# Scenario Descriptions

This chapter presents the seven exposure scenarios used in Phase III of
the Savannah River Site (SRS) Dose Reconstruction Project, including the
behavior of the four receptors comprising each scenario (28 receptors
total). The behavior of each receptor, which was based on the scenario
descriptions provided by CDC, was used to develop values for many of the
parameters in the radiological assessment. [Appendix
E](../Appendix_E%20ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc), Receptor Activities
and Usage Rates, presents the derivation of point-estimate values for
those parameters that depend on the receptors' behavior (e.g., times
spent in various exposure locations). [Appendix
F](../Appendix_F%20tables%20-%20Ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc),
Parameter Values for Base Case Evaluation, presents model parameter
values that are not clearly receptor-specific (e.g., food crop
production rates).

The exposure scenarios considered for this report evolved over time. The
six exposure scenarios that were originally proposed in 2002 by the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were modified and
refined by the Savannah River Site Health Effects Subcommittee (SRSHES)
and by preparers of this report.

## Scenarios Proposed by CDC and Considered by the SRSHES

CDC originally proposed the following six scenarios (1):

1\. A rural family just downwind of the site boundary.

2\. An urban/suburban family just downwind of the site boundary.

3\. A delivery person.

4\. An outdoors person (e.g., hunter, fisherman, camper, etc.).

5\. A family living near the river.

6\. A migrant worker family living mostly outdoors.

These scenarios, which describe hypothetical families that might have
lived in the SRS vicinity, were meant to represent a range of activities
that were typical, and in some sense bounding, for the area. The
activities postulated for these scenarios were intended to represent a
broad range of lifestyles.

In January 2002, CDC presented proposed assumptions about these six
scenarios at a meeting of the SRSHES in Charleston, South Carolina. The
SRSHES formed a work group to consider the proposed scenarios. The
SRSHES Work Group presented its comments and recommendations about the
proposed scenarios at a September 2002 SRSHES meeting (1). Table 3-1
summarizes the CDC's proposed scenarios (as modified) and the SRSHES
Work Group's comments and recommendations (1).

The SRS Dose Reconstruction Team discussed the proposed scenarios with
CDC staff in early 2003 (2, 3). These discussions principally addressed
overall decisions about the number of exposure scenarios to be
considered, and where the hypothetical families comprising these
exposure scenarios would live, work, attend church and school, obtain
food, and recreate.

+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Table 3-1 CDC Proposed      |                                        |
| Scenarios and SRSHES        |                                        |
| Comments and                |                                        |
| Recommendations             |                                        |
+=============================+========================================+
| CDC Proposed Scenarios and  | Summary of SRSHES Work Group Comments  |
| Descriptions                | and Recommendations                    |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| **Rural**                   |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| -   Use the closest         | -   Farm in rural Burke County, GA     |
|     downwind location where |     (Girard, GA, 3 miles W of the      |
|     there could have been   |     Savannah River, SW of SRS.         |
|     farms in 1955.          |     Population about 200 in 1950s.)    |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Consider an adult and   | -   1950s: 2 parents, 5 children.      |
|     infants born in 1955    |     1960s: 2 parents, 3 children.      |
|     and 1964 (year of       |                                        |
|     largest iodine          | -   Schools: Girard Elementary,        |
|     release).               |     Waynesboro High School.            |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Use default consumption | -   Cash crops: peanuts, corn, cotton. |
|     values.                 |     Vegetables grown for family        |
|                             |     consumption.                       |
| -   Assume lots of time     |                                        |
|     outdoors working in     | -   Religion: Methodist.               |
|     soil.                   |                                        |
|                             | -   In 1950s, 50% of meat & vegetables |
| -   Assume they drank milk  |     grown on farm. In 1960s, 25% grown |
|     from a backyard cow.    |     on farm; most milk from one of two |
|                             |     Girard dairies. Family had dairy   |
| -   Assume the crops were   |     cows.                              |
|     irrigated from Savannah |                                        |
|     River.                  | -   Family had dogs for pets and       |
|                             |     chickens.                          |
| -   Assumption of "working  |                                        |
|     in soil" to include     | -   Some swimming, but minimal         |
|     resuspension of soil    |     camping. No boating.               |
|     contaminants in the     |                                        |
|     breathing zone.         | -   Fishing from Briar Creek, 2 miles  |
|                             |     east of Girard. Hunting for deer,  |
| -   In addition to two      |     quail and dove. Limited trapping.  |
|     infants, consider the   |                                        |
|     mother nursing at least |                                        |
|     one of the infants.     |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| **Urban/Suburban**          |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| -   Use closest downwind    | -   Family lived in Augusta, GA near   |
|     location where urban or |     Broad and Greene Streets.          |
|     suburban families could |                                        |
|     have lived in 1955.     | -   1950s: 2 parents, 2 children.      |
|                             |     1960s: 2 parents, 3 children.      |
| -   Consider an adult and   |                                        |
|     infants born in 1955    | -   Schools: Augusta neighborhood      |
|     and 1964 (year of       |     schools                            |
|     largest iodine          |                                        |
|     release).               | -   Father worked in the SRS F-Area    |
|                             |     Canyon Building from 1955 to 1992. |
| -   Use default consumption |     The mother worked on site until    |
|     values.                 |     well into her first pregnancy, but |
|                             |     stayed home after birth of first   |
| -   Assume the adult worked |     child to raise the children.       |
|     at the nearest          |                                        |
|     industrial location     | -   Attended local church in Augusta,  |
|     downwind in 1955.       |     GA.                                |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Assume milk from the    | -   Food and milk were from local      |
|     nearest dairy or rural  |     grocery stores in Augusta, GA.     |
|     neighbor.               |     Milk was supplied to local stores  |
|                             |     from dairies in the Aiken and      |
| -   Assume the adult worked |     Augusta area. Include backyard     |
|     on-site at SRS in lieu  |     cow.                               |
|     of the "nearest         |                                        |
|     industrial location."   | -   Include a family pet.              |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Assume the onsite work  | -   Swimming & boating in Clark's Hill |
|     location was associated |     Lake.                              |
|     with higher             |                                        |
|     radiological exposures  | -   No hunting. Fished Clark's Hill    |
|     \-- e.g., SRS Canyons.  |     Lake, 2 weekends/month.            |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| **Migrant**                 |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| -   Use the closest         | -   Scenario Location: TBD             |
|     downwind location.      |                                        |
|                             | -   1950s: 2 parents, 2 children.      |
| -   Consider an adult and   |     1960s: 2 parents 3 children.       |
|     infants born in 1955    |                                        |
|     and 1964 (year of       | -   Schools: TBD                       |
|     largest iodine          |                                        |
|     release).               | -   Work: TBD                          |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Use default consumption | -   Religion: TBD                      |
|     values                  |                                        |
|                             | -   Food Sources: TBD                  |
| -   Assume always outdoors  |                                        |
|     contacting the soil.    | -   Swimming, Boating, Camping,        |
|                             |     Hunting, & Fishing: TBD.           |
| -   Assume that crops were  |                                        |
|     irrigated by the        |                                        |
|     Savannah River.         |                                        |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Assume they obtained    |                                        |
|     their food from the     |                                        |
|     nearest local farm or   |                                        |
|     grocery store.          |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| **Delivery**                |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| -   Same as Urban/Suburban  | -   Family lived in Barnwell, SC.      |
|     Family.                 |     Father provided weekly beverage    |
|                             |     deliveries to SRS.                 |
| -   Use closest downwind    |                                        |
|     location where urban or | -   1950s: 2 parents, 2 children.      |
|     suburban families could |     1960s: 2 parents, 3 children.      |
|     have lived in 1955.     |                                        |
|                             | -   Schools: Barnwell, SC school       |
| -   Consider an adult and   |     system.                            |
|     infants born in 1955    |                                        |
|     and 1964 (year of       | -   The delivery person worked at the  |
|     largest iodine          |     Allendale Coca Cola Bottling Plant |
|     release).               |     in Allendale, SC, and made routine |
|                             |     deliveries to SRS, spending 8      |
| -   Use default consumption |     hours/week on-site. No dosimetery. |
|     values.                 |                                        |
|                             | -   Consider backyard chickens and/or  |
| -   Assume the adult worked |     rabbits at home.                   |
|     at the nearest          |                                        |
|     industrial location     | -   Attended Mount Hope Baptist        |
|     downwind in 1955.       |     Church, Martin, SC.                |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Assume they drank milk  | -   Food Sources: Barnwell, SC grocery |
|     from the nearest dairy  |     stores, and Furses' Grocery Store, |
|     or rural neighbor.      |     Martin, SC                         |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Assume that the person  | -   Swimming in Lower Three Runs Creek |
|     spent 8 hours per week  |     outside Martin, SC. Boating and    |
|     on site.                |     camping at Little Hell Landing on  |
|                             |     Savannah River.                    |
|                             |                                        |
|                             | -   Hunting at Lower Three Runs Creek  |
|                             |     area (known for poaching). Fishing |
|                             |     at Lower Three Runs Creek, and     |
|                             |     Savannah River's Smith Lake.       |
|                             |                                        |
|                             | -   Family drank carbonated drinks,    |
|                             |     including beer.                    |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| **Outdoor**                 |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| -   Assume camping at the   | -   Family lived in Jackson, SC        |
|     nearest downwind        |                                        |
|     location making sense   | -   1950s: 2 parents, 2 children.      |
|     with the season         |     1960s: 2 parents, 3 children.      |
|     (hunting, fishing,      |                                        |
|     etc.)                   | -   Schools: (1950) Jackson            |
|                             |     Elementary. (1986) Redcliff        |
| -   Assume that the person  |     Elementary. Jackson High School.   |
|     was always outdoors.    |                                        |
|                             | -   Worked as a hunter/trapper         |
| -   Use default consumption |     subcontractor to the primary SRS   |
|     values.                 |     Contractor or the US Forest        |
|                             |     Service. Some potential exposure   |
| -   Assume the person spent |     from trapping activities, streams, |
|     8 hours per day on the  |     ponds, etc.                        |
|     Savannah River in the   |                                        |
|     summer.                 | -   Scenario includes the hypothetical |
|                             |     poacher.                           |
| -   Assume the person spent |                                        |
|     8 hours per week on     | -   Hunting dogs were family pets.     |
|     site hunting or fishing |                                        |
|     (in season).            | -   Religion: First Baptist Church,    |
|                             |     Jackson, SC                        |
| -   Assume the person       |                                        |
|     obtained fish and meat  | -   50% of vegetables locally grown    |
|     (deer, game birds,      |     and irrigated from a surface       |
|     turtles) from hunting   |     creek. 75% of meat obtained from   |
|     and fishing onsite      |     SRS. Fish from the Savannah River. |
|     (some authorized, some  |     Water from a well on home          |
|     not --- a "poacher"     |     property.                          |
|     assumption.)            |                                        |
|                             | -   Boating in Savannah River from     |
|                             |     Jackson, SC, boat ramp.            |
|                             |                                        |
|                             | -   Took deer, hogs from work at SRS.  |
|                             |     Fished in Savannah River.          |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| **Near River**              |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| -   Use the nearest docking | -   Scenario Location: Consider        |
|     location downwind where |     Martin-Millet area                 |
|     people could have lived |                                        |
|     on houseboats in 1955.  | -   Family: TBD                        |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Consider an adult and   | -   Schools: TBD                       |
|     infants born in 1955    |                                        |
|     and 1964 (year of       | -   Work: TBD                          |
|     largest iodine          |                                        |
|     release).               | -   Religion: TBD                      |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Use default consumption | -   Food Sources: Shell fishing,       |
|     values.                 |     shrimping, crabbing                |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Assume always outdoors  | -   Swimming, Boating, Camping,        |
|     contacting the Savannah |     Hunting, & Fishing: TBD.           |
|     River.                  |                                        |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Assume they obtained    |                                        |
|     their food from the     |                                        |
|     nearest local farm or   |                                        |
|     grocery store.          |                                        |
|                             |                                        |
| -   Validate with the       |                                        |
|     Citizens Advisory Board |                                        |
|     that the boat scenario  |                                        |
|     is plausible; if so,    |                                        |
|     define a location.      |                                        |
|                             |                                        |
| -   If not plausible,       |                                        |
|     replace with a new      |                                        |
|     scenario: a site        |                                        |
|     construction worker     |                                        |
|     living in a trailer.    |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Source: (1).                |                                        |
+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+

### Exposure Scenarios and Locations

As discussed in [Chapter
6](../Chapter_06_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc), releases to the air
from any SRS source were modeled as being transported in each of sixteen
sectors defined by the sixteen major compass directions. In any sector,
at a given distance from a source, concentrations were modeled as being
the same along all points of an arc defined by the radial distance from
the source. This is shown in Figure 3-1. It shows the relative
radionuclide concentration from a unit source at a distance of ten miles
from the source. In each sector, the relative concentration is constant
across the sector width.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="4.374305555555556in"
height="3.7395833333333335in"}

Figure 3-1 Example of Modeled Radionuclide Concentration\
at Ten Miles from a Unit SRS Source

The meaning of this modeling simplification is that at a given distance
from a source, the same concentrations will be determined anywhere the
concentration in a given sector is modeled as constant. Thus, two
hypothetical exposure locations that are fairly close together will
generally not differ significantly in modeled concentrations.

**Exposure scenarios and locations considered for Phase III.** In
addition to the six exposure scenarios originally proposed by CDC, a
seventh was added. When the scenario locations were plotted on a map of
the area surrounding the SRS, it was noted that approximately 90° out of
360° \-- generally towards the northeast -- was without an exposure
scenario. Therefore a seventh -- identified as Rural Family #2 -- was
added with concurrence from CDC and the SRSHES.

In each scenario, exposure locations were identified to represent where
family members lived, worked, attended school, engaged in recreational
activities, where their food was grown, and other activities. For all
seven scenarios, exposures to radionuclides were modeled at ten
locations for radionuclides released to the air and two locations for
radionuclides released to water.

The exposure locations assumed for the seven exposure scenarios are
shown in Figure 3-2. Table 3-2 summarizes the exposure locations for
contamination released into the air, while Table 3-3 summarizes the
exposure locations for contamination released to surface water. The
Lower Three Runs Creek exposure location is in the vicinity of Martin,
South Carolina. The downstream Savannah River exposure location is
representative of multiple possible locations downstream from the site.

![](media/image2.wmf){width="5.364583333333333in"
height="5.214583333333334in"}

Figure 3‑2 Exposure Locations for Exposure Scenarios

Table 3‑2 Summary of Exposure Locations for SRS Releases to Air

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 21%" />
<col style="width: 27%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p>Exposure</p>
<p>Scenario</p></td>
<td rowspan="2">Activity*</td>
<td colspan="10">Exposure Location</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Girard, GA</td>
<td>Waynesboro, GA</td>
<td>Martin, SC</td>
<td>Augusta, GA</td>
<td>Williston, SC</td>
<td>SRS Onsite Location</td>
<td>Barnwell, SC</td>
<td>Allendale, SC</td>
<td>Jackson, SC</td>
<td>New Ellenton, SC</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2">Rural Family One</td>
<td>All except high school<sup>†</sup></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>High school</td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Rural Family Two</td>
<td>All activities</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Urban/Suburban Family</td>
<td>All except employment</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Employment</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Migrant Worker Family</td>
<td>All activities</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4"><p>Delivery</p>
<p>Person</p>
<p>Family</p></td>
<td>All except those below:</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Employment</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Employment</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Church, grocery</p>
<p>(partial), swimming,</p>
<p>boating, hunting, fishing</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p>Outdoors</p>
<p>Person</p>
<p>Family</p></td>
<td>All except employment</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Employment</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Near River Family</td>
<td>All activities</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="12"><p>* Activities included school, work, recreation,
church, production of foodstuffs, and indoor and outdoor activities
around the home.</p>
<p><strong><sup>†</sup></strong> For all receptors, excluding the
children of Rural Family One, the same exposure location was used for
their high school as for their residence. Children of all scenarios
attended grade school at the same exposure location that was used for
their residence.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Table 3‑3 Summary of Exposure Locations for SRS Releases to Surface
Water

  ---------------- --------------------- ------------ ---------- --------------
  Scenario         Activities / Pathways Downstream   Lower      No Exposure to
                                         Savannah     Three Runs Water Affected
                                         River        Creek      By Liquid
                                                                 Releases^\*^

  Rural Family One All activities^†^                             X

  Rural Family Two All activities**^†^**                         X

  Urban/Suburban   All activities**^†^**                         X
  Family                                                         

  Migrant Worker   All activities^†^                             X
  Family                                                         

  Delivery Person  Fishing, swimming,                 X          
  Family           shoreline                                     

                   Fishing, shoreline,   X                       
                   boating                                       

  Outdoors Person  Fishing, shoreline,   X^‡^                    
  Family           boating                                       

                   Swimming                                      X^§^

  Near River       All activities^†^     X                       
  Family                                                         
  ---------------- --------------------- ------------ ---------- --------------

\*Exposure occurred in water not affected by releases from the SRS to
water.

^†^"All activities" included fishing, boating, swimming, and shoreline.

^‡^Shoreline exposures were only received at work by the Adult Male and
the children when they each reached age 18. Recreational shoreline
activities by all family members were in unaffected water.

^§^For the entire family while recreating on the Savannah River.

The scenarios and exposure locations are:

-   [Rural Family One]{.underline}. This family lived on a farm near
    Girard, Georgia. The Girard exposure location was where the family
    hunted, fished, and grew or produced much of their food. Although
    the adults always stayed near the farm, the children attended high
    school in Waynesboro, Georgia.

-   [Rural Family Two]{.underline}. This family lived on a farm near
    Williston, South Carolina. The Williston exposure location was where
    the family hunted, fished, and grew or produced much of their food.
    All family members lived at the Williston exposure location for all
    39 years, including grade and high school for the children.

-   [Urban/Suburban Family]{.underline}. This family lived near the
    intersection of East Boundary and East Telfair Street in Augusta,
    Georgia. The Augusta exposure location was assumed for most family
    activities including swimming, boating, and fishing. It was the
    exposure location where much of the family's food was grown or
    produced, including half of their milk. The other half of their milk
    came from cows located in New Ellenton, South Carolina. The father
    worked onsite at SRS. The children also worked onsite at SRS when
    they grew up. A representative location on the SRS site, near the
    K-Reactor, was assumed as a work exposure location.

-   [Migrant Worker Family]{.underline}. This family lived in New
    Ellenton, South Carolina, for half of any year. The New Ellenton
    exposure location was assumed for all exposures and activities
    (home, schools, church, work, recreation, and the source for locally
    grown vegetables, milk, and meat).

-   [Delivery Person Family]{.underline}. This family lived in Barnwell,
    South Carolina, and attended church in Martin, South Carolina. Some
    of the food eaten by this family was obtained from Barnwell and some
    from Martin. The father worked in Allendale, South Carolina, and
    onsite at SRS. (So did the children when they grew up.) A
    representative location on the SRS site, near the K-Reactor, was
    assumed as a work exposure location. The father hunted deer and wild
    fowl near Martin. The family engaged in recreation on the shore of
    Lower Three Runs Creek (at Martin) and on the shore of the Savannah
    River below its confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek. [^1] The
    family boated on, and ate fish from, the Savannah River at this same
    exposure location. The family also ate fish that were caught in
    Lower Three Runs Creek.

```{=html}
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-   [Outdoors Person Family]{.underline}. This family lived in Jackson,
    South Carolina, where the family also attended church and the
    children went to grade and high school. Much of the food eaten by
    the family was grown in Jackson. The father worked and hunted on the
    SRS site (as did the children when they grew up). The same location
    on the SRS site, near the K-Reactor, was assumed for the work
    exposure location and the hunting exposure location. The father
    boated on the Savannah River while working and with his family for
    recreation.[^2] The family swam and spent time along the shoreline
    at the Jackson Boat Ramp, which is upstream of the SRS discharge to
    the Savannah River. All family members ate fish that were caught in
    the Savannah River below its confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek.

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```
-   [Near River Family]{.underline}. This family lived in Martin, South
    Carolina.[^3] The Martin exposure location was assumed for all
    activities (home, schools, church, work, recreation, source of milk,
    and the source of locally grown vegetables). In addition, the family
    boated in, and ate fish from, the Savannah River below its
    confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek.

**Discussion of assumptions about exposure scenarios and locations**.
The following discussion provides additional information about the
selection of exposure scenarios and the locations:

-   Two rural farming families -- Rural Family One and Rural Family Two
    \-- were assumed rather than one. Rural Family Two was added to the
    area near Williston, South Carolina. CDC staff had suggested adding
    an exposure scenario to the northeast of SRS to assure that possible
    radiation exposures in that direction would be considered (3). It
    was decided that this exposure scenario would be a rural family
    similar to the farming family located near Girard, Georgia (Rural
    Family One).

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-   New Ellenton, South Carolina, was chosen as the exposure location
    for the Migrant Worker Family. Although a migrant worker scenario
    had been proposed by CDC, the location where the scenario would be
    sited was undetermined. (The SRSHES Work Group did not recommend a
    location (1).) The Migrant Worker Scenario was located in New
    Ellenton to assure that exposures from radionuclides released to the
    north from SRS would be considered, and because migrant farm
    families were probably present in the New Ellenton area during much
    of the period of interest (2). In addition, the New Ellenton area
    was chosen as the location of a dairy patronized by the
    Urban/Suburban Family (2).

-   The Urban/Suburban Family was assumed to fish, swim, and boat at the
    Augusta exposure location. The SRSHES Scenarios Work Group had
    proposed using Clark's Hill Lake (now called the Strom Thurmond
    Reservoir) for these activities (1). The Augusta location was chosen
    as an alternative, in order to help limit the number of exposure
    locations that had to be modeled. Because both Clark's Hill Lake and
    Augusta are well above any point of surface water discharge from
    SRS, at neither location would receptors have experienced
    radiological exposures from radionuclides released by SRS to surface
    water. The only exposures would have been from radionuclides that
    had been released into the air. But Augusta is closer to SRS than
    Clark's Hill Lake, and both locations are northeast of SRS. For this
    reason, Augusta was a more conservative choice than Clark's Hill
    Lake.

-   Any person exposed on the SRS site was assumed not to have been a
    radiological worker whose radiation exposures would have been
    routinely measured. This person would have had access to the site
    but not to areas controlled for purposes of radiation protection.
    Two candidate locations were identified: (1) near K-Reactor, and (2)
    the F- and H-Areas. Although hunting was probably more likely near
    K-Reactor, more people were employed in the F- and H-Areas. The
    K-Reactor vicinity was chosen to represent the exposure location for
    all onsite receptors, whether working or hunting.

-   For all scenarios, all hypothetical family members stayed in the SRS
    area over the entire 39-year period. Children born and raised in the
    area always remained at home except for participating in specified
    activities such as school and recreation. After finishing high
    school, the children lived in their home communities. Each child
    adopted the same occupation and recreational activities as the adult
    male in their family from age 18 on.

-   All radiation exposures associated with the Savannah River (boating,
    swimming, shoreline, fishing) were assumed to occur at a location
    below the confluence of the Savannah River with Lower Three Runs
    Creek. Below the confluence, the Savannah River contained
    radionuclides that were discharged into the river through the
    Savannah River Swamp as well as radionuclides that were discharged
    into the river from Lower Three Runs Creek. The flow rate was not
    significantly larger than further upstream. For purposes of
    calculating air exposures while recreating on the Savannah River
    (e.g., immersion and inhalation doses), the Martin location was
    assumed as representative. Martin, Smith Lake, and Little Hell
    Landing are all within a few miles of one another.

#### Additional Refinements to Proposed Exposure Scenarios

In addition to the overall decisions described above, several
refinements were made to the specifics of the exposure scenarios
proposed by the CDC and addressed by the SRSHES:

**Consumption of locally acquired milk.** It was assumed for all
scenarios that family members drank milk from cows located in the SRS
vicinity, meaning that all milk contained radionuclides that had been
released into the air from SRS. This assumption met the intent of the
SRSHES Work Group's suggestion that the urban/suburban and rural
families should drink milk from family cows (1).

**Consumption of poultry.** It was assumed that much of the poultry
eaten by all members of all scenarios was produced in the SRS vicinity.
This assumption largely met the intent of the SRSHES Work Group's
suggestion to include family chickens in some scenarios (1).

**Hunting and trapping.** It was assumed for several scenarios that the
adult male spent time outdoors while hunting and trapping. Radiation
exposures received through consumption of game animals was modeled for
the two rural families, the Delivery Person Family, and the Outdoors
Person Family by assuming that meat from game animals could be
represented as either a form of beef or poultry (see Section 3.2.2).

**Consumption of crustaceans.** All radiation exposures from eating
aquatic animals were assumed to come from eating fish. The SRSHES Work
Group had suggested that shell fishing, shrimping, and crabbing should
be considered as food sources for the Near River Family scenario (1).
However, the potential for the crustaceans cited by the SRSHES to be
present at the scenario locations was considered very remote. The
habitat for the crustaceans cited is located a significant distance
downriver in brackish water, far enough away from SRS so that the levels
of radiation in the crustaceans would be quite small.

**Irrigation.** Irrigation with water contaminated with radionuclides
from SRS was not modeled as an exposure pathway. Although the proposed
CDC scenario had envisioned that the rural family and migrant families
would irrigate crops with water taken from the Savannah River (1), it
was determined that such a pathway would be unrealistic for the SRS
area.

**Houseboating.** The Near River Family was assumed to live in Martin,
South Carolina, an exposure location that was consistent with the
recommendations of the SRSHES Work Group (1). CDC had proposed that the
family living near the river should live on a houseboat (1). Yet there
was no evidence that persons lived on houseboats in the SRS area.

**Family Composition**. Each exposure scenario consists of two adults
and two children. The SRSHES Work Group had suggested that five children
be assumed for the rural family and three for the delivery person family
(1). Modeling additional children would not provide significantly
different information from that already obtained from the two children
already studied. Each scenario proposed by CDC included two children who
were born during years that SRS released large quantities of
radionuclides into the air (1).

**Religion.** It was assumed that all family members attended religious
services for a few hours each week. This assumption was consistent with
the SRSHES Work Group's suggestions (1). For most scenarios, it was
assumed that the place of worship was near the family residence. The
scope of the study did not support making distinctions between the
specific locations of the structures within a small geographical area.

**Pets.** Pets were not modeled as a separate exposure pathway. The
SRSHES Work Group suggested that persons living in the SRS vicinity
would probably have had pets such as hunting dogs (1). These pets may
have brought radionuclides into a house from dust or dirt caught in
their fur. However, the Phase III radiological assessment made no
distinction between radionuclide concentrations indoors or outdoors, in
the air. Given that a generally accepted model for exposure to
radionuclides from contaminated pets is not available, that many
modeling assumptions were conservative, and that doses from this pathway
were not expected to be large, dose estimates for this pathway were not
included in this Phase of the dose reconstruction.

**Nursing mothers.** The rural family scenario as proposed by CDC called
for a mother nursing at least one of the children (1). Separate
exposures through this pathway were not modeled because a standard
approach to simulate this pathway was not readily available. However,
the Phase III radiological assessment did consider the consumption of
contaminated foodstuffs by infants, including contaminated cow's milk,
which should have simulated these exposures.

***In Utero* Exposures**. It was assumed that the Adult Female for the
Urban/Suburban Family scenario always worked at home. The SRSHES Work
Group had suggested that the mother of the urban/suburban family be
assumed to work onsite until well into her pregnancy (1). It was
recognized that the Work Group's proposed assumption was directed at
assessing *in utero* exposure to an unborn child. However, neither the
modeling approach used nor the dose and risk coefficients that were used
as principal components of the analysis address such exposures.[^4]

## Additional Assumptions About Scenarios

To perform the Phase III radiological assessments, it was necessary to
add several additional assumptions to those provided by the CDC and the
SRSHES to address specific features of the exposure scenarios. These
assumptions are addressed in detail in [Appendix
E](../Appendix_E%20ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) and summarized here:

### Composition of Exposure Scenario Families

It was assumed that each of the seven hypothetical families had the same
composition:

-   A male who was an adult (over age 18) in 1954.

-   A female who was an adult (over age 18) in 1954.

-   A male child born in 1955.

-   A male child born in 1964.

This family composition was chosen to model infant exposures during 1955
and 1964, when releases of radionuclides to the environment were
relatively large. Male children were modeled because males receive
slightly larger radiation exposures for some pathways than females
(e.g., males eat more than females) and therefore provide more
conservative estimates of doses and risks. It was desirable to make both
children the same sex in order to allow direct comparison of the effect
of being born at different times.

### Figure 3-4 presents the age and gender of each receptor for each year of exposure. A 39-year period was modeled starting at the beginning of 1954 and finishing at the end of 1992. Information about the age and gender of each member of the scenario families was used to determine the ingestion rates of certain foods (Section 3.2.2), the times spent performing different activities (Section 3.2.3), and breathing rates (Section 3.2.4). In addition, information about each individual's age and gender was used to convert exposure levels to lifetime radiation dose and cancer risk as discussed in [**Chapter 10**](../Chapter_10_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) and [**Appendix D**](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).  {#figure-3-4-presents-the-age-and-gender-of-each-receptor-for-each-year-of-exposure.-a-39-year-period-was-modeled-starting-at-the-beginning-of-1954-and-finishing-at-the-end-of-1992.-information-about-the-age-and-gender-of-each-member-of-the-scenario-families-was-used-to-determine-the-ingestion-rates-of-certain-foods-section-3.2.2-the-times-spent-performing-different-activities-section-3.2.3-and-breathing-rates-section-3.2.4.-in-addition-information-about-each-individuals-age-and-gender-was-used-to-convert-exposure-levels-to-lifetime-radiation-dose-and-cancer-risk-as-discussed-in-chapter-10-and-appendix-d. .unnumbered}

As the children grew from infants to adults, assumptions about parameter
values were made that were appropriate for their age. Each child was
assumed to grow from a male infant (his first year), to a preschooler
(three years from age 2-4), to a grade-school aged child (seven years
from age 5-11), to a teenager (six years from age 12-17) years), to an
adult age (all remaining years from age 18 on). After each child reached
age 18, parameter values appropriate for an adult were maintained for
the rest of the study period. The Child Born in 1955 became an adult in
1973; the Child Born in 1964 became an adult in 1982.

### Food Products

To address radiation exposures through consumption of food and animal
products, quantities of each food product eaten by each receptor were
estimated as well as the fraction of each food product that had been
contaminated with radionuclides released by SRS. (See [Appendix
E](../Appendix_E%20ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) for details.)

### ![](media/image3.wmf){width="6.572222222222222in" height="4.4375in"} {#section .unnumbered}

Figure 3‑4 Age and Gender Categories of Modeled Receptors by Year

Assumptions were made for each family member about the consumption rates
of the food products listed below. The primary data source for these
assumptions was EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook (5):

-   Leafy vegetables

-   Root vegetables

-   Fruit

-   Grain

-   Beef.

-   Poultry

-   Milk

-   Eggs

-   Fish

The quantity of each food product consumed annually depended on the age
and gender of the receptor. Adults living in the SRS vicinity at the
start of SRS operations in 1954 ate a constant annual quantity of each
food product over the 39 years of the study. Adult females generally ate
less food than did the adult males. The children ate different
quantities of each food product depending on their age. When each child
reached age 18, they thereafter ate each food product in annual
quantities appropriate for an adult male.

Assumptions about food product contamination depended on the food
product and scenario. If the food product was grown or produced locally
(e.g., from local farms or dairies), then it was assumed that all was
contaminated. If the food product was from a local store, then it was
assumed that some (generally half) was obtained locally (and therefore
contaminated) and the remainder was obtained from sources external to
the SRS vicinity.

For beef, poultry, fruit, and vegetables, a time-dependent,
locally-produced fraction was assumed for Rural Families One and Two
consistent with the SRSHES Work Group recommendations for meat and
vegetables (see Table 3-1). The fraction that was eaten that originated
from the farm was reduced after the end of 1959. For other scenarios it
was assumed that half of the beef, poultry, fruit, and vegetables from
stores was produced locally.

Radiation exposure from eating game animals taken near the SRS site was
modeled by assuming that meat from all game animals could be represented
as forms of beef (e.g., venison) or poultry (e.g. wild fowl). Members of
Rural Family One and Two, the Delivery Person Family, and the Outdoors
Person Family were assumed to eat game animal meat. The total quantities
of beef and poultry that these members ate were the same as that eaten
by comparable members of the other three scenarios. However, larger
fractions of this meat were assumed to be locally produced for these
four scenarios compared to the other three scenarios.

### Times Spent Per Activity

Each member of each scenario was assigned a home area, a work area for
the Adult Male (and for the children after they became adults), food
procurement areas, and areas for activities including church, school,
work, hunting, fishing, swimming, and boating. Times spent in each area
not derived from the suggestions of the SRSHES Work Group (1) were
mainly determined using EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook (5) and an SRS
report on land and water use characteristics in the vicinity of the
Savannah River (6). Times spent performing each activity were used in
assessing radiation exposures through several exposure pathways (e.g.,
the radiation dose received at an exposure location from immersion in a
plume of contaminated air depended on the time spent at that exposure
location). Assessments of radiation exposure from contaminated soil
depended on the time spent either indoors or outdoors.

**Home.** The time spent at home depended on assumptions for each member
of each scenario about work, church, school, and recreation. The times
spent by each family member either indoors or outdoors were assumed
based on data from EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook (5). Different times
indoors and outdoors were assumed based on whether the family member was
an adult male, an adult female, or a child within a particular age
group.

**Food Procurement.** It was generally assumed that food for family
members was obtained locally to their residences. As noted above, some
food was obtained from stores and some was locally grown. However, half
the milk for the Urban/Suburban Family scenario was obtained from an
exposure location away from their residence, and half of all food
products (other than fish) for the Delivery Person Family scenario was
obtained from an exposure location away from their residence. For these
situations, the difference in external or inhalation exposures that may
have occurred during the limited time spent in these locations obtaining
food was not assessed. However, the assessment did consider the location
where the food was grown.

**Church.** All members of each scenario spent 104 hours per year (52
weeks/year x 2 hours/week) at church. All church hours were assumed to
be part of the time all receptors spent indoors.

**School.** Children and teenagers attending school each spent 1,260
hours per year in school. Of these 1,260 hours, 900 hours were spent
indoors and 360 hours were spent outdoors (5 hours indoors/day, 2 hours
outdoors/day x 180 days/year). It was assumed that no food was obtained
or was grown in the school locations.

**Hunting/Fishing.** For most scenarios, it was assumed that when the
Adult Male was hunting (Rural Families One and Two, and Delivery Person
Family), the amount of time spent hunting was included in the
residential outside hours. The Outdoors Person hunted as part of work,
and all hunting hours were spent outside.

**Swimming, Shoreline, and Boating.** Most members of most scenarios
were assumed to swim for 21 hours each year and spend 85 hours each year
along a river or creek shoreline based on data from the SRS report on
land and water use characteristics in the vicinity of the Savannah River
(6). But members of the Near River Family spent 91 hours per year
swimming (an hour per day during the summer for each member) as well as
365 hours per year along the Savannah River shoreline. These assumptions
were based on the statement by the SRSHES Work Group to "assume they
were always in contact with the Savannah River" (1). All hours were
spent outdoors. The Adult Male of the Outdoors Person Family annually
spent 260 additional hours on the Savannah River shoreline as part of
work.

Consistent with the recommendations of the SRSHES Work Group (1),
members of Rural Families One and Two and the Migrant Family did not go
boating. Members of the Urban/Suburban, Delivery Person, and Outdoors
Person Families boated in the Savannah River for 96 hours per year based
on data from the SRS report (6). Members of the Near River Family boated
in the Savannah River vicinity for 192 hours per year -- i.e., twice the
value in the SRS report (6). These assumptions were based on the
statement by the SRSHES Work Group to "assume they were always in
contact with the Savannah River" (1).

## Overview of Final Exposure Scenarios 

The seven scenarios and the assumed home locations for each of the
hypothetical families making up these scenarios are described in detail
in the following sections:

Section 3.3.1: [Rural Family One]{.underline} in Girard, Georgia.

Section 3.3.2: [Rural Family Two]{.underline} in Williston, South
Carolina.

Section 3.3.3: [Urban/Suburban Family]{.underline} in Augusta, Georgia.

Section 3.3.4: [Migrant Worker Family]{.underline} in New Ellenton,
South Carolina.

Section 3.3.5: [Delivery Person Family]{.underline} in Barnwell, South
Carolina.

Section 3.3.6: [Outdoors Person Family]{.underline} in Jackson, South
Carolina.

Section 3.3.7: [Near River Family]{.underline} in Martin, South
Carolina.

### Rural Family One

This hypothetical family lived in Girard, Georgia. All family members
spent much of their work, home activities, and recreation time outdoors.
The Adult Male was a farmer, and the Adult Female worked at home. The
family hunted, fished, and swam in the Girard area and in the nearby
area of Briar Creek. The family did no boating. The children stayed at
home until they reached school age; then they attended grade schools in
Girard and high school in Waynesboro, Georgia. When not attending
school, the children remained in the Girard area. When the children grew
to adulthood, they became farmers and fished, hunted, and engaged in
recreational activities in the Girard area. All family members remained
permanently in the Girard area. Figure 3-5 shows the exposure locations
of Rural Family One. ![](media/image4.wmf){width="4.475in"
height="4.1090277777777775in"}

All the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
Girard. The fish eaten by the family was caught in Briar Creek or other
nearby locations. Because Briar Creek is not located hydrologically
downstream from SRS, none of the fish consumed by the family was
affected by SRS release of radionuclides to surface water. During the
1950s, half of the beef, poultry, leafy and root vegetables, and fruit
eaten by the family was grown or produced on the family farm. The
remainder came from other sources such as stores in Girard. Half of this
remaining food was locally grown or produced. Beginning in 1960, only
25% of their beef, poultry, vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced
on the family farm. The remaining 75% came from sources such as stores.
Half of this remaining food was grown or produced in Girard, and half
came from sources outside the SRS. It was assumed that all of the
locally- grown grain eaten by the family was corn.[^5] Drinking water
and water used to irrigate the food grown and eaten by the family came
from local ground water or surface water sources that were assumed to be
unaffected by SRS releases.

### Rural Family Two

Rural Family Two was a hypothetical family substantially similar to
Rural Family One, except that the family lived and spent all their time
in Williston, South Carolina. Figure 3-6 shows the exposure location of
Rural Family Two.![](media/image5.wmf){width="4.259027777777778in"
height="5.355555555555555in"}

All family members spent much of their work, home activities, and
recreation time outdoors. The adult male was a farmer, and the adult
female worked at home. The family hunted, fished, and swam in the
Williston area. Like Rural Family One, this family did no boating. The
children stayed at home until they reached school age, and then they
attended schools in Williston. When not attending school, the children
remained in the Williston area. When the children grew to adulthood,
they became farmers. The family always lived, engaged in recreational
activities, and worked in and around the Williston area.

All of the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
Williston (on the family farm or nearby). All of the fish eaten by the
family was caught in streams or ponds in or near Williston. Because
these streams and ponds are not hydrologically downstream from SRS, none
of the fish eaten by the family was affected by SRS releases of
radioactive material to surface water.

During the 1950s, half of the beef, poultry, leafy and root vegetables,
and fruit eaten by the family was grown or produced on the family farm.
The remaining half came from other sources such as stores in Williston.
Half of this remaining food (i.e., food not grown or raised on the
family farm) was grown or produced in Williston and the other half came
from outside the SRS area. Beginning in 1960, only 25% of their beef,
poultry, vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced on the family farm.
The remaining 75% was obtained from other sources such as stores in
Williston. Half of this remaining food was locally-grown or produced,
and half came from outside the SRS area.

All locally-grown grain eaten by the family was corn. Drinking water and
water used to irrigate any food grown and eaten by the family came from
ground- or surface-water sources assumed to be unaffected by SRS
releases

### Urban/Suburban Family

This hypothetical family lived in Augusta, Georgia, and all family
members were present there for most activities including school and
church. The Adult Male worked onsite at SRS for the duration of the
study period (39 years). The children worked onsite at SRS beginning in
1973 for the Child Born in 1955 and 1982 for the Child Born in 1964. All
family members swam, boated, and fished in the Savannah River flowing
through the Augusta area, a location well upstream of any point of
radionuclide discharge to surface water from SRS. Figure 3-7 shows the
exposure locations of the Urban/Suburban Family.

Half the family's milk came from cows in the Augusta area and half from
cows in the New Ellenton area. All eggs came from hens located in the
Augusta area. Half of their beef, poultry, leafy vegetables, root
vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced in the Augusta area, and
half came from unaffected non-local sources. All locally-grown grain
eaten by the family was corn. Fish came from sources unaffected by
liquid releases from SRS (e.g., from the nearby Savannah River).
Drinking water and water used to irrigate any food grown and eaten by
the family came from ground- or surface-water sources assumed to be
unaffected by SRS
releases![](media/image6.wmf){width="4.444444444444445in"
height="4.361111111111111in"}

### Migrant Worker Family

All family members spent much of their work, home activities, and
recreation time outdoors in New Ellenton, S.C. Figure 3-8 shows the
exposure location of the Migrant Worker Family. Because the Adult Male
and Adult Female worked as migrant farm workers, the family lived in New
Ellenton for only half of any year. While living in New Ellenton, the
family participated in hunting, trapping, and other outdoor activities.
The family did no boating but did participate in other water sports such
as fishing and swimming in local pools, ponds, and creeks. The children
stayed at home until they reached school age and attended schools in New
Ellenton. When the children grew to adulthood, they became migrant
farmers spending half the year in New Ellenton and half the year away
from the SRS vicinity.

During the six months of each year that the family lived in New
Ellenton, all of their milk and eggs were produced or collected in or
near New Ellenton. Half of the family's beef, poultry, leafy vegetables,
root vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced in the New Ellenton
area and half came from sources outside the SRS vicinity. All of their
corn was grown in the New Ellenton area. Because ponds and creeks in the
vicinity of New Ellenton are not hydrologically downstream from SRS,
none of the fish eaten by the family was affected by SRS liquid
releases. Drinking water and water used to irrigate foods eaten by the
family came from ground water or surface water sources unaffected by SRS
liquid releases.![](media/image7.wmf){width="4.122222222222222in"
height="4.66875in"}

### Delivery Person Family

This hypothetical family lived in Barnwell, South Carolina, where the
children attended grade and high school. Because the Adult Male worked
as a delivery driver for a bottling plant located in Allendale, South
Carolina, he spent portions of his time in Allendale and portions onsite
at SRS, where he made periodic deliveries. (When the children reached
18, they lived in Barnwell and became delivery drivers like the Adult
Male.) All family members attended religious services in Martin, South
Carolina, for two hours each week. All family members swam, fished, and
spent time along the shoreline at Lower Three Runs Creek near Martin.
The adult male hunted for deer and fowl in the Martin vicinity. Figure
3-9 shows the exposure locations of the Delivery Person Family.

The family boated on the Savannah River using the boat ramp at Little
Hell Landing, which is upstream of the confluence of the Savannah River
with Lower Three Runs Creek. The family then moved the boat to the Smith
Lake area for fishing and activities along the Savannah River shoreline.
Smith Lake is located just below the confluence of the Savannah River
with Lower Three Runs Creek. The family did not swim in the Savannah
River.

Half of the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens in the
Barnwell area and half came from cows and hens in the Martin area. In
addition, half the family's beef and poultry came from Barnwell and half
from Martin. Half of the beef and poultry from Barnwell was actually
produced in the Barnwell area, and half was acquired from sources away
from the SRS area. Of the beef and poultry from Martin, 25% consisted of
meat from hunting deer and wild fowl. That is, 25% of the beef from
Martin consisted of locally-hunted venison while 25% of the poultry from
Martin consisted of locally-hunted wild fowl. Of the remaining 75% of
the beef and poultry from Martin, half was produced in the Martin area
and half was acquired (e.g., by stores) from sources well away from the
SRS.[^6] ![](media/image8.wmf){width="4.6506944444444445in"
height="5.59375in"}

Half the leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and fruit came from
Barnwell, and half came from Martin. Half of the produce obtained in the
Barnwell area was grown in areas away from the SRS vicinity and half of
the produce obtained in the Martin area was grown in areas away from the
SRS vicinity. Half of the corn eaten by the family was grown in Barnwell
and half in Martin.

Half of the fish eaten by the family was caught in Lower Three Runs
Creek at Martin and half was caught in the Savannah River.

### Outdoors Person Family

This hypothetical family lived in Jackson, South Carolina, and all
family members were present there for most activities including school
and religious services. When the children grew to adulthood, they
continued to live in Jackson. Family members were not present in Jackson
during employment activities for the Adult Male nor during employment
activities for the children after they each reached age 18. The Adult
Male worked onsite at SRS as a hunter, as did the children when they
grew up. During the time the Adult Male spent onsite at SRS annually, he
took game animals in the form of deer and birds, and caught fish from
the Savannah River. His job required him to spend 260 hours per year
along on the Savannah River shoreline as well as 260 hours per the year
boating on the Savannah River. Figure 3-10 shows the exposure locations
of the Outdoors Person
Family.![](media/image9.wmf){width="4.502777777777778in"
height="4.8875in"}

All family members (including the Adult Male) engaged in recreational
swimming in the Savannah River and spent time along the Savannah River
shoreline near the Jackson boat ramp (upstream of sources of SRS
radionuclide release to the Savannah River). All family members boated
in the Savannah River downstream of SRS.[^7]

All milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in Jackson. Half the
leafy and root vegetables and fruit were grown in Jackson, and half came
from sources away from the SRA area. All of the family corn was grown in
Jackson.

Three-quarters of the family's beef and poultry consisted of venison and
wild fowl that was hunted by the Adult Male on the SRS site. Their
remaining beef and poultry came from other sources such as stores. Of
this, half was produced in Jackson and half came from sources away from
the SRS area. All fish taken from the Savannah River contained
radionuclides from SRS operations.

### Near River Family

This hypothetical family lived in Martin, SC. All members spent much of
their work, home activities, and recreation time outdoors. The family
lived, worked, and went to school and church in Martin, and participated
in outdoor activities such as hunting, fishing, and boating. Figure 3-11
shows the exposure location of the Near River Family.

![](media/image10.wmf){width="5.459722222222222in"
height="5.752083333333333in"}

Figure 3-11 Exposure Locations for Near River Family

This family spent twice as much time boating (in the Savannah River) as
did other families. Each family member spent an average of an hour per
day of each year on the Savannah River shoreline, and an average of an
hour a day swimming during the summer in the Savannah River. When the
children grew up, they continued to live in Martin. The family's milk
and eggs all came from cows and hens located in Martin. Half of the
family's beef, poultry, leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and fruit was
grown or produced in Martin and half came from sources outside the SRS
vicinity. All of the corn eaten by the family was grown in Martin. All
of the fish eaten by the family was caught in the Savannah River below
its confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek. Drinking water and any
irrigation used to produce the food eaten by the family came from
sources assumed to be unaffected by SRS releases.

## References

1\. Lockridge J. CY 2002 status report scenario working group
\[unpublished\]. South Carolina. Savannah River Site Health Effects
Site-Specific Advisory Board, Scenario Work Group. September 6, 2002.

2\. McDougall, V. Receptor locations for atmospheric releases
\[unpublished\]. ATL International, Germantown, MD. January 10,2003.

3\. McDougall V. Update on receptor locations for atmospheric releases
\[unpublished\]. ATL International, Germantown, MD. February 26, 2003.

4\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Guidance Report 13
Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides: CD
Supplement. EPA 402-C-99-001, Rev. 1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory and
U.S. EPA. April 2002.

5\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development. Exposure factors handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002Fa. Washington,
DC. 1997.

6\. Hamby DM. Land and water use characteristics in the vicinity of the
Savannah River Site. Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Savannah River
Site. Aiken, SC. WSRC-RP-91-17. 1991.

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[^1]: Exposures from air immersion and deposition that were received
    while conducting water-related activities were modeled assuming the
    Martin exposure location.

[^2]: All boating occurred below the confluence of the Savannah River
    with Lower Three Runs Creek.

[^3]: Note that Martin, South Carolina, is not directly on the river.

[^4]: The dose and risk coefficients that were used are up-to-date
    coefficients issued by the Environmental Protection Agency in their
    1992 update to Federal Guidance Report 13, Cancer Risk Coefficients
    for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides (4).

[^5]: This assumption was made for all receptors and scenarios. As
    discussed in [Appendix
    E](../Appendix_E%20ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc), individuals in
    the SRS vicinity would have consumed grain products such as breads,
    pasta, or flours; however, most of these grain products were likely
    grown or produced out of the SRS vicinity and therefore were not
    contaminated by SRS operations. But it is plausible to assume that
    individuals in the SRS vicinity consume locally grown corn. Such
    consumption could occur for those persons living in a suburban as
    well as a rural environment. Although corn may have been consumed as
    a vegetable, uptake of radionuclides by corn is appropriately
    modeled as grain uptake.

[^6]: Combining the venison and wild fowl obtained from hunting with
    other beef and poultry obtained in Martin, it was assumed that 62.5%
    of all beef (including venison) obtained from Martin potentially
    contained radionuclides from the SRS, as did 62.5% of all poultry
    (including wild fowl) eaten by the family.

[^7]: After putting the boat in the water at the Jackson boat ramp, the
    family moved the boat to an area downstream of the confluence of the
    Savannah River with Lower Three Runs Creek. Therefore, the Adult
    Male received radiation exposures while recreationally boating as
    well as while working at the SRS.