September 8 2005

Modoc National Forest

808 West 12^th^ St.

Alturas, CA 96101

Dear Forest and BLM

Here is the Literature Cited to accompany WWP's two Scoping letters on
the Modoc project.

Sincerely,

Katie Fite

Biodiversity Director

Western Watersheds Project

PO Box 2863

Boise, ID 83701

Sada, D. W., J. E. Williams, J. C. Silvey, A. Halford, J. Ramakka, P.
Summers, and L. Lewis. 2001. A guide to managing ,restoring, and
conserving springs in the western United States. BLM Tech. Ref. 1737-17.
Bureau of Land Mangemnt, Denver, CO.BLM/ST/ST-01/001=1737. 70 pp. ADD

**[Relevant Literature]{.underline}**

Anderson, L. D. 1991. Bluebunch wheatgrass defoliation: effects and
recovery. USDI Bureau of Land Management Technical Bulletin 91-2.
Salmon, ID.

Anderson, D. C., K. T. Harper and R. C. Holmgren. 1982. Factors
influencing development of cryptogamic soil crusts in Utah deserts.
Journal of Range Management 35(2):180-185.

Anderson, J. E. and K. E. Holte. 1981. Vegetation Development over 25
years without grazing on sagebrush-dominated rangeland in southern
Idaho. Journal of Range Management 34(1):25-29.

Anderson, Jay E. and Richard S. Inouye. 2001. Landscape-scale changes in
plant species abundance and biodiversity of a sagebrush steppe over 45
years. Ecological Monographs 71(4):531-556.

Belnap, J. 1995. Surface disturbances: their role in accelerating
desertification. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37:39-57.

Belnap, J. and D. A. Gillette. 1997. Disturbance of biological soil
crusts: impacts on potential wind erodibility of sandy desert soils in
southeastern Utah. Land Degradation and Development 8:355-362.

Belnap, J., R. Rosentreter, S. Leonard, J. H. Kaltenecker, J. Williams
and D. Eldridge. 2001. Biological soil crusts: ecology and management.
USDI BLM. Technical Reference 1730-12.

Belsky, A. J. and J. Gelbard. 2000. Livestock grazing and weed invasions
in the arid west. Oregon Natural Desert Association. Bend, OR.
\[available on-line at
[www.onda.org/library/papers/index.html](http://www.onda.org/library/papers/index.html)
\]

Belsky, A. J., A. Matzke, and S. Uselman. 1999. Survey of livestock
influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United
States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54:419-431.

Beymer, R. J. and J. M. Klopatek. 1992. Effects of grazing on
cryptogamic crusts in pinyon-juniper woodlands in Grand Canyon National
Park. Am. Midland Naturalist. 127:139-148.

Billings, W. D. 1994. Ecological impacts of cheatgrass and resultant
fire on ecosystems in the Western Great Basin, in S.B. Monsen and S.G.
Kitchen, eds. Proceedings - ecology and management of annual rangelands.
USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-313. Intermountain
Research Station. Ogden, UT.

Braun, C. 1998. Sage grouse declines in western North America: what are
the problems? Proc. Western Assoc. State Fish and Wildlife Agencies 78.

Chaney, E., W. Elmore, and W. S. Platts. 1990. Livestock grazing on
western riparian areas. Report prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by Northwest Resources Information Center, Inc. Eagle,
ID.

Chaney, E., Elmore, W. and W. S. Platts. 1993. Managing change:
livestock grazing on western riparian areas. Northwest Resource
Information Center. Eagle, ID.

Clary, W. P. and B. F. Webster. 1989. Managing grazing of riparian areas
in the Intermountain region. General Technical Report INT-263. USDA
Intermountain Research Station.

Collopy, M.W. and J. Smith. 1995. National status and trends; the
Pacific Northwest (Draft). UDI/NBS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem
Science Center, Corvallis, OR.

Connelly, J. W., M. A. Schroeder, A. R. Sands, and C. E. Braun. 2001.
Guidelines to manage sage grouse populations and their habitats. Western
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Wildlife Society Bulletin
2000, 28(4):967-985.

Connelly, J. W., S. T. Knick, M. A. Schroeder and S. J. Stiver. 2004.
Conservation assessment of greater sage grouse and sagebrush habitats.
Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Cheyenne, Wyoming.
\[available on-line at
[www.ndow.org/wild/sg/resources/assessment.shtm](http://www.ndow.org/wild/sg/resources/assessment.shtm)
\]

Conservation Biology Institute. 2000. Importance of BLM roadless areas
in the western US. Full report can be viewed at
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Coulter, I. Davidison, L. Dickson. N. Edelson, R. Eliot, R. M. Erwin, S.
Hatch, S. Kress, R. Milko, S. Miller, K. Mills, R. Paul, R. Philips, J.
E. Saliva, B. Syderman, J. Trapp, J. Wheeler, and K. Wohl. 2002.
Waterbird Conservation for the Americas: the North American Waterbird
Conservation Plan, Version 1. Waterbird Conservation for the Americas.
Washington, DC.

Donahue, D. 1999. The western range revisited: Removing livestock from
public lands to conserve native biodiversity. University of Oklahoma
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DeLong, A. K., J. A. Crawford, and D. C. DeLong. 1995. Relationship
between vegetation structure and predation of artificial sage grouse
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Dobkin, D. S. and J. D. Sauder. 2004. Shrubsteppe landscapes in
jeopardy. Distributions, abundances and the uncertain future of birds
and mammals in the Intermountain West. High Desert Ecological Research
Institute. Bend, OR.

Duff, D. A. 1977. Livestock grazing impacts on aquatic habitat in Big
Creek, Utah. *In* Proceedings of the workshop on livestock and wildlife
--fisheries relationships in the Great Basin.

Dyksterhuis, E. J. 1949. Condition and management of range land based on
quantitative ecology. Journal of Range Management 2:104-115.

Eddleman, L. L., P. M. Miller, R. F. Miller, and P. L. Dysart. 1994.
Scientific assessment of western juniper woodlands (of the Pacific
northwest). Eastside Ecosystem Management Program. EIS.

Ellison, L. 1960. Influence of grazing on plant succession of
rangelands. Botanical Review 26: 1-78.

Everett, R.L. 1987. Plant response to fire in the pinyon-juniper zone.
p.152-157 in R. L. Everett, ed. Proceedings -- pinyon-juniper
conference. USDA Forest Serv. Tech. Rep. INT-215.

Everett, R.L. 1987. (ed.) Proceedings -- pinyon-juniper conference. USDA
Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215.

Everett, R. L. and W. Clary. 1985. Fire effects and revegetation of
pinyon-juniper woodlands p. 33-37 in Rangeland Fire Effects: a
symposium. USDI. BLM. Boise.

Federal Register. March 5, 2003. Endangered and threatened wildlife and
plants; Final Rule to list the Columbia Basin Distinct Population
Segment of the pygmy rabbit (*Brachylagus* i*dahoensis*) as endangered.
Vol. 68, 43:10389-10409.

Federal Register. April 21, 2004. Endangered and threatened wildlife and
plants; 90-day finding for petitions to list the greater sage grouse as
threatened or endangered. Vol. 69(77):21484-21494

Fleischner, T. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western
North America. Conservation Biology 8:629-644.

Freilich, J. E., J. M. Emlen, J. J. Duda, D. C. Freeman and P. J.
Cafaro. 2003. Ecological effects of ranching: a six-point critique.
BioScience 53(8):759-765.

Galt, D., G. Mendez, J. Holechek and J. Joseph. 1999. Heavy winter
grazing reduces forage production: an observation. Rangelands
21(4):18-21

Galt, D., F. Molinar, J. Navarro, J. Joseph and J. Holechek. 2000.
Grazing capacity and stocking rate. Rangelands 22(6):7-11

Gelbard, J. L. and J. Belnap. 2003. Roads as conduits or exotic plant
invasions in a semiarid landscape. Conservation Biology 17 (2):420-432.

Gerber, M.F.. J.C. Munger, A. Ames and J. Stewart. 1887. Reptiles and
amphibians in deep canyons: the Big Jacks and Little Jacks Creek
drainages of Owyhee County, Idaho. BLM Technical Bulletin 97-1.

Groves, C. 1994. Idaho's amphibians and reptiles: description, habitat
and ecology. Nongame Wildlife Leaflet No. 7. Idaho Department of Fish
and Game. Boise, ID.

Haferkamp, M. R., P. O. Currie, J. D. Volesky and B. W. Knapp. 1992.
Mortality of crested wheatgrass and Russian wildrye during drought. J.
Range Management. 45(4):355-357.

Hockett, G.A. 2002. Livestock impacts on herbaceous components of sage
grouse habitat: a review. Intermountain Journal of Science 8(2):
105-114.

Holechek, J. L. 1996a. Financial returns and range condition on southern
New Mexico ranches. Rangelands 18(2):52-56

Holechek, J. L. 1996b. Drought and low cattle prices: hardship for New
Mexico ranchers. Rangelands 18(1):11-13

Holechek, J. L., H. de Souza Gomes, F. Molinar and D. Galt. 1998.
Grazing intensity: critique and approach. Rangelands 20(5):15-18

Holechek, J. L., H. Gomez, F. Molinar and D. Galt. 1999a. Grazing
studies: what we've learned. Rangelands 21(2):12-16

Holechek, J. L., M. Thomas, F. Molinar and D. Galt. 1999b. Stocking
desert rangelands: what we've learned. Rangelands 21(6):8-12

Holechek, J. L., H. Gomez, F. Molinar, D.Galt and R. Valdez. 2000.
Short-duration grazing: The facts in 1999. Rangelands 22(1):18-22.

Holechek, J. L., R. D. Pieper and C. H. Herbel. 2001.Range Management:
Principles and Practices, Fourth Edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
587p

Holmes, A. L., G. A. Green, R. L. Morgan, K. B. Livezey. 2003. Burrowing
owl nest success and longevity in north central Oregon. Western North
American Naturalist 63(2):244-250.

Hutchings, S.S. and G. Stewart. 1953. Increasing forage yields and sheep
production on Intermountain winter ranges. U.S. Department of
Agriculture Circular 925. 63p.

Kay, C. E. and D. L. Bartos. 2000. Ungulate herbivory on Utah aspen:
assessment of long-term exclosures. J. Range Management 53: 145-153.

Knick, S. T. and J. T. Rotenberry. 1995. Landscape characteristics of
fragmented shrubsteppe habitats and breeding passerine birds.
Conservation Biology 9:1059-1071.

Knick, S.J. and J.T. Rotenberry. 1999. Spatial distribution of breeding
passerine birds habitats in a shrub steppe region of southwestern Idaho.
Studies in Avian Biology 19: 104-111.

Knick, S.J. and J.T. Rotenberry 2000.Ghosts of habitats past:
contribution of landscape change to current habitats used by shrubland
birds. Ecology 81:(1) 220-227.

Knick, S. T.,D. S. Dobkin, J. T. Rotenberry, M. A. Schroeder, W. M.
Vander Haegen and C. V. Riper. 2003. Teetering on the edge or too late?
Conservation and research issues for avifauna of sagebrush habitats.
Condor 105:61-634.

Krueper, D., J. Bart and T. D. Rich. 2003. Response of vegetation and
breeding birds to the removal of cattle on the San Pedro River, Arizona
(U. S. A.). Conservation Biology 17(2):607-615.

Kushlan, J. A., M. J. Steinkamp, K. C. Parsons, J. Capp, M. . Cruz, M.
Coulter, I. Davidison, L. Dickson. N. Edelson, R. Eliot, R. M. Erwin, S.
Hatch, S. Kress, R. Milko, S. Miller, K. Mills, R. Paul, R. Philips, J.
E. Saliva, B. Syderman, J. Trapp, J. Wheeler, and K. Wohl. 2002.
Waterbird Conservation for the Americas: the North American Waterbird
Conservation Plan, Version 1. Waterbird Conservation for the Americas.
Washington, DC.

Loft, E. R., J. W. Menke, J. G. Kie. 1991. Habitat shifts by mule deer:
the influence of cattle grazing. J. Wildlife Management 55(1):16-24.

Lusby, G. C. 1979. Effects of grazing on runoff and sediment yield from
desert rangeland at Badger Wash in western Colorado, 1953-1973.
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and Russian wildrye. J. Range Management. 26(6): 431-433.

McLean, A. and E.W. Tisdale. 1972. Recovery rate of depleted range sites
under protection from grazing. Journal of Range Management 25:178-184.

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