![](media/image1.png)

**Qualitative Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment of the Importation of
*Ribes* species fruits, Currants (*Ribes rubrum, Ribes sativum* and
*Ribes nigrum*) and Gooseberry (*Ribes uva-crispa*), from the Republic
of South Africa into the Continental United States**

**A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment**

**April, 2007**

**Rev: 002**

**Agency contact:**

**United States Department of Agriculture**

**Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service**

**Plant Protection and Quarantine**

**CPHST-PERAL**

**1730 Varsity Dr.**

**Suite 300**

**Raleigh, NC 27606**

**Executive Summary**

This risk assessment examines the plant pest risks associated with the
importation of *Ribes* species fruits into the Continental United
States. Information on pests associated with *Ribes* species fruits
identified no quarantine pest is present in the Republic of South Africa
that can be introduced into the Continental United States via this
pathway.

Table of Contents

[**I. Introduction** 3](#__RefHeading___Toc158797049)

[**II. Risk Assessment** 3](#__RefHeading___Toc158797050)

[**2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action**
3](#__RefHeading___Toc158797051)

[**2.2 Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Ribes* species.**
3](#__RefHeading___Toc158797052)

[**2.3 Previous Risk Assessment(s), Current Status, Pest Interceptions
and Decision History for *Ribes rubrum*, *Ribes sativum*, *Ribes nigrum*
and *Ribes uva-crispa* from the Republic of South Africa.**
4](#__RefHeading___Toc158797053)

[**2.4 Pest Categorization -- Identification of Quarantine Pests and
Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway**
5](#__RefHeading___Toc158797054)

[**2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway**
5](#__RefHeading___Toc158797055)

[**IV. Authors & Reviewers** 13](#__RefHeading___Toc158797056)

[**V. References** 13](#__RefHeading___Toc158797057)

[**VI. Appendix** 18](#__RefHeading___Toc158797058)

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797049 .anchor}**I. Introduction**

This risk assessment was prepared by the Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA). This risk assessment is qualitative, with risk being
expressed in terms of high, medium or low rather than probabilities or
frequencies. The details of the methodology and rating criteria can be
found in the *Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments: Guidelines for
Qualitative Assessments, Version 5.02* (USDA, 2000).

Regional and international plant protection organizations such as the
North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide standards for
conducting pest risk analyses (IPPC, 2004, 2006; NAPPO, 2004). The
methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well
as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms are based on these
standards. The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk
analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3,
Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages
1 and 2.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797050 .anchor}**II. Risk Assessment**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797051 .anchor}**2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed
Action**

This commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment is in response to a
request for USDA authorization to allow imports of a particular
commodity presenting a potential plant pest risk. In this case, the
importation of *Ribes* species fruits grown in the Republic of South
Africa is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title
7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7CFR § 319.56)
provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and
vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797052 .anchor}**2.2 Assessment of Weediness
Potential of *Ribes* species.**

This step is important to the initiation phase of the assessment process
because if the species considered for importation poses a risk as a weed
pest, then a "pest-initiated" risk assessment may be initiated. If the
species to be imported passes the weediness screening, the
pathway-initiated pest risk assessment continues. The results of the
weediness screening for *Ribes* species did not prompt a pest-initiated
risk assessment because the species are widely distributed throughout
the United States (Table 1).

**Table 1. Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Ribes* species**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Commodity:** Fruits of *Ribes* species (*R. rubrum*, *R. sativum,   |
| R. nigrum, R. uva-crispa*)                                            |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 1:** Consider whether the genus is new to or not widely       |
| prevalent in the United States (exclude plants grown under USDA       |
| permit in approved containment facilities).                           |
|                                                                       |
| > *Ribes* species are widely distributed in the United States (USDA   |
| > NRCS, 2003).                                                        |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 2:** Is the species listed in:                                |
|                                                                       |
| > No Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm *et al*, 1979)           |
| >                                                                     |
| > No World's Worst Weeds (Holm *et al*, 1977) or World Weeds: Natural |
| > Histories and Distribution (Holm *et al*, 1997)                     |
| >                                                                     |
| > No Report of the Technical committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds:     |
| > Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn & Ritchie, 1982)    |
| >                                                                     |
| > No Economically Imported Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)                 |
| >                                                                     |
| > Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 1989)                   |
| >                                                                     |
| > Yes\* Are there any literature references indicating weediness      |
| > (*e.g.*, AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search on      |
| > "Species name" combined with "Weed")                                |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 3:** Conclusion                                               |
|                                                                       |
| > *Ribes nigrum* is a widely prevalent species in the United States;  |
| > it does not meet the definition of a Federal noxious weed.          |
|                                                                       |
| \* *Ribes nigrum* was recorded as weed in New Zealand and Denmark     |
| (Noyé, 1999).                                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797053 .anchor}**2.3 Previous Risk
Assessment(s), Current Status, Pest Interceptions and Decision History
for *Ribes rubrum*, *Ribes sativum*, *Ribes nigrum* and *Ribes
uva-crispa* from the Republic of South Africa.**

Previous pest risk assessments from the same country/region and the
same, or related, commodity have been identified. If there was an
existing risk assessment that adequately assessed the risks in question,
the risk assessment stopped.

*Ribes* species fruits are not currently shipped into the United States
from Republic of South Africa. There was no previous request for the
importation of *Ribes* species into the United States.

Pests are rarely intercepted on *Ribes* fruits from Africa. Nigeria was
the only African country that recorded a pest interception of *Ribes*
species on the PIN 309 database (Appendix 1).

**Table 2. Interceptions on *Ribes* species from African countries, as
reported in the PIN 309 database from 1985 to 2003.**

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Host**   **Organism**      **County**   **Imported   **Where         **Number of
                                            As**         Intercepted**   Interceptions**
  ---------- ----------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- -----------------
  *Ribes*    Ceratitini        Nigeria      Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                

  *Ribes*    Gelechiidae       Nigeria      Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797054 .anchor}**2.4 Pest Categorization --
Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow
the Pathway**

The first step in identifying quarantine pests is to present a
comprehensive pest list of potential quarantine pests known to occur in
the country or region from which the commodity is to be exported. The
list includes all pests in the exporting country known to be associated
with the parent species of the proposed export commodity. Because all
pests on the list are associated with the plant species, they are
considered to be "of potential economic importance" (IPPC, 2004). The
listed pests may or may not also occur in the United States. Pertinent
geographic and regulatory information, *i.e.*, with respect to the
exporting country and the United States, should be provided on the
comprehensive pest list. If none of the potential quarantine pests
satisfy the geographic and regulatory criteria as a quarantine pest, the
PRA stops. Table 3 shows the pest list for *Ribes* species (*R. rubrum*,
*R. sativum*, *R. nigrum,* *R. una-crispa*) from the Republic of South
Africa. This pest list identifies: (1) the presence or absence of these
pests in the United States, (2) the generally affected plant part or
parts, (3) the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United
States, (4) whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway to enter
the United States on commercially exported *Ribes* species, and (5)
pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the
pest. A pest is considered to follow the pathway if it is associated
with the fruit.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797055 .anchor}**2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to
Follow the Pathway**

Quarantine pests identified as likely to be associated with the
potential export commodity are subject to steps 5-7. The biology and
pest potential for these pests are documented as possible; therefore, it
is reasonable to assume that these quarantine pests will:

-   Be present in the exporting country

-   Be associated with the commodity at the time of harvest

-   Remain with the commodity in viable form during harvesting, parking
    and shipping procedures

Because pests associated with the parent species are listed, there will
be quarantine pests not expected to follow the pathway. For example:

-   A pest may be associated only with plant parts other than the
    commodity

-   A pest may not reasonably be expected to remain with the commodity
    during harvest and packing

Pests not expected to follow the pathway are not further considered.
Supporting information must be documented on the pest list or in the
text. The decision to not further analyze a particular pest only applies
to the current PRA; a pest may pose a different level of risk for the
same commodity from a different country or from a different commodity
from the same host plant species. If any of the pests should be
intercepted in shipments of the commodity, quarantine action may be
taken at the port-of-entry and additional risk analyses may be
conducted. **If no potential quarantine pests are identified, the PRA
stops at this point.**

**Table 3. Pest lists of *Ribes* species in the Republic of South
Africa.**

+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Pest        | **Ge     | *      | **Qua   | **     | **           |
| Scientific    | ographic | *Plant | rantine | Follow | References** |
| Name**        | D        | Part   | Pest**  | Pat    |              |
|               | istribut | Affe   |         | hway** |              |
|               | ion^1^** | cted** |         |        |              |
+===============+==========+========+=========+========+==============+
| *             |          |        |         |        |              |
| *Arthropods** |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Acari**     |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Polyph       | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | Aribaud      |
| agotarsonemus |          | f      |         |        | 1993; CABI   |
| latus* Banks  |          | lower, |         |        | 2003         |
|               |          | leaf,  |         |        |              |
| (             |          | stem   |         |        |              |
| Tarsonemidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Tetranychus  | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | CABI 2002,   |
| urticae* Koch |          |        |         |        | EPPO 2002;   |
|               |          |        |         |        | Fry &        |
| (T            |          |        |         |        | Delidais     |
| etranychidae) |          |        |         |        | 2003; HYPPZ  |
|               |          |        |         |        | 2004a        |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Panonychus   | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | Oldham 1956; |
| ulmi* Koch    |          |        |         |        | CABI 2003    |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (T            |          |        |         |        |              |
| etranychidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| *Oligonychus  |          |        |         |        |              |
| ulmi*         |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Panonychus   | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | Oldham 1956; |
| ulmi* Koch    |          |        |         |        | CABI 2003    |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (T            |          |        |         |        |              |
| etranychidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| *Oligonychus  |          |        |         |        |              |
| ulmi*         |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Insecta**   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *             |          |        |         |        |              |
| *Coleoptera** |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Oryzaephilus | RSA, US  | fruit  | No      | No     | Athanassiou  |
| surinamensis* |          |        |         |        | et al.,      |
| (L.)          |          |        |         |        | 2003; CABI   |
|               |          |        |         |        | 2003         |
| (Silvanidae)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Hemiptera** |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Hyperomyzus  | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI 2002;   |
| lactucae*     |          | stem,  |         |        | EPPO 2002;   |
| Linnaeus      |          | shoot, |         |        | HYPPZ 2004b; |
|               |          | f      |         |        | Oldham 1956  |
| (Aphididae)   |          | lower, |         |        |              |
|               |          | fruit  |         |        |              |
| *Amphorophora |          |        |         |        |              |
| sonchi*       |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Aspidiotus   | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| nerii* Bouché |          | leaf,  |         |        | USDA ARS SEL |
|               |          | stem   |         |        | 2005         |
| (Diaspididae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Diaspidiotus | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS SEL |
| ancylus*      |          | leaf,  |         |        | 2005         |
| (Putnam)      |          | stem   |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Diaspididae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Diaspidiotus | RSA, US  | wood   | No      | No     | Penn State   |
| perniciosus*  |          |        |         |        | Univ. 2003;  |
| (Comstock)    |          |        |         |        | HYPPZ 2004a; |
|               |          |        |         |        | USDA ARS SEL |
| (Diaspididae) |          |        |         |        | 2005         |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| *Qu           |          |        |         |        |              |
| adraspidiotus |          |        |         |        |              |
| perniciosus*  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Lepidosaphes | RSA, US  | wood,  | No      | No     | Oldham 1956; |
| ulmi*         |          | leaf   |         |        | CABI 2003;   |
| (Linnaeus)    |          |        |         |        | USDA ARS SEL |
|               |          |        |         |        | 2005         |
| (Diaspididae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Ps           | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| eudaulacaspis |          | leaf,  |         |        | USDA ARS SEL |
| cockerelli*   |          | stem   |         |        | 2005         |
| (Cooley)      |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Diaspidae)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Ps           | RSA, US  | wood   | No      | No     | HYPPZ 2004a; |
| eudaulacaspis |          |        |         |        | CABI 2003;   |
| pentagona*    |          |        |         |        | USDA ARS SEL |
| (Targioni     |          |        |         |        | 2005         |
| Tozzetti)     |          |        |         |        |              |
| MacGillivray  |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Diaspidae)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Pseudococcus | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| calceolariae* | (CA, LA) | f      |         |        | USDA ARS SEL |
| (Maskell)     |          | lower, |         |        | 2005         |
|               |          | root,  |         |        |              |
| (Ps           |          | stem   |         |        |              |
| eudococcidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Rhizoecus    | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | USDA ARS SEL |
| falcifer*     |          |        |         |        | 2005         |
| Kunckel       |          |        |         |        |              |
| d'Herculais   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **            |          |        |         |        |              |
| Lepidoptera** |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Agrotis      | RSA      | leaf,  | Yes     | No     | CABI 2002;   |
| segetum*      |          | stem,  |         |        | Woodford     |
| Denis &       |          | root   |         |        | 1985         |
| S             |          |        |         |        |              |
| chiffermüller |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Noctuidae)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Cadra        | RSA, US  | fruit  | No      | No     | Athanassiou  |
| cautella*     |          |        |         |        | et al. 2003; |
| Walker        |          |        |         |        | CABI 2003    |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Pyralidae)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **T           |          |        |         |        |              |
| hysanoptera** |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *             | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| Frankliniella |          | f      |         |        | van den      |
| occidentali*s |          | lower, |         |        | Putte 2002   |
| (Pergande)    |          | fruit  |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Thripidae)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Molluscs**  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Helix        | RSA, US, | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI 2002    |
| aspersa*      |          | stem,  |         |        |              |
| Muller        |          | root,  |         |        |              |
|               |          | shoot, |         |        |              |
| (Helicidae)   |          | f      |         |        |              |
|               |          | lower, |         |        |              |
|               |          | fruit, |         |        |              |
|               |          | seed   |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Nematodes** |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *A            | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI 2002;   |
| phelenchoides |          | stem,  |         |        | Oldham 1956  |
| ritzemabosi*  |          | bud    |         |        |              |
| (Schwartz)    |          |        |         |        |              |
| Steiner &     |          |        |         |        |              |
| Buhrer        |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Aphe         |          |        |         |        |              |
| lenchoididae) |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| A             |          |        |         |        |              |
| phelenchoides |          |        |         |        |              |
| ribes         |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Ditylenchus  | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| dipsaci*      |          | stem   |         |        | Skarbilovich |
| (Kühn)        |          |        |         |        | 1972         |
| Filip\'ev     |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Anguinidae)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *He           | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| licotylenchus |          |        |         |        | Ivan 1978    |
| dihystera*    |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Cobb) Sher   |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (H            |          |        |         |        |              |
| oplolaimidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *He           | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| licotylenchus |          |        |         |        | Skarbilovich |
| multicinctus* |          |        |         |        | 1972         |
| (Cobb) Golden |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (H            |          |        |         |        |              |
| oplolaimidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Longidorus   | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2002;   |
| elongatus* de |          |        |         |        | Metlitskii & |
| Man           |          |        |         |        | Romanenko    |
| Micoletzky    |          |        |         |        | 1972; USDA   |
|               |          |        |         |        | ARS 2001     |
| (             |          |        |         |        |              |
| Longidoridae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Longidorus*  | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2002    |
| spp.          |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (             |          |        |         |        |              |
| Longidoridae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Meloidogyne  | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| hapla*        |          |        |         |        | Santo &      |
| Chitwood      |          |        |         |        | Bolander     |
|               |          |        |         |        | 1979         |
| (Me           |          |        |         |        |              |
| loidogynidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Pratylenchus | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2002    |
| penetrans*    |          |        |         |        |              |
| Cobb          |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Pr           |          |        |         |        |              |
| atylenchidae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+

+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Plant       |          |        |         |        |              |
| Pathogens**   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Bacteria**  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| Aster Yellows | RSA, US  | f      | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| Phytoplasma   |          | lower, |         |        | Navratil *et |
| Group         |          | leaf   |         |        | al*. 2001    |
|               |          | root,  |         |        |              |
| (Mollicutes:  |          | stem   |         |        |              |
| Achol         |          |        |         |        |              |
| eplasmatales) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Pseudomonas  | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| syringae* van |          | f      |         |        | Moltmann     |
| Hall          |          | lower, |         |        | 2000         |
|               |          | leaf   |         |        |              |
| (Gammapr      |          |        |         |        |              |
| oteobacteria: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Pse           |          |        |         |        |              |
| udomonadales) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Rhizobium    | RSA, US  | stem,  | No      | Yes    | CABI 2002    |
| radiobacter*  |          | root,  |         |        |              |
| (Beijerinck & |          | fruit  |         |        |              |
| van Delden)   |          |        |         |        |              |
| Young *et     |          |        |         |        |              |
| al.*          |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Alphapr      |          |        |         |        |              |
| oteobacteria: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Rhizobiales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Rhizobium    | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2002    |
| rhizogenes*   |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Riker *et    |          |        |         |        |              |
| al.*) Young   |          |        |         |        |              |
| *et al.*      |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Alphapr      |          |        |         |        |              |
| oteobacteria: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Rhizobiales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Fungi**     |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Alternaria   | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| alternata*    |          | stem   |         |        | Dennis *et   |
| (Fries)       |          |        |         |        | al*. 1976;   |
| Keissler      |          |        |         |        | USDA ARS     |
|               |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003;   |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        | Tahvonen     |
| Pleosporales) |          |        |         |        | 1983         |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Alternaria   | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS     |
| tenuissima*   |          | stem,  |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| (Kunze)       |          | branch |         |        |              |
| Wiltshire     |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Pleosporales) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Armillaria   | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2002;   |
| mellea*       |          |        |         |        | Coetzee *et  |
| (Vahl: Fr.)   |          |        |         |        | al*. 2001;   |
| P. Kumm.      |          |        |         |        | USDA ARS     |
|               |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| (Ba           |          |        |         |        |              |
| sidiomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Agaricales)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *B            | RSA, US  | fruit  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS     |
| otryosphaeria |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| dothidea*     |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Moug.) Ces.  |          |        |         |        |              |
| & de Not.     |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Dothideales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *B            | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| otryosphaeria |          | f      |         |        | USDA ARS     |
| ribis*        |          | lower, |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| Grossenb. &   |          | stem   |         |        |              |
| Duggar        |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Dothideales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Botryotinia  | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI 2002,   |
| fuckeliana*   |          | stem,  |         |        | EPPO 2002;   |
| (de Bary)     |          | fruit  |         |        | Mote & Owens |
| Whetzel       |          |        |         |        | 1943; USDA   |
|               |          |        |         |        | ARS SBML     |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        | 2003         |
| Helotiales)   |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| Anamorph:     |          |        |         |        |              |
| *Botrytis     |          |        |         |        |              |
| cinerea*      |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *C            | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | Oldham 1956; |
| hondrostereum |          |        |         |        | CABI 2003;   |
| purpureum*    |          |        |         |        | USDA ARS     |
| (Pres.)       |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| Pouzar        |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ba           |          |        |         |        |              |
| sidiomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Polyporales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| = *Stereum    |          |        |         |        |              |
| purpureum*    |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Eutypa lata* | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI 2002;   |
| (Pers.) Tul.  |          | shoot, |         |        | USDA ARS     |
| & C.Tul.      |          | wood   |         |        | SBML 2003    |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Xylariales)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Fumago       | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS     |
| vagans* Pers. |          | stem,  |         |        | SBML 2003;   |
|               |          | branch |         |        | Phillips,    |
| (Ascomycetes) |          |        |         |        | 1994         |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Fusarium     | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS     |
| semitectum*   |          | stem,  |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| Berk. &       |          | leaf   |         |        |              |
| Ravenel.      |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Hypocreales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Gibberella   | RSA, US  | root,  | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| avenacea*     |          | stem   |         |        | Tahvonen     |
| R.J. Cook     |          |        |         |        | 1983         |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Hypocreales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| Anamorph:     |          |        |         |        |              |
| *Fusarium     |          |        |         |        |              |
| avenaceum*    |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Glomerella   | RSA, US  | fruit  | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003;   |
| cingulata*    |          |        |         |        | Rapp &       |
| (Stonem.)     |          |        |         |        | Richter 1990 |
| Sqauld &      |          |        |         |        |              |
| Schrenk       |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes) |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| Anamorph:     |          |        |         |        |              |
| *C            |          |        |         |        |              |
| olletotrichum |          |        |         |        |              |
| glo           |          |        |         |        |              |
| eosporioides* |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *             | RSA      | leaf,  | Yes     | No     | USDA ARS     |
| Leptosphaeria |          | s      |         |        | SBML 2003;   |
| anceps* Sacc. |          | tem^2^ |         |        | CABI, 2003   |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Pleosporales) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *             | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| Leptosphaeria |          | stem   |         |        | USDA ARS     |
| coniothyrium* |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| (Fuckel)      |          |        |         |        |              |
| Sacc.         |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Pleosporales) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Macrophomina | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | USDA ARS     |
| phaseolina*   |          |        |         |        | SMBL 2003    |
| (Tassi) Goid. |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *             | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | USDA ARS     |
| Phyllactinia* |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| *guttata*     |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Wallr.) Lév. |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Erysiphales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Rosellinia   | RSA, US  | root,  | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| necatrix*     |          | stem   |         |        | USDA ARS     |
| Prill.        |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Xylariales)   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Septoria     | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | USDA ARS     |
| ribis* (Lib.) |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| Desm.         |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Mycos         |          |        |         |        |              |
| phaerellales) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Sphaerotheca | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | USDA ARS     |
| macularis*    |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003;   |
| (Wallr.) Fr.  |          |        |         |        | CABI 2002    |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Erysiphales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *             | RSA, US  | root   | No      | No     | CABI 2003;   |
| Thielaviopsis |          |        |         |        | Corbaz 1985; |
| basicola*     |          |        |         |        | Yarwood 1981 |
| (Berk. &      |          |        |         |        |              |
| Broome)       |          |        |         |        |              |
| Ferraris      |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        |              |
| Microascales) |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| = *Chalara    |          |        |         |        |              |
| elegans*      |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Trichoderma  | RSA, US  | wood,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS     |
| viride* Pers. |          | root,  |         |        | SBML 2003    |
|               |          | leaf,  |         |        |              |
| (Ascomycetes: |          | seed   |         |        |              |
| Hypocreales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Verticillium | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI 2002;   |
| dahliae*      |          | stem   |         |        | EPPO 2002;   |
| Kleb.         |          |        |         |        | Oldham 1956; |
|               |          |        |         |        | USDA ARS     |
| (Ascomycetes: |          |        |         |        | SBML 2003    |
| Hypocreales)  |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Eukaryota** |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Phytophthora | RSA, US  | fruit, | No      | Yes    | CABI 2003    |
| cactorum*     |          | leaf,  |         |        |              |
| (Lebert &     |          | root,  |         |        |              |
| Cohn)         |          | stem,  |         |        |              |
| Schröter      |          | seed   |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Oomycetes:   |          |        |         |        |              |
| Pythiales)    |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| *Phytophthora | RSA, US  | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI 2002;   |
| megasperma*   |          | root,  |         |        | Heiberg *et  |
| Drechsler     |          | cane   |         |        | al*. 1989;   |
|               |          |        |         |        | Marais 1980  |
| (Oomycetes:   |          |        |         |        |              |
| Pythiales))   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| **Viruses**   |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| Alfalfa       | RSA, US  | whole  | No      | Yes    | Brunt *et    |
| mosaic        |          | plant  |         |        | al*. 1996;   |
|               |          |        |         |        | CABI 2003;   |
| (             |          |        |         |        | Jones &      |
| Bromoviridae) |          |        |         |        | McGavin 1996 |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| Apple mosaic  | RSA, US  | leaf   | No      | No     | CABI 2002    |
| virus         |          |        |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (             |          |        |         |        |              |
| Bromoviridae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| Arabis mosaic | RSA      | leaf,  | Yes     | Yes^3^ | CABI 2002    |
| virus         |          | fruit  |         |        |              |
|               |          |        |         |        |              |
| (Comoviridae) |          |        |         |        |              |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+
| Cucumber      | RSA, US  | whole  | No      | Yes    | Brunt *et    |
| mosaic        |          | plant  |         |        | al*. 1996;   |
|               |          |        |         |        | CABI 2003;   |
| (             |          |        |         |        | Kleinhempel  |
| Bromoviridae) |          |        |         |        | 1972; Musil  |
|               |          |        |         |        | *et al*.     |
|               |          |        |         |        | 1979         |
+---------------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+

1\. Distribution (specific states are listed only if distribution is
limited): RSA = Republic of South Africa, US = Continental United States
(widely distributed), CA = California, LA = Louisiana

2\. Plant symptoms caused by *Leptosphaeria anceps* were unavailable.
*Leptosphaeria coniothyrium* and *L. maculans* affect plant leaves and
stems (CABI 2002); therefore, it was assumed that leaves and stems were
affected by *L. anceps.*

3\. Transmission resulting in establishment of this virus is not
anticipated for the reasons described in the text below.

Arabis mosaic virus was the one of the quarantine pests that were
reasonably expected to follow the pathway, *i.e.*, be included in
commercial shipment of *Ribes* fruits (Table 3). Viruses are considered
likely to follow the pathway if they are associated with all plant
parts; however, transmission between plants generally occurs by vectors
or grafting (Agrios, 1997). It is unlikely that *Ribes* species imported
for consumption will be exposed to the vectors necessary for
transmission, or that it would be discarded in close proximity to live
plants; therefore, it is not anticipated that quarantine significant
viruses will follow the pathway and become established. Consequently,
Arabis mosaic virus will not be included in further analysis.

Other plant pests not chosen for further scrutiny may be detrimental to
the agricultural production systems of the Continental United States;
however, there were a variety of reasons for not subjecting them to
further analysis: they were associated mainly with plant parts other
than the commodity; they may be associated with the commodity, but it
was not considered reasonable to expect these pests to remain with the
commodity during processing; and/or they have been intercepted as
biological contaminants of these commodities during inspection by Plant
Protection and Quarantine Officers, but would not be expected to be
present with every shipment. Organisms that pose a biological hazard are
identified only to the generic level because of the lack of adequate
biological taxonomic information; however, the lack of biological
information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with
low risk. By necessity, pest assessments focus on those organisms for
which biological information is available. By developing detailed
assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the
parent species, *e.g.*, on the surface of or within the bark or wood, on
the foliage, *etc.*, effective mitigation measures may be developed in
order to eliminate the known organism and any similar ones that may
inhabit the same niches and for which species information is unknown.
One nematode genus in this risk assessment, *Longidorus*, is in this
category.

**Since there is no quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway, this
risk assessment concludes here.**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797056 .anchor}**IV. Authors & Reviewers**

Author: Yu Takeuchi -- Plant Physiologist

Reviewers: Tom Culliney -- Entomologist

Brian M. Spears -- Entomologist

Scott Redlin -- Plant Pathologist

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797057 .anchor}**V. References**

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Santo, G. S. and W. J. Bolander. 1979. Control of *Meloidogyne hapla* in
roots of red currants with foliar applications of oxamyl and
phenamiphos. Plant Disease Reporter 63(8): 639-641.

Skarbilovich, T. S. 1972. Nematodes on soft fruit bushes in Chukotka.
Problemy Parazitologii. Trudy VII Nauchnoi Konferentsii Parazitologiv
USSR. Part II: 259-261. \[in Russian\]

Tahvonen, R. 1983. Fungi and decay in stumps of black and red currant
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[]{#__RefHeading___Toc158797058 .anchor}**VI. Appendix**

**Interceptions on *Ribes* species from foreign countries, as reported
in the PIN 309 database from 1985 to 2003**

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Host**       **Organism**         **County**       **Imported   **Where         **Number of
                                                       As**         Intercepted**   Interceptions**
  -------------- -------------------- ---------------- ------------ --------------- -----------------
  *Ribes*        *Pseudaonidia*       Antigua &        Baggage      Fruit           1
  species        species              Barbuda                                       

  *Ribes*        *Apion* species      Austria          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Cecidomyiidae        Austria          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Lygaeidae            Austria          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Sitona* species     Austria          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes* rubrum Cercopidae           Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1

  *Ribes* rubrum *Copitarsia* species Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1

  *Ribes* rubrum Coreidae             Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1

  *Ribes* rubrum *Frankliniella       Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           2
                 australis*                                                         

  *Ribes* rubrum *Frankliniella*      Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1
                 species                                                            

  *Ribes* rubrum *Kuschelina          Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1
                 decorata*                                                          

  *Ribes rubrum* *Leptoglossus        Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           2
                 chiliensis*                                                        

  *Ribes rubrum* *Leptoglossus*       Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1
                 species                                                            

  *Ribes rubrum* Pseidococcidae       Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           4

  *Ribes rubrum* *Pseudococcus*       Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           2
                 species                                                            

  *Ribes rubrum* *Sitona* species     Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1

  *Ribes rubrum* Tortricidae          Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1

  *Ribes*        Heteroptera          Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Pentatomidae         Chile            Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Aphididae            Czechoslovakia   Permit Cargo Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Aphis grossulariae* Czechoslovakia   Permit Cargo Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Parthenolecanium*   Denmark          Permit Cargo Cutting         1
  species        species                                                            

  *Ribes*        *Rubus* species      Denmark          General      Seed            1
  species                                              Cargo                        

  *Ribes*        *Pleospora* species  East Germany     Mail         Cutting         1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Cecidomyiidae        Estonia          Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Crambidae            Estonia          Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Phoma* species      Estonia          Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Lepidoptera          Europe           Baggage      Leaf            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Aphididae            France           Stores       Leaf            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Asterobemisia       France           Stores       Leaf            1
  species        carpini*                                                           

  *Ribes*        Coccidae             France           Stores       Stem            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Coccidae             France           Stores       Leaf            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Aleyrodidae          France (?)       Stores       Leaf            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Microsphaeropsis*   Germany          Baggage      Cutting         1
  species        species                                                            

  *Ribes*        Geometridae          Guatemala        Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Carposididae         India            Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Curculionidae        India            Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Diaspididae          India            Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Olethreutinae        India            Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Pseudaulacaspis*    India            Baggage      Fruit           2
  species        species                                                            

  *Ribes*        Pseidococcidae       India            Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Phycitinae           Iran             Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Phycitinae           Iran             Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Tortricidae          Iran             Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Phoma* species      Italy            Permit Cargo Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Leptoshaeria*       Lithuania        Permit Cargo Plant           1
  species        species                                                            

  *Ribes rubrum* *Platynota* species  Mexico           Baggage      Fruit           1

  *Ribes*        Gelechiidae          Mexico           Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Platynota* species  Mexico           Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Geometridae          Netherlands      Permit Cargo Cut Flower      1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Tetranychidae        Netherlands      Permit Cargo Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes         Lygaeoidae           New Zealand      Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  grossularia*                                                                      

  *Ribes nigrum* *Epiphyas            New Zealand      Permit Cargo Fruit           1
                 postvittana*                                                       

  *Ribes nigrum* Tortricidae          New Zealand      Permit Cargo Fruit           2

  *Ribes rubrum* Tortricidae          New Zealand      Permit Cargo Fruit           2

  *Ribes*        Carposididae         New Zealand      Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Oecophoridae         New Zealand      Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Tortricidae          New Zealand      Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Anastrepha* species Nicaragua        Baggage      Fruit           2
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Ceratitini           Nigeria          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Gelechiidae          Nigeria          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Hyperomyzuz*        Norway           Baggage      Cutting         1
  species        species                                                            

  *Ribes nigrum* *Ascochyta* species  Poland           Baggage      Cutting         1

  *Ribes nigrum* Coelomycetes         Poland           Baggage      Cutting         1

  *Ribes nigrum* *Pleurocytospora*    Poland           Baggage      Cutting         1
                 species                                                            

  *Ribes*        *Cronartium          Poland           Baggage      Plant           1
  species        ribicola*                                                          

  *Ribes*        Insecta              Poland           Baggage      Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Pseudococcus*       Portugal         Baggage      Fruit           1
  species        species                                                            

  *Ribes*        Cicadellidae         Russian          Baggage      Plant           1
  species                             Federation                                    

  *Ribes*        Geometridae          Russian          Baggage      Plant           1
  species                             Federation                                    

  *Ribes*        Pseidococcidae       Russian          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                             Federation                                    

  *Ribes rubrum* Phycitinae           Syria            Baggage      Fruit           1

  *Ribes*        Phycitinae           Syria            Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Pseidococcidae       Thailand         Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Arctiidae            Ukraine          Baggage      Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes         *Phoma* species      United Kingdom   Permit Cargo Plant           1
  grossularia*                                                                      

  *Ribes*        *Asterobemisia       United Kingdom   Stores       Leaf            1
  species        carpini*                                                           

  *Ribes*        Blastobasinae        United Kingdom   Permit Cargo Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Cicadellidae         United Kingdom   Baggage      Leaf            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Leptodothiorella*   United Kingdom   Baggage      Plant           1
  species        species                                                            

  *Ribes*        *Phoma* species      United Kingdom   Baggage      Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Coccidae             Unknown          Stores       Leaf            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Tephritidae          Unknown          Baggage      Fruit           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        *Uredo* species      Unknown          Stores       Leaf            1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Aphididae            West Germany     Baggage      Plant           1
  species                                                                           

  *Ribes*        Thripidae            West Germany     Baggage      Plant           1
  species                                                                           
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------