |           |      |             |                           |
| #serg |           |      |             |                           |
| eant- |           |      |             |                           |
| major |           |      |             |                           |
| -4-3} |           |      |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| SM4-1 | Sou       | \    | 0 to 0.4    | 4 sections for Cesium     |
|       | theastern | ~2.4 |             | dating plus depth         |
|       | arm of    |      |             | integrated sample         |
|       | lake      |      |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| SM4-2 | Smaller   | \    | 0 to 0.4    | 4 sections for Cesium     |
|       | central   | ~3.7 |             | dating plus depth         |
|       | inlet arm |      |             | integrated sample         |
|       | of lake   |      |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+
| SM4-3 | Nor       | \    | 0 to 0.4    | 4 sections for Cesium     |
|       | thwestern | ~5.5 |             | dating plus depth         |
|       | arm of    |      |             | integrated sample         |
|       | lake      |      |             |                           |
+-------+-----------+------+-------------+---------------------------+

Observations made during [Phase I]{.underline} sampling indicate that
Sugar Creek #12 has received very high amounts of sediment. Due to its
small size, sediment was sampled at only two sites in this reservoir
during [Phase I]{.underline}. Sample SC12-2 was taken at mid-lake to
represent main pool sediments.

Sugar Creek #14 does not appear to have suffered from excessive
sedimentation, as coring attempts encountered resistant substrates under
shallow sediments throughout the lake. Numerous sampling attempts closer
to the inlet area of this lake were unsuccessful due to encounters with
a hardened substrate layer under very shallow layers of sediment.

Sergeant Major #4 did not show excessive sediment accumulation, but
large stony substrate particles and high-density clam populations were
frequently encountered while attempting to sample shoreward sections of
inlet arms of this lake. Mouths of inlets near the main body of the lake
exceeded the depth capacity of manual coring equipment used (water
column depth greater than 25 ft). The main pool was not sampled within
Sergeant Major #4 due to unsafe boating conditions caused by excessive
wind velocities at the time of the site visit.

### *5.1.3 Agrichemical and PCB Analysis for Sugar Creek #12 and #14*

The results of [Phase I]{.underline} agrichemical and PCB analysis is
presented in Table 5-2 for Sugar Creek #12 (November 1999) and Table 5-3
for Sugar Creek #14. These tables show that, in general, overall
sediment quality is good at each of these lakes. A breakdown product of
DDT, DDE, was detectable in the Sugar Creek Watershed with higher
concentrations occurring at Sugar Creek #12 than at Sugar Creek #14. In
addition, methyl parathion, a common insecticide associated with cotton
production, was also detected in trace amounts. No other agrichemicals
were found.

### *5.1.4 Oil Field Contaminants, Sediment Parameters, Major Element, and Heavy Metal Analysis for Sugar Creek #12 and #14*

A variety of other sediment properties and possible contaminants often
monitored in association with oil fields were measured. As expected,
sediment pH is generally neutral in the more eastern Sugar Creek
Watershed and these values agree well with those presented in Table 4-1.
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium concentrations are within
expected ranges for sediments. Sediment electrical conductivity (EC),
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) are within expected limits at these
sites. Observed values for those properties imply a natural balance of
sediment elemental ion concentrations. Analysis of oil and grease show
the presence of only very small proportions of this contaminant. Heavy
metal concentrations are similar in all samples, and fall within
expected concentration ranges.

### *5.1.5 Agrichemical and PCB Analysis for Sergeant Major #4*

The results of [Phase I]{.underline} agrichemical and PCB analysis is
presented in Table 5-4 for Sergeant Major #4 (November 1999). This table
shows that overall sediment quality is excellent at this location.
Methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos, a common insecticide called Lorsban,
was detected in trace amounts, but no other agrichemicals were found.

### *5.1.6 Oil Field Contaminants, Sediment Parameters, Major Element, and Heavy Metal Analysis for Sergeant Major #4*

Sediment pH is generally slightly more alkaline in the more western
Sergeant Major Watershed and these values agree well with those
presented in Table 4-1. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium
concentrations are within expected ranges for sediments. Sediment
electrical conductivity (EC), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Cation
Exchange Capacity (CEC), and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) are
within expected limits at these sites. Observed values for those
properties imply a natural balance of sediment elemental ion
concentrations. Analysis of oil and grease show the presence of only
very small proportions of this contaminant. Heavy metal concentrations
are similar in all samples, and fall within expected concentration
ranges.

#### **Table 5-2. Chemical analysis results for sediment samples obtained at Sugar Creek #12. USDA identification numbers are: 1---SC12-1, 2-A---SC12-2-A, etc.** 

####  {#section-9}

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Date</td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Nov.</p>
<p>1999</p></td>
<td><p>Nov.</p>
<p>1999</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sample I.D.</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1-A</td>
<td>1-B</td>
<td>2-A</td>
<td>2-B</td>
<td>3-A</td>
<td>3-B</td>
<td>4-A</td>
<td>4-B</td>
<td>5-A</td>
<td>5-B</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>7-A</td>
<td>7-B</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>9-A</td>
<td>9-B</td>
<td>10-A</td>
<td>10-B</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Compound</td>
<td>Units</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="22"><em><u>Pesticides</u></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Aldrin</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BHC-alpha</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BHC-beta</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>BHC-delta</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BHC-gamma</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Chlordane</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Toxaphene</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DDD 4,4'</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>6.8</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>11.8</td>
<td>9.0</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>13.8</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>DDE 4,4'</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>58.7</td>
<td>62.3</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>77.9</td>
<td>98.7</td>
<td>56.7</td>
<td>125</td>
<td>55.4</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>26.0</td>
<td>8.6</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>95.7</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>DDT 4,4'</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Dieldrin</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Endrin</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Endrin aldehyde</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Endosulfan I</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Endosulfan II</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Endosulfan sulfate</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Heptachlor</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Heptachlor epoxide</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="22"><em><u>PCBs</u></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Aroclor 1016</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Aroclor 1221</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Aroclor 1232</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Aroclor 1242</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Aroclor 1248</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Aroclor 1254</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Aroclor 1260</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="22"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="22"><em>Table 5-2 continued</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Date</td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Nov.</p>
<p>1999</p></td>
<td><p>Nov.</p>
<p>1999</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
<td><p>July</p>
<p>2000</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Sample I.D.</td>
<td></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1-A</td>
<td>1-B</td>
<td>2-A</td>
<td>2-B</td>
<td>3-A</td>
<td>3-B</td>
<td>4-A</td>
<td>4-B</td>
<td>5-A</td>
<td>5-B</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>7-A</td>
<td>7-B</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>9-A</td>
<td>9-B</td>
<td>10-A</td>
<td>10-B</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Compound</td>
<td>Units</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="22"><em><u>Herbicides and Insecticides</u></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Alachlor</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Atrazine</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Bifenthrin</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Chlorfenapyr</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Chlorpyrifos</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Cyanazine</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>λ-Cyhalothrin</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Methyl parathion</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>5.5</td>
<td>3.3</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>1.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Metolachlor</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Pendimethalin</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>0.9</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Trifluralin</td>
<td>ppb</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>ND</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="22"><em><u>Elements, Compounds, and other Sediment
Properties</u></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>pH</td>
<td></td>
<td>6.9</td>
<td>6.8</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>EC</td>
<td>mmhos/cm</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>SAR</td>
<td></td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CEC</td>
<td></td>
<td>26.4</td>
<td>31.0</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ESP</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Sodium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>101</td>
<td>125</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Potassium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>222</td>
<td>288</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Calcium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>3983</td>
<td>4646</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Magnesium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>669</td>
<td>798</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Oil &amp; Grease</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>0.06</td>
<td>0.01</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Moisture</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>5.4</td>
<td>6.1</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Arsenic</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>4.8</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Barium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>151</td>
<td>219</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Cadmium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>3.7</td>
<td>5.2</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Chromium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>17.8</td>
<td>28.3</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Lead</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td>15.2</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Mercury</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>0.16</td>
<td>0.08</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Selenium</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>0.55</td>
<td>0.34</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Silver</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>ND</td>
<td>0.37</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Zinc</td>
<td>ppm</td>
<td>34.3</td>
<td>51.4</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

ppm -- parts per million; ppb -- parts per billion; X -- not tested; ND
-- not detected

#### Table 5-3. Chemical analysis results for sediment samples obtained at Sugar Creek #14. USDA identification numbers are: 1---SC14-1, etc. 

+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Date                   |              | Nov.         | Nov.         |
|                        |              |              |              |
|                        |              | 1999         | 1999         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Sample I.D.            |              | 1            | 2            |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Compound               | Units        |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| *[Pe                   |              |              |              |
| sticides]{.underline}* |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aldrin                 | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| BHC-alpha              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| BHC-beta               | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| BHC-delta              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| BHC-gamma              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Chlordane              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Toxaphene              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| DDD 4,4\'              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| DDE 4,4\'              | ppb          | 9.8          | 9.2          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| DDT 4,4\'              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Dieldrin               | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Endrin                 | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Endrin aldehyde        | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Endosulfan I           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Endosulfan II          | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Endosulfan sulfate     | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Heptachlor             | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Heptachlor epoxide     | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| *[PCBs]{.underline}*   |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aroclor 1016           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aroclor 1221           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aroclor 1232           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aroclor 1242           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aroclor 1248           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aroclor 1254           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Aroclor 1260           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|                        |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| *Table 5-3 continued*  |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Date                   |              | Nov.         | Nov.         |
|                        |              |              |              |
|                        |              | 1999         | 1999         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Sample I.D.            |              | 1            | 2            |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Compound               | Units        |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| *[Herbicides and       |              |              |              |
| Inse                   |              |              |              |
| cticides]{.underline}* |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Alachlor               | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Atrazine               | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Bifenthrin             | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Chlorfenapyr           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Chlorpyrifos           | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Cyanazine              | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| λ-Cyhalothrin          | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Methyl parathion       | ppb          | 2.1          | 3.6          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Metolachlor            | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Pendimethalin          | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Trifluralin            | ppb          | ND           | ND           |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| *[Elements, Compounds, |              |              |              |
| and other Sediment     |              |              |              |
| Pr                     |              |              |              |
| operties]{.underline}* |              |              |              |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| pH                     |              | 6.8          | 6.8          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| EC                     | mmhos/cm     | 2.6          | 3.2          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| SAR                    |              | 0.5          | 0.4          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| CEC                    |              | 34.6         | 45.8         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| ESP                    | \%           | 1.8          | 1.4          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Sodium                 | ppm          | 141          | 142          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Potassium              | ppm          | 389          | 427          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Calcium                | ppm          | 4879         | 6972         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Magnesium              | ppm          | 1049         | 1137         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Oil & Grease           | \%           | 0.07         | 0.07         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Moisture               | \%           | 6.43         | 7.51         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Arsenic                | ppm          | 3.9          | 4.3          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Barium                 | ppm          | 188.1        | 210.6        |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Cadmium                | ppm          | 5.1          | 6.0          |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Chromium               | ppm          | 30.5         | 31.5         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Lead                   | ppm          | 15.6         | 17.11        |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Mercury                | ppm          | 0.1          | 0.07         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Selenium               | ppm          | 0.13         | 0.47         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Silver                 | ppm          | 1.34         | 1.56         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Zinc                   | ppm          | 80.9         | 59.7         |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

> ppm -- parts per million; ppb -- parts per billion; X -- not tested;
> ND -- not detected

#### **Table 5-4. Chemical analysis results for sediment samples obtained at Sergeant Major #4. USDA identification numbers are: 1---SM4-1, C1---SM4-1, etc.** 

####  {#section-10}

+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Date       |    | Nov. | Nov. | Nov. | July | July | July | July |
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            |    | 1999 | 1999 | 1999 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Sample     |    | 1    | 2    | 3    | C1   | C2   | C3   | C4   |
| I.D.       |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Compound   | U  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            | ni |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            | ts |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| *[Pest     |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| icides]{.u |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| nderline}* |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aldrin     | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| BHC-alpha  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| BHC-beta   | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| BHC-delta  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| BHC-gamma  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Chlordane  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Toxaphene  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| DDD 4,4\'  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| DDE 4,4\'  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| DDT 4,4\'  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Dieldrin   | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Endrin     | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Endrin     | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| aldehyde   | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Endosulfan | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| I          | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Endosulfan | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| II         | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Endosulfan | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| sulfate    | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Heptachlor | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Heptachlor | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| epoxide    | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| *[PCBs]{.u |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| nderline}* |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aroclor    | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| 1016       | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aroclor    | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| 1221       | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aroclor    | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| 1232       | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aroclor    | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| 1242       | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aroclor    | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| 1248       | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aroclor    | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| 1254       | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Aroclor    | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | X    | X    | X    | X    |
| 1260       | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| *Table 5-4 |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| continued* |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Date       |    | Nov. | Nov. | July | July | July | July | July |
|            |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            |    | 1999 | 1999 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Sample     |    | 1    | 2    | 1-A  | 1-B  | 2-A  | 2-B  | 3-A  |
| I.D.       |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Compound   | U  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            | ni |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            | ts |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| *[         |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Herbicides |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| and        |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Insect     |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| icides]{.u |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| nderline}* |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Alachlor   | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Atrazine   | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Bifenthrin | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | 3.7  |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Ch         | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
| lorfenapyr | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Ch         | p  | ND   | 0.2  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
| lorpyrifos | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Cyanazine  | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
|            | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| λ-C        | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
| yhalothrin | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Methyl     | p  | 3.8  | 2.6  | 2.1  | ND   | ND   | ND   | 3.7  |
| parathion  | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| M          | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
| etolachlor | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Pen        | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
| dimethalin | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| T          | p  | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
| rifluralin | pb |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| *          |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| [Elements, |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Compounds, |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| and other  |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Sediment   |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| Prop       |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| erties]{.u |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
| nderline}* |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| pH         |    | 7.9  | 8    | 8.1  | 7.9  | 8.6  | 8.1  | 7.8  |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| EC         | mm | 1.9  | 2.1  | 2.1  | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.54 |
|            | ho |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            | s/ |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
|            | cm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| SAR        |    | 0.5  | 0.4  | 0.6  | 0.7  | 0.5  | 0.6  | 0.7  |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| CEC        |    | 44.4 | 71.7 | 57.7 | 42.6 | 48.4 | 50.9 | 32.8 |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| ESP        | \% | 1.7  | 1.2  | 1.8  | 1.9  | 1.5  | 1.9  | 2.6  |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Sodium     | p  | 176  | 193  | 237  | 188  | 166  | 220  | 195  |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Potassium  | p  | 76   | 104  | 130  | 95   | 125  | 94   | 92   |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Calcium    | p  | 7723 | 1    | 9629 | 6836 | 7385 | 8362 | 4984 |
|            | pm |      | 2720 |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Magnesium  | p  | 599  | 872  | 1013 | 924  | 1277 | 967  | 831  |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Oil &      | \% | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.06 | ND   | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| Grease     |    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Moisture   | \% | 3.1  | 2.8  | 3.7  | 6.1  | 1.5  | 8.8  | 2.6  |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Arsenic    | p  | 2.6  | 4.5  | 4.1  | 5.27 | 5.72 | 4.13 | 7.29 |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Barium     | p  | 162  | 180  | 184  | 171  | 226  | 144  | 153  |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Cadmium    | p  | 2.4  | 2.9  | 3.0  | 3.2  | 3.0  | 3.0  | 3.5  |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Chromium   | p  | 12   | 15   | 15   | 20   | 18   | 18   | 20   |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Lead       | p  | 6.7  | 8.6  | 9.9  | 5.2  | 4.0  | 4.5  | 5.7  |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Mercury    | p  | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0    | ND   | 0.07 | 0.25 |
|            | pm |      |      |      | .002 |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Selenium   | p  | 0.54 | 0.54 | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   | ND   |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Silver     | p  | 1.5  | 1.6  | 2.4  | 2.5  | 2.5  | 2.5  | 3.2  |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| Zinc       | p  | 25   | 30   | 30   | 43   | 37   | 43   | 42   |
|            | pm |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+------------+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

> ppm -- parts per million; ppb -- parts per billion; X -- not tested;
> ND -- not detected

## **5.2 [Phase II]{.underline} Results**

### *5.2.1 Sediment Sampling Methods*

As discussed previously, all extracted cores were sampled for later
agrichemical and chemical analysis. Approximately 1 to 2 kg of sediment
was obtained, integrated over the entire core length or integrated over
the lower-half or upper-half. Due to budgetary constraints, not all
samples were analyzed. Of the 18 samples obtained at Sugar Creek #12,
only 10 were analyzed for priority pesticides and PCBs, all were
analyzed for herbicides and specific insecticides, and no samples were
analyzed for additional elements and compounds (Table 5-2; see Tables
1-1 and 1-2). Of the 4 samples obtained at Sergeant Major, no samples
were analyzed for priority pesticides and PCBs, all were analyzed for
herbicides and specific insecticides, and all were analyzed for
additional elements and compounds (Table 5-4; see Tables 1-1 and 1-2).
Sugar Creek #14 was not part of [Phase II]{.underline} part of the
project.

### *5.2.2 Agrichemical and PCB Analysis for Sugar Creek #12*

The results of [Phase II]{.underline} agrichemical and PCB analysis are
presented in Table 5-2 for Sugar Creek #12 (November 1999). This table
shows that, in general, overall sediment quality is good at each of
these lakes. Two breakdown products of DDT, DDE and DDD, were detectable
in the Sugar Creek Watershed. Methyl parathion was also detected in
trace amounts. No other agrichemicals were found. In addition, one
sample (Core 3, upper-half) was found to contain trace amounts of
pendimethalin, a common herbicide called Prowl (Table 5-2).

These results corroborate the results reported in [Phase I]{.underline}.
However, the concentrations of DDE were found to be both less than and
greater than those reported in [Phase I]{.underline} (Table 5-2). While
DDD was not found in the results of [Phase I]{.underline}, it was
detected in [Phase II]{.underline}. In both cases, these breakdown
products are shown to vary significantly across the basin but no spatial
trend is observed (see Figure 4-6). The concentrations of methyl
parathion reported in [Phase II]{.underline} are very similar to those
reported in [Phase I]{.underline} (Table 5-2), and methyl parathion is
nearly ubiquitous in the reservoir sediments.

### *5.2.3 Oil Field Contaminants, Sediment Parameters, Major Element, and Heavy Metal Analysis for Sergeant Major #4*

The analytical results from [Phase II]{.underline} are in complete
agreement with those from [Phase I]{.underline} (Table 5-4). Sediment
pH, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium concentrations are within
expected ranges for sediments. Sediment electrical conductivity (EC),
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) are within expected limits at these
sites. Analysis of oil and grease show the presence of only very small
proportions of this contaminant. Heavy metal concentrations are similar
in all samples, and fall within expected concentration ranges.

## **5.3 [Phase II]{.underline} Radioactive Cesium Analysis and Results** 

Select cores were analyzed for radioactive Cesium (^137^Cs; 30-year
half-life) for the purpose of dating sediment horizons. Since ^137^Cs is
produced during nuclear fission, its presence in the environment is due
to nuclear testing or releases from nuclear reactors (Ritchie and
McHenry, 1990). First global deposition of ^137^Cs occurred in 1954 and
maximum deposition occurred in 1964 in the Northern Hemisphere, related
to above ground nuclear testing, and in 1980 (Europe) due to the
Chernobyl nuclear accident. Since ^137^Cs is strongly adsorbed on clay
and organic particles and is essentially non-exchangeable, its
concentration can be used as a unique tracer for erosion and
sedimentation. Rates of sediment accumulation can be calculated by
knowing the depth of these different ^137^Cs horizons.

The following cores were chosen for ^137^Cs analysis: 4, 7, and 9 from
Sugar Creek #12, and 1 and 4 from Sergeant Major #4. Sediment samples
were obtained inclusively at increments of 0.15 m at Sugar Creek #12 and
0.1 m at Sergeant Major #4 and encompassed the entire core length. All
samples were dried in a greenhouse, crushed, and passed through a 2-mm
sieve. A 1-L beaker was filled with sediment, sealed, and a gamma ray
spectrometer was used to measure ^137^Cs emissions for a period of
30,000 seconds, providing measurement precision of ±4 to 6% (Ritchie and
Rasmussen, 2000).

All results from ^137^Cs analysis are presented in Table 5-5. These
results in the context of the stratigraphy within each basin will be
discussed later.

#### **Table 5-5. Measured concentrations of ^137^Cs (Bq/g) for select sediment cores from Sugar Creek #12 and Sergeant Major #4.**

  ------------------- ---------- ----------- --------- ------- ------------------ ---------- ----------- --------- -------
  Core                Depth                  ^137^CS   Error   Core               Depth                  ^137^CS   Error
                      Interval                                                    Interval                         

  No.                 (in)       \(m\)       (Bq/g)            No.                (in)       \(m\)       (Bq/g)    

  *[Sugar Creek                                                *[Sergeant Major                                    
  #12]{.underline}*                                            #4]{.underline}*                                    

  4                   0-6        0-0.15      0.0               1                  0-4        0-0.10      6.23      1.61

                      6-12       0.15-0.30   2.76      0.57                       4-8        0.10-0.20   8.76      1.46

                      12-18      0.30-0.46   1.53      3.56                       8-12       0.20-0.30   9.33      1.15

                      18-24      0.46-0.61   1.65      0.51                       12-16      0.30-0.41   7.00      1.27

                      24-30      0.61-0.76   5.20      0.57                       16-20      0.41-0.51   9.69      1.13

                      30-36      0.76-0.91   13.58     0.95                       20-24      0.51-0.61   17.17     1.57

                      36-42      0.91-1.07   13.82     1.47                       24-28      0.61-0.71   17.42     1.22

                      42-48      1.07-1.22   22.76     1.52                       28-32      0.71-0.81   26.76     1.73

                      48-54      1.22-1.37   26.62     1.68                       32-36      0.81-0.91   58.14     2.81

                      54-60      1.37-1.52   13.70     1.23                       36-40      0.91-1.02   18.12     1.56

                      60-66      1.52-1.68   36.39     2.52                       40-44      1.02-1.12   26.22     1.55

                      66-72      1.68-1.83   32.27     1.91                       44-50      1.12-1.27   7.07      0.88

                      72-78      1.83-1.98   46.43     2.31                                                        

                      78-84      1.98-2.13   8.88      0.73    4                  0-4        0-0.10      0.0       

                      84-90      2.13-2.29   6.75      0.92                       4-8        0.10-0.20   0.0       

                      90-96      2.29-2.44   3.23      0.60                       8-12       0.20-0.30   0.0       

                      96-102     2.44-2.59   0.0                                  12-16      0.30-0.41   11.41     2.03

                      102-108    2.59-2.74   0.0                                  16-20      0.41-0.51   15.46     2.28

                      108-114    2.74-2.90   0.0                                  20-24      0.51-0.61   16.36     1.75

                                                                                  24-28      0.61-0.71   21.74     1.78

  7                   0-6        0-0.15      0.0                                  28-32      0.71-0.81   38.70     2.85

                      6-12       0.15-0.30   14.87     2.15                       32-36      0.81-0.91   40.46     2.46

                      12-18      0.30-0.46   10.97     1.70                       36-40      0.91-1.02   23.31     2.05

                      18-24      0.46-0.61   16.04     1.37                       40-44      1.02-1.12   12.28     1.34

                      24-30      0.61-0.76   12.94     1.94                       44-48      1.12-1.22   0.0       

                      30-36      0.76-0.91   18.50     1.56                       48-52      1.22-1.32   0.0       

                      36-42      0.91-1.07   17.83     1.70                       52-56      1.32-1.42   0.0       

                      42-48      1.07-1.22   12.01     1.01                       56-60      1.42-1.52   0.0       

                      48-54      1.22-1.37   26.92     1.98                       60-64      1.52-1.63   0.0       

                      54-60      1.37-1.52   21.30     1.71                                                        

                      60-66      1.52-1.68   25.94     1.61                                                        

                      66-72      1.68-1.83   33.53     2.21                                                        

                      72-78      1.83-1.98   24.73     1.67                                                        

                      78-84      1.98-2.13   15.78     1.06                                                        

                      84-90      2.13-2.29   0.0                                                                   

                      90-94      2.29-2.39   0.0                                                                   

                                                                                                                   

  9                   0-6        0-0.15      0.0                                                                   

                      6-12       0.15-0.30   4.85      0.69                                                        

  *Table 5-5                                                                                                       
  continued*                                                                                                       

  Core                Depth                  ^137^CS   Error                                                       
                      Interval                                                                                     

  No.                 (in)       \(m\)       (Bq/g)                                                                

  *[Sugar Creek                                                                                                    
  #12]{.underline}*                                                                                                

                      12-18      0.30-0.46   6.64      0.12                                                        

                      18-24      0.46-0.61   19.27     1.61                                                        

                      24-30      0.61-0.76   19.87     1.18                                                        

                      30-36      0.76-0.91   24.24     1.70                                                        

                      36-42      0.91-1.07   26.08     2.03                                                        

                      42-48      1.07-1.22   2.89      0.47                                                        

                      48-54      1.22-1.37   0.0                                                                   

                      54-60      1.37-1.52   4.26      0.64                                                        

                      60-66      1.52-1.68   0.0                                                                   

                      66-72      1.68-1.83   0.0                                                                   

                      72-78      1.83-1.98   0.0                                                                   

                      78-84      1.98-2.13   0.0                                                                   

                      84-92      2.13-2.34   0.0                                                                   
  ------------------- ---------- ----------- --------- ------- ------------------ ---------- ----------- --------- -------

## **5.4 Discussion** 

Results from the chemical testing of the sediments from all three
reservoirs showed very good overall sediment quality. Contaminant
analysis was based on representative compounds likely to indicate
contamination from different historical and current land uses. Results
of contaminant analysis show minor contamination by residual breakdown
products of DDT. The presence of DDE and DDD in sediment, a metabolite
of DDT, poses no health issue. Breakdown products of DDT are common in
some reservoirs that trap sediments (Cooper, 1991) from land farmed in
the 1950's and 1960's. Metabolites degrade quite slowly in anaerobic
sediments for decades. The greater concentration observed in Sugar Creek
#12 reflects historical use and erosion rates. Methyl parathion, a
common insecticide, was found in low concentrations in all three
reservoirs. Detection trends followed current land use.

Physical and elemental properties that were measured fall within
expected ranges of values for naturally occurring sediments at all three
lakes and do not indicate any potential adverse effects on water quality
in the reservoirs. Concentrations of metals in reservoir sediments are
below known toxic levels, and cation concentrations are balanced.

# 6. Integration of Results

## **6.1 Radioactive Cesium Results and Sedimentation Rates**

The concentration of ^137^Cs (becquerels per gram; Bq/g) as a function
of core depth is shown in Figure 6-1 for Sugar Creek #12 and Figure 6-2
for Sergeant Major #4. For Sugar Creek #12, a peak in the ^137^Cs
emissions occurs at a subsurface depth of 1.98 m for Core 4, at 1.83 m
for Core 7, and at 1.07 m for Core 9 (lower bound of histogram bar).
This peak coincides with the 1964 peak in ^137^Cs fallout. Using this
1964 datum, sedimentation rates from 1964 to the present are 55.0, 50.8,
and 29.6 mm/yr or 0.067, 0.062, and 0.036 mm/ha-yr (using drainage basin
area) based on Core 4, 7, and 9, respectively. Since the dam was
constructed in 1964, the sand deposited below these stratigraphic levels
(Figure 6-1) is interpreted as parent (pre-construction) material.

Similar peaks in the distribution of ^137^Cs and the demarcation of the
1964 datum are observed in the cores taken at Sergeant Major #4 (Figure
6-2): at 0.91 m for both Core 1 and 4. From 1964 to the present, a
sedimentation rate of 25.4 mm/yr or 0.017 mm/ha-yr is deduced from these
cores. Since the dam was constructed in 1955, the sand and gravel
located stratigraphically below the mud layers (Figure 6-2) are
interpreted as parent (pre-construction) material. Therefore during the
period from 1955 to 1964, sedimentation rates are 28.2 and 18.3 mm/yr or
0.019 and 0.012 mm/ha-yr based on Core 1 and 4, respectively. This
proposal is substantiated by the presence of alternating layers
(laminae) of black and brown mud interpreted as varves (Leeder, 1982).

In a number of samples near both the top and bottom of the cores, no
^137^Cs was detected (Figures 6-1 and 6-2). This lack of ^137^Cs
emission is attributed to the presence of sediment that has not been
exposed to the atmosphere since 1954.

## **6.2 Stratigraphic Correlation within Sugar Creek #12**

With the aid of the physical and chemical results coupled with the
^137^Cs analysis, correlation of stratigraphic horizons can be
determined across the basin in Sugar Creek #12. Three traverses across
the basin shown in Figure 6-3 are illustrated in Figures 6-4, 6-5, and
6-6. Each core was positioned with respect to the elevation of the
current lake bottom and the distance across the reservoir (note vertical
exaggeration). Also shown on these figures is grain size (top line,
given as % sand/silt/clay), magnetic susceptibility (middle line, given
as 10^-8^ m^3^/kg), and color (on bottom and underlined, given as hue YR
value/chroma where YR is yellow red). These correlation methods were
only partially successful due to the low number of sediment samples
analyzed.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image104.wmf){width="8.495833333333334in"
  height="5.522916666666666in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397391 .anchor}Figure 6-1. Comparison of
  stratigraphic logs at Sugar Creek #12 with ^137^Cs results. The 1964
  level is identified and shown.

  ![](media/image105.wmf){width="6.342361111111111in"
  height="5.227083333333334in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397392 .anchor}Figure 6-2. Comparison of
  stratigraphic logs at Sergeant Major #4 with ^137^Cs results. The 1964
  level is identified and shown.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image106.wmf){width="5.022222222222222in"
  height="6.583333333333333in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397393 .anchor}Figure 6-3. Base map of Sugar
  Creek #12 showing the location of all sediment cores (numbered) and the
  positions of the stratigraphic cross-sections depicted in Figures 6-4,
  6-5, and 6-5 (dashed lines). All positions are in UTM coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image107.wmf){width="5.804166666666666in" height="4.3875in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397394 .anchor}Figure 6-4. A north to south
  representation of the subsurface stratigraphy obtained at Sugar Creek
  #12 for Cores 2, 3, 4, and 8, placed relative to the current lake
  bottom and distance across the reservoir (note vertical exaggeration).
  Lines show the current lake bottom and the 1964 datum. The location of
  the sediment samples examined are shown by the tick marks, and the
  numbers beside each tick give grain size (top line, given as %
  sand/silt/clay), magnetic susceptibility (middle line, given as 10^-8^
  m^3^/kg), and color (on bottom and underlined, given as hue YR
  value/chroma where YR is yellow red). Refer to Figure 4-7 for legend.

  ![](media/image108.wmf){width="5.995138888888889in"
  height="4.2965277777777775in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397395 .anchor}Figure 6-5. A north to south
  representation of the subsurface stratigraphy obtained at Sugar Creek
  #12 for Cores 1, 10, 6, and 5, placed relative to the current lake
  bottom and distance across the reservoir (note vertical exaggeration).
  Lines show the current lake bottom and the 1964 datum. The location of
  the sediment samples examined are shown by the tick marks, and the
  numbers beside each tick give grain size (top line, given as %
  sand/silt/clay), magnetic susceptibility (middle line, given as 10^-8^
  m^3^/kg), and color (on bottom and underlined, given as hue YR
  value/chroma where YR is yellow red). Refer to Figure 4-7 for legend.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image109.wmf){width="4.771527777777778in"
  height="4.129166666666666in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397396 .anchor}Figure 6-6. A west to east
  representation of the subsurface stratigraphy obtained at Sugar Creek
  #12 for Cores 9, 1, 7, and 2, placed relative to the current lake
  bottom and distance across the reservoir (note vertical exaggeration).
  Lines show the current lake bottom and the 1964 datum. The location of
  the sediment samples examined are shown by the tick marks, and the
  numbers beside each tick give grain size (top line, given as %
  sand/silt/clay), magnetic susceptibility (middle line, given as 10^-8^
  m^3^/kg), and color (on bottom and underlined, given as hue YR
  value/chroma where YR is yellow red). Refer to Figure 4-7 for legend.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

### *6.2.1 North to South Traverse on Eastern Side of Reservoir*

This traverse starts near the northeast corner of the basin, runs
essentially parallel to the embankment toward the tributary entering the
southern end of the reservoir (Figures 6-3 and 6-4). The 1964 datum
determined for Core 4 can be extended with certainty toward the north.
Several sand layers were deposited after 1964 near the tributary source,
some as thin as 10 mm. One sand unit in Core 8 can be correlated to Core
4 (Figure 6-4), and it most likely becomes the muddy sand unit in Core
3. Moreover, the thin-bedded sand units near the base of Core 8,
demarcated by alternating red and brown colors, probably correlate with
the sand lenses in Core 4 although the latter are separated by
decimeter-scale layers of silt and clay. While there are some observable
sand deposits, most of the sediment that has accumulated along the
traverse is silt and clay in nearly equal proportions (see Table 4-1).

### *6.2.2 North to South Traverse on Western Side of Reservoir*

This traverse starts near the northwest corner of the basin, runs
essentially southward toward the tributary entering the southwestern end
of the reservoir (Figures 6-3 and 6-5). The 1964 datum deduced for Core
1 in Figure 6-4 can be extended with certainty toward the south. Several
sand layers were deposited after 1964 near the tributary source,
especially near the top of Core 5. The muddy sand unit near the base of
Core 6 probably correlates with one of the sand lenses in Core 5. While
there are some observable sand deposits, most of the sediment that has
accumulated along the traverse is silt and clay in nearly equal
proportions (see Table 4-1).

### *6.2.3 West to East Traverse*

This traverse starts in the northwest corner of the lake near one of the
main tributaries and extends eastward toward the deepest part of the
reservoir near the embankment (Figures 6-3 and 6-6). The 1964 datum
deduced by the ^137^Cs results can be extended with certainty across the
entire basin. As this time line coincides with the construction of the
dam, all sand and gravel present at depths greater than about 1.5 m is
considered pre-construction material. Near the tributary source (western
side), there are several sand deposits younger in age than 1964, some as
thin as 30 mm. Yet none of these sand units extends into the deeper part
of the basin. Volumetrically, silt and clay in approximately equal
proportions dominate the sediment deposit along this traverse.

## **6.3 Isopach Map of the Sediment Impounded at Sugar Creek #12**

With the stratigraphic interpretations complete, a map showing the
thickness of the deposited sediment in the reservoir at Sugar Creek #12
can be constructed (Figure 6-7). This map is based on the 10 cores
extracted and the contours were constructed using commercially available
software. Care was taken not to extend the contour lines outside the
data area.

Figure 6-7 shows that sediment is thickest in the northern part of the
basin, near the northwest tributary. Locally thick accumulations occur
near the southern tributaries.

#  {#section-11}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image110.wmf){width="5.663194444444445in"
  height="7.361805555555556in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397397 .anchor}Figure 6-7. Base map of Sugar
  Creek #12 showing the thickness of deposited sediment (isopachs) based
  on the interpreted sediment cores. All positions are in UTM
  coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

##  **6.4 Seismic Stratigraphy in Sergeant Major #4**

The seismic records at Sergeant Major #4, which are of higher quality
than those at Sugar Creek #12 and #14, are examined here more carefully.
Since sediment cores were obtained in the vicinity of the seismic lines,
the seismic records may share some of the characteristics displayed in
the sediment cores.

The location of three sediment cores (Cores 1, 2, and 3) are the short
seismic segments analyzed further are shown in Figure 6-8. These seismic
lines were processed as previously described (see §3.2), but the seismic
horizons are identified with great rigor and care.

Along the northern tributary (Figure 6-8), three seismic horizons are
identified: the fluid-sediment interface and two discontinuous seismic
horizons at depth. Core 1 is located approximately near the center of
the inset on Figure 6-9, and the seismic horizons are compared to the
stratigraphic column in Figure 6-10. The shallow seismic horizon is
correlated in space to the thin sand unit within the thick mud layer,
while the deeper seismic horizon is correlated to the stratigraphic
boundary between the mud and the sand and gravel layer. This sand and
gravel layer has been interpreted to be parent (pre-constructional)
material (see §6.1).

Along the central tributary (Figure 6-8), three seismic horizons are
similarly identified (Figure 6-11). Core 2 is located approximately near
the center of the inset on Figure 6-11, and the seismic horizons are
compared to the stratigraphic column in Figure 6-12. The shallow seismic
horizon is correlated in space to the stratigraphic boundary between the
mud and sand, while the deeper seismic horizon is correlated to either
the top or bottom of one of the sand units at depth.

The seismogram along the southern tributary (Figure 6-8), shows only two
seismic horizons: the fluid-sediment interface and one seismic horizon
at depth (Figure 6-13). However, it is quite apparent that additional
seismic energy is present at depth. Core 3 is located approximately near
the center of the inset on Figure 6-13, but the deeper seismic horizon
bears little resemblance to the stratigraphic column (Figure 6-14). One
could make a case for identifying a deeper seismic horizon that would
correlate to the stratigraphic boundary between the mud and sand (Figure
6-14).

The decimeter-scale variation observed between the seismic horizons and
the stratigraphic columns can be related to the assumed velocity within
the sediment and the accuracy of the positioning systems. Here a
constant velocity for the propagation of seismic waves, 1500 m/s, is
used to transform the seismic arrival times into spatial distances. This
velocity will depend on at least the physical properties of the water
and sediment. In addition, the resolution of the coordinate systems used
can be as much as ±4 m. This is especially true for the military-grade
receiver that could not be differentially corrected. Such discrepancies
in velocity and position could produce variations in the depth and
thickness of the seismic horizon. Moreover, there is no presumption that
every seismic horizon identified with rigor and care can be correlated
to a stratigraphic horizon, and vice versa.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image111.wmf){width="5.99375in" height="6.573611111111111in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397398 .anchor}Figure 6-8. Base map of
  Sergeant Major #4 showing traces for all seismic lines. Three segments
  close to sediment cores 1, 2, and 3 are discussed in text. All
  positions are in UTM coordinates.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image112.wmf){width="8.998611111111112in"
  height="4.1305555555555555in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397399 .anchor}Figure 6-9. Seismogram from
  Sergeant Major corresponding to Core 1 (Figure 6-8). Solid lines are
  interpreted seismic reflectors identified and verified. Depth and
  length scales are shown. Approximate location of Core 1 is within
  center of inset.

  ![](media/image113.wmf){width="6.118055555555555in"
  height="5.418055555555555in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397400 .anchor}Figure 6-10. Seismogram from
  Sergeant Major at the approximate location of Core 1 and its
  interpretation (see Figures 6-8 and 6-9; see Figure 4-13 for
  stratigraphic legend). Depth and length scales are shown.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image114.wmf){width="8.998611111111112in"
  height="4.128472222222222in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397401 .anchor}Figure 6-11. Seismogram from
  Sergeant Major corresponding to Core 2 (Figure 6-8). Solid lines are
  interpreted seismic reflectors identified and verified. Depth and
  length scales are shown. Approximate location of Core 2 is within
  center of inset.

  ![](media/image115.wmf){width="5.350694444444445in"
  height="5.350694444444445in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397402 .anchor}Figure 6-12. Seismogram from
  Sergeant Major at the approximate location of Core 2 and its
  interpretation (see Figures 6-8 and 6-11; see Figure 4-13 for
  stratigraphic legend). Depth and length scales are shown.

  ![](media/image116.wmf){width="8.998611111111112in"
  height="4.1305555555555555in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397403 .anchor}Figure 6-13. Seismogram from
  Sergeant Major corresponding to Core 3 (Figure 6-8). Solid lines are
  interpreted seismic reflectors identified and verified. Depth and
  length scales are shown. Approximate location of Core 3 is within
  center of inset.

  ![](media/image117.wmf){width="6.336111111111111in"
  height="5.334722222222222in"}

  []{#__RefHeading___Toc507397404 .anchor}Figure 6-14. Seismogram from
  Sergeant Major at the approximate location of Core 3 and its
  interpretation (see Figures 6-8 and 6-13; see Figure 4-13 for
  stratigraphic legend). Depth and length scales are shown.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

## **6.5 Effect of Land Use on Sedimentation**

### *6.5.1 Sugar Creek #12* {#sugar-creek-12-3}

Historic land use data for the environs of Sugar Creek #12 shows that
between the mid-1960's and the mid-1980's apparently all forested areas
were converted to cropland that included peanuts, cotton, and small
grains (see §2.1). Since the mid-1980's, approximately 40% of the
cultivated land has been converted to pastureland with no change in the
amount of grassland and tree-lined drains. Clearly, the conversion of
forested areas to cropland would result in higher sediment yields and an
increase in reservoir sedimentation. The relatively high rates of
sedimentation observed at Sugar Creek #12, 55.0, 50.8, and 29.6 mm/yr or
0.067, 0.062, and 0.036 mm/ha-yr, reflect this basin-wide change in land
use.

It should be noted that according to USDA-NRCS personnel, the main
stream supplying the reservoir is considered unstable due to the
presence of actively migrating knickpoints. These unstable channels can
be a significant source of sediment within the watershed. Reported
erosion rates for actively degrading stream channels can be as much as
11 million tons of sediment per year (Simon, 1989). In northern
Mississippi, about 190,000 tons of sediment per year were discharged
from 12.4 km of Hotophia Creek (Little and Murphey, 1981).

### *6.5.2 Sergeant Major #4* {#sergeant-major-4-4}

Historic land use data for the environs of Sergeant Major #4 show that
since 1960 much of the cropland has been converted almost entirely to
seeded native mix (see §2.3). This conversion from a rangeland and
cultivated watershed to a predominantly rangeland and grassland
watershed with minor amounts of cropland and pastureland would result in
lower sediment yields and a decrease in reservoir sedimentation. The
relatively low rates of sedimentation observed at Sergeant Major #4,
25.4 mm/yr or 0.017 mm/ha-yr since 1964 and 28.2 and 18.3 mm/yr or 0.019
and 0.012 mm/ha-yr from 1956 to 1964, reflect the land use within the
region.

## **6.6 Discussion**

The distribution of radioactive ^137^Cs emissions facilitated the
identification of the 1964 timeline within the sediments at both Sugar
Creek #12 and Sergeant Major #4. Since the dam at Sugar Creek #12 was
built in 1964, the 1964 timeline also delineated the post-construction
sediments from the pre-construction or parent materials. Average
sedimentation rates from 1964 to the present time can be calculated and
an isopach map of the distribution of deposited sediment can be
constructed.

At Sergeant Major #4, the 1964 timeline based on the distribution of
^137^Cs emissions was determined. Since the dam was constructed in 1956,
the sand and gravel deposits located stratigraphically below the 1964
horizon are interpreted as parent material. This interpretation allowed
for the calculation of average sedimentation rates to be determined for
the period from 1956 to 1964 in addition to rates from 1964 to the
present.

The relatively high rates of sedimentation observed at Sugar Creek #12
are related to a basin-wide conversion of forested areas to cropland and
knickpoint erosion and channel degradation above the reservoir. The
conversion of cropland to native seed grasses within the watershed of
Sergeant Major #4 has resulted in relatively low rates of sedimentation.

Most of the sediment that has accumulated in the reservoir at Sugar
Creek #12 is composed of silt and clay, with clay in slightly greater
proportion. Any deposition of sand is restricted to near the tributary
sources. The sediment deposited in Sergeant Major #4 is composed of
sand, silt, and clay, with significantly more silt than clay.

Seismic data obtained in the vicinity of the sediment cores at Sergeant
Major #4 show some agreement with the stratigraphic columns. However,
comparing seismographs to stratigraphic or sedimentological data are
inherently problematic because a seismic horizon need not be a
stratigraphic boundary.

# 7. Recommendations

The following are recommendations for future studies based on the
experiences presented herein.

1.  Geophysical techniques offer unrivaled opportunities to visualize
    the subsurface stratigraphy within sediment-laden reservoirs. The
    cost of such systems as used herein can range from \$50,000 to
    \$100,000, which is not terribly expensive. However, the geophysical
    technique and the environment in which it is applied pose additional
    challenges.

One difficulty in using any geophysical technique is the amount of prior
knowledge the user requires for obtaining the data and the amount of
post-processing required to reduce the data to a useable format. The
system used herein required little prior knowledge to operate, almost
plug-and-play, but it did require extensive knowledge and training for
processing the collected data. In addition, post-processing software or
the contracting of such processing can be very expensive, tens of
thousands of dollars or upwards of \$500 per day.

> In addition, shallow water environments require very specialized
> equipment for optimal performance. The system used here did not
> perform well in water depths less than about 0.6m (2-ft) because the
> seismic source was too powerful, the shot length was too long, and the
> position between the seismic source and receiver was too large.
> Because of this, the seismic receiver was already recording incoming
> information while the seismic source was still discharging it and
> reverberations or multiple signals were too numerous. Modifications
> can be made to accommodate these shallow water environments typically
> of flood control reservoirs, but this would take additional resources.
>
> It should be noted that another device is currently available for
> subsurface data collection. Dunbar et al. (1999) have developed a
> self-contained multifrequency acoustic profiling system that employs a
> high frequency precision fathometer, four lower frequencies for
> sediment profiling, an in-line DGPS system, and processing software.
> With the sediment acoustic velocity calibrated, successful acoustic
> profiles were obtained at Waco Lake in water depths up to 18 m and
> with sediment thickness less than 2 m. Under optimum conditions,
> sub-centimeter vertical resolution is possible.

2.  A vibracoring system is a much-used and simple technique for
    obtaining continuous, undisturbed sediment cores within reservoirs
    as well as many other environments. Such systems can be purchased or
    constructed for \$10,000 to \$20,000. No other technique ensures
    that the complete sediment column is recovered undisturbed. All
    sediment sampling and characterization can be routinely made once a
    complete core is extracted. The system used here performed
    reasonably well.

3.  The decision to run particular chemical analyses were based on (a)
    known historical land use practices, information such as crops and
    treatments and (b) screenings of common agrichemicals and
    contaminants typically found in agricultural regions. Environmental
    chemistry laboratories are quite common across the U.S., each
    offering an array of services to determine the quality of sediment.
    Typically, laboratories offer pre-defined screenings of major
    element, contaminants, or agrichemicals. These screenings normally
    include heavy metals and other elements, herbicides,
    organophosphorus pesticides, and priority pollutant pesticides
    (organochlorine pesticides) and PCBs. Each screening may cost from
    \$100 to \$500, but one sample may require multiple screenings.
    Moreover, there are dozens of commonly used agrichemicals that are
    not analyzed in these pre-defined screenings, each costing an
    additional \$100 to \$200. It is easy to see that chemical analysis
    can become quite expensive. Knowledge of historic land use could
    focus the analytical work, thus improve the assessment of sediment
    quality. Without any information on previous land use, typical
    screenings offered by environmental chemistry laboratories is
    recommended.

The interpretation of chemical results would be greatly facilitated by
knowing the toxicity levels of the element or compound in question. A
detailed listing of toxicity levels has been provided in the Appendix,
but these may be superceded by local or state regulations. In addition,
there is at present no definitive source for acquiring such information
on recommended limits. State environmental agencies and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency should be consulted for guidance on
these matters.

One additional concern is the question of "representability" (*sic*).
All samples analyzed herein are depth-integrated; that is, the sediment
was averaged over length of core. The composite sample was further
subdivided by the laboratory technician. Hence, there may exist specific
horizons with chemicals present that were not identified or
concentrations in excess of those reporting. This question of securing a
representative sediment sample for analysis is not trivial.

# 8. Conclusions

Since 1944, the USDA-NRCS has constructed over 10,000 upstream flood
control dams in 2000 watersheds in 47 states, each with a design life of
50 years. The watershed projects, which represent a \$14 billion
infrastructure, have provided flood control, municipal water supply,
recreation, and wildlife habitat enhancement. Because of population
growth and land use changes through time, sediment pools are filling,
some structural components have deteriorated, safety regulations are
stricter, and the hazard classification for some dams has changed.

Before any rehabilitation strategy can be designed and implemented, the
sediment impounded by these dams must be assessed in terms of the
structure's efficiency to regulate floodwaters and the potential hazard
the sediment may pose if reintroduced into the environment. To this end,
a demonstration project was designed to evaluate technologies,
methodologies, and protocols for the cost-effective characterization of
sediment.

For a given lake within an embankment flood control structure, the
USDA-NRCS needs to determine (1) the thickness of sediment deposited,
(2) the rates of sedimentation, (3) the quality of sediment with respect
to agrichemicals (related to agricultural practices) and petrochemicals
(related to hydrocarbon extraction, drilling, and well development), and
(4) the spatial distribution of the sediment quality. Based on visits to
the reservoirs in Oklahoma and discussions with the USDA-NRCS, the
USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory and its colleagues
recommended the use of seismic surveying, vibracoring, and detailed
chemical analysis to characterize the quality and quantity of sediment
within these reservoirs.

Three field sites were chosen for this demonstration project. Sugar
Creek #12 is located near Hinton, OK, and it is a relatively small lake
with a mud bottom and fairly shallow water depths. The main stream
supplying the lake is considered unstable due to the presence of
actively migrating knickpoints, and excessive sedimentation rates have
significantly decreased storage capacity. Moreover, historic land use of
cultivated fields of cotton and peanuts suggests that agrichemicals may
be present in the lake sediments. Sugar Creek #14 is also located near
Hinton, OK, and it is a relatively small lake with a mud bottom and
fairly shallow water depths. Historic land use includes a small amount
of cultivated fields of cotton and peanuts, but preliminary surveys
indicate that sedimentation rates were not as high here as they were at
Sugar Creek #12. Sergeant Major #4 is located near Cheyenne, OK and is a
moderately sized structure with a reservoir covering an area of about 35
acres. This site was chosen because it has become the sole municipal
source of water for the town of Cheyenne, and preserving water quality
is a major concern.

In November 1999, seismic surveys of each lake were conducted and
shallow sediment cores were collected for preliminary quality analysis.
In June 2000, continuous, undisturbed sediment cores were obtained at
Sugar Creek #12 and Sergeant Major #4 using a vibracoring system. The
physical, chemical, agrichemical, and contaminant characteristics of the
sediment within these cores were determined. Below are the major
conclusions of the study.

1.  Seismic profiles were successfully obtained in each of the three
    reservoirs in Oklahoma. However, the very shallow water depths at
    Sugar Creek #12 and Sugar Creek #14 caused unwanted noise in the
    seismic signal, and the processed data are virtually impossible to
    interpret.

2.  The seismic profiles at Sergeant Major #4 show a number of distinct
    interpreted seismic reflectors in the subsurface. These reflectors
    range in thickness from 0.1 to 0.5 m and occur at depths of up to
    1.5 m below the sediment bed. Several reflectors can be traced up to
    80 m across the lake, while others appear to be restricted to the
    topographically low regions. Reflector thickness appears to be
    greatest along the northwestern tributary arm, while the thinnest
    reflectors occur along the small central tributary arm. Nonetheless,
    reflectors were ubiquitous in all regions of the lake. These
    reflectors, however, are unverified.

3.  Ten continuous, undisturbed cores of lake sediment were successfully
    obtained at Sugar Creek #12. These cores ranged in length from 1.3
    to 3.1 m and were extracted from water depths ranging from 0.5 to
    3 m. In general, the cores are composed of sand, silt, and clay. In
    places, alternating layers of black and brown silt and clay are
    present, and these are interpreted as varves. Very thick
    accumulations, up to 2.4 m, of silt and clay are common and
    virtually no gravel is observed. These silt-clay units generally
    have slightly more clay than silt. The amount of silt and clay is
    positively correlated with the amount of carbon, nitrogen, and high
    values of magnetic susceptibility.

4.  Four continuous, undisturbed cores of lake sediment were
    successfully obtained at Sergeant Major #4. These cores ranged in
    length from 1.3 to 1.6 m and were extracted from water depths
    ranging from 1 to 12 m. In general, the cores are composed of
    gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Very thick accumulations, up to 1.1 m,
    of silt and clay are common, but also common are large sand
    accumulations of up to 1 m. The sediments are poorly sorted, and the
    amount of silt is generally two to three times greater than clay.
    Gravel is common near the base of many cores. Little correlation is
    observed amongst the physical and chemical characteristics of the
    sediment.

5.  The analysis of sediment quality include examining for 18 different
    priority pollutant pesticides, 7 different PCBs, 11 different
    insecticides and herbicides, and 14 different heavy metals,
    elements, and other contaminants. A total of 34 sediment samples
    from Sugar Creek #12, 6 sediment samples Sugar Creek #14, and 17
    sediment samples from Sergeant Major #4 were analyzed in this study.
    Results from testing sediments from all three reservoirs show very
    good overall sediment quality. Results of contaminant analysis show
    minor contamination by residual breakdown products of DDT. The
    presence of DDE and DDD in sediment, a metabolite of DDT, poses no
    health issue and is common to many reservoirs that trap sediments
    from land farmed in the 1950's and 1960's. The greater concentration
    observed in Sugar Creek #12 reflects historical use and erosion
    rates. Methyl parathion, a common insecticide, was found in low
    concentrations in all three reservoirs. Detection trends followed
    current land use. General analysis of oil and grease shows the
    presence of only small proportions of this contaminant. Physical and
    elemental properties that were measured fall within expected ranges
    of values for naturally occurring sediments at all three lakes and
    do not indicate any potential adverse effects on water quality in
    the reservoirs. Concentrations of metals in reservoir sediments are
    below known toxic levels, and cation concentrations are balanced.

6.  Peaks in the concentration of ^137^Cs emissions, corresponding the
    1964 datum, occur in subsurface sediments at both Sugar Creek #12
    and Sergeant Major #4. Using this 1964 datum, sedimentation rates
    from 1964 to the present in Sugar Creek #12 are 55.0, 50.8, and 29.6
    mm/yr or 0.067, 0.062, and 0.036 mm/ha-yr based on core data.
    Similar peaks in the distribution of ^137^Cs and the demarcation of
    the 1964 datum are observed in the cores taken at Sergeant Major #4.
    From 1964 to the present, a sedimentation rate of 25.4 mm/yr or
    0.017 mm/ha-yr is deduced from these cores. Since the dam was
    constructed in 1955, the sand and gravel located stratigraphically
    below the mud layers are interpreted as parent (pre-construction)
    material. Therefore during the period from 1955 to 1964,
    sedimentation rates are 28.2 and 18.3 mm/yr or 0.019 and 0.012
    mm/ha-yr based on core data.

7.  Correlation of sediments within the reservoir at Sugar Creek #12 was
    made possible using all of the physical and chemical information
    available. Most of the sediment that has accumulated within this
    basin is silt and clay in nearly equal proportions, while sand
    deposition is restricted to the tributary sources. A contour map of
    deposited sediment thickness shows that sediment is thickest in the
    northern part of the basin, near the northwest tributary. Locally
    thick accumulations occur near the southern tributaries.

8.  The relatively high rates of sedimentation observed at Sugar Creek
    #12 are related to a basin-wide conversion of forested areas to
    cropland and knickpoint erosion and channel degradation above the
    reservoir. The conversion of cropland to native seed grasses within
    the watershed of Sergeant Major #4 has resulted in relatively low
    rates of sedimentation.

9.  Select, higher quality seismic records from Sergeant Major #4 are
    shown to correlate to some of the stratigraphic boundaries observed
    in the sediment cores. However, comparing seismographs to
    stratigraphic or sedimentological data are inherently problematic.

# 9. References

Caldwell, L.W., 1999, Rehabilitating our nation's aging small watershed
projects. Presented at the Soil and Water Conservation Annual
Conference, Aug. 8-11, Biloxi, MS.

Caldwell, L.W., 2000, Good for another 100 years: The rehabilitation of
Sergeant Major Creek Watershed. Presented at the Association of State
Dam Safety Officials, September 28-30, 2000, Providence, RI.

Cooper, C. M., 1991, Persistent organochlorine and current use
insecticide concentrations in major watershed components of Moon Lake,
Mississippi, USA. Arch. Hydrobiol. 121(1), 103-113.

Dunbar, J.A., P.M. Allen, and P.D. Higley, 1999, Multifrequency acoustic
profiling for water reservoir sedimentation studies. Journal of
Sedimentary Research, 69, 521-527.

Kimbrough, D.L., P.L. Abbott, R.G. Gastil, and P.J.W. Hamner, 1997,
Provenance investigations using magnetic susceptibility. Journal of
Sedimentary Research, 67, 879-883.

Lanesky, D.E., B.W. Logan, R.G. Brown, and A.C. Hine, 1979 A new
approach to portable vibracoring underwater and on land. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 654-657.

Leeder, M.R., 1982, Sedimentology: Process and Product. Allen and Unwin,
London, 344pp.

Little W.C., and J.B. Murphey, 1981, Evaluation of stream bank erosion
control demonstration projects in the bluff line streams of northwest
Mississippi, Appendix A, Stream Stability Report to Vicksburg District,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, AD-A101-386, National Technical
Information Service.

Lindbo, D.L., M.C. Rabenhorst, and F.E. Rhoton, 1998, Soil color,
organic carbon, and hydromorphology relationships in sandy epipedons. In
M.C. Rabenhorst, J.C. Bell, and P.A. McDaniel, eds., Quantifying Soil
Hydromorphology, Soil Science Society of America Special Publication No.
54, p. 95-105, Madison, WI.

Lindbo, D.L., F.E. Rhoton, W.H. Hudnall, N.E. Smeck, and J.M. Bingham,
1997, Loess stratigraphy and fragipan occurrence in the lower
Mississippi River valley. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61,
195-210.

Lindsley, D.H., G.E. Anderson, and J.R. Balsley, 1966, Magnetic
properties of rocks and minerals. In S.P. Clark, ed., Handbook of
Physical Constants, Geological Society of America, Memoir 97, p.
543-552, Denver, CO.

McLean, E.O., 1982, Soil pH and lime requirement. In A.L. Page, ed.,
Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, 2^nd^ edition, Agronomy Monograph 9,
American Soil Assoaciation and Soil Science Society of America, p.
199-224, Madison, WI.

Munsell Color Company, 1994, Munsell color charts, 1994 ed., Baltimore,
MD.

Ritchie, J.C., and McHenry, J.R., 1990, Application of radioactive
fallout Cesium-137 for measuring soil erosion and sediment accumulation
rates and patterns: A review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 19,
215-233.

Ritchie, J.C and Rasmussen, P.E., 2000, Application of Cesium-137 to
estimate erosion rates for understanding soil carbon loss on long-term
experiments at Pendleton, Oregon. Land Rehabilitation and Development
11, 75-81.

Simon, A. 1989, The discharge of sediment in channelized alluvial
streams, Water Resources Bulletin, 25(6), 1177-1188.

Simpkin, P.G., and A. Davis, 1993, For seismic profiling in very shallow
water, a novel receiver. Sea Technology, 34(9), 21-28.

Smith, D.G., 1984, Vibracoring fluvial and deltaic sediments: Tips on
improving penetration and recovery. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,
54, 660-663.

Soil Survey Staff, 1992, Procedures for collecting soil samples and
methods of analysis for soil survey. USDA-SCS Soil Survey Investigation
Report 42, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

# Appendix: Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds.

**\*\*\*[IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER]{.underline}\*\*\***

The USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory does not advocate nor
enforce the suggested regulatory levels for the chemicals and compounds
listed. Other federal and state regulatory bodies with proper authority
and jurisdiction can and will supersede the information provided herein.
These data should not be used for any purpose other than for background
information. The USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory is
exonerated from any errors or inaccuracies reported herein.

*Introduction*

Summarized in table form is a listing of all chemicals and compounds
analyzed in the report. There is no definitive source for toxicity
levels for the chemicals and compounds, only sparse recommendations. The
majority of the information comes from the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Office of Water and can be found at the web address
www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html (see also www.epq.gov/reg6rcei).
Additional information can be obtained from Linda Faulk, EPA Region 6,
falk.linda@epa.gov, tel. 214-665-8535.

Tables are subdivided into use of chemical (H is a herbicide, I is an
insecticide), where and in what capacity the material is located
(residential soils, Table A-1; industrial soils for an indoor worker,
Table A-2; industrial soils for an outdoor worker, Table A-3; and
ambient air and tap water, Table A-4), and the type of exposure
(inhalation, application to skin (dermal), and ingestion). If there are
no values listed for a particular chemical of compound, there are three
possible reasons: (1) it may not be regulated by the EPA, and/or (2) it
may be on the National Recommended Water Quality Criteria, and/or (3) it
may be on the Final Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
List.

*Key Definitions*

The **National Primary Drinking Water Regulations** (NPDWRs or primary
standards) are legally enforceable standards that apply to public water
systems. Primary standards protect drinking water quality by limiting
the levels of specific contaminants that can adversely affect public
health and are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems.

Contaminants not included in the primary standards may be found in the
**National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations** (NSDWRs or secondary
standards). These standards are non-enforceable guidelines regulating
contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth
discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in
drinking water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but
does not require systems to comply. However, states may choose to adopt
them as enforceable standards.

**MCLG** -- Maximum Contaminant Level Goal is the maximum level of a
contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse
effect on the health effect of persons would occur, and which allows for
and adequate margin of safety. MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals.

**MCL** -- Maximum Contaminant level is the permissible level of a
contaminant in water, which is delivered to any user of a public water
system. MCLs are enforceable standards. The margins of safety in MCLGs
ensure that exceeding the MCL slightly does not pose significant risk to
public health.

**Cancer Risk** -- All levels reported are based on carcinogenicity risk
of 10^-6^. Alternate risk levels may be obtained by moving the decimal
point.

#### **Table A-1. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds found in residential soils.**

+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Compound/Chemical Name | Trade Name | Use  | I     | D     | I     |
|                        |            |      | nhale | ermal | ngest |
|                        |            |      |       |       |       |
|                        |            |      | (ppm) | (ppm) | (ppm) |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Alachlor               | Lasso      | H    | 1     | 25    | 8     |
|                        |            |      | 10000 |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aldrin                 | Aldrex     | I    | 520   | 0.12  | 0.038 |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Arsenic (noncancer     |            |      |       |       |       |
| endpoint)              |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Arsenic (cancer        |            |      | 590   | 4.5   | 0.43  |
| endpoint)              |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Atrazine               | (multiple) | H    | 40000 | 9.1   | 2.9   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Barium and compounds   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Alpha              |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Beta               |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Delta              |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Gamma              | Lindane    | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Bifenthrin             | Talstar    | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Cadmium and compounds  |            |      | 1400  |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Chlordane              | (multiple) | I    | 25000 | 14    | 1.8   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Chlorfenapyr           | Pirate     |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Chlorpyrifos           | Lorsban    | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Total Chromium (1/6    |            |      | 210   |       |       |
| ratio Cr VI/ Cr III)   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Cyanazine              |            | H    | 11000 | 2.4   | 0.76  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| λ-Cyhalothrin          | Karate     | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| DDD                    | TDE        | I    | 37000 | 28    | 2.7   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| DDE                    |            | I    | 26000 | 20    | 1.9   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| DDT                    | (multiple) | I    | 26000 | 20    | 1.9   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Dieldrin               | Dieldrex   | I    | 550   | 0.13  | 0.04  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endosulfan-alpha       | Endosulfan | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endosulfan-beta        |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endosulfan Sulfate     |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endrin                 | Endrex     | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endrin Aldehyde        |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Heptachlor             | (same)     | I    | 1900  | 0.45  | 0.14  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Heptachlor Epoxide     | (same)     | I    | 970   | 0.22  | 0.70  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Lead                   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Mercury and compounds  |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Mercury (elemental)    |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Methyl Parathion       | (same)     | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Metolaclor             | Dual       | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Pendimethalin          | Prowl      | H    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Polychlorinated        |            |      | 4400  | 0.72  | 0.32  |
| Biphenyls              |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1016           | PCBs       |      | 1     | 21    | 9.1   |
|                        |            |      | 30000 |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1221           | PCBs       |      | 4400  | 0.72  | 0.32  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1232           | PCBs       |      | 4400  | 0.72  | 0.32  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1242           | PCBs       |      | 4400  | 0.72  | 0.32  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Table A-1 continued    |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Compound/Chemical Name | Trade Name | Use  | I     | D     | I     |
|                        |            |      | nhale | ermal | ngest |
|                        |            |      |       |       |       |
|                        |            |      | (ppm) | (ppm) | (ppm) |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1248           | PCBs       |      | 4400  | 0.72  | 0.32  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1254           | PCBs       |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1260           | PCBs       |      | 4400  | 0.72  | 0.32  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Selenium               |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Silver and compounds   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Toxaphene              | (multiple) | I    | 7900  | 1.8   | 0.58  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Trifluralin            | Treflan    | H    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Zinc                   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+

#### **Table A-2. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds found in industrial soils for an indoor worker.**

+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Chemical/Compound Name | Trade Name   | Use  | Inhale    | Ingest    |
|                        |              |      |           |           |
|                        |              |      | (ppm)     | (ppm)     |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Alachlor               | Lasso        | H    | 240000    | 100       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aldrin                 | Aldrex       | I    | 1100      | 0.48      |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Arsenic (noncancer     |              |      |           |           |
| endpoint)              |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Arsenic (cancer        |              |      | 1300      | 5.5       |
| endpoint)              |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Atrazine               | (multiple)   | H    | 86000     | 37        |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Barium and compounds   |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| BHC Alpha              |              | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| BHC Beta               |              | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| BHC Delta              |              | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| BHC Gamma              | Lindane      | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Bifenthrin             | Talstar      | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Cadmium and compounds  |              |      | 3000      |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Chlordane              | (multiple)   | I    | 54000     | 23        |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Chlorfenapyr           | Pirate       |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Chlorpyrifos           | Lorsban      | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Total Chromium (1/6    |              |      | 450       |           |
| ratio Cr VI/ Cr III)   |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Cyanazine              |              | H    | 22000     | 9.7       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| λ-Cyhalothrin          | Karate       | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| DDD                    | TDE          | I    | 78000     | 34        |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| DDE                    |              | I    | 55000     | 24        |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| DDT                    | (multiple)   | I    | 55000     | 24        |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Dieldrin               | Dieldrex     | I    | 1200      | 0.51      |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Endosulfan-alpha       | Endosulfan   | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Endosulfan-beta        |              | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Endosulfan Sulfate     |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Endrin                 | Endrex       | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Endrin Aldehyde        |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Heptachlor             | (same)       | I    | 4100      | 1.8       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Heptachlor Epoxide     | (same)       | I    | 2100      | 0.90      |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Lead                   |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Mercury and compounds  |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Mercury (elemental)    |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Methyl Parathion       | (same)       | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Metolaclor             | Dual         | I    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Pendimethalin          | Prowl        | H    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Polychlorinated        |              |      | 9400      | 4.1       |
| Biphenyls              |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aroclor 1016           | PCBs         |      | 270000    | 120       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aroclor 1221           | PCBs         |      | 9400      | 4.1       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aroclor 1232           | PCBs         |      | 9400      | 4.1       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aroclor 1242           | PCBs         |      | 9400      | 4.1       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Table A-2 continued    |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Chemical/Compound Name | Trade Name   | Use  | Inhale    | Ingest    |
|                        |              |      |           |           |
|                        |              |      | (ppm)     | (ppm)     |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aroclor 1248           | PCBs         |      | 9400      | 4.1       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aroclor 1254           | PCBs         |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Aroclor 1260           | PCBs         |      | 9400      | 4.1       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Selenium               |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Silver and compounds   |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Toxaphene              | (multiple)   | I    | 17000     | 7.4       |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Trifluralin            | Treflan      | H    |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+
| Zinc                   |              |      |           |           |
+------------------------+--------------+------+-----------+-----------+

#### **Table A-3. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds found in industrial soils for an outdoor worker.**

+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Compound/Chemical Name | Trade Name | Use  | I     | D     | I     |
|                        |            |      | nhale | ermal | ngest |
|                        |            |      |       |       |       |
|                        |            |      | (ppm) | (ppm) | (ppm) |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Alachlor               | Lasso      | H    | 2     | 67    | 44    |
|                        |            |      | 90000 |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aldrin                 | Aldrex     | I    | 1400  | 0.32  | 0.21  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Arsenic (noncancer     |            |      |       |       |       |
| endpoint)              |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Arsenic (cancer        |            |      | 1600  | 12    | 2.4   |
| endpoint)              |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Atrazine               | (multiple) | H    | 1     | 24    | 16    |
|                        |            |      | 10000 |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Barium and compounds   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Alpha              |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Beta               |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Delta              |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| BHC Gamma              | Lindane    | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Bifenthrin             | Talstar    | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Cadmium and compounds  |            |      | 3700  |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Chlordane              | (multiple) | I    | 67000 | 39    | 10    |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Chlorfenapyr           | Pirate     |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Chlorpyrifos           | Lorsban    | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Total Chromium (1/6    |            |      | 560   |       |       |
| ratio Cr VI/ Cr III)   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Cyanazine              |            | H    | 28000 | 6.5   | 4.3   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| λ-Cyhalothrin          | Karate     | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| DDD                    | TDE        | I    | 98000 | 75    | 15    |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| DDE                    |            | I    | 69000 | 53    | 11    |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| DDT                    | (multiple) | I    | 69000 | 53    | 11    |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Dieldrin               | Dieldrex   | I    | 1500  | 0.34  | 0.22  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endosulfan-alpha       | Endosulfan | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endosulfan-beta        |            | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endosulfan Sulfate     |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endrin                 | Endrex     | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Endrin Aldehyde        |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Heptachlor             | (same)     | I    | 5200  | 1.2   | 0.79  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Heptachlor Epoxide     | (same)     | I    | 2600  | 0.60  | 0.39  |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Lead                   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Mercury and compounds  |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Mercury (elemental)    |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Methyl Parathion       | (same)     | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Metolaclor             | Dual       | I    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Pendimethalin          | Prowl      | H    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Polychlorinated        |            |      | 12000 | 1.9   | 1.8   |
| Biphenyls              |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1016           | PCBs       |      | 3     | 55    | 51    |
|                        |            |      | 40000 |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1221           | PCBs       |      | 12000 | 1.9   | 1.8   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1232           | PCBs       |      | 12000 | 1.9   | 1.8   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1242           | PCBs       |      | 12000 | 1.9   | 1.8   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Table A-3 continued    |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Compound/Chemical Name | Trade Name | Use  | I     | D     | I     |
|                        |            |      | nhale | ermal | ngest |
|                        |            |      |       |       |       |
|                        |            |      | (ppm) | (ppm) | (ppm) |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1248           | PCBs       |      | 12000 | 1.9   | 1.8   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1254           | PCBs       |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Aroclor 1260           | PCBs       |      | 12000 | 1.9   | 1.8   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Selenium               |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Silver and compounds   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Toxaphene              | (multiple) | I    | 21000 | 4.9   | 3.3   |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Trifluralin            | Treflan    | H    |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+
| Zinc                   |            |      |       |       |       |
+------------------------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+

#### **Table A-4. Summary of carcinogenic levels for chemicals and compounds found in ambient air and tap water.**

+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                  |         |    | [A     | [Tap   |        |        |
|                  |         |    | mbient | Water] |        |        |
|                  |         |    | Air]   | {.unde |        |        |
|                  |         |    | {.unde | rline} |        |        |
|                  |         |    | rline} |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| C                | Trade   | U  | Cancer | MCLG   | MCL    | Cancer |
| ompound/Chemical | Name    | se | Risk   |        |        | Risk   |
| Name             |         |    |        | (ppb)  | (ppb)  |        |
|                  |         |    | (ppb)  |        |        | (ppb)  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Alachlor         | Lasso   | H  | 0.084  |        | 2.0    | 0.84   |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aldrin           | Aldrex  | I  | 0      |        |        | 0.004  |
|                  |         |    | .00039 |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Arsenic          |         |    |        |        | 50     |        |
| (noncancer       |         |    |        |        |        |        |
| endpoint)        |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Arsenic (cancer  |         |    | 0      |        |        | 0.045  |
| endpoint)        |         |    | .00045 |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Atrazine         | (mu     | H  | 0.031  | 3.0    | 3.0    | 0.3    |
|                  | ltiple) |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Barium and       |         |    |        | 2000   | 2000   |        |
| compounds        |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| BHC Alpha        |         | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| BHC Beta         |         | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| BHC Delta        |         | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| BHC Gamma        | Lindane | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Bifenthrin       | Talstar | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Cadmium and      |         |    | 0.0011 | 5.0    | 5.0    |        |
| compounds        |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Chlordane        | (mu     | I  | 0.019  |        | 2.0    | 0.19   |
|                  | ltiple) |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Chlorfenapyr     | Pirate  |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Chlorpyrifos     | Lorsban | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Total Chromium   |         |    | 0      | 100    | 100    |        |
| (1/6 ratio Cr    |         |    | .00016 |        |        |        |
| VI/ Cr III)      |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Cyanazine        |         | H  | 0.0080 |        |        | 0.080  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| λ-Cyhalothrin    | Karate  | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| DDD              | TDE     | I  | 0.028  |        |        | 0.28   |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| DDE              |         | I  | 0.020  |        |        | 0.20   |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| DDT              | (mu     | I  | 0.020  |        |        | 0.20   |
|                  | ltiple) |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Dieldrin         | D       | I  | 0      |        |        | 0.0042 |
|                  | ieldrex |    | .00042 |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Endosulfan-alpha | End     | I  |        |        |        |        |
|                  | osulfan |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Endosulfan-beta  |         | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Endosulfan       |         |    |        |        |        |        |
| Sulfate          |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Endrin           | Endrex  | I  |        | 2.0    | 2.0    |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Endrin Aldehyde  |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Heptachlor       | (same)  | I  | 0.0015 |        | 0.10   | 0.015  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Heptachlor       | (same)  | I  | 0      |        | 0.20   | 0.0074 |
| Epoxide          |         |    | .00074 |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Lead             |         |    |        |        | 15     |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| *Table A-4       |         |    |        |        |        |        |
| continued*       |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                  |         |    | [A     | [Tap   |        |        |
|                  |         |    | mbient | Water] |        |        |
|                  |         |    | Air]   | {.unde |        |        |
|                  |         |    | {.unde | rline} |        |        |
|                  |         |    | rline} |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| C                | Trade   | U  | Cancer | MCLG   | MCL    | Cancer |
| ompound/Chemical | Name    | se | Risk   |        |        | Risk   |
| Name             |         |    |        | (ppb)  | (ppb)  |        |
|                  |         |    | (ppb)  |        |        | (ppb)  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Mercury and      |         |    |        | 2.0    | 2.0    |        |
| compounds        |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Mercury          |         |    |        |        |        |        |
| (elemental)      |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Methyl Parathion | (same)  | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Metolaclor       | Dual    | I  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Pendimethalin    | Prowl   | H  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Polychlorinated  |         |    | 0.0034 |        | 0.50   | 0.034  |
| Biphenyls        |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aroclor 1016     | PCBs    |    | 0.096  |        |        | 0.96   |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aroclor 1221     | PCBs    |    | 0.0034 |        |        | 0.034  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aroclor 1232     | PCBs    |    | 0.0034 |        |        | 0.034  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aroclor 1242     | PCBs    |    | 0.0034 |        |        | 0.034  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aroclor 1248     | PCBs    |    | 0.0034 |        |        | 0.034  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aroclor 1254     | PCBs    |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Aroclor 1260     | PCBs    |    | 0.0034 |        |        | 0.034  |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Selenium         |         |    |        | 50     | 50     |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Silver and       |         |    |        |        |        |        |
| compounds        |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Toxaphene        | (mu     | I  | 0.0060 |        | 3.0    | 0.061  |
|                  | ltiple) |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Trifluralin      | Treflan | H  |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Zinc             |         |    |        |        |        |        |
+------------------+---------+----+--------+--------+--------+--------+