**[Report on Worldwide Linear Collider Test Beam Effort]{.underline}**

Worldwide LC Test Beam Working Group

July 30, 2004

Abstract

This report summarizes the needs for the test beam facilities to satisfy
current beam instrumentation and detector R&D developments efforts in
the world-wide LC community. The document includes brief descriptions of
the various R&D efforts and rough estimates of their time scales. Given
the small number of facilities worldwide providing test beams, the
document also spells out how we, as a combined community of Linear
Collider detector R&D groups, organize ourselves for a concerted effort.
It is hope that the information presented here will be useful to lab
directors in scheduling their test beam programs*.* 

1.  **Introduction**

In order to meet the physics requirements at the linear collider (LC),
hadronic jets need to be reconstructed with an energy resolution at the
level of ![](media/image1.wmf). Such a resolution enables the
distinction of W and Z bosons from the jet-jet invariant mass
distribution and is expected to be achieved through the application of
Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) \[1\]. Optimizing for PFAs leads to a
detector design with an excellent charged particle tracking system and a
calorimeter with unprecedented fine granularity. As outlined below,
several different approaches based on novel technologies are being
explored to meet the ambitious detector design goals for LC.

Given the novelty of the technologies investigated and the necessity for
detailed algorithm developments, it is imperative to develop test beam
plans now with the goal of initiating the test beam program in 2005 or
2006.

Several groups have already started to test prototypes with particle
beams or are preparing for large-scale test beam programs to start in
2004. However, most of the detector development activities have not yet
reached this stage. In order to coordinate the test beam activities for
all Linear Collider detector R&D groups, we summarize in this document
both the necessity of test beams and the information on the availability
of test beam facilities at the various laboratories.

2.  **Physics Justification**

Linear Colliders can provide an ideal environment for high-precision
physics programs by virtue of the unambiguous initial state and clean
background situation. It also enables high sensitivity for discovery of
new physics or new particles. These physics goals will profit from
advances in the detector technology, which realizes excellent
measurements of quark flavor, jet-mass, and track momentum. Several
requirements exceed the current state-of-the-art in detectors, even
though a huge progress has been achieved in detector development for the
LHC program. The challenges are such as \[2\]:

-   high-precision cascade-decay vertex measurement with the thinnest
    vertex detector,

-   fine-granularity calorimeter to enable high-precision di-jet mass
    reconstruction,

-   ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="6.0in" height="2.5833333333333335in"}

Figure 1.a shows a result of full-simulation on recoil mass of a muon
pair in the reaction ![](media/image7.wmf)at ![](media/image8.wmf)\[3\].
Momentum resolution of ![](media/image9.wmf) for the tracking is
necessary to achieve this level of mass resolution. Figure 1.b shows how
higgs branching ratio changes as a SUSY parameter (CP-odd higgs mass)
changes \[4\]. Clearly known is essential importance to separately
measure b- and c-quarks to examine SUSY scenario of the higgs \[5\].

Extensive detector R&Ds are required to accomplish these goals, with
validation by test beam programs at each important step of the
development. Availability of test beam facilities is of essential
importance in development of detectors for linear colliders \[6\].

**3. Needs for Test Beam**

This section includes the followings from each R&D group:

-   Goals to be accomplished from test beam activities

-   Test beam detector requirements

-   Contact persons for each R&D group

-   Facility requirements

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Real estate required for the tests (beam line space, assembly space,
    desk space);

-   Beam conditions wanted/needed (particle types, energies, intensity,
    spill conditions, etc.)

-   Instrumentation, cables and DAQ system that you anticipate using

-   Dates when beam is needed, dates when you want to be in the beamline

-   Other special requirements?

    -   Cerenkov counters

    -   beam hodoscopes

    -   momentum measurement wire chamber and magnet system,

    -   e or μ identifiers, etc.

**3.1 Beam Instrumentation and Very Forward Detector R&D**

Precise knowledge of the initial state is a distinct advantage for an
e^+^e^-^ collider for making precision measurements and for uncovering
new physics. This advantage can only be realized, however, if there is
adequate instrumentation available to measure the beam properties at the
interaction point (IP). A significant complication at the LC is the
large beam disruption and beamsstrahlung resulting from the intense
electromagnetic fields during collision. The luminosity-weighted beam
parameters (ex. energy and polarization) can differ significantly from
the average beam parameters measured by the beam instrumentation (BI).
At the SLC, about 0.1% of the incoming beam energy was lost to
beamsstrahlung photons, while for the baseline LC-500 designs this loss
is \~5% per beam. While the magnitude of this energy loss is comparable
to initial state radiation, unlike ISR this process depends critically
on the geometry and alignment of the incoming beams which are not known
*a priori* and may change with beam conditions. While the effects of ISR
can be predicted to very high accuracy by applying QED, the effects of
beamsstrahlung must be directly measured. The primary method envisioned
to measure the luminosity spectrum is to consider the acolinearity of
Bhabha events produced at the IP \[7, 8\]. However, there are
significant complications to extracting the full d*L/*d*E* spectrum from
simply considering the acolinearity angle alone. It is likely that
additional information from direct beam measurements will be necessary
\[9\].

The primary IPBI Detectors fall into 4 categories, which we discuss in
more detail below:

i)  Luminosity and Luminosity spectrum

ii) Energy and Energy spread

iii) Polarization

iv) Electron id for 2-photon veto at very forward polar angles of 5-40
    mrad

There are significant R&D efforts underway and planned in Asia \[10\],
Europe \[11\] and North America \[12\] to design and develop IPBI
Detectors for the LC. Currently, these efforts are mostly focused on
simulations, with some detector development and beam tests taking place.
This work is evolving to the need for significantly more beam tests.

**3.1.1 Luminosity and Luminosity spectrum measurements**

Detectors to measure absolute luminosity to 0.1% accuracy (or better)
are required for the LC physics program. This requires good tracking and
calorimetry in the forward regions with polar angle coverage between
\~40-120 mrad to measure the absolute rate of Bhabha events \[13\].
Higher rate luminosity detectors at smaller polar angle would be very
useful for accelerator operations for optimizing and maintaining
luminosity. Such detectors would be *pair* \[14, 15\] and *radiative
Bhabha* (and possibly *beamsstrahlung* \[16, 17\]) detectors at smaller
polar angles. In addition to luminosity measurements, these detectors
can also be used to infer parameters of the colliding beams (spot sizes,
bunch lengths, offsets). Additionally, fast intra-train feedbacks to
stabilize the colliding *e^+^e^-^* beams at the nanometer level are
envisioned. Two R&D programs have been launched to pursue this: FONT
(Feedback On Nanosecond Timescales) \[18\] and FEATHER (FEedback AT High
Energy Region) \[19\] would utilize fast BPMs \~ 3 meters downstream of
the IP to measure the deflection angle of the outgoing beam at the head
of a train, and then employ fast kickers to center the colliding beams
for the following train buckets. FONT/FEATHER may be needed to correct
residual beam offsets at the 5-10 nanometer level. In the TESLA design
\[20\], FONT/FEATHER is considered essential though it can be much
slower because of the 337-ns bunch spacing compared to 1.4 ns at NLC
\[21\] / GLC \[22\]. For both warm and cold machines, *extraction line*
BPMs to measure deflection angles are required for slower feedbacks to
center the colliding trains (5Hz train collision rate for TESLA and
120Hz/150Hz for NLC/GLC).

The following beam tests for luminosity and luminosity spectra
measurements are desired:

-   Measure resolutions (spatial, angular, energy) of tracking and
    calorimeter detectors to be used for Bhabha rate (absolute
    luminosity) and Bhabha acolinearity (luminosity spectrum) using high
    energy electron beams. Measure their sensitivity to low energy
    backgrounds from beam-beam effects.

-   Test high rate luminosity detectors for real-time optimization of
    luminosity (*pair* and *radiative Bhabha* detectors).

-   Measure performance of detectors to be used at 5-40 mrad for
    measuring the angular distribution of low energy pairs (beam
    parameter determination).

-   Test BPM performance in the presence of beamsstrahlung and disrupted
    beams, mimicking these beam-beam effects with bremsstrahlung and
    multiple scattering in a thick (\~5% X~0~) target.

-   For a warm LC, test the temporal performance of these detectors over
    the length of a train (300-ns NLC/GLC train).

**3.1.2 Energy and Energy Spread Measurements**

Precise knowledge of the collision energy $\sqrt{s}$has always been a
tremendous advantage of e^+^e^-^ colliders for doing precision
measurements, particularly of particle masses. At LEP, for example, the
precision energy determination using resonant depolarization allowed an
exquisite measurement of the Z boson mass to a precision of 2 MeV or 23
ppm. Life will not be nearly as easy at a future LC, however, as the
resonant depolarization technique used in storage rings cannot be
applied. The precision necessary for the energy range
$2m_{t} \prec \sqrt{s} \prec \text{1 TeV}$ is much more modest than the
LEP energy scale, and a relative precision of 10^-4^ or 100 ppm appears
to be adequate for the baseline program \[23\], in particular for the
top mass \[24\]. As outlined below, this level of precision is the goal
for beam-based spectrometers of two different designs, potentially using
the Z-pole resonance as a cross check. Physics analyses using radiative
return events $e^{+}e^{-} \rightarrow Z^{0}\gamma$ or W-pair production
also have potential for measurements of the beam energy and are being
studied, though they do not replace the need for real-time energy
measurements. In addition to measuring the absolute energy scale, there
is a strong need to make measurements of the energy spread of the
incoming beams to facilitate determinations of the luminosity spectrum
and the luminosity-weighted beam energy. Unlike in a storage ring, at a
linear collider the incoming energy spectrum ![](media/image10.wmf) can
be non-Gaussian and highly dynamic, particularly in the NLC/GLC baseline
designs where the RMS energy spread of the beam is expected to be 0.3%.
Good knowledge of this energy distribution is a necessary component of
any luminosity spectrum, L(E), analysis. The Bhabha acolinearity used in
the L(E) analysis should have the capability to extract
![](media/image11.wmf)from the physics data. But that analysis will
benefit from direct, real-time measurements of the incoming beam energy
spread.

The deflection of a charged particle traversing a magnetic field is a
well established method for measuring a particle\'s momentum. Two types
of energy spectrometers, each potentially capable of 100ppm accuracy,
are under development for the LC. The first is a BPM-based spectrometer
located upstream of the primary IP using a chicane layout and RF BPMs.
The second is a SLC-style WISRD spectrometer located in the *extraction
line* from the IP.

An inline BPM spectrometer using button BPMs was successfully operated
at LEPII to cross check the energy scale for the W mass measurement to a
precision of 200ppm\[25\]. At a future LC, this device would use RF BPMs
which can potentially achieve precisions on the transverse beam position
approaching 10nm \[26\]. Fast (ideally bunch-by-bunch) measurements
within a train from these BPMs is also desirable to resolve energy
variations within the train.

At the SLC, the WISRD spectrometer was successfully used to make beam
energy measurements at 120Hz with a precision of 250ppm at E~beam~ = 45
GeV \[27,28\]. The SLC WISRD consisted of a strong vertical analyzing
dipole flanked by two weaker horizontal dipole magnets. The synchrotron
radiation (SR) stripes produced by these two weaker dipoles were
detected downstream on wire arrays, such that the deflection angle of
the beam in the analyzing magnet could be directly monitored. A
WISRD-style energy spectrometer provides the possibility of
bunch-by-bunch measurements. The location of the WISRD in the
*extraction line* also allows the possibility to directly measure the
energy distribution of the disrupted beam which could be used as a
real-time monitor of the luminosity spectrum.

Additional beam instrumentation is also being pursued for beam energy
spread measurements, in particular utilizing a laser-wire in the
extraction line \[29\].

The following beam tests for LC energy and energy spread measurements
are needed:

-   commission individual components of a BPM-based spectrometer,
    demonstrating the required BPM resolution, stability, accuracy and
    alignment.

-   commission individual components of a synchrotron-stripe
    spectrometer, measuring for example the detector's response to SR
    and ability to resolve the beam energy spread and the disrupted
    energy spectrum. A measurement of the bremsstrahlung spectrum
    downstream of a fixed target is desirable.

-   commission a BPM-based energy spectrometer and a synchrotron-stripe
    energy spectrometer, and compare their beam energy measurements.

-   measure energy jitter with the new spectrometers

-   perform laser wire tests to demonstrate capabilities needed for
    energy spread measurements

-   for the warm LC, measure the temporal profile of the beam energy
    during a 300-ns train with the spectrometers. Also measure the
    temporal profiles during the train of the energy spread and energy
    jitter.

**3.1.3 Polarization Measurements**

A polarized electron beam was an essential feature of the SLD physics
program at the SLC, allowing many precise measurements of
parity-violating asymmetries. SLD made the world\'s most precise
measurement of the weak mixing angle and provided key data for
predictions of the Higgs mass \[30\]. Similarly, polarization is
expected to play a key role at a future LC for interpreting new physics
signals and for making precision measurements \[31, 32\]. The baseline
designs for the LC provide for polarized electron beams with
$P\text{\textasciitilde}(\text{80} - \text{90})\text{\%}$ expected.
Initially the positron beams will be unpolarized, although there is
significant interest and physics motivation for realizing polarized
positron beams in future upgrades.

For most of the physics analyses at the LC which utilize beam
polarization, accuracy in the polarization determination of 1% should
suffice due to the small cross sections involved. Precise measurements
of Standard Model asymmetries, particularly in hadronic final states,
will require a polarization determination to 0.5% or better \[33, 34\].
High statistics Giga-Z running at the Z-pole would benefit from
polarimetry at the 0.1% level \[35\].

SLD's Compton polarimeter achieved a precision of 0.5%. At the LC,
Compton polarimeter designs are being developed both upstream of the IP
\[36\] and in the *extraction line* downstream from the IP \[9, 37\]. An
accuracy of *∆P/P* = 0.25% should be achievable, extrapolating from
experience with the SLD polarimeter. The following beam tests for LC
polarimetry are desirable:

-   Commission and measure performance of individual polarimeter
    components, in particular measuring the energy and spatial response
    of the detectors to high energy electron and photon beams.

-   Install a Compton polarimeter and make detailed measurements to
    demonstrate 0.25% polarimetry, making redundant measurements with
    complementary detectors to determine the systematic error.

**3.1.4 Electron ID and 2-Photon Veto**

Recent studies \[38, 39\] have highlighted the importance of very
efficient Electron ID in the Very Forward Detector Region with 5-40 mrad
polar angle. This is necessary to allow rejection of the large
background rate of 2-photon events**,** which is particularly important
for certain SUSY scenarios of interest that may be relevant for
determining the amount of dark matter. Detectors in this region have to
be radiation hard, with expected dose rates up to 100 MRad per year.
They see a large flux of low energy pair electrons which total energy in
the range of 20-30 TeV each bunch crossing. In the presence of this
large pair background, they need to very efficiently identify a high
energy (\>200 GeV) electron. Additionally, for the warm LC the detectors
need to be very fast to avoid pileup. The following beam tests for these
detectors are desirable:

-   Measure the detector response to a low energy secondary beam with
    similar energy and flux density as expected from the pair
    background. Use test beam data and Monte Carlo simulation to
    determine efficiency of detector to a high energy (\>200 GeV)
    electron.

-   Measure the radiation hardness for this detector.

-   For the warm LC, measure the time response to determine sensitivity
    to pileup effects.

**3.1.5 Test Beam Programs**

In Asia, there is an active program of beam instrumentation R&D for the
Linear Collider at ATF, KEK in Japan. Within this program, laser wire
\[40\], cavity BPM \[41\] and fast intra-bunch feedback (FEATHER) \[14\]
are particularly important for the IP instrumentation. At the LCWS2004,
K. Kubo (KEK) showed a laser wire can generate enough signal for
measurements of the beam energy distribution per bunch with an energy
accuracy of less than 0.025% at GLC \[29\]. In his estimates, the laser
wire was assumed to have 10MW (0.1mJ, 10ps) power and the diameter of 10
um. Such a laser wire will be investigated by an international
collaboration at ATF \[42\]. The cavity BPM R&D has been carried out in
order to demonstrate the beam position resolution at the nanometer level
by an international (Nano BPM) collaboration, too. The nanometer
resolution should be invaluable for stable collisions between nanometer
beams at the IP, though such a high resolution BPM is not assumed in the
baseline design of NLC/GLC. FEATHER is an Asian collaboration in the
framework of the ACFA-LC working group. In the near future, FEATHER and
FONT will be integrated into an international collaboration to realize
the fast feedback system at the ATF.

In Europe, 27 institutes proposed the European Design Study Towards a
Global TeV Linear Collider (EUROTeV \[43\]) and prepared a bid to the
6^th^ Framework of the EU for funding. The Design Study consists of 8
work packages which address high ranking issues identified by the
ILC-TRC and which are independent of the choice of the acceleration
technology. Among those is a dedicated work package for diagnostics that
includes polarimetry, energy and fast luminosity measurement. EUROTeV
recently received recommendations for funding and will (if eventually
funded) create a significant need for test-beams inside and outside
Europe. In the UK, a program of accelerator-related R&D \[44\] is
currently underway, with strong emphasis on the beam delivery system. In
addition to the FONT and BPM spectrometry projects described above,
projects that require test-beams include the laser-wire, bunch
longitudinal profile measurement, helical undulator design, polarimetry,
and collimation system design. Some of these projects are also part of
the EUROTeV Design Study.

In the U.S., a Letter-of-Intent has been submitted to SLAC's EPAC to use
End Station A for LC beam instrumentation tests. The LOI \[45\] was an
outcome of DOE- and NSF-sponsored programs for university-based R&D
efforts on the Linear Collider \[46\], and included 27 physicists from
10 institutions. It received a strong endorsement from the EPAC and
detailed proposals for individual tests are being developed and
submitted. So far 3 Test Beam Requests have been submitted: one to
investigate the performance and components of a BPM-based energy
spectrometer \[47\], one to investigate the performance and components
of a SR-stripe energy spectrometer \[48\], and one to investigate the
performance of Si detectors for the very forward LC Detector region at
5-40 mrad polar angle \[49\]. In addition to U.S. collaborators, these 3
test beam requests also have collaborators from Japan, the UK and CERN.
Further test beam requests, with increased international participation,
are also being developed. These beam tests are envisioned to be part of
a program of IPBI beam tests to be carried out over the next 5 years
during the LC Engineering Design Phase.

Table 1 compares some of the primary beam parameters possible at the ATF
at KEK and End Station A at SLAC, with the design parameters at NLC/GLC
and TESLA. More conventional test beams with single high energy
electrons and photons in the

Table 1 Comparison of (primary) beam parameters achievable at KEK ATF
and SLAC ESA, together with (design) beam parameters for NLC/GLC and
TESLA.

+--------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| *            | **KEK ATF**  | **SLAC ESA** | *          | **TESLA** |
| *Parameter** |              |              | *NLC/GLC** |           |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| **Ch         | 1.0 x 10^10^ | (0.75 -2.0)  | 0.75 x     | 2.0 x     |
| arge/Bunch** |              | x 10^10^     | 10^10^     | 10^10^    |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| **Energy**   | 1.3 GeV      | 28.5 GeV     | 250 GeV    | 250 GeV   |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| **Energy     | 0.1%         | 0.15%        | 0.3%       | 0.1%      |
| Spread**     |              |              |            |           |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| **Bunch      | 7 mm         | (100-1000)   | 110 μm     | 300 μm    |
| Length**     |              | μm           |            |           |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-----------+
| **Trains of  | 20           | Several      | 192        | 2820      |
| Bunches:**   |              | p            |            |           |
|              | 2.8 ns       | ossibilities | 1.4 ns     | 337 ns    |
| **Bunches    |              | exist from   |            |           |
| per train**  | 1.56 Hz      | single       | 120/150 Hz | 5 Hz      |
|              |              | bunches to   |            |           |
| **Bunch      | (6.25 Hz     | 300-ns long  |            |           |
| spacing**    | max)         | trains with  |            |           |
|              |              | total charge |            |           |
| **Train rep  |              | of 5 x       |            |           |
| rate**       |              | 10^11^       |            |           |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-----------+

energy range 1-25 GeV (or higher) are also needed for some of the
detector tests described above.

**3.2 Vertex Detector R&D**

The activities in Vertex research working group do not seem to require
significant test beam activities at present.

**3.3 Tracking Detector R&D**

Current tracking R\\&D falls within two primary thrusts. There is a
large-scale, global effort to optimize the design of the Time Projection
Chamber (TPC) for use at the high-energy electron-positron Linear
Collider (LC). A somewhat smaller but quite active global consortium
(SiLC) is working towards the design of silicon tracking systems for the
various LC detector concepts. Within this larger group, there are
institutions focusing on the optimization of silicon-strip detector
readout, on the development of refined sensor technologies, and on
mechanical support and alignment systems. Much of this development work
will require the use of test beams to assess the success of various
R\\&D threads.

Projections presented for the North American groups represent the
results of a fairly comprehensive poll taken in the fall of 2002. While
relatively thorough, these results are now somewhat out of date. Results
for the other two regions (Asia and Europe) are the result of somewhat
spotty exchanges that took place in the weeks preceded the Paris LCWS
conference. So, while somewhat hit-or-miss, these latter requests are
more up-to-date.

The refinement of silicon sensor technology is being sponsored primarily
by Korean groups. These groups foresee the need for approximately three
months of test beam running in calendar year 2005, making use of test
beams available at KEK, FNAL, and CERN. To this point, these groups have
not had a chance to specify their needs to any greater degree.

The test beam needs for the broad gaseous tracking (TPC) effort have
been complied separately for the Asian/European effort and the North
American effort. Roughly five Asian/European groups plan to seek test
beam runs within the next year or so. These groups envision using
existing test beam facilities at CERN, DESY, and KEK. The groups expect
that hadrons in the few GeV range will be required; several of the
groups also expect to make use of electrons in the same energy range.
One group (Matsuda at KEK)

Table 2 Anticipated number of weeks of test beam running for tracking
detector R&D.

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  YEAR                                ANTICIPATE WEEKS OF RUNNING

  2004                                0

  2005                                16

  2006                                24
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

requires a magnetic field, although they have not specified the strength
of the field they\'ll need.

European efforts on silicon tracking R&D (within the SiLC group) are
just getting underway. No projections of test beam needs were yet
available from the European silicon-tracking groups, although a
significant demand will arise as these groups begin their work in
earnest.

The poll of North American tracking groups generated a three-year
working projection of test beam needs through 2006. Although no test
beam needs were anticipated for 2004, the program expects to ramp up
beginning in 2005, using a total of approximately 40 weeks of facility
time in 2005-6. The expected breakdown by calendar year (as a rough
guide only) is shown in Table 2.

North American groups uniformly requested two-week run periods, assuming
one week of setup and one week of actual running. Requests varied from
once per year to several times per year, with the intervening time being
used to analyze the data.

The response of the North American groups showed consistent interest in
a number of attributes for the test beam facilities: a fast trigger to
define usable beam pulses, a spectrometer to measure individual particle
energies, particle identification, external trajectory definition
(combine Si/TPC tests?), and gas supply and servicing.

![](media/image12.png){width="4.875in" height="2.25in"}The Linear
Collider detector designs employ large magnetic fields, as high as 5T in
the case of the \`SD\' (all-silicon-tracker-based) design. Nominally,
then, it would be preferable to have a large-bore, high-field magnet
mounted at a test beam facility. However, given the difficulty in
arranging this (the large-bore magnet at DESY can not easily be mounted
in a beamline), the question of whether such a facility is necessary
must be examined more closely.

The SCIPP group has used a simulation developed to study pulse
development in silicon strip detectors to explore this questions. The
primary effect of the magnetic field is to introduce a Lorentz angle of
36 mrad per Tesla of magnetic field. One might conjecture that one could
reproduce this effect in a test beam by simply tilting the detector by
this amount. Figure 2 shows a comparison of expected resolution vs.
incident track angle (relative to incidence normal to the plane of the
detector) for a tilted detector and for a detector in a 5T magnetic
field. The tilt is seen to very effectively reproduce the effect of the
magnetic field. Thus, it is probably not necessary to develop a
high-field test beam for the purpose of qualifying silicon-based
detector prototypes.

**3.4 Calorimetery R&D**

**3.4.1 Description of hardware**

The calorimeter of the Linear Collider Detector will consist of three
parts: an electromagnetic calorimeter, a hadronic calorimeter and a tail
catcher. Various efforts worldwide aim at developing a viable design for
each of these parts. An overview of these efforts is given in Table 3.

**3.4.2 Goals of the calorimeter test beam effort**

The main goals of the test beam activities of the calorimeter groups are
to:

a)  Test the performance of the various technological choices, such as
    Silicon based electromagnetic calorimeters and hadron calorimeters
    based on GEMs, RPCs or Scintillator.

b)  Test the performance of the electronic readout systems. The large
    number of readout channels of both the electromagnetic and the
    hadronic parts of the calorimeter pose a particular challenge.

c)  Measure and compare the performance of the different technical
    approaches to the design of the electromagnetic calorimeter

d)  Measure and compare the performance of the analog and digital
    implementations of the hadron calorimeter

e)  Measure the spatial development of hadronic showers with
    unprecedented
    resolution![](media/image13.wmf){width="5.049305555555556in"
    height="0.3597222222222222in"}

  ---------- -------------------------------------- --------------------------
  **Year**   **Calorimeter**                        **Beam time request**

  **2005**   ECAL (CALICE)                          3 weeks (electrons)

             Analog HCAL                            4 weeks (hadrons, muons)

  **2006**   Digital HCAL (RPCs)                    4 weeks (hadrons, muons)

             ECAL + Analog HCAL + Tail catcher      5 weeks (hadrons)

             ECAL + Digital HCAL + Tail catcher     5 weeks (hadrons)

             ECAL (US)                              3 weeks (electrons)

  **2007**   ECAL + Analog HCAL + Tail catcher      5 weeks (hadrons)

             ECAL + Digital HCAL + Tail catcher     5 weeks (hadrons)

             HCAL (different active media)          8 weeks (hadrons, muons)

  **2008**   ECAL +HCAL + Tail catcher              5 weeks (hadrons, muons)
  ---------- -------------------------------------- --------------------------

f)  Validate the simulation of hadronic showers as provided by the
    various Monte

  --------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------
  **Calorimeter**       **Technology**                  **Groups**        **Contact Person**

  **Electromagnetic**   Silicon-Tungsten                BNL, Oregon, SLAC Ray Frey (Oregon)

                                                        Britain, Czech,   Jean-Claude Brient
                                                        France, Korea,    (Ecole Polytechnique)
                                                        Russia            

                                                        KNU, EWA          Il-Heung Park (EWA),
                                                                          H. Park (KNU)

                        Scintillator/Silicon-Lead       ANF, Padova       Paolo Checchia

                        Scintillator/Silicon-Tungsten   Kansas, Kansas    Graham Wilson
                                                        State             (Kansas)

                        Scintillator-Lead               KEK, Kobe, Konan, Kiyotomo Kawagoe
                                                        Niigata, Shinshu, (Kobe)
                                                        Tsukuba           

                        Scintillator-Tungsten           Colorado          Uriel Nauenberg
                                                                          (Colorado)

  **Hadronic (analog)** Scintillator-Steel\*            DESY, Czech,      Volker Korbel (DESY)
                                                        France, Russia,   
                                                        UK, US            

                        Scintillator-Lead               KEK, Kobe, Konan, Kiyotomo Kawagoe
                                                        Niigata, Shinshu, (Kobe)
                                                        Tsukuba           

  **Hadronic            Gas Electron Multipliers-Steel  UTA               Andy White (UTA)
  (digital)**                                                             

                        Scintillator-Steel              NICADD            Dhiman
                                                                          Chakraborty(NICADD)

                        Resistive Plate Chambers-Steel  IHEP (Russia),    Vladimir Ammosov
                                                        JINR              (IHEP, Protvino)

                                                        ANL, Boston,      José Repond (ANL)
                                                        Chicago, FNAL     

  **Tail catcher**      Scintillator-Steel              FNAL, NICADD DESY Gene Fisk (FNAL)

                        Resistive Plate Chambers-Steel  INFN              Marcello Piccolo
                                                                          (Frascati)
  --------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------

g)  Carlo programs currently available

**3.4.2 Requirements for test beams**

The different prototypes of the electromagnetic calorimeters will be
tested first with electrons of varying energy, ideally between 1 and 100
GeV. First results from tests with the Scintillator/Silicon-Lead (Italy)
\[50\] and Scintillator-Lead (Japan) \[51\] prototypes are already
available. The momentum resolution required be of the order of 1% or
better at the higher energies. Standalone tests of the different
implementations of the hadron calorimeter are also envisaged. Here,
pions and muons with momenta between 1 and 100 GeV/c are required, with
a momentum resolution not to exceed the few % level. First tests of a
small size hadron calorimeter section using scintillator as active
medium have already been carried out.

Tests of the electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters together with the
tail catcher will be performed with electrons, pions and muons, again
within a momentum range of 1

to 100 GeV/c \[52\]. Due to the long recharging time of Resistive Plate
Chambers (RPC) \[53\], it is requested that the beam intensity can be
reduced to below 1 kHz. The lateral space available for the test modules
should be at least 4 meters.

We foresee an extensive test program for the various calorimeter
prototypes requiring beams for several weeks per year during the period
of 2005 through 2008. A possible schedule including specific beam time
requests is presented in Table 3. Given the uncertainties in funding and
in readiness of the various R&D prototype calorimeters, Table 3 should
only be taken as a rough guideline.

For completeness, Table 4 lists the different calorimeter projects and
their corresponding contact persons. CALICE Tile HCAL group (V. Korbel
et. al.) performed a beam test at DESY e^-^ beam using a small scale
prototype, mini-cal, in the middle of 2003.

**3.5 Muon Detector R&D**

The ALC muon detector studies and R&D effort involve simulation of
physics processes, muon identification algorithms based on detector
descriptions, and detector development. While the Fermilab MTest beam
\[54\] is primarily important for understanding detector response for
prototype hardware, it is also true that there are many aspects of
online and offline software that need to be tested with beam.

Present plans call for the deployment of seven prototype planes of
scintillator strips that are approximately 2.5 m (H) x 5.0 m (W) x 2 cm
(T). Each plane will have 43 u or v strips, oriented at 45^o^. The long
strips are 3.5 m and there are an equivalent number of shorter strips
all of which are readout via fibers and multi-anode PMTs (MAPMT).
Alternate planes will be flipped about a vertical line through the
middle of the planes, to provide alternate u and v coordinates. Clear
fibers will be routed to one corner of a module and then to the MAPMTs.

# **3.5.1 Setup** 

# The planes, which weigh approximately 300 pounds each should be installed downstream of LC calorimetry in a manner similar to what is expected in the LC experiment. We expect to insert 10 cm thick Fe plates between scintillator planes. To 

# save on cost and engineering the plates do not have to be larger than approximately 1.5 m square (2T each; approximately 15T total). A cart that holds the Fe plates and scintillator planes will need to be designed and built to satisfy Fermilab and various other mechanical safety criteria. The light pulses will be digitized and then read with a LINUX based DAQ system that will be debugged in a cosmic ray setup of the equipment in the Fermilab Village before installation at the MTest area. 

We want to be able to check the preliminary calibration of the strips by
either moving the beam and/or the cart to cover a significant fraction
of the area of the modules. We can guess this is not a trivial request
and something that will require future discussions and work.

# **3.5.2 Objectives**

At the test beam we will need to establish beam instrumentation and
triggers, which are expected to be routine when we run. We will need to
establish DAQ connections between the test beam and our DAQ system. And
we will need to re-establish pulser operations that indicate our
equipment is working to first order.

For muons we will check timing, establish pedestals for pulse height,
measure pulse heights, do minimum ionizing particle maps of the
counters, measure counter efficiencies and scintillator edge effects,
establish tracking and test event display software, etc. We will also
want to measure the ability to detect two tracks in a single
scintillator, which may require some running without upstream
calorimetry modules.

For hadrons we will want to measure the response of the scintillator
planes to showers that leak into the muon modules. This "tail catcher"
function may be an advantage to the calorimetry tests that are going on
upstream. We will want some dedicated running in collaboration with the
calorimeters. It is important to experimentally measure the efficacy of
using the muon system as backup calorimetry. The question is: To what
extent is the muon system useful in the measurement of hadronic energy?
It is also important to establish experimentally the level of hadronic
punch-through as a function of momentum.

# **3.5.3 Beam Conditions**

We will want hadrons, electrons and muons. Some low energy running with
muons is desirable to see that they can be identified. Hadrons starting
at 10GeV/c and going to 120 GeV/c are desired. We will accept electrons
if they are tagged and there are no upstream calorimeters. Beam rates
from a few kHz to about one MHz are acceptable. We will want to steer
the beam across strips and over much of the extent of the modules with
help from our movable cart that contains the planes.

# 

# **3.5.4 Dates and Running Time**

The earliest time we expect to setup our modules for beam is late 2005.
So running in early 2006 is our present best guess and this date is
dependent on materials and manpower being available to do the necessary
R&D, design of electronics and tooling, assembly setup, prototype
production of electronics and planes, do tests with cosmic rays, and
make necessary changes and adjustments. All of this argues that this
guess at a schedule may be too optimistic.

Because there are many strips in a given module we will want to rather
carefully map two modules. These mappings could eat up a lot of beam
time, although some it can be parasitic to calorimeter tests, as long as
the calorimeter testers do not want to fully control the use of our
planes. As previously stated we want significant running time in common
with calorimetry. We think we will want to be in the MTest beam line for
about 6 months with a duty factor of about 1/3. This must be taken as a
first estimate.

# **3.5.5 Personnel**

At present the ALC muon detector R&D effort is a collaboration of
physicists from UC Davis, Northern Illinois University, University of
Notre Dame, University of Texas at Austin, Wayne State University, and
Fermilab. It is expected that some of the other institutions that have
expressed interest in the LC muon detector will join this effort and the
LC muon detector groups from Europe and Asia who have hardware to test
may also join this effort.

![](media/image14.jpeg){width="5.125in" height="2.875in"}

**3.6 Other Detector Developments**

There are a few detector R&D activities other than the ones covered in
this report throughout the community. However, the information on these
efforts is insufficient to include in the report at this time. **3 2 per
region)region?executive summary.rams for mework he current facilities.
R&D groups and compare it with existing facili**

**3.7 Summary of Facility Requirements**

+-----------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| Detector R&D Groups   | Number of      | Estimated beam time needs   |
|                       | Groups         |                             |
+-----------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| Interaction Point and | 9              | 2 weeks at a time, several  |
| Beam Instrumentation  |                | times (over 50 weeks total) |
+-----------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| Tracking              | 7              | 16 weeks in 2005            |
|                       |                |                             |
|                       |                | 24 weeks in 2006            |
+-----------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| Calorimeter           | 6 ECAL         | 7 weeks in 2005             |
|                       |                |                             |
|                       | 2 analog HCAL  | 17 weeks in 2006            |
|                       |                |                             |
|                       | 4 digital HCAL | 18 weeks in 2007            |
|                       |                |                             |
|                       | 2 Tail catcher | 5 weeks in 2008             |
+-----------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| Muon                  | 2 -- 3         | 6 months total              |
+-----------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+

Given the time scale for a linear collider and the appropriate detector
development, as shown in Fig. 3, most the detector groups require test
beam facilities in 2005 -- 2008 time scale (for T=2015). The first test
beam period covers most the goals for the current detector R&D groups'
needs, described in this report. Table 5 summarizes the current estimate
of beam time request for all detector groups. Some detectors, such as
electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, tail catchers and muon
detectors, can utilize the beam concurrently. However each detector
group does require standalone beam time to perform undisrupted beams for
performance testing. These estimate in do not include the time for test
beam setup. Table 6 summarizes the current need for the facilities.

Other important factors that might require additional resources at the
test beam facilities are space constraints and, special requests, such
as particle ID devices and converters, or large bore magnets with high
magnetic field strength. A study carried out by the ALC tracking group
\[55\] to determine what the impact of such magnet is in test beam is
presented in section 3.3 of this report. Calorimeter group \[56\] has
determined it dose not need such magnets for the purpose of their test
beam activities \[52\].

**4. Available and Planned Test Beam Facilities**

+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
|   | # R&D Groups   | # Apparatus   | # Bea        | When/Where      |
|   |                |               | m Conditions |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 1 | # CALICE       | E_Cal/H_Cal   | e, μ, π, p   | Mid 2004 --     |
|   |                |               |              | 2005            |
|   | J.-C.          | #             | 1 - 100 GeV  |                 |
|   | Brient/P.      |  E-flow Tests |              | Setup;          |
|   | Dauncy et al   |               |              | DESY/CERN       |
|   |                |               |              |                 |
|   |                |               |              | Fer             |
|   |                |               |              | milab/Protvino? |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 2 | # L            |               | Electrons    | Mar/Apr 2003,   |
|   | C-Cal (Europe) |               |              | Frascati        |
|   |  -- P. Checchi |               |              |                 |
|   | a, S. Miscetti |               |              |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
|   |                |               | e , π, p     | June 2003, CERN |
|   |                |               | \<10GeV      | PS              |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
|   |                |               | e , π, p     | Aug. 2003, CERN |
|   |                |               | \<100GeV     | PS              |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 3 | GLC-Cal -- Y.  | EM & H Cal    | e, μ, π, p   | KEK/2004        |
|   | Fujii et al    |               |              |                 |
|   |                | Prototypes    | 2 - 200 GeV  | US/Europe       |
|   |                |               |              | 2004 - 08       |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 4 | # LC- Cal --   | E_Cal         | e to 10 GeV  | E_Cal at SLAC   |
|   |  R. Frey et al |               |              | '04;            |
|   |                | H_Cal         | e, μ, π, p   |                 |
|   |                | Prototypes    | =\>120       | E & H_Cal @     |
|   |                |               |              | FNAL            |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 5 | HCal -CALICE   | H_Cal         | e, μ, π, p   | Fermilab --     |
|   | US DHCAL (ANL, | Prototypes    | =\>120       | 2005-'06        |
|   | NIU, UTA), et  |               |              |                 |
|   | al.            |               |              |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 6 | LAT            | Rad hard      |              | 2004 -- 2005    |
|   | Cal-Forward -- | studies       |              |                 |
|   | W. Lohman, A.  |               |              |                 |
|   | Stahl          |               |              |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 7 | ## IP I        | Gas **Č**     | # e/γ        | # Various       |
|   | nstrumentation | counter/cal   |  to 100 GeV; |                 |
|   |                |               |              |                 |
|   | Woods/Torrence | Quartz fiber  | LINX for     |                 |
|   | et al          | cal           | be           |                 |
|   |                |               | amstrahlung; |                 |
|   |                | Sec. Emission |              |                 |
|   |                | det.          | Polarized    |                 |
|   |                |               | e's          |                 |
|   |                | W. angle, vis |              |                 |
|   |                | light         |              |                 |
|   |                | beamstrahlung |              |                 |
|   |                |               |              |                 |
|   |                | Synchrotron   |              |                 |
|   |                | rad           |              |                 |
|   |                |               |              |                 |
|   |                | BPM E         |              |                 |
|   |                | spectrometer  |              |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 8 | ## IP Ins      | Compton       | e, π, p      | Fermilab        |
|   | trumentation a | polar. w/     | =\>120\      |                 |
|   | nd Calorimetry |               | \< 20, \<    | CERN PS & SPS   |
|   |                | quartz fiber  | 300 GeV      |                 |
|   | Onel/Winn et   | cal;          |              |                 |
|   | al             |               |              |                 |
|   |                | Sec. Emission |              |                 |
|   |                | det.          |              |                 |
|   |                |               |              |                 |
|   |                | **Č**         |              |                 |
|   |                | compensated   |              |                 |
|   |                | cal           |              |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 9 | ## Ti          | Detector      | e, μ, π      | # Fermilab      |
|   | le/fiber Tests | prototypes,   |              |                 |
|   |                | timing,       | 10 -- 100    |                 |
|   | R. Ruchti      |               | GeV          |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 1 | ## Muon Proto  | RPCs and      | e's 50-750   | Frascati 2004   |
| 0 | type Detectors |               | MeV          |                 |
|   |                | Scintillator  |              | Fermilab 2005   |
|   | ALC            | based         | e, μ, π      |                 |
|   |                |               | 10-120GeV    |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| 1 | #              | CMOS Sensors  |              | Start testing   |
| 1 | # VTX (Winter) |               |              | in 2006         |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+
| # | ## Other       | Si Envelop    |              | Start testing   |
| # | Developments ( |               |              | in 2006         |
|   | Savoy-Navarro) |               |              |                 |
| 1 |                |               |              |                 |
| 2 |                |               |              |                 |
+---+----------------+---------------+--------------+-----------------+

This section provides summary of existing and planned test beam
facilities. This section also includes the summary of what is lacking in
the current facilities.

**4.1 Asia**

**4.1.1 KEK**

KEK \[57\] has two beam lines for beam tests associated with 12GeV
proton synchrotron; pi2 and T1. Due to the construction of J-PARC
facility \[58\], they are supposed to be terminated by the end of 2004.
Discussions are on-going, however, about extending the operation because
of strong requests on test beam facility.

The beam parameters and equipments of T1 and pi2 are summarized in the
list at the last of this chapter. They can provide low-momentum (up to
4GeV) beam with quite

suitable properties for detector tests. Important equipments such as
Cerenkov counters, an analyzing magnet for better momentum definition,
large-gap magnet for test with magnetic field are also available.
Proposals are discussed at PAC held quarterly. Related documents are
found at <http://www-ps.kek.jp/kekps/pac/index.html>.

In order to provide test beams after PS shut-down, a new test beam
facility is under design at an end-station of 8GeV electron LINAC. Beam
parameters and equipments currently postulated are listed in Table 7.
The LINAC need to inject most of its bunches to KEKB rings. Therefore
beam intensity for the test beam lines is quite limited. In order to
reduce construction cost, magnets and power supplies will be brought
from the PS beam lines. The maximum momentum will be limited by the
power supplies, which is now planned to be brought from pi2 beam line,
to be 4GeV. Though capability is limited, this facility will provide
precious opportunity for test beam programs for the period between PS
shut-down and J-PARC completion.

Support by KEK is fairly excellent. Electronics and long-cable pools,
and assistance of technicians for setup are available. However in many
cases, one faces to difficulties in language. Therefore collaborators of
KEK researchers are practically mandatory. There are inexpensive
dormitory and apartment houses on site, as well as a cafeteria,
restaurants, a store, a book shop, even a barber. Public transportation
is not excellent, but does exist. One can have fairly comfortable life.

**4.1.2 J-PARC**

J-PARC is a proton accelerator complex for material science, nuclear
physics, high energy physics, and nuclear power reactor research, being
under construction as a joint project of KEK and JAERI (Japan Atomic
Energy Research Institute) \[59\]. Total project will be built in two
phases; the 1st phase will be completed in 2008, and the 2nd would be
completed around 2012. Detail of the project can be found at the URL
<http://j-parc.jp/Home.files/overview.html>. A proposal to build a test
beam facility attached to the 50GeV proton synchrotron has been
submitted. The proposed facility may be partially realized in the 1st
phase, while full construction at the

2nd phase is yet unknown.

The parameters and equipments of the proposed facility are listed in the
Table 7. It is planned to have similar characteristics as the pi2 at
KEK-PS, with higher momentum up to 10GeV. Detail can be found in the
proposal at <http://www-ps.kek.jp/jhf-np/LOIlist/pdf/L02.pdf>.
User-support system and facility are unclear at present.

+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
|             | KEK -- PS    | KEK --     | J -- PARC   | IHEP --     |
|             |              | LINAC      |             | BEPC        |
+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| Beam        | 0.2 -- 0.4   | 0.1 -- 4.0 | 0.2 -- 10   | 0.2 -- 1.2  |
| Momentum    |              |            |             |             |
| (GeV)       |              |            |             |             |
+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| Momentum    | ![](media/   | ![         | ![](media/i | ![](media/i |
| Bite (∆p)   | image15.wmf) | ](media/im | mage17.wmf) | mage18.wmf) |
|             |              | age16.wmf) |             |             |
+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| Particle    | e, μ, π, K,  | e, μ, π, K | e, μ, π, K, | e, π, p     |
| Species     | p, p        |            | p, p       |             |
+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| Intensity   | Inclusive:   | 10Hz       | \>1kHz      | 1 Hz        |
|             | Several kHz  |            |             |             |
|             |              |            |             |             |
|             | e, μ: a few  |            |             |             |
|             | Hz to 1kHz   |            |             |             |
+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| Time        | 1            | 10Hz pulse |             | 1Hz pulse   |
| structure   | .5s-spill/4s |            |             |             |
|             | cycle        |            |             |             |
+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| Equipments  | crane,       | crane,     |             | c           |
| etc         | stage,       | stage,     |             | rane,stage, |
|             | Cerenkov,    | Cerenkov,  |             | Tr          |
|             | analyzing    |            |             | igger,MWPC, |
|             | magnet       |            |             | Cerenkov    |
+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-------------+

**4.1.3 IHEP, Beijing**

BEPC \[60\] at IHEP \[61\] has two test beam lines at E3 experimental
area. The Hall-1 is provided a direct electron beam from the LINAC.
Therefore the beam energy is fixed to 1.2Gev, and repetition rate is
50Hz. Secondary beam is guided to the Hall-2. The parameters of the beam
are listed in Table.7. Trigger counters, a Cerenkov counter, 3 MWPCs for
tracking, and a moving stage exists at the hall. Details can be found at
<http://www.ihep.ac.cn/english/nianbao-e/02-E/Chapter1-Experiments.pdf>.

**4.2 European test beam facilities**

This section summarizes available test beam facilities in Europe.

**4.2.1 CERN test beam facilities**

CERN \[62\] test beam facilities are associated mainly with two machines
of the CERN accelerator complex: **Proton Synchrotron** (PS) \[63\] and
**Super PS** (SPS) \[64\].

A)  ![](media/image19.png){width="4.0in" height="1.875in"}**PS Test Beam
    Area**

PS in the CERN accelerator complex together with **East Hall**, where is
situated the PS test beam area is shown on Fig. 4.

![](media/image20.png){width="3.875in" height="2.6875in"}

> **Figure 5. Schematic layout of PS test beam lines in the East Hall.**

In the East Hall are in disposal four **secondary test beam lines**: T7,
T9, T10 (ALICE) and T11 generated by primary 24 GeV/C protons from PS.
The dislocation of beams is shown in the Fig. 5. The primary beam line
T8 is currently used for experiment Dirac and also for radiation
hardening studies with neutrons. The momentum of beams T7, T9, T10 and
T11 starts at about 1 GeV/c and reaches values of **10 GeV/c, 15 GeV/c,
7.5 GeV/c** and **3.5 GeV/c**, respectively. They provide wide portfolio
of particles: **π^+^, π^-^, K^+^, K^-^, p^+^, p^-^, e^+^, e^-^**. The
beam composition of T9, T10 and T11 are close correlated since they use
the same target (North Target) and the use of these beams should be
coordinated. The line T7 can transmit either primary 24 GeV/C protons
(irradiation area T7a) which can be used for radiation hardening
studies, but not for standard test beam tasks due to the large radiation
intensity, or can provide secondary particles using a target. The line
T10 is full time allocated for the ALICE experiment \[65\].

Maximal intensity of extracted protons is about 1-2 x 10^6^ protons per
**spill**; the typical value is **10^3^-10^4^ protons** per spill. The
spill duration is **400ms** with the repetition time of 16.8s. East Hall
usually gets 2 spills; to get more spills a special request is needed.

**Services provided by CERN** during the test beam:

-   assistance during the tuning and operation of the beam;

-   provision of (threshold) Cerenkov counter (can be 2, more -- should
    be discussed);

-   provision of beam position monitors;

-   crane with operator;

-   computer network connection;

-   basic installation support.

These services are provided free of charge by CERN.

B)  **SPS Test Beam Area**

With the SPS accelerator are associated two test beam sites: the West
Area and the North Area. The West Area will finish operating for test
beams in the end of 2004 and therefore **Figure 6. SPS in the CERN
accelerator complex and schematic layout of secondary test beam lines in
the North Area of SPS.**

![](media/image21.png){width="5.0in" height="3.9694444444444446in"}it
will be not described here. It will be completely dismantled as the
extraction of the West Area beam is in conflict with the extraction to
LHC.

The North Area as shown in Fig. 6 has four test beams H2, H4, H6 and H8
which form two couples (H2+H4, H6+H8) which use the same target. The
running regimes in beam lines which use the same target are correlated
namely what concerns the beam composition and the particle charge -- the
latter must be opposite in H2 and H4. Due to the beam optics the
particle momenta in H6 and H8 are related as P~H6~ ≈ P~H8~/2. The
momentum of beams **H2, H4 and H8** starts at about **10 GeV/c** and
reaches values of **350 GeV/c**, for **H6** the maximal momentum is
**200 GeV/c**.

The following beams of particles are available: **π^+^, π^-^, p^+^,p^-^,
e^+^, e^-^**. **Intensity** is about **10^6^-10^7^ particles per spill**
and depends on energy and sort of particles. The **spill duration** is
**4.8s** with the repetition time of **16.8s**.

Present occupation of test beam areas is as follows:

-   H2 -- part time reserved for CMS (HCal), H4 -- fully booked for CMS
    (especially in 2006), H6 -- partly for ATLAS (some space for
    external users), H8 -- exclusively for ATLAS.

-   On H2 and H8 are possible also **tertiary beams** with the momentum
    in limits **P~min~ = 1 GeV/c** and **P~max~ = 8 GeV/c**.

-   The West Area enables to work on one line with two or three setups
    -- i.e. one or two in the parasitic mode. Intensity of muons
    obtained in the parasitic mode is 100-1000 particles per spill.

**Services provided by CERN** during the test beam:

-   assistance during the tuning and operation of the beam;

-   provision of threshold or differential Cerenkov counter(s) (can be
    2, more -- should be specially requested);

-   provision of beam position monitors(of better resolution and
    sensitivity than that ones at PS);

-   crane with operator;

-   computer network connection;

-   basic installation support.

All this is provided free of charge.

C)  **Miscellanies information**

CERN PS and SPS test beam facilities will be operating to the end of
2004. For 2005 they will be stopped and will be again in operation from
2006 and beyond with exception of the West Area.

The information about CERN test beam facilities schedules can be found
on web:

PS: <http://ps-schedule.web.cern.ch/ps-schedule/>

SPS: <http://sps-schedule.web.cern.ch/sps-schedule/>

*Condition for the use of CERN TB facilities:*

An ***external user*** can get ***2 week*s** (can be split) at PS and/or
***1 week*** time at SPS test beam per year and per group. Extra test
beam time can only be requested by submitting a proposal to the relevant
CERN scientific committee (SPCS). For external users there are not
granted offices, assembly space etc. To get more rights (assembly space,
offices, etc.) the project should become co-called ***CERN recognized
experiment*** (to be listed in the Grey Book
<http://greybook.cern.ch/>).

To be considered in the beam schedule the group should submit a request
till October of the foregoing year to the SPS/PS physics coordinator
<SPS.Coordinator@cern.ch> (present coordinator: Michael Hauschild).

**4.2.2 DESY test beam facility**

![](media/image22.png){width="4.75in" height="2.4916666666666667in"}DESY
\[66\] provides three test beam lines (21, 22 and 24). These electron
and positron beams are converted bremsstrahlung beams from carbon fiber
targets in the lepton synchrotron DESY II \[67\] with up to 1000
particles per cm² and second, **energies from 1 to 7 GeV** and energy
spread of \~5%. The scheme of the set-up is on Fig. 7.

The test beam areas are shown on Fig. 8. For the test beam line "Strahl
21" one has intensity of 1000 particles per second with energy 3 GeV, at
energy of 7 GeV the intensity is about 1 particle per second. The spill
structure: 1 MHz in 80 msec periods, repetition rate is 12.5 MHz.

![](media/image23.png){width="4.375in" height="2.4277777777777776in"}The
facility will be operational in 2004/2005/2006. The information about
DESY test beam facilities can be found in Ref. \[68\].

**4.2.3 IHEP-Protvino test beam facility**

Test beam facility in the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in
Protvino (near Serpukhov) \[69\] is associated to the proton synchrotron
U70 with following basic parameters: proton energy = 70 GeV, cycle time
= 10s, spill time 1.8s, intensity = 1x10^13^ protons/cycle, bunch length
= 40ns, bunch spacing = 160ns.

Test beam facilities in the Institute of High Energy Physics in Protvino
provide all important particle beams in wide interval of energies as
summarized in Table 8.

> Table 8. Particle types and their energies at IHEP test beam facility.

  ------------------ ------------------------- --------------------------
  Particle type      Electron Beam Range       Hadron Beam Range (GeV/c)
                     (GeV/c)                   

  e^-^               1 -- 45                   \-

  h^-^               1 -- 45                   33 -- 55

  μ^-^               1 -- 45                   33 -- 55
  ------------------ ------------------------- --------------------------

***Electron beam***

The beam line uses internal target and extracts negative beam in the
range of energies 1 -- 45 GeV. The precision of the beam energy varies
from about 6% \@5GeV to 1%@45GeV, what is not sufficient e.g. for
calorimetric studies. Significant improvement can be obtained using the
beam tagging system (BTS) \[70\] developed in IHEP. Results of that
method are summarized in Table 9. The size of the beam is about 3 cm in
diameter.

![](media/image1.wmf)

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  Energy (GeV)      Beam Resol. (%)   ECAL Resol. (%)   BTS Resol. (%)

  1                 4.3               11.0              2.05

  2                 5.5               7.8               1.03

  5                 5.6               4.9               0.43

  10                3.8               3.5               0.24

  27                1.2               2.1               0.15

  45                1.0               1.6               0.13
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

Composition of the electron beam for different momenta is shown in Table
10. The admixture of charged hadrons and muons can be tagged using
Cerenkov counters, which are available on site.

Table 10. Composition of the electron beam and its improvement using BTS
at IHEP TB facility.

  ------------------- --------------------------- --------- ------- -------
  Energy (GeV)        Intensity in spill on       Content           
                      10^12^ POT                                    

                                                  e (%)     μ (%)   h (%)

  1                   ![](media/image2.wmf)       82        10      5

  2                   ![](media/image3.wmf)       77        15      8

  5                   ![](media/image4.wmf)       50        32      18

  10                  ![](media/image5.wmf)       34        35      30

  27                  ![](media/image6.wmf)       77        9       13

  45                  ![](media/image7.wmf)       91        4       5
  ------------------- --------------------------- --------- ------- -------

***Hadron beam***

Composition of the hadron beam in the momentum range 33 -- 55 GeV/c is
shown in Table 11. Number of hadrons per spill is about 10^6^.

> Table 11. Composition of the hadron beam at IHEP-Protvino.

  ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
  Particle Type                         Content (%)

  ![](media/image8.wmf)                 96.4

  ![](media/image9.wmf)                 1.0

  ![](media/image10.wmf)                2.3

  ![](media/image11.wmf)                0.3
  ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

***Miscellanies information***

Table 12 summarizes various additional items the IHEP-Protvino facility
provides. Currently, the Protvino test beam facility will be operational
from 2004 and beyond.

> Table 12. Other items for test beam experiments at IHEP-Protvino.

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  Item                                Remark

  Beam line                           Exists

  Beam Detector System                Exists

  e-beam tagging system               Exists for BTeV

  Experimental house                  Exists

  Movable platform & supports         Do not exist

  DAQ                                 Tasks for the requesting
                                      collaboration
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

![](media/image12.png){width="4.5in"
height="2.7784722222222222in"}**4.2.4 Frascati test beam facility**

The layout of Frascati \[71\] test beam Facility (TBF) \[72\] is shown
in Fig. 9. The facility can provide electrons and positrons with energy
ranging from 50 to 850 MeV with the intensity which can be tuned for
values from 1 to 1000 particles per second (after upgrade it will be up
to 10^10^ electrons per second). The pulse time is 10 ns (1.5 ns) with
the repetition frequency 24 Hz (29 Hz). Large experimental hall of area
100 m^2^ is available.

**4.3 Facilities in Americas**

**4.3.1 SLAC -- ESA**

A possibility for test beams at SLAC \[73\] exists in the "End Station
A" beam line \[74\] which is operated as a secondary line at a
repetition rate of 10 Hz, parasitic on PEP \[75\] operation for BaBar
\[76\]. In addition the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) with its 28.5 GeV
electron line is in principal available for experiments. Unfortunately
this facility is currently oversubscribed with running experiments, and
will be dismantled in 2006 for the construction of the Linac Coherent
Light Source (LCLS), a X-ray free electron laser.

The following primary beam is available in ESA:

Electrons of 28.5GeV parasitic to PEP/BaBar running. The typical
momentum width is ±0.5%, controlled by beam collimators. The flux could
be from a few per pulse up to 2x10^10^. Bunch length is variable between
100μm and 1mm; the beam radius is approximately 1.5mm. Positrons at a
somewhat lower energy and lower maximal flux are available also. Figure
10 shows the typical particle yield as a function of particle energy at
ESA for a 30GeV primary beam.

This primary beam can be used to produce a secondary beam of positrons,
electrons or hadrons via a beryllium conversion target at the end of the
linac. The beam line leading to the End Station A serves as a
spectrometer. The flux is typically 1 particle per pulse. The spot size
is 1.5 inches in diameter. Below plot shows typical particle yields
depending on the particles' energy. A ToF system and Cerenkov counters
are used for particle identification.

This facility can provide a spray beam of electrons or positrons in the
range of 2-20GeV with a flux density from 0.1/cm^2^ to 10,000/cm^2^ and
a spot size of 1.5 inches. A gamma beam from positron bremsstrahlung
through a target can be provided with some significant effort from
SLAC's side. The rate can be adjusted to 1 gamma per pulse. A tagging
system must be provided by the experimenter.

The End Station A facility has a 50 ton crane. Cerenkov counters for
limited particle identification and scintillator hodoscopes for ToF
measurements and triggering can be made available.

Services provided by SLAC during the test beam:

-   assistance during the tuning and operation of the beam;

-   provision of (threshold) Cerenkov counters;

-   provision of beam position monitors;

-   crane with operator;

-   computer network connection;

-   basic installation support.

More detailed information can be obtained from Carsten Hast
[hast@slac.stanford.edu](mailto:hast@slac.stanford.edu?subject=Test Beams).
Test beam request forms are available at
<http://www.slac.stanford.edu/grp/efd/TBBlank.pdf> with additional
information available from the Test Beam Coordinator Ted Fieguth
[fieguth@slac.stanford.edu](mailto:fieguth@slac.stanford.edu?subject=Test Beam Request).

![](media/image13.png){width="5.375in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}

**4.3.2 Brookhaeven National Laboratory -- AGS**

BNL \[77\] has a long history of providing HEP community with test beam
for detector research and development. The test beam facility is located
in area B of AGS \[78\]. A complete description of the facility can be
found at <http://server.c-ad.bnl.gov/esfd/> under Experimental
Information  Beam Experiments  B2.

Features of the B2 beam line include: Cerenkov counters for limited
particle identification scintillator hodoscopes for triggering and a
controllable table with a 2.5 ton capacity. The beamline can be tuned
for momenta from 300 MeV/c to 9 GeV/c. The nominal momentum bite is 5%
FWHM. This can likely be reduced with a corresponding loss of flux if
necessary.

The maximum flux is limited by safety constraints to 2 × 10^5^
particles/sec. From High proton and pion fluxes are available up to 9
GeV. The electron rate falls off sharply above 1 GeV but remains
significant up to 3 GeV. It should be noted that these results
correspond to operation with a Pb converter than can be positioned in
the beamline to increase the electron flux. It would appear that the BNL
test beam facility is well suited for linear collider calorimeter
research and development. The main issue is funding for operation of the
facility.

Currently, the facility is not supported within the AGS budget and only
operates under contractual agreement with users. Marginal operating
costs are highly dependent on future operating scenarios. The RSVP
\[79\] proposal will provide funding for baseline support of the AGS HEP
program. During the summer of 2004 operation of beamline D6 (2 GeV
separated) is foreseen for RSVP beam studies. Similar running, with the
schedule dictated by RHIC running, is expected in summer of 2005. The
incremental cost of operating D6 for Linear Collider studies will be
substantially lower than would have been otherwise. It is not clear at
present whether D6 would satisfy the full requirements\
for LC studies. This has to be investigated.

While it remains unlikely that DOE/NSF would directly fund BNL to
operate the B2 test beam, it remains feasible for the research consortia
to request explicit funding for test beam and sub-contract to BNL. The
level of required funding will be substantially reduced by the NSF
base-line support of RSVP.

**4.3.3 TRIUMF**

TRIUMF in British Columbia also provides test beam facilities. The
primary beam is a high intensity protons with the energy of 500 MeV.
There are several secondary beamlines that can provide particles with
various energies.

**4.3.4 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory -- MTBF**

Fermilab\'s Main Injector (MI) \[80\] provides an excellent opportunity
for simultaneous running of the Tevatron collider and fixed target
programs. Taking advantage of this feature, Fermilab has constructed a
dedicated test beam facility, the Meson Test Beam Facility (MTBF)
\[54\], on the MTest beamline. MTBF uses 120 GeV protons from MI as the
primary beam.  These protons impinge on an aluminum target so that
secondary particles can also be selected for.  Momentum for the beam can
be chosen to be either 120 GeV primary protons or for secondary
particles in the range of 5 -- 66 GeV.  There are two large size rooms
with a total of six labeled small areas for simultaneous test setups. 
Experiments can occupy contiguous areas if need be.  Two of these areas
have environmental controlled rooms around them. A 20 ton building crane
for transport is available and access to the beamline is quite easy. The
facility has two control rooms and an electronics room for DAQ and
online monitoring.  There are 3 empty rooms for general storage or
electronics debugging. Figure 11 shows the layout of the MTBF
experimental area.

The facility provides converters and sweepers for producing low
intensity electron beams, two beamline Cerenkov counters for particle
ID, and wire chambers and silicon trackers for beam position
measurement. MTBF is safety approved to take 700,000 particles per
spill, which can vary from a few microseconds to on the order of 0.5
sec.  It is approved for at least one such spill a minute, for times
where shots to the Tevatron are not occurring.  Intensities for energies
other than 120 GeV will be lower. Beam sizes are on the order of 1 cm,
although quadrupoles exist which can possibly be used to focus the beam
further.

![](media/image14.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.375in"}A longer term
(2 - 3 years) stay at MTBF can be approved, but will depend strongly on
what other programs are approved to run at the same time. If the
activity requires a continuous dedicated beam, then a lengthy stay would
be less feasible than running parasitically or sharing the space with
other activities.  The process by which users are approved for time in
the test beam is through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with
Fermilab.  This MOU is signed by the division heads and the directorate
and spells out the agreement for how much time and space in the beamline
each experiment is approved for. If support from the laboratory is
needed, then the Technical, Particle Physics or Computing Divisions
should be approached early to determine the level of support that can be
found at the laboratory.  The MOU will spell out any agreed upon
support.

Currently eight MOU\'s have been approved for running, and four are
installed and taking data.  The Accelerator Division has tuned for 33,
66 and 120 GeV. A low intensity muon beam (\~100 Hz) has been delivered
to the MT6B area. Erik Ramberg (630-840-5731, <ramberg@fnal.gov>) is
currently in charge of the facility.  A web page has been created with a
significant amount of information on this beamline, including a form for
requesting beam time. This web page is at:
<http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/MTBF-w/>.  The directorate has indicated that
the laboratory will support this program for the foreseeable future.
However, to minimize costs for the program, they wish to see users share
beam

+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| **Fac     | *      | **p       | **Availability**       | *          |
| ilities** | *Parti | -ranges** |                        | *Contact** |
|           | cles** |           |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| FNAL MTBF | π, K,  | E~π~ = 5  | From 2004              | E. Ramberg |
|           | p, μ,  | -- 80 GeV |                        |            |
|           | e      |           |                        |            |
|           |        | E~p~\<    |                        |            |
|           |        | 120 GeV   |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| SLAC--ESA | γ,     | E~e~\< 45 | Available from 2003    | T. Fieguth |
|           | e^+^,  | GeV       |                        |            |
|           | h      |           |                        |            |
|           | adrons | E~h~\< 13 |                        |            |
|           |        | GeV       |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| BNL-AGSB2 | π, K,  | \<10GeV   | Dependent on AGS       |            |
|           | p, μ,  |           | Status                 |            |
|           | e      |           |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| JLab      |        |           | N/A 2007-8 due to      |            |
|           |        |           | upgrade                |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| TRIUMF    |        |  \<500    |                        | Blackmon   |
|           |        | MeV       |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| CERN      |        |           | Pessimistic after 2004 | Michael    |
| (PS/SPS)  |        |           |                        | Hauschild  |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| DESY      | e^+^,  | 0.5 -- 7  | 2003 and onwards       | N. Meyners |
|           | e^-^   | GeV       |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| Frascati  | e^-^   | 50 -- 750 | Available now          | M. Piccolo |
|           |        | MeV       |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| KEK-PS    |  π, K, | 0.5 -- 4  | By Summer 2004         | Koji       |
|           | p, μ,  | GeV       |                        | Yoshimura  |
|           | e      |           |                        |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| KEK-LINAC | μ, e,  | 0.1 -- 5  | Currently under        | Toshifumi  |
|           | π (p?) | (?) GeV   | design. Available in   | Tsukamoto  |
|           |        |           | 2006.                  |            |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+
| IHEP,     | e, π,  | 0.2 --    | Currently available    | Junguang   |
| China     | p      | 1.2 GeV   |                        | Lu         |
+-----------+--------+-----------+------------------------+------------+

time and make coordinated efforts for best use of the beam. The MOU
needs to be signed only by the PI of the proposal in order to facilitate
systematic communication\[81\].

**4.4 Status of Facility Supply and Demand**

As it has been pointed out previously, most the detector R&D groups
throughout the world would need access to test beam in the time scale of
2005 -- 2008. Given the requirements of beam conditions, such as
hadronic calorimeter groups' requirements in particle species, the
number of facilities that meet the requirements is rather limited. For
hadronic calorimeter R&D groups, there are only three or so facilities
that can provide varieties of particles, especially hadrons, to a wide
range of momentum. Table 13 summarizes test beam facilities in the world
with the contact persons.

5**. Test Beam Software and Monte Carlo Needs and Efforts**

Over the next few years a wide variety of studies will be performed in
different test beams. The main goals of these studies are to:

-   study the different technologies under discussion for different
    detector components;

-   characterize the prototypes.

Two types of software exist and are needed for test experiments: data
acquisition software and simulation / reconstruction / analysis
software. One of the main goals of these test beam studies is to
accumulate a body of data which will allow the comparison of simulation
and actual data. This is of particular importance for the calorimeter
tests, but also interesting for other detectors.

In the area of calorimeter studies the detailed development of showers
both in the electromagnetic and in the hadronic mode will need to be
studied and compared in detail

to the simulation. The prediction of the behavior of a highly segmented
calorimeter will have to rely heavily on the simulation, thus making a
validation of the programs used essential.

A wide variety of programs is currently under development and they are
being used in different test beam activities for different detector
components. It is not expected that within the next few years common
test beam software will be developed. However to make the exchange of
information between participating groups easier it is proposed that all
groups agree on a common persistency framework for their final stored
data. The proposed format is LCIO (Linear Collider Input Output) \[82\],
which has been developed for the offline simulation and reconstruction
software. Extensions to the currently available version of LCIO will
need to be agreed upon to allow the easy storage of calibration and
other data needed for actual test experiments.

The data acquisition needs of a test beam experiment typically are
rather small. Currently no central planning is foreseen. However within
some of the larger R&D groups (e.g. CALICE \[83\]) efforts are underway
to develop common software solutions shared by all members of the R&D
groups.

**5.1 What exists now?**

The simulation tools currently available are GEANT3 \[84\], FLUKA \[85\]
or GEANT4\[86\] based. In Europe BRAHMS \[87\] has been developed as the
central GEANT3 tool. Its development is basically frozen, and it is not
planned to be used extensively in the prototype studies. MOKKA \[88\],
based on GEANT4, which has a more flexible geometry definition system
already has some implementations of calorimeter prototypes. It will be
the main tool within the CALICE group for simulation studies of the test
experiments. MOKKA is also used within part of the tracking community
for simulation studies. In the Americas GEANT4 tools are under
development as well. Currently an effort is ongoing to merge the
American and the European developments into a common simulation
framework. Both regions however have agreed on a standard LCIO
persistency format, which will make the exchange of simulated data easy
between the regions. In Asia, GEANT3-based full simulator (JIM) \[89\]
has been used for detector performance validation. Recently GEANT4-base
full simulation (Jupiter) \[90\] has been developed.

Due to the desire to move to a full GEANT4 environment, extensive tests,
in particular of the hadronic physics model in GEANT4 are needed.
Comparisons to the physics models in GEANT4 will have to be done in the
near future. Test beam data will provide significant input to these
comparisons, and help in tuning the hadronic physics models in GEANT4.

Reconstruction and analysis software is under development in many
different packages and languages individually for different test beam
activities. We would like to stress the importance of basing these
reconstruction programs on the common LCIO data format. In this way no
decision needs to be taken on the analysis system used -- PAW\[91\],
ROOT \[92\], JAS\[93\], etc. can all be used, as long as an interface to
LCIO exists.

**5.2 Software Recommendations**

-   Groups involved in LC test beam activities should be strongly
    encouraged to base their systems on the LCIO persistency framework.

-   To avoid duplication of effort every attempt should be made to agree
    on a common simulation and reconstruction framework for all studies.

-   The different groups are encouraged to join forces in providing
    input to tune the physics models in the GEANT4 simulation package.

-   To ease the exchange of code and algorithms a central depository
    (e.g. a CVS repository) of reconstruction and analysis code should
    be created.

**6. Test Beam Coordination**

Given the large number of world-wide linear collider detector and
accelerator R&D groups and the fact that they expect the test beam
activities to occur about the same time scale (2005 -- 2008) and the
fact that there are limited number of facilities that can provide
sufficient level of beams, it is necessary for the world-wide test beam
activities to coordinate to facilitate:

-   Effective use of limited test beam facilities

-   Joint activities to avoid unnecessary competitions between the R&D
    groups

-   Cost saving common efforts

    -   Common Simulation framework: It is in progress at NICADD in
        Northern Illinois University, at DESY and in Paris.

    -   Common reconstruction and analysis framework, as described in
        the previous section.

In order to facilitate effective coordination of world-wide linear
collider R&D test beam activities and to avoid unnecessary competition
between the groups, a group of regional

+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+
| **       | **         | **Asia**           | **Europe**             |
| Groups** | Americas** |                    |                        |
+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+
| Overall  | H. E.      | N. Delerue         | V. Vrba                |
|          | Fisk, J.   |                    |                        |
|          | Yu         |                    |                        |
+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+
| Cal      | J. Repond, | K. Kawagoe         | J. C. Brient, V. Vrba, |
| orimeter |            |                    |                        |
|          | S. Magill  |                    | P. Dauncey, V. Korbel, |
|          |            |                    | P. Checchia, S.        |
|          |            |                    | Miscetti, W. Lohmann,  |
|          |            |                    | A. Stahl               |
+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+
| Vertex & | D. Karlen  | Y. Sugimoto, T.    | C. Damerell, M.        |
|          |            | Matsuda,           | Winter, V. Lepeltie,   |
| Tracking |            |                    | P. Colas, R. Settles   |
|          |            | H. Park            |                        |
+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+
| Muon     | H. E. Fisk | Y. Zhu, K. Kawagoe | M. Piccolo             |
+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+
| Beam     | M. Woods   | T. Tauchi, H.      | P. Bambade, G. Blair,  |
| Instrum  |            | Yamamoto,          | K. Guesser, N. Walker, |
| entation |            |                    | D. Miller, P. Burrow,  |
| & IP     |            | T. Takahashi       | Doucas, W. Lohmann, A. |
|          |            |                    | Stahl                  |
+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+
| Other    |            | I. Park (Korean Si | A. Savoy-Navarro       |
|          |            | detectors)         |                        |
+----------+------------+--------------------+------------------------+

representatives, N. Delerue (Asia), V. Vrba (Europe), G. Fisk (US) and
J. Yu (US), have decided to meet regularly once every quarter via video
conferencing. We also plan to meet at world-wide linear collider
workshops. In addition to the board of regional representatives, each
region has contact persons for each detector R&D activities and to
disseminate information for facilities and coordination. Table 14
summarizes the list of contact persons for detector groups in the three
regions.

**9. Recommendations and Conclusions**

In conclusion, based on detector groups' R&D activities and their
progress along with the anticipated time scale of a linear collider,
test beam needs arise rapidly. The number of groups anticipating some
test beam activities within the next 2 -- 3 years grows rapidly. On the
other hand, due to the start of LHC experiment and other activities for
accelerator facility upgrades and to the funding situation, the number
of available test beam facilities is not expected to increase but to
decrease. Given the anticipated disparity between supply and demand for
test beam, it is necessary to coordinate test beam activities world-wide
and to provide necessary information to the relevant responsible parties
(or the facility directors) to, if possible, redirect some part of
resources and to coordinate with various funding agencies to accommodate
all the needs that arise as detector R&D matures in a timely manner.

***Acknowledgements.*** The primary authors of this report are grateful
for all the contributions from various R&D group representatives and
from the representatives of test beam facilities. Especially, one of the
authors of this report (V.V.) is grateful to M Hauschild, V.Korbel,
V.Ammosov and S.Miscetti for consulting materials about test beam
facilities at CERN, DESY, Protvino and Frascati, respectively.

**11. Bibliography**

1.  ALEPH Collaboration, Nucl. Inst. Meth. **A360**, 441 (1995)

2.  International Linear Collider Detector R&D Group;

<http://blueox.uoregon.edu/~lc/randd.pdf>

3.  ACFA Linear Collider Working Group Report, "Particle Physics
    Experiments at JLC," KEK Report 2001-11, HEP-ph/0109166 (2001);
    <http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/hep-ph/pdf/0109/0109166.pdf>

4.  J. Kamoshita, Y. Okada, M. Tanaka, *Phys. Lett.* **B391**, 124
    (1997); "HIGGS PHYSICS AT LEP-2," in CERN LEP-2 yellow report vol.1,
    CERN-96-01, hep-ph/9602250; W. Kilian, M. Kramer, P.M. Zerwas, Phys.
    Lett. **B373**, 135 (1996).

5.  The Next Linear Collider,
    <http://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/nlc/home.html>; Global Linear
    Collider (GLC) Project, <http://www-jlc.kek.jp/index-20031009.html>;
    TESLA, The International Linear Collider and X-Ray Laser Project;
    <http://tesla.desy.de/>

6.  M. N. Frary and D. J. Miller, DESY-92-123A, p379;

<http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/lc/documents/frarymiller.pdf>

7.  N. Toomi *et al*., *Phys. Lett.* **B429**, 162 (1998).

8.  "Status of Linear Collider Beam Instrumentation Design," D.
    Cinabro, E. Torrence and M. Woods, ALCPG-2003-0001 (2003);

<http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/lcd/ipbi/notes/white.pdf>

10.ACFA FFIR Working Group activities are described at
<http://acfahep.kek.jp/subg/ir/>

11.ECFA BDIR Working Group activities are described at

> <http://www-flc.desy.de/bdir/BDIRtop.html> ; TESLA Collaboration R&D
> activities for the Very Forward Detector Region are described at

<http://www-zeuthen.desy.de/~astahl/Collaboration.html> .

12\. ALCPG IPBI Working Group activities are described at

> <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/lcd/ipbi/>

13. K. Buesser and M. Paganoni, "The Measurement of Luminosity at
    TESLA," LC-DET-2001-044 (2001).

14. G. Alimonti, "Pair Monitor for Linear Collider," LCWS 2000
    proceedings, p. 748.

15. T. Tauchi and K. Yokoya, "Nanometer Beam Size Measurement during
    collisions at Linear Colliders," *Phys. Rev.* **E51** (1995) 6119.

16. [G.
    Bonvicini](http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/wwwhepau/wwwscan?rawcmd=fin+Bonvicini,+G.)
    and [N.
    Powell](http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/wwwhepau/wwwscan?rawcmd=fin+Powell,+N.),
    "Beamstrahlung at the NLC," e-Print Archive: hep-ex/0304004 (2003).

17. J.H. Norem and J.E. Spencer, "Pin-Hole Luminosity Monitor with
    Feedback," SLAC-PUB-10447 (2004).

18. See <http://hepwww.ph.qmul.ac.uk/~white/FONT/default.htm>

19. See <http://acfahep.kek.jp/subg/ir/feather/index.html>

20. Edited by R. Brinkman *et al.*, TESLA Technical Design Report
    Part-II, "The Accelerator,"

21. Next Linear Collider Design Group, "Zeroth-Order Design Report for
    the Next Linear Collider," LBNL-Pub-5424, SLAC-Report 474,
    UCRL-ID-12416, Unpublished (1996);
    <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/accel/nlc/zdr/Snowmass96/ZDRTITLE.PDF>

22. GLC Project, KEK Report 2003-7, September 2003. Formerly called JLC
    Project, see for example: N. Akasaka et al., JLC DESIGN STUDY,
    KEK-REPORT-97-1, 617 (1997); JLC Group, JLC-I (the green book),
    KEK-REPORT-92-16 (1992); <http://www-jlc.kek.jp/>

23. The precision required for energy measurements is discussed in
    detail in Reference \[8\]. Improved energy measurement precision to
    50ppm or better would be needed to fully exploit the statistical
    precision that could be achieved for a precise measurement of the W
    mass or for a very precise weak mixing angle measurement at a Giga-Z
    program.

24. S. Heinemeyer et al., published in *JHEP* **0309:075** (2003)**;**
    hep-ph/0306181.

25. LEP Energy Working Group; in preparation

26. M. Hildreth, private communication.

27. J. Kent *et al*., SLAC-PUB-4922 (1989).

28. "Beam energy measurement at a linear collider with an SLC style
    energy spectrometer,\'\' S. Hertzbach, published in \*Batavia 2000,
    Physics and experiments with future linear e+ e- colliders\* pp.
    740-743 (2000).

29. See talk by K. Kubo at LCWS 2004,

[http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a04172#s63](http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php? ida=a04172#s63)

30. SLD Collaboration, *Phys. Rev. Lett*. **86** (2001) 1162.

31. *Linear Collider Physics Resource Book for Snowmass 2001*,
    SLAC-Report-570 (2001).

32. G. Moortgat-Pick, H. M. Steiner, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A15 (2000) 2529.
    (hep-ex/0004004)

33. M. Woods, *Int. J. Mod. Phys.* **A15** (2000) 2529. (hep-ex/0004004)

34. P. C. Rowson and M. Woods, SLAC-PUB-8745 (1999). (hep-ex/0012055)

35. R. Hawkings and K. Monig, DESY 99-157 (1999).

36. V. Gharibyan, N. Meyners and P. Schuler, "The TESLA Compton
    Polarimeter," LC-DET-2001-047 (2001);
    <http://www.desy.de/~lcnotes/2001/047/polnote_v5.ps.gz>

37. M. Woods, A. Florimonte, K.C. Moffeit, T.O. Raubenheimer, A. Seryi,
    and C. Sramek ,** ** SLAC-PUB-10353 (2004). (e-Print Archive:
    physics/0403037)

38. T. Kamon, R. Arnowitt, B. Dutta and V. Khotilovich, "Probing mSUGRA
    models at linear colliders," hep-ph/0302249.

39. P. Bambade *et al.*, hep-ph/0406010.

40. Y.Honda et al., \"Performance studies of a laser wire beam profile
    monitor\", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 (2002) 6398, and \"Measurement of
    a small vertical emittance with a laser wire beam profile monitor\",
    Phys. Rev. Special Topics-Accelerator and Beams, 5 122801 (2002).

41. Nano BPM collaboration,
    [[http://acfahep.kek.jp/subg/ir/nanoBPM/index.html]{.underline}](http://acfahep.kek.jp/subg/ir/nanoBPM/index.html)
    and

[[http://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/lc/local/nanoBPM/nanoBPM.htm]{.underline}](http://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/lc/local/nanoBPM/nanoBPM.htm)
.

42. Homepage of a laser wire collaboration will be prepared soon by
    Graham Blair, Royal Holloway, Univ. of London, UK.

43. EUROTeV Proposal: see <http://www-flc.desy.de/eurotev/> .

44. The UK PPARC R&D funding for Linear Collider Accelerator Beam
    Delivery (LC-ABD) is described at
    <http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/accelerators.asp> .

45. SLAC Letter-of-Intent for BI Tests in End Station A,

<http://www.slac.stanford.edu/grp/rd/epac/LOI/LOI-2003.2.pdf>

46. The U.S. University R&D efforts funded by the DOE (LCRD) and NSF
    (UCLC) are described at these web links:
    <http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/LCRD/html_files/index.html>,
    <http://www.lns.cornell.edu/public/LC/UCLC/>

47. M. Hildreth *et al.*,
    <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/lcd/ipbi/notes/energybpm_T474.pdf>

48. E. Torrence,
    <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/lcd/ipbi/notes/syncspec_T475.pdf>

49. C. Kenney *et al.*,
    <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/lcd/ipbi/notes/forward_Si_T476.pdf>

50. P. Checchia, "Si-Scintillator Hybrid Technique for ECAL," LCWS 2004,
    Paris (2004)

51. JLC-I; Detector, JLC Group,
    [http://www-**jlc**.kek.jp/general/DOC/JLC-I/ch3.ps](http://www-jlc.kek.jp/general/DOC/JLC-I/ch3.ps)

52. S. Magill, J. Repond, A. Turcot and J. Yu, "Linear Collider
    Calorimeter Test Beam Study Group Report," UTA-HEP/LC-0003,
    Unpublished (2003);
    <http://www-hep.uta.edu/hep_notes/linear-collider.html>

53. R. Bellazzini, C. Betti, A. Brez, E. Carboni, M.M. Massai, and M.R.
    Torquati, "A Novel Type of Parallel Plate Chamber with A Resistive
    Germanium Anode and A Two-Dimensional Readout," Nucl. Instrum. Meth.
    **A247,** 445 (1986)

54. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Meson Test Beam Facility,
    <http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/MTBF-w/>

55. D. Karlen *et al.*, The North American Working Group of Linear
    Collider Tracking Detector; <http://scipp.ucsc.edu/LCTrack/>

56. D. Chakraborty *et al.*, The American Working Group on Linear
    Collider Calorimetery;
    <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/lcd/calorimeter/>

57. KEK, High Energy Physics Accelerator Research Organization;

<http://www.kek.jp/intra.html>

58. Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex, J-PARC;
    <http://j-parc.jp/>

59. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, JAERI;
    <http://www.jaeri.go.jp/>

60. Beijing Electron Positron Collider, BEPC;
    <http://www.ihep.ac.cn/english/E-Bepc/>

61. Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science;
    <http://www.ihep.ac.cn/english/index.htm>

62. The European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN;
    <http://www.cern.ch/>

63. CERN Proton Synchrotron Facility;
    <http://ab-div-op-ps.web.cern.ch/ab-div-op-ps/>;
    <http://greybook.cern.ch/programmes/PS.html>

64. CERN Super Proton Synchrotron Facility;
    <http://ab-div-op-sps.web.cern.ch/ab-div-op-sps/>;
    <http://greybook.cern.ch/programmes/SPS.html>

65. A Large Ion Collider Experiment, ALICE;

[http://greybook.cern.ch/programmes/
experiments/ALICE.html](http://greybook.cern.ch/programmes/experiments/ALICE.html)

66. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY;
    <http://www.desy.de/html/home/>

67. G. Hemmie, "A New Injector for the DESY Storage Rings PETRA and
    DORIS", IEEE NS-30 (1983); G. Hemmie et al., "Status Report on the
    DESY II Synchrotron", IEEE NS-32 (1985);
    <http://desyntwww.desy.de/~minty/default_desy2.htm>

68. DESY Test Beam <http://desyntwww.desy.de/~testbeam/welcome.html>

69. State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High
    Energy Phytsics, IHEP; <http://www.ihep.su/>

70. B.A. Batarin et al., "Development of a Momentum Determined Electron
    Beam in the 1 -45 GeV Range," hep-ex/0208012, Nucl. Instrum. Meth.
    **A510**, 211-218 (2003)

71. Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF); <http://www.lnf.infn.it/>

72. The DAFNE Beam Test Facility (BTF);
    <http://www.lnf.infn.it/acceleratori/btf/>

73. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC);
    <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/>

74. SLAC End Station A (ESA) Beam Facility;

[http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/
experiments/esa.html](http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/ experiments/esa.html)

75. SLAC Positron Electron Project (PEP);

[http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/
experiments/pep.html](http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/ experiments/pep.html)

76. Babar Collaboration; <http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/>

77. BNL Experiment Support and Facilities Division,
    <http://server.c-ad.bnl.gov/esfd>

78. BNL Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS);

[http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/facilities/
AGS.html](http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/facilities/ AGS.html)

79. Rare Symmetry Violating Processes, RSVP, experiment,
    <http://www.bnl.gov/rsvp/>

80. Private communication with Erik Ramberg by Jae Yu in July 2004 to
    clarify the confusion arose at the Paris LCWS 2004.

81. FNAL MI T. Kobilarcik, "Main Injector Beam to the New Muon and Meson
    Areas," Fermilab-TM-2105, unpublished (2000)

82. Linear Collider Persistent Data Format (LCIO);
    <http://www-it.desy.de/physics/projects/simsoft/lcio/>

83. The CALICE Collaboration,
    [http://www.calice.cern.ch](http://www.calice.cern.ch/)

84. Detector Description and Simulation Tool, GEANT;

<http://wwwasd.web.cern.ch/wwwasd/geant/>

85. A. Fasso, A. Farrari, J. Ranft and P. Sala, "Fully Integrated
    Particle Physics Monte Carlo Simulation Package, FLUKA";
    <http://www.fluka.org/>

86. Object Oriented Detector Description and Simulation Toolkit; GEANT4;
    <http://wwwasd.web.cern.ch/wwwasd/geant4/geant4.html>

87. T. Behnke *et al.*, Beph Reconstruction and Analysis Helpful
    Montecarlo Software, BRAHMS;
    <http://www-zeuthen.desy.de/lc_repository/detector_simulation/dev/BRAHMS/tex/brahms_308_html/index.html>

88. MOKKA -- A Detailed GEANT4 Simulation for Future Linear Collider;
    <http://polywww.in2p3.fr/geant4/tesla/www/mokka/mokka.html>

89. Full Detector Simulation Program for JLC Physics Analysis, JIM;
    <http://www-jlc.kek.jp/subg/offl/www-jlcsim/index.html>

90. JLC Unified Particle Interaction and Tracking Emulator, Jupiter;
    <http://acfahep.kek.jp/acfareport/node303.html>

91. The Physics Analysis Workstation, PAW;
    <http://wwwasd.web.cern.ch/wwwasd/paw/>

92. Rene Brun and Fons Rademakers, ROOT, Nucl. Inst. & Meth. in Phys.
    Res. A 389, 81 -- 86 (1997); <http://root.cern.ch/>

93. Java Analysis Studio, JAS; <http://jas.freehep.org/>