# Bromide Stream Tracer Reference List A Reference List for the Use of Bromide as a Stream Tracer

## Bromide Tracer

The use of salt dilution gauging techniques: ecological considerations
and insights. PJ Wood, AP Dykes, *Water Research*, **36**: 3054-3062,
2002.

Loss of bromide in a wetland tracer experiment, S Whitmer, L Baker, R
Wass, *Journal of Environmental Quality*, **29**:2043-2045, 2000.

An adsorption isotherm for bromide. SF Korom, *Water Resources
Research*, **36**(7): 1969-1974, 2000.

Dye adsorption in a loam soil as influenced by potassium bromide. SE
Allaire-Leung, SC Gupta, JF Moncrief, *Journal of Environmental
Quality*, **28**(6): 1831-1837, 1999.

Use of tracer injections and synoptic sampling to measure metal loading
from acid mine drainage. BA Kimball, *US Geological Survey Fact Sheet*,
245-96, 1996, <http://ut.water.usgs.gov/usgsabout/fs245/245.html>.

Influence of plant uptake on performance of bromide tracer. KJS Kung,
*Soil Science Society of America Journal*, **54**:975-979, 1990.

Bromide as a conservative tracer for soil-water studies. BS Levy, RM
Chamber, *Hydrological Processes*, **1**:385-389, 1987.

Evaluation of some new traces for soil water studies. RS Bowman, *Soil
Science Society of America Journal*, **48**:987-993, 1984.

## Bromide Background

Variations of bromide in potable ground water in the United States. SN
Davis, JT Fabryka-Martin, LE Wolfsberg, *Ground Water*, **42**(6):
902-909, 2004.

Bromide concentrations in Swedish precipitation, surface and ground
waters. U Lundstrom, A Olin, *Water Research*, **20**(6):751-756, 1986.

## Bromide Analysis

Difficulties with the chlormine-T-Phenol Red method for bromide
determinations. DR Jones, *Talanta*, **36**(12):1243-1247, 1989.

Bromide as tracer in ground-water studies: geochemistry and analytical
determination. DO Whittemore, In Ground Water Geochemistry Conference
(1988: Denver, CO), 339-359, Sponsor: Association of Ground Water
Scientists and Engineers, Publisher: National Water Well Association.

## 82-Br Tracer

Predicting times of travel, dispersion and peak concentrations of
pollution incidents in streams. JA Brady, P Johnson, *Journal of
Hydrology*, **53**:135-150, 1981.

A note of the performance of a 82Br radioactive tracer in the River
Skerne, England. L Hamill, *Journal of Hydrology*, **47**:307-315, 1980.

## Bromide Stream Tracer Examples

A stream tracer technique employing ionic tracers and specific
conductance data applied to the Maimai catchment, New Zealand. MN
Gooseff, BL McGlynn, *Hydrological Processes*, **19**(13):2491-2506,
2005, doi:10.1002/hyp.5685.

Quantification of metal loading to Silver Creek through the Silver Maple
Claims area, Park City, Utah, May 2002. BA Kimball, KK Johnson, RL
Runkel, JL Steiger, *US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations
Report* 03-4296, 2004, <http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri034296/>.

The Santa Clara River-the last natural river of Los Angeles. J
Constantz, MH Cox, L Sarma, G Mendez, *in* DA Stonestrom, J Constantz,
eds., Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground waters near
streams, *US Geological Survey Circular*, 1260, 2003,
<http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2003/circ1260/>.

Evaluation of tracer tests completed in 1999 and 2000 on the Upper Santa
Clara River, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California. MH Cox, GO
Mendez, CR Kratzer, EG Reichard, *US Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations Report*, 03-4277, 2003,
<http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wrir034277/>.

Comparison of heat and bromide as ground water tracers near stream. J
Constantz, MH Cox, GW Su, *Ground Water*, **41**:647-656, 2003.

The hydraulic characteristics and geochemistry of hyporheic and
parafluvial zones in Artic tundra streams, north slope, Alaska. KJ
Edwardson, WB Bowden, C Dahm, J Morrice, *Advances in Water Resources*,
**26**: 907-923, 2003.

Predicting changes in hydrologic retention in an evolving semi-arid
alluvial stream. JW Harvey, MH Conklin, RS Koelsch, *Advances in Water
Resources*, **26**:939-950, 2003.

Application of tracer-injection techniques to demonstrate surface-water
and ground-water interactions between an alpine stream and the North
Star Mine, Upper Animas River watershed, Southwestern Colorado. WG
Wright, B Moore, *US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations
Report*, 03-4172, 2003, <http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri034172/>.

Reactive uptake of trace metals in the hyporheic zone of a
mining-contaminated stream, Pinal Creek, Arizona, CC Fuller, JW Harvey,
*Environmental Science and Technology*, **34**(7): 1150-1155, 2000.

Transient storage and gas transfer in lowland stream, SC Chapra, RJ
Wilcock, *Journal of Environmental Engineering*, **126**(8): 708-712,
2000.

Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and
synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, Southwestern Colorado,
September 1997. RF Ortiz, KE Bencala, *US Geological Survey
Water-Resources Investigations Report*, 00-4154, 2001,
<http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri004154/>.

Quantification of metal loading in Fisher Creek by tracer injection and
synoptic sampling, Park County, Montana, August 1997. BA Kimball, DA
Nimick, LJ Gerner, RL Runkel, *US Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations Report*, 99-4119, 1999.

Effect of enhanced manganese oxidation in the hyporheic zone on
basin-scale geochemical mass balance. JW Harvey, CC Fuller, *Water
Resources Research*, **34**(4):623-636, 1998.

Alluvial characteristics, groundwater-surface water exchange and
hydrological retention in headwater streams. JA Morrice, HM Valett, CN
Dahm, ME Campana, *Hydrological Processes*, **11**:253-567 1997.

Parent lighology, surface-groundwater exchange, and nitrate retention in
headwater streams. HM Valett, JA Morrice, CN Dahm, ME Campana,
*Limnology and Oceanography*, **41**(3):333-345, 1996.

Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss
by multiple tracer injection. GW Zellweger, *Hydrological Processes*,
**8**:155-165, 1994.

The effect of streambed topography on surface-subsurface water exchange
in mountain catchments. JW Harvey, KE Bencala, *Water Resources
Research*, **29**(1):89-98, 1993.

Patterns of hydrological exchange and nutrient transformation in the
hyporheic zone of a gravel-bottom stream: examining terrestrial-aquatic
linkages. FJ Triska, JH Duff, RJ Avanzino, *Freshwater Biology*,
**29**:259-274, 1993.

Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a
mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado. RE Broshears, KE Bencala,
BA Kimball, DM McKnight, *US Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations Report,* 92-4081, 18, 1993.

Surface-subsurface water interactions in an alluviated mountain stream
channel. NM Castro, GM Hornberger, *Water Resources Research*,
**27**(7):1613-1621, 1991.

Characterization of transport in an acidic and metal-rich mountain
stream based on lithium tracer injections and simulations of transient
storage. KE Bencala, DM McKnight, GW Zellweger, *Water Resources
Research*, **26**(5):989-1000, 1990.

## Related bromide tracer examples

Comparison of rhodamine WT and bromide in the determination of hydraulic
characteristics of constructed wetlands. AY-C Lin, J-F Debroux, JA
Cunningham, and M Reinhard, *Ecological Engineering*, **20**:75-88,
2003, doi:10.1016/S0925-8574(03)00005-3.

Hydraulic analysis of Orlando Easterly Wetland. CJ Martinez, and WR
Wise, *Journal of Environmental Engineering*, **129**(6):553-560.

Hydrologic variability of small Northern Michigan lakes measured by the
addition of tracers. JJ Cole, ML Pace, *Ecosystems*, **1**: 310-320,
1998.

## Aquatic Effects

Toxicological and ecotoxicological assessment of water tracers. H
Behrens, U Beims, H Dieter, G Dietze, T Eikmann, T Grummt, H Hanisch, H
Henseling, W Käß, H Kerndorff, C Leibundgut, U Müller-Wegener, I
Rönnefahrt, B Scharenberg, R Schleyer, W Schloz, and F Tilkes,
*Hydrogeology Journal* **9**:321-325, 2001.

Bromide in the natural environment: occurrence and toxicity. M Flury, A
Papritz, *Journal of Environmental Quality*, **22**: 747-758, 1993.

## Commercial Product Information

The US Geological Survey does *NOT* endorse or recommend commercial
products.

The following is provided *ONLY* for identification and information
purposes.

*LiBr and/or NaBr*

Sieflor

Los Angeles, CA

818-762-6300

Morre-Tec

New Jersey

908-688-9009

[www.morretec.com](http://www.morretec.com/)

FMC Corporation

Lithium Division

2801 Yorkmont Rd Ste 300

Charlotte, NC 28208

888-lithium

FAX: 704-868-5370

[http://www.fmclithium.com](http://www.fmclithium.com/)

*International Chemical Safety Cards*

<http://www.msdsonline.com/>

<http://www.msds.com/>

Compilation September 23, 2005

Ken Bencala & Marisa Cox

kbencala@usgs.gov mhcox@usgs.gov

http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/bencala.html

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