+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| # Animals         |                                                  |
|  in Disasters {#a |                                                  |
| nimals-in-disaste |                                                  |
| rs .Animals-head} |                                                  |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| # MODULE A UNIT   | # The Care of                                    |
| 8 {#module-a-unit | Livestock and Horses in Disasters {#the-care-of- |
| -8 .Animals-head} | livestock-and-horses-in-disasters .Animals-head} |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Ov             | This unit gives practical advice for the farmer   |
| erview {#overvie | or large animal caregiver. It is the most         |
| w .Animals-head} | comprehensive of the units in terms of protecting |
|                  | your livestock and horses in a disaster. It       |
|                  | reviews the four phases of emergency management   |
|                  | and gives specific recommendations for            |
|                  | mitigating, preparing for, responding to and      |
|                  | recovering from all types of disasters. Emphasis  |
|                  | is given to issues such as evacuation of large    |
|                  | animals and the restoration of farms as           |
|                  | businesses.                                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Object         | Upon completion of this unit, you should be able  |
| ives {#objective | to do the following:                              |
| s .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | -   Prevent flooding, fire or power failures from |
|                  |     harming your livestock and horses             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Safely transport, communicate and obtain      |
|                  |     medical assistance for your livestock and     |
|                  |     horses in disasters                           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Evacuate, feed and identify your livestock    |
|                  |     and horses in a disaster                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Take steps to ensure that your animal-related |
|                  |     business fully recovers from a disaster       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Apply the four phases of emergency management |
|                  |     to the care of livestock and horses in        |
|                  |     disasters                                     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # The care of li | Many farms are vulnerable to natural disasters    |
| vestock and hors | and require special consideration in the          |
| es in disasters  | protection against disasters. Their owners depend |
| {#the-care-of-li | on the farm's income for their livelihood. There  |
| vestock-and-hors | are often many chemicals, such as fertilizer,     |
| es-in-disasters- | herbicides and pesticides, that can be spilled in |
| 1 .Animals-head} | a disaster. In this section, you will learn about |
|                  | some of the basic principles of disaster          |
| #  {#sectio      | mitigation for livestock and horse farms.         |
| n .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | Farms in disasters are of concern for many        |
|                  | reasons, some of which are listed below.          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   The safety of the human food supply depends   |
|                  |     on the health of food-producing animals.      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Owners have personal and financial            |
|                  |     investments in their animals.                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Farm owners may be injured or killed          |
|                  |     attempting to rescue their animals in         |
|                  |     disasters.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   For many States and businesses, livestock,    |
|                  |     poultry and horses are a vital source of      |
|                  |     revenue.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Protecting and saving human life is the first     |
|                  | priority of disaster relief. Protecting property  |
|                  | is of secondary concern. Because of this,         |
|                  | emergency management officials are not trained to |
|                  | deal with animals as property or the restoration  |
|                  | of animal-related businesses. Therefore, farm     |
|                  | owners should work with their emergency           |
|                  | management agency and other groups before a       |
|                  | disaster. Though, they should remember that the   |
|                  | care of and responsibility for all animals lies   |
|                  | with their owner or designated care provider.     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Mitiga         | There are many things that can be done on farms   |
| tion {#mitigatio | to mitigate disasters. Some of these are listed   |
| n .Animals-head} | to follow.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Build and repair buildings to meet or exceed  |
|                  |     construction codes and consider ease of       |
|                  |     evacuation.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Replace or cover glass windows with materials |
|                  |     that will not shatter and injure animals or   |
|                  |     personnel.                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Make sure that drainage ditches have grass    |
|                  |     covering (maintain sod).                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Prevent ground-burrowing animals from         |
|                  |     damaging dams and levees.                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Avoid accumulating piles of trash that can    |
|                  |     spill onto other persons' property and injure |
|                  |     animals and people.                           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Store chemicals in storm-proof buildings and  |
|                  |     secured containers.                           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Do not leave construction materials           |
|                  |     unsecured. In high winds, these may become    |
|                  |     projectiles.                                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Drain or build levees around ponds that could |
|                  |     flood.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   After evacuating the barn, always close the   |
|                  |     barn doors to prevent animals from running    |
|                  |     back inside the barn.                         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Fl             | Many farms are in floodplains, but some farm      |
| ooding {#floodin | owners and managers have a false sense of         |
| g .ani-sub-head} | security. Many people do not realize that living  |
|                  | in a 100-year floodplain means that the chance of |
|                  | flooding is calculated as 1 percent chance of     |
|                  | flooding per year or 30 percent chance in the     |
|                  | life-span of many mortgages. The following        |
|                  | resources are available.                          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | > County area planning offices compile            |
|                  | > information on floodplains in their community.  |
|                  | > The natural resources department can provide    |
|                  | > maps and flood-risk assessment information on   |
|                  | > every property in their State. Farm owners      |
|                  | > should gather this information, review the      |
|                  | > location of their property, and engineer access |
|                  | > to their property that will not leave them      |
|                  | > stranded during flooding. Civil engineers can   |
|                  | > help in the design and construction of          |
|                  | > flood-protected farm accesses and make          |
|                  | > recommendations on                              |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | suitable locations for barns, stables, paddocks   |
|                  | and high-lying areas that may be used as pasture  |
|                  | ground in the event of a flood.                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | A common aftermath of flooding is the overflow of |
| 1 .Animals-head} | manure pits and waste lagoons. This can           |
|                  | contaminate the environment, rivers and the       |
|                  | drinking water supply. If this occurs, the        |
|                  | environmental department will be interested in    |
|                  | the environmental impact and the natural          |
|                  | resources department will be concerned with river |
|                  | contamination and potential fish kills. Farmers   |
|                  | can be fined for violations against regulations   |
|                  | of both departments. To prevent this from         |
|                  | happening, farmers should take the following      |
|                  | precautions.                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Have lagoons regularly inspected.             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Diligently keep records on the impact lagoons |
|                  |     have on the environment and water shed.       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Discuss plans to divert manure from streams   |
|                  |     and rivers with the local county extension    |
|                  |     educator and representatives from the         |
|                  |     appropriate State departments. (Similar       |
|                  |     issues surround all waste disposal systems on |
|                  |     farms.)                                       |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | Another common problem on farms in disasters is   |
| 2 .Animals-head} | hazardous materials spills. Storing hazardous     |
|                  | materials in locked buildings with securely       |
|                  | strapped containers should prevent these from     |
|                  | leaking into the environment and water supply.    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | After floods there may be an increase in          |
|                  | infectious disease.                               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Animals that have stood in contaminated flood |
|                  |     water will be at increased risk and may       |
|                  |     develop infections of the hooves and skin     |
|                  |     (dermatitis).                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Cuts acquired from disaster debris make       |
|                  |     animals more susceptible to tetanus and       |
|                  |     contaminated floodwater may contain toxins,   |
|                  |     including botulinum toxin from rotting        |
|                  |     carcasses. Contact with wildlife may also     |
|                  |     increase the potential for rabies.            |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Fire saf       | Barn fires tend to break out in the winter and    |
| ety {#fire-safet | summer months when barn doors are closed and the  |
| y .ani-sub-head} | demand for heating, cooling (fans) and lighting   |
|                  | is at its highest. Many livestock facilities are  |
| #  {#section-    | built of flammable materials and some contain gas |
| 3 .ani-sub-head} | heaters. Safety measures to prevent the damage    |
|                  | caused by fires include the following.            |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, smoke  |
|                  |     detectors and enforced no smoking policies    |
|                  |     can greatly reduce the risk of fires.         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Electrical wiring of barns and stables should |
|                  |     meet appropriate safety standards and be      |
|                  |     installed by qualified electricians.          |
|                  |     Professional advice is available to help with |
|                  |     these.                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   The State department of building and fire     |
|                  |     safety and most local fire departments        |
|                  |     provide low-cost inspections and              |
|                  |     recommendations on fire safety for            |
|                  |     properties. The recommendations are detailed  |
|                  |     and will provide the highest standards by     |
|                  |     which to prevent fires.                       |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Farm owners should consult with their local   |
|                  |     fire department on how to fireproof their     |
|                  |     stables. This also familiarizes farm owners   |
|                  |     and local firefighters with one another. This |
|                  |     familiarity is helpful in the event of an     |
|                  |     emergency. Knowing where a farm is located,   |
|                  |     how to access facilities, how many animals    |
|                  |     are there, and where large volumes of water   |
|                  |     are available can make the difference when    |
|                  |     firefighters are responding.                  |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Power supply a | Priority for  |                                  |
| nd miscellaneous | restoration   |                                  |
|  repairs {#power | of power      |                                  |
| -supply-and-misc | following an  |                                  |
| ellaneous-repair | emergency is  |                                  |
| s .ani-sub-head} | usually based |                                  |
|                  | on human      |                                  |
| #  {#section-    | population    |                                  |
| 4 .ani-sub-head} | density.      |                                  |
|                  | Because many  |                                  |
|                  | farms are in  |                                  |
|                  | rural areas,  |                                  |
|                  | it could be   |                                  |
|                  | some time     |                                  |
|                  | before power  |                                  |
|                  | is            |                                  |
|                  | re            |                                  |
|                  | -established. |                                  |
|                  | Many          |                                  |
|                  | livestock     |                                  |
|                  | operations    |                                  |
|                  | depend        |                                  |
|                  | heavily on    |                                  |
|                  | electrical    |                                  |
|                  | power to milk |                                  |
|                  | cows, provide |                                  |
|                  | heat and cool |                                  |
|                  | air (fans),   |                                  |
|                  | and operate   |                                  |
|                  | feed          |                                  |
|                  | elevators and |                                  |
|                  | machinery.    |                                  |
|                  | Owners can    |                                  |
|                  | find out      |                                  |
|                  | about the     |                                  |
|                  | relative      |                                  |
|                  | priority of   |                                  |
|                  | their farm    |                                  |
|                  | from their    |                                  |
|                  | local utility |                                  |
|                  | company. This |                                  |
|                  | important     |                                  |
|                  | information   |                                  |
|                  | can help      |                                  |
|                  | farmers       |                                  |
|                  | prepare for   |                                  |
|                  | times without |                                  |
|                  | power.        |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | Farm owners   |                                  |
|                  | should        |                                  |
|                  | consider      |                                  |
|                  | securing a    |                                  |
|                  | generator for |                                  |
|                  | emergencies.  |                                  |
|                  | A             |                                  |
|                  | r             |                                  |
|                  | epresentative |                                  |
|                  | from the      |                                  |
|                  | electricity   |                                  |
|                  | company or    |                                  |
|                  | Cooperative   |                                  |
|                  | Extension     |                                  |
|                  | Services can  |                                  |
|                  | advise on the |                                  |
|                  | energy        |                                  |
|                  | requirements  |                                  |
|                  | to run a      |                                  |
|                  | farm, the     |                                  |
|                  | size of       |                                  |
|                  | generator and |                                  |
|                  | provide       |                                  |
|                  | information   |                                  |
|                  | on sources,   |                                  |
|                  | maintenance   |                                  |
|                  | and costs of  |                                  |
|                  | generators.   |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Preparedne     | The           |                                  |
| ss {#preparednes | priorities    |                                  |
| s .Animals-head} | for disaster  |                                  |
|                  | planning for  |                                  |
|                  | farms varies  |                                  |
|                  | to some       |                                  |
|                  | extent with   |                                  |
|                  | the type of   |                                  |
|                  | animals and   |                                  |
|                  | facility. In  |                                  |
|                  | general       |                                  |
|                  | terms, the    |                                  |
|                  | greatest      |                                  |
|                  | priorities,   |                                  |
|                  | i.e., the     |                                  |
|                  | most likely   |                                  |
|                  | disasters to  |                                  |
|                  | occur, are    |                                  |
|                  | trailer       |                                  |
|                  | accidents,    |                                  |
|                  | floods,       |                                  |
|                  | fires, power  |                                  |
|                  | outages and   |                                  |
|                  | contagious    |                                  |
|                  | disease       |                                  |
|                  | outbreaks.    |                                  |
|                  | Some          |                                  |
|                  | locations     |                                  |
|                  | will have     |                                  |
|                  | additional    |                                  |
|                  | hazards to    |                                  |
|                  | consider,     |                                  |
|                  | such as high  |                                  |
|                  | winds,        |                                  |
|                  | landslides,   |                                  |
|                  | and hazardous |                                  |
|                  | materials.    |                                  |
|                  | Owners should |                                  |
|                  | consult their |                                  |
|                  | local         |                                  |
|                  | emergency     |                                  |
|                  | management    |                                  |
|                  | office on     |                                  |
|                  | what type of  |                                  |
|                  | help is       |                                  |
|                  | available and |                                  |
|                  | where to get  |                                  |
|                  | it.           |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Safety         | T             |                                  |
|  in animal trans | ransportation |                                  |
| port {#safety-in | accidents are |                                  |
| -animal-transpor | one of the    |                                  |
| t .ani-sub-head} | most common   |                                  |
|                  | disasters     |                                  |
| #  {#section-    | that horse    |                                  |
| 5 .Animals-head} | and livestock |                                  |
|                  | owners will   |                                  |
|                  | encounter.    |                                  |
|                  | Preventive    |                                  |
|                  | measures      |                                  |
|                  | include       |                                  |
|                  | regular       |                                  |
|                  | inspection of |                                  |
|                  | trailers and  |                                  |
|                  | tow vehicles  |                                  |
|                  | for safe      |                                  |
|                  | operation     |                                  |
|                  | (including    |                                  |
|                  | checking tire |                                  |
|                  | pressure).    |                                  |
|                  | Reading       |                                  |
|                  | materials and |                                  |
|                  | videos are    |                                  |
|                  | available.    |                                  |
|                  | Refer to the  |                                  |
|                  | appendix for  |                                  |
|                  | some          |                                  |
|                  | rec           |                                  |
|                  | ommendations. |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Communications | Dependable    |                                  |
|  {#communication | communication |                                  |
| s .ani-sub-head} | is            |                                  |
|                  | fundamental   |                                  |
| #  {#section-    | to identify   |                                  |
| 6 .Animals-head} | immediate     |                                  |
|                  | sources of    |                                  |
|                  | help and      |                                  |
|                  | where it will |                                  |
|                  | be needed     |                                  |
|                  | most. A few   |                                  |
|                  | methods of    |                                  |
|                  | emergency     |                                  |
|                  | communication |                                  |
|                  | are described |                                  |
|                  | to follow.    |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | ##            | Neighbors and friends determine  |
| 7 .Animals-head} |  Buddy System | ahead-of-time who will be        |
|                  |               | responsible for checking on and  |
|                  |               | helping whom, which resources    |
|                  |               | will be shared, and generally    |
|                  |               | improve their knowledge and      |
|                  |               | sensitivity of animal welfare.   |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | Telephone     | Every person in an affected area |
| 8 .Animals-head} | tree          | phones two to three other people |
|                  |               | to see if they need help. These  |
|                  |               | people in turn phone two to      |
|                  |               | three others, and so on.         |
|                  |               | Telephone trees should be tested |
|                  |               | periodically and revised if      |
|                  |               | necessary.                       |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-    | "Help" or     | Visible from the road, these are |
| 9 .Animals-head} | "OK" signs    | a simple, effective method of    |
|                  |               | advising others as to your       |
|                  |               | status.                          |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   |               |                                  |
| 0 .Animals-head} |               |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Veterinary pre | The           |                                  |
| parations for a  | priorities in |                                  |
| disaster {#veter | veterinary    |                                  |
| inary-preparatio | care vary     |                                  |
| ns-for-a-disaste | with each     |                                  |
| r .ani-sub-head} | disaster.     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
| #  {#section-1   | -   In high   |                                  |
| 1 .Animals-head} |     winds,    |                                  |
|                  |     tornadoes |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   hurricanes, |                                  |
|                  |     traumatic |                                  |
|                  |     injuries  |                                  |
|                  |     will      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  predominate. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   In        |                                  |
|                  |     droughts  |                                  |
|                  |     and in    |                                  |
|                  |     severe    |                                  |
|                  |     winter    |                                  |
|                  |     weather,  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    starvation |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   dehydration |                                  |
|                  |     may be    |                                  |
|                  |     problems. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Following |                                  |
|                  |     fires,    |                                  |
|                  |     smoke     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    inhalation |                                  |
|                  |     and burn  |                                  |
|                  |     wounds    |                                  |
|                  |     will be   |                                  |
|                  |     issues    |                                  |
|                  |     that      |                                  |
|                  |     require   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    veterinary |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    attention. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | Many          |                                  |
|                  | disasters     |                                  |
|                  | also have     |                                  |
|                  | distant       |                                  |
|                  | effects on    |                                  |
|                  | animals,      |                                  |
|                  | e.g., debris  |                                  |
|                  | on pastures   |                                  |
|                  | many miles    |                                  |
|                  | from a        |                                  |
|                  | tornado       |                                  |
|                  | touchdown and |                                  |
|                  | moldy corn    |                                  |
|                  | following a   |                                  |
|                  | flood can be  |                                  |
|                  | a problem     |                                  |
|                  | after a       |                                  |
|                  | disaster. If  |                                  |
|                  | you are       |                                  |
|                  | concerned     |                                  |
|                  | about         |                                  |
|                  | diseases that |                                  |
|                  | may result    |                                  |
|                  | from a        |                                  |
|                  | disaster you  |                                  |
|                  | should        |                                  |
|                  | consult your  |                                  |
|                  | veterinarian. |                                  |
|                  | If animals    |                                  |
|                  | die or have   |                                  |
|                  | to be         |                                  |
|                  | euthanized,   |                                  |
|                  | it is         |                                  |
|                  | recommended   |                                  |
|                  | that a        |                                  |
|                  | post-mortem   |                                  |
|                  | examination   |                                  |
|                  | be performed  |                                  |
|                  | at the State  |                                  |
|                  | diagnostic    |                                  |
|                  | laboratory so |                                  |
|                  | that          |                                  |
|                  | insurance and |                                  |
|                  | legal claims  |                                  |
|                  | can be        |                                  |
|                  | settled       |                                  |
|                  | should they   |                                  |
|                  | arise.        |                                  |
|                  | Photographs   |                                  |
|                  | and videos    |                                  |
|                  | can aid in    |                                  |
|                  | d             |                                  |
|                  | ocumentation. |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | In disasters, |                                  |
|                  | farm animals  |                                  |
|                  | may be forced |                                  |
|                  | to            |                                  |
|                  | congregate.   |                                  |
|                  | Horses from   |                                  |
|                  | several farms |                                  |
|                  | may mix       |                                  |
|                  | resulting in  |                                  |
|                  | contagious    |                                  |
|                  | diseases. Be  |                                  |
|                  | aware that    |                                  |
|                  | changing      |                                  |
|                  | social        |                                  |
|                  | structure may |                                  |
|                  | result in     |                                  |
|                  | aggressive    |                                  |
|                  | behavior      |                                  |
|                  | leading to    |                                  |
|                  | injury. Some  |                                  |
|                  | measures can  |                                  |
|                  | safeguard the |                                  |
|                  | health of     |                                  |
|                  | horses and    |                                  |
|                  | livestock in  |                                  |
|                  | disasters --- |                                  |
|                  | vaccinations, |                                  |
|                  | deworming,    |                                  |
|                  | and Coggins   |                                  |
|                  | tests for     |                                  |
|                  | horses.       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | Veterinarians |                                  |
|                  | can also      |                                  |
|                  | instruct      |                                  |
|                  | their clients |                                  |
|                  | on first aid  |                                  |
|                  | for horses    |                                  |
|                  | and livestock |                                  |
|                  | and advise on |                                  |
|                  | the contents  |                                  |
|                  | and           |                                  |
|                  | appropriate   |                                  |
|                  | use of first  |                                  |
|                  | aid kits.     |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Re             |               |                                  |
| sponse {#respons |               |                                  |
| e .Animals-head} |               |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
| #  {#section-1   |               |                                  |
| 2 .Animals-head} |               |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| # Evacua         | Farm          |                                  |
| tion {#evacuatio | evacuations   |                                  |
| n .ani-sub-head} | present       |                                  |
|                  | unique        |                                  |
|                  | problems.     |                                  |
|                  | Appropriate   |                                  |
|                  | planning is   |                                  |
|                  | essential.    |                                  |
|                  | Evacuations   |                                  |
|                  | are best      |                                  |
|                  | coordinated   |                                  |
|                  | with          |                                  |
|                  | neighbors,    |                                  |
|                  | friends,      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | > livestock   |                                  |
|                  | >             |                                  |
|                  |  associations |                                  |
|                  | > and horse   |                                  |
|                  | > clubs, and  |                                  |
|                  | > county      |                                  |
|                  | > extension   |                                  |
|                  | > educators.  |                                  |
|                  | > Both the    |                                  |
|                  | > destination |                                  |
|                  | > and the     |                                  |
|                  | > method of   |                                  |
|                  | > transport   |                                  |
|                  | > need to be  |                                  |
|                  | > sorted out  |                                  |
|                  | > well in     |                                  |
|                  | > advance of  |                                  |
|                  | > any need.   |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #                | When          |                                  |
| Feeding {#feedin | livestock and |                                  |
| g .ani-sub-head} | horses are    |                                  |
|                  | evacuated and |                                  |
|                  | housed in     |                                  |
|                  | large         |                                  |
|                  | numbers,      |                                  |
|                  | adequate      |                                  |
|                  | amounts of    |                                  |
|                  | feed may be   |                                  |
|                  | difficult to  |                                  |
|                  | procure.      |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Develop   |                                  |
|                  |     lists of  |                                  |
|                  |     feed and  |                                  |
|                  |     hay       |                                  |
|                  |     suppliers |                                  |
|                  |     in your   |                                  |
|                  |     area.     |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | -   Avoid     |                                  |
|                  |     dietary   |                                  |
|                  |     changes.  |                                  |
|                  |     When the  |                                  |
|                  |     diets of  |                                  |
|                  |     horses or |                                  |
|                  |     livestock |                                  |
|                  |     change,   |                                  |
|                  |     they      |                                  |
|                  |     become    |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   predisposed |                                  |
|                  |     to colic, |                                  |
|                  |     laminitis |                                  |
|                  |     and       |                                  |
|                  |     metabolic |                                  |
|                  |     diseases. |                                  |
|                  |     Feeding   |                                  |
|                  |     diets     |                                  |
|                  |     that have |                                  |
|                  |     moderate  |                                  |
|                  |     energy    |                                  |
|                  |     levels    |                                  |
|                  |     and meet  |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |     minimum   |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |   nutritional |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |  requirements |                                  |
|                  |     reduces   |                                  |
|                  |     the       |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  |    likelihood |                                  |
|                  |     of        |                                  |
|                  |     illness.  |                                  |
|                  |               |                                  |
|                  | Use the       |                                  |
|                  | following     |                                  |
|                  | table to      |                                  |
|                  | judge how     |                                  |
|                  | much water    |                                  |
|                  | and feed your |                                  |
|                  | animals may   |                                  |
|                  | need.         |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   |               |                                  |
| 3 .ani-sub-head} |               |                                  |
+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+

# Short term dietary requirements for farm animals during disasters --- For specific amount and type of feeds, consult your veterinarian {#short-term-dietary-requirements-for-farm-animals-during-disasters-for-specific-amount-and-type-of-feeds-consult-your-veterinarian .ani-sub-head}

+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Animals   |                 | Amount of water    | Amount of feed\  |
|           |                 | per day (higher    | per day          |
|           |                 | amounts apply to   |                  |
|           |                 | summer months)     |                  |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Dairy     | In production   | > 7-9 gal          | > 20 lb hay      |
| cows      |                 |                    |                  |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Dry cows        | > 7-9 gal          | > 20 lb          |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Heifers         | > 3-6 gal          | > 8-12 lb hay    |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Cow with calf   | > 8-9 gal          | > 12-18 lb       |
|           |                 |                    | > legume hay     |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Calf (400 lb.)  | > 4-6 gal          | > 8-12 lb legume |
|           |                 |                    | > hay            |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Swine     | Brood sow with  | > 4 gal            | > 8 lb grain     |
|           | litter          |                    |                  |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Brood sow       | > 3 gal            | > 2 lb grain     |
|           | (pregnant)      |                    |                  |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Gilt or boar    | > 1 gal            | > 3 lb grain     |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Sheep     | Ewe with lamb   | > 1 gal            | > 5 lb hay       |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Ewe (dry)       | > 3 qt             | > 3 lb hay       |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Weanling lamb   | > 2 qt             | > 3 lb hay       |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Poultry   | Layers          | > 5 gal per 100    | > 17 lb per 100  |
|           |                 | > birds            | > birds          |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Broilers        | > 5 gal per 100    | > 10 lb per 100  |
|           |                 | > birds            | > birds          |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
|           | Turkeys         | > 12 gal per 100   | > 40 lb per 100  |
|           |                 | > birds            | > birds          |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Horses    | All breeds      | > 5-12 gal per     | > 20 lb hay per  |
|           |                 | > 1000 lb          | > 1000 lb        |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Cats and  | All breeds      | > 1 qt per animal  | > ad libitum dry |
| Dogs      |                 |                    | > food           |
+-----------+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   | In areas where legume hays such as alfalfa are    |
| 4 .Animals-head} | routinely fed, this type of hay alone is likely   |
|                  | to provide sufficient amounts of nutrition under  |
|                  | emergency conditions. In other situations, 25     |
|                  | percent of the energy should be supplied from     |
|                  | oats or sweet feed and 75 percent from hay. All   |
|                  | horses should also be regularly fed bran as a     |
|                  | laxative.                                         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Iden           | In large-scale disasters when many animals are    |
| tification of an | evacuated, identification of the animals and      |
| imals {#identifi | their owners is difficult. Ideally all animals    |
| cation-of-animal | should be uniquely and permanently identified.    |
| s .ani-sub-head} | Consider that identification serves two purposes: |
|                  |                                                   |
| #  {#section-1   | -   The owner can positively identify their       |
| 5 .ani-sub-head} |     animal, and                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Others can trace the owner.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Horses can be permanently identified by           |
|                  | microchips, freeze marking or tattoo. Owners      |
|                  | should have current front and side view           |
|                  | photographs. However, when this is not the case,  |
|                  | e.g., when livestock and horses have to be        |
|                  | evacuated suddenly, emergency identification      |
|                  | methods can be used. These include:               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Painting or etching the hooves,               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Body marking with crayon,                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Clipping phone numbers or farm initials in    |
|                  |     the hair,                                     |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Neck banding,                                 |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Identification tags on halters, and           |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Glue-on numbers.                              |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Hazardous      | During floods, following tornadoes and            |
|  materials  {#ha | earthquakes, hazardous materials can be knocked   |
| zardous-material | over and contaminate the environment and animals. |
| s .ani-sub-head} | While farmers are often qualified to handle       |
|                  | hazardous materials commonly used on their farms, |
| #  {#section-1   | farm owners should be aware that proper training  |
| 6 .Animals-head} | and hazardous materials certification are         |
|                  | required to deal with releases and the potential  |
|                  | contamination of the food supply. Untrained       |
|                  | persons should not deal with hazardous materials  |
|                  | at all. If you are concerned about a hazardous    |
|                  | materials release, phone 911.                     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Re             | Farms are traditionally concerned with restoring  |
| covery {#recover | the animal industries following a disaster.       |
| y .Animals-head} |                                                   |
|                  | -   The long-term recovery phase of a disaster    |
|                  |     can be protracted, with substantial           |
|                  |     adjustments occurring in the                  |
|                  |     disaster-stricken community.                  |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Restoration of businesses is facilitated      |
|                  |     through low-interest loans supplied by the    |
|                  |     Small Business Administration and local       |
|                  |     banks. Businesses with appropriate insurance  |
|                  |     coverage are most likely to have the best     |
|                  |     recoveries.                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Farms often have special claims programs for  |
|                  |     recovery from disasters --- farmers should    |
|                  |     pay special attention to these and consult    |
|                  |     their State emergency management officials    |
|                  |     and county extension educators on what is     |
|                  |     available. In the past, farmers have been     |
|                  |     unaware of the sources of funding available   |
|                  |     to them to help recovery.                     |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Reloca         | Every farm owner should have alternative          |
| tion {#relocatio | accommodations planned for their animals in the   |
| n .ani-sub-head} | event of a disaster. These contacts should be     |
|                  | confirmed at least once per year. County          |
|                  | extension educators often have good relationships |
|                  | with the owners and managers of fairgrounds,      |
|                  | racetracks, etc. and may be consulted when        |
|                  | identifying facilities that may be available. Be  |
|                  | sure when selecting facilities to choose those    |
|                  | that will not likely be affected by the same      |
|                  | disasters you are planning for.                   |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Consideration should be given to how large        |
|                  | amounts of manure will be disposed --- this will  |
|                  | accumulate and pose a significant animal and      |
|                  | human health problem. Plans should be made for    |
|                  | disposal of carcasses.                            |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Restor         | Farms are often affected by local disasters, such |
| ation of farms a | as fires, floods, chemical spills, and tornadoes. |
| s businesses {#r | It is estimated that only 5 percent of small      |
| estoration-of-fa | businesses affected by a major disaster ever      |
| rms-as-businesse | recover to a                                      |
| s .ani-sub-head} |                                                   |
|                  | > functional state. This is likely due to         |
| #  {#section-1   | > inadequate insurance coverage. Farms without    |
| 7 .ani-sub-head} | > sufficient records will have a difficult time   |
|                  | > making an adequate insurance claim. Major       |
|                  | > concerns for small businesses, including farms, |
|                  | > in disasters include the following.             |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Personnel,                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Cash flow,                                    |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Continued income for employees,               |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Continued provision of quality care for       |
|                  |     animals,                                      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Restoration of a functional business,         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Changes in community infrastructure, and      |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | -   Customer, buyer and supplier loyalty.         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | Many of these issues can be addressed before a    |
|                  | disaster by obtaining adequate insurance coverage |
|                  | and entering into agreements with neighboring     |
|                  | farms to share facilities and resources.          |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | In addition, farms may obtain assistance from the |
|                  | Small Business Administration and if the          |
|                  | President requests special funding from congress, |
|                  | the Federal government. Agricultural emergency    |
|                  | assistance funding is administered through the    |
|                  | Secretary of Agriculture. The chairperson of this |
|                  | board is usually executive director of the        |
|                  | State's Agricultural Stabilization and            |
|                  | Conservation Service.                             |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

LEARNING CHECK --\
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED ABOUT\
THE CARE OF LARGE ANIMALS IN DISASTERS?

This activity is designed to assess your understanding of the
information presented in this unit.

**Directions:** Answer the questions --- use the Answer Key in Unit 10
to check your answers.

# True or False {#true-or-false .ani-sub-head}

1.  Barn fires usually occur in the spring.

2.  The buddy system is an effective means of communication in
    disasters.

3.  Video and photos can aid in identification and documentation of
    deceased animals.

4.  Manure disposal is not a concern following disasters.

5.  There is no permanent method of identifying livestock.

6.  Farmers are often qualified to handle hazardous materials commonly
    used on their farms.

7.  Because farms are businesses, they are usually high in priority for
    the restoration of power during outages.

# Multiple Choice {#multiple-choice .ani-sub-head}

8.  The chance of flooding in a 100-year floodplain is \_\_\_\_\_ per
    year.

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| a\. 0.1 percent      | c\. 10 percent                                |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| # b.                 | d\. 100 percent                               |
|  1 percent {#b.-1-pe |                                               |
| rcent .ani-sub-head} |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

9.  Which of these is a **temporary** method of identifying livestock?

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| a\. Microchip        | c\. Tattoo                                    |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| # b. Freeze ma       | d\. Etching hooves                            |
| rking {#b.-freeze-ma |                                               |
| rking .ani-sub-head} |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

10. Which type of veterinary concern will predominate following high
    winds, tornadoes, and hurricanes?

  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------
  a\. Starvation          c\. Traumatic injuries

  b\. Dehydration         d\. Bacterial infection
  ----------------------- -----------------------------------------------

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #                | In this unit you learned how the four phases of   |
| Summary {#summar | emergency management --- mitigation,              |
| y .Animals-head} | preparedness, response and recovery --- can be    |
|                  | applied to the care of your livestock or horses   |
|                  | in a disaster. At each level you were given       |
|                  | practical advice to protect yourself and your     |
|                  | animals from the dangers that all types of        |
|                  | hazards cause.                                    |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   |                                                   |
| 8 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-1   |                                                   |
| 9 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   |                                                   |
| 0 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   |                                                   |
| 1 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-2   |                                                   |
| 2 .Animals-head} |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-     |                                                  |
| 23 .Animals-head} |                                                  |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| #  {#section-     | #  Review {#review .Animals-head}                |
| 24 .Animals-head} |                                                  |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| # Instructio     | Now you have completed the units of instruction   |
| ns {#instruction | for this Module. Before moving on to the final    |
| s .ani-sub-head} | examination, let us revisit the scenarios         |
|                  | presented in Unit 2. As you will recall, the      |
|                  | scenarios included information and questions for  |
|                  | animal owners and emergency managers. Having      |
|                  | completed this Module, think about how your       |
|                  | answers to these questions may have changed.      |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1.  A train carrying propane derails and prompts the immediate        |
|     evacuation of 1000 households in a 2-mile radius. You estimate    |
|     that approximately 50 percent of families in the evacuation area  |
|     own animals.                                                      |
|                                                                       |
| > Emergency Managers: Do you have an action plan to evacuate people   |
| > with their animals, and know where to house the animals?            |
| >                                                                     |
| > Animal owners: How would you evacuate with your animals? What       |
| > supplies would you take for your pets? Where would you shelter your |
| > animals?                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2.  During Hurricane Jackie many persons become separated from their  |
|     horses.                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| > Emergency Managers: How would you reunite the horses and their      |
| > owners?                                                             |
| >                                                                     |
| > Animal owners: There are 35 bay mares in a temporary enclosure for  |
| > horses. If one of them were yours, how would you positively         |
| > identify it to a security guard at the pasture?                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3.  In a tornado, a tank of herbicide is knocked over. It may have    |
|     contaminated the grain bin on a dairy farm and been sprayed onto  |
|     the skin of some pigs at a neighboring farm.                      |
|                                                                       |
| > Emergency Managers: What are the potential public health risks      |
| > associated with contaminated livestock feed and food-producing      |
| > animals?                                                            |
| >                                                                     |
| > Animal owners: Who would you contact to determine the safety of     |
| > your cows' feed and to determine the potential contamination of the |
| > milk?                                                               |
| >                                                                     |
| > The pigs do not appear to be affected.                              |
| >                                                                     |
| > Who can determine the withdrawal times for safe slaughter of the    |
| > pigs for human consumption?                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4.  Many farms are in low-lying areas close to rivers. Flooding is a  |
|     problem that can result in animals drowning, and difficulty in    |
|     supplying feed to stranded animals.                               |
|                                                                       |
| > Emergency Managers: How many farms in your community are            |
| > potentially affected by floods and what types and numbers of        |
| > animals do they have? How would you obtain this information?        |
| >                                                                     |
| > Animal owners: How could the problem of recurrent flooding be       |
| > prevented? What department in your State could help you in this     |
| > regard?                                                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5.  During a heat wave there is a local power failure that results in |
|     the death of 500,000 chickens in two adjacent barns.              |
|                                                                       |
| > Emergency Managers: What emergency power supplies could have been   |
| > mobilized and prevented this costly loss?                           |
| >                                                                     |
| > Animal owners: How would you dispose of this large mass of dead     |
| > birds?                                                              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6.  A brush fire precipitates the escape of a large private           |
|     collection of exotic animals. The animals include lions, tigers   |
|     and bears. There is great risk of people being injured. The       |
|     animals are very valuable and belong to an influential local      |
|     resident.                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| > Emergency Managers: Should the escaped animals be killed or         |
| > captured?                                                           |
| >                                                                     |
| > What factors would help you reach the most appropriate decision.    |
| >                                                                     |
| > Animal owners: Whom would you call in your jurisdiction to help you |
| > with this situation?                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+