International Ocean Atlas Series, Volume 2

NOAA Atlas NESDIS 39

Murmansk -- Silver Spring

November 2000

######  Contents

+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| Preface\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...                      | 1 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 7 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| Acknowledgments\                                                 | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 9 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| Abstract\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\                            | 2 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 1.  Introduction\...\...\                                        | 2 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 2 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2.  History of hydrobiological                                   | 2 |
|     studies\...\...\...\...\...\...\                             | 5 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 2.1.                                                           | 2 |
| > Phytop                                                         | 5 |
| lankton\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 2.2.                                                           | 3 |
| > Zooplankt                                                      | 3 |
| on\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 2.3.                                                           | 4 |
| > Zoobenthos                                                     | 9 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 3.  Images of phytoplankton                                      | 6 |
|     cells\...\...\...\...\...\...\...                            | 1 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
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|                                                                  |   |
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| 4.  Data\...\...\...\...\...\...\                                | 6 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 7 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 4.1. Description of the                                        | 6 |
| > database\...\...\...\...\...\...\...                           | 7 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 4.2. Discrete                                                  | 7 |
| > measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\              | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 4.3. Continuous                                                | 7 |
| > measurements\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.                     | 7 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 4.4. Lists of plankton                                         | 7 |
| > taxa\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\                  | 9 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 5.  Quality control of hydrobiological                           | 8 |
|     data\...\...\...                                             | 1 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 5.1. Physical and hydrochemical                                | 8 |
| > data\...\...\...\...\                                          | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 5.2. Biological                                                | 8 |
| > data\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\  | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 6.  Data visualization                                           | 8 |
|     \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.       | 9 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 6.1. Physical                                                  | 8 |
| > variables\...\...\...\...\                                     | 9 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > 6.2. Biological                                                | 9 |
| > variables\...\.                                                | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 7.  Changes of the plankton                                      | 9 |
|     community\...\...\...\                                       | 5 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
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|                                                                  |   |
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| 8.  CD-ROM                                                       | 9 |
|     contents\...\...\...\...\...                                 | 9 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
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|                                                                  |   |
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| 9.  Summary and future                                           | 1 |
|     work\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\                            | 0 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
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|                                                                  |   |
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| 10. References\...\...\...                                       | 1 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 0 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 3 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
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|                                                                  |   |
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| 11. Appendices\...\...\.                                         | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 4 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > A. History of hydrobiological studies: lists of                | 1 |
| > publi                                                          | 1 |
| cations\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 5 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > B. Lists of plankton                                           | 1 |
| > taxa\...\...\...                                               | 6 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 8 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > C. Data distributions                                          | 1 |
| > \...\...\...\...\.                                             | 7 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > D. Temperature and salinity                                    | 1 |
| > analyses\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\      | 8 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 9 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > E.                                                             | 2 |
| > Phytoplankton\...\...\...\...                                  | 1 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 4 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > F.                                                             | 3 |
| > Zooplankton\...\...\...\...\                                   | 0 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 4 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > G. Documentation of changes of the plankton                    | 3 |
| > com                                                            | 4 |
| munity\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 2 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+

**List of appendices in brief**

+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Appendix A: History of hydrobiological studies: lists of       | 1 |
| publications**\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.                     | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... | 4 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > A1.                                                            | 1 |
| > Phytoplankton\...\...\.                                        | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 5 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > A2.                                                            | 1 |
| > Zooplankton\...\...\...                                        | 1 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 9 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > A3.                                                            | 1 |
| > Zoobenthos\...\...\...\                                        | 6 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 4 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ |   |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Appendix B: Lists of plankton                                  | 1 |
| taxa**\...\...\...\...\...                                       | 1 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 6 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 8 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > B1.                                                            | 1 |
| > Phytoplankton\...\...\...\...\...\.                            | 6 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 9 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > B2.                                                            | 1 |
| > Zooplankton\...\...\...                                        | 7 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 0 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Appendix C: Data                                               | 1 |
| distributions**\...\...\...\...\...\                             | 7 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > C1. Distribution of all                                        | 1 |
| > stations\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\                      | 7 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 2 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > C2. Distribution of physical and hydrochemical                 | 1 |
| > data\                                                          | 7 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 3 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > C3. Distribution of chlorophyll                                | 1 |
| > data\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.                     | 7 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 4 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > C4.1-C4.14. Distribution of stations by                        | 1 |
| > cruises\...\...\...\...\...\...                                | 7 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 5 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Appendix D: Temperature and salinity                           | 1 |
| analyses**\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...           | 8 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 9 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > D1-D8. Temperature and salinity. Winter, summer. Depths 0 m    | 1 |
| > and 100 m. 1920-1940\...\...\...\...\...\...\...               | 9 |
|                                                                  | 0 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > D9-D16. Temperature and salinity. Winter, summer. Depths 0 m   | 1 |
| > and 100 m. 1950-1960\...\...\...\...\...\...\....              | 9 |
|                                                                  | 8 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > D16-D24. Temperature and salinity. Winter, summer. Depths 0 m  | 2 |
| > and 100 m. 1980-1990\...\...\...\...\...\...\....              | 0 |
|                                                                  | 6 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Appendix E:                                                    | 2 |
| Phytoplan                                                        | 1 |
| kton**\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 4 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. |   |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > E1. Distribution of phytoplankton                              | 2 |
| > data\...\...\...\.                                             | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 5 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > E2.1-E2.68. Barents Sea. Data                                  | 2 |
| > analyses\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.                         | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 6 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| E2.1 -E2.35. Coastal                                             | 2 |
| zone\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\                                | 1 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 6 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| E2.36-E2.54. Bays of the Kola                                    | 2 |
| Peninsula\...\...\...\...\...\...\.                              | 5 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 1 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| E2.55-E2.68.                                                     | 2 |
| Sections\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\                            | 7 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 0 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > E3.1-E3.14. Kara Sea. Data                                     | 2 |
| > Analysis\...\...\...\.                                         | 8 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 4 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > E4.1-E4.6. Cruises of nuclear                                  | 2 |
| > icebreakers\...\...\...\...\...\...\...                        | 9 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 8 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Appendix F:                                                    | 3 |
| Zooplankton**\...\...\...\...                                    | 0 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 4 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > F1. Distribution of zooplankton                                | 3 |
| > da                                                             | 0 |
| ta\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 5 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > F2.1-F2.24. Barents Sea. Data                                  | 3 |
| > analyses\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\          | 0 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\ | 6 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > F3.1-F3.12. Kara Sea. Data                                     | 3 |
| > analyses\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.         | 3 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\. | 0 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
|                                                                  |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Appendix G: Documentation of changes of the plankton           | 3 |
| community**\...\...\...\...\.                                    | 4 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... | 2 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > G1. Phytoplankton. Barents Sea (69-72^o^N, 33^o^30'E). 1921    | 3 |
| > *vs*.                                                          | 4 |
| > 1997\...\...\...\.                                             | 3 |
| ..\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... |   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > G2. Phytoplankton. Barents Sea (71^o^N 33^o^30\'E).            | 3 |
| > 1921-1957-1985-1997\...\...                                    | 4 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 4 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > G3. Zooplankton. Kara Sea. 1936 *vs*.                          | 3 |
| > 1981\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\                              | 4 |
| ...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... | 5 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > G4. Zooplankton. Barents Sea. 1953-1955 *vs*.                  | 3 |
| > 1956-1                                                         | 4 |
| 957\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... | 6 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > G5. Phytoplankton. Barents Sea. Kola Section. 1921 *vs*.       | 3 |
| > 1997\...                                                       | 4 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 7 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| > G6. Zooplankton. Barents Sea. Trends.                          | 3 |
| > 1952-1959\...\...\...\...                                      | 4 |
| \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... | 8 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+

**List of figures**

**Appendix A: History of hydrobiological studies: lists of
publications**

> A1. Phytoplankton
>
> A2. Zooplankton
>
> A3. Zoobenthos

**Appendix B: Lists of plankton taxa**

> B1. Phytoplankton
>
> B2. Zooplankton

**Appendix C: Data distributions**

> C1. Distribution of all stations
>
> C2. Distribution of physical and hydrochemical data
>
> C3. Distribution of chlorophyll data

######## 

> [Distribution of stations by cruises]{.underline}
>
> С4.1. 1913-1929
>
> С4.2. 1930-1953
>
> С4.3. 1953-1954
>
> С4.4. 1954
>
> С4.5. 1955
>
> С4.6. 1955-1956
>
> С4.7. 1956-1957
>
> С4.8. 1957-1958
>
> С4.9. 1958-1962
>
> С4.10. 1963-1984.
>
> С4.11. 1985-1989.
>
> С4.12. 1989-1994.
>
> С4.13. 1994-1998
>
> С4.14. 1998-1999

**Appendix D: T**emperature and salinity analyses

  ------ ------------- ----------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----------- ----------- ------- ------------ --
  D1.    Temperature                     August-September                      1920-1940               Depth 0              
         (^o^C)                                                                                        m                    

  D2.    Temperature                     August-September                      1920-1940               Depth                
         (^o^C)                                                                                        100 m                

  D3.    Salinity                        August-September                      1920-1940               Depth 0              
         (pss)                                                                                         m                    

  D4.    Salinity                        August-September                      1920-1940               Depth                
         (pss)                                                                                         100 m                

  D5.    Temperature                     February-April                        1920-1940               Depth 0              
         (^o^C)                                                                                        m                    

  D6.    Temperature                     February-April                        1920-1940               Depth                
         (^o^C)                                                                                        100 m                

  D7.    Salinity                        February-April                        1920-1940               Depth 0              
         (pss)                                                                                         m                    

  D8.    Salinity                        February-April                        1920-1940               Depth                
         (pss)                                                                                         100 m                

  D9.    Temperature                     August-September                      1950-1960               Depth 0              
         (^o^C)                                                                                        m                    

  D10.   Temperature                     August-September                      1950-1960               Depth                
         (^o^C)                                                                                        100 m                

  D11.   Salinity                        August-September                      1950-1960               Depth 0              
         (pss)                                                                                         m                    

  D12.   Salinity                        August-September                      1950-1960               Depth                
         (pss)                                                                                         100 m                

  D13.   Temperature                     February-April                        1950-1960               Depth 0              
         (^o^C)                                                                                        m                    

  D14.                 Temperature                          February-April                 1950-1960           Depth 100 m  
                       (^o^C)                                                                                               

  D15.                 Salinity (pss)                       February-April                 1950-1960           Depth 0 m    

  D16.                 Salinity (pss)                       February-April                 1950-1960           Depth 100 m  

  D17.                 Temperature                          August-September               1980-1990           Depth 0 m    
                       (^o^C)                                                                                               

  D18.                 Temperature                          August-September               1980-1990           Depth 100 m  
                       (^o^C)                                                                                               

  D19.                 Salinity (pss)                       August-September               1980-1990           Depth 0 m    

  D20.                 Salinity (pss)                       August-September               1980-1990           Depth 100 m  

  D21.                 Temperature                          February-April                 1980-1990           Depth 0 m    
                       (^o^C)                                                                                               

  D22.                 Temperature                          February-April                 1980-1990           Depth 100 m  
                       (^o^C)                                                                                               

  D23.                 Salinity (pss)                       February-April                 1980-1990           Depth 0 m    

  D24.                 Salinity (pss)                       February-April                 1980-1990           Depth 100 m  
  ------ ------------- ----------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----------- ----------- ------- ------------ --

**Appendix E: Phytoplankton**

E1. Distribution of phytoplankton data

Barents Sea. Data analyses. Coastal zone

+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | N |                    | S |                      |   |
| .1. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 4 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | N |                    | S |                      |   |
| .2. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 4 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | B |                    | S |                      |   |
| .3. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 4 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | B |                    | S |                      |   |
| .4. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | d |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | y |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 4 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | G |                    | S |                      |   |
| .5. | rface-Bottom | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | h |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | 4 |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | E |                    | S |                      |   |
| .6. | rface-Bottom | c |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 4 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | T |                    | S |                      |   |
| .7. | rface-Bottom | a |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | x |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | 4 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | N |                    | A |                      |   |
| .8. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2  | Su           | N |                    | A |                      |   |
| .9. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | A |                      |   |
| 10. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | A |                      |   |
| 11. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | d |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | y |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | G |                    | A |                      |   |
| 12. | rface-Bottom | e |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | h |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | E |                    | A |                      |   |
| 13. | rface-Bottom | c |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | T |                    | A |                      |   |
| 14. | rface-Bottom | a |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | x |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | N |                    | A |                      |   |
| 15. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | M |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | a |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | y |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 7 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | N |                    | A |                      |   |
| 16. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | M |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | a |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | y |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | A |                      |   |
| 17. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | M |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | a |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | y |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | A |                      |   |
| 18. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | d |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | M |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | a |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | y |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | y |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | G |                    | A |                      |   |
| 19. | rface-Bottom | e |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | M |                      |   |
|     |              | h |                    | a |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | y |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | 7 |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | E |                    | A |                      |   |
| 20. | rface-Bottom | c |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | M |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | a |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | y |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | 7 |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | T |                    | A |                      |   |
| 21. | rface-Bottom | a |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | x |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | i |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    | l |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | M |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | a |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | y |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | 7 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    |   |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    |   |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | N |                    | S |                      |   |
| 22. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | O |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | N |                    | S |                      |   |
| 23. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | O |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | S |                      |   |
| 24. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | O |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | S |                      |   |
| 25. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | d |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    | O |                      |   |
|     |              | y |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | G |                    | S |                      |   |
| 26. | rface-Bottom | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | h |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | O |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | E |                    | S |                      |   |
| 27. | rface-Bottom | c |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | O |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | T |                    | S |                      |   |
| 28. | rface-Bottom | a |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | x |                    | p |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | O |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | t |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | n |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 7 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | N |                    | N |                      |   |
| 29. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | v |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | D |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 8 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | N |                    | N |                      |   |
| 30. | rface-Bottom | u |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | v |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | f |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | D |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 8 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | N |                      |   |
| 31. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | v |                      |   |
|     |              | m |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | D |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 8 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | B |                    | N |                      |   |
| 32. | rface-Bottom | i |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | v |                      |   |
|     |              | d |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | D |                      |   |
|     |              | t |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | y |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 8 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           | G |                    | N |                      |   |
| 33. | rface-Bottom | e |                    | o |                      |   |
|     |              | o |                    | v |                      |   |
|     |              | g |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | p |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | h |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | - |                      |   |
|     |              | c |                    | D |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | c |                      |   |
|     |              | v |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | m |                      |   |
|     |              | r |                    | b |                      |   |
|     |              | i |                    | e |                      |   |
|     |              | a |                    | r |                      |   |
|     |              | b |                    | , |                      |   |
|     |              | l |                    | 1 |                      |   |
|     |              | e |                    | 9 |                      |   |
|     |              | s |                    | 8 |                      |   |
|     |              |   |                    | 5 |                      |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           |   | > Ecological       |   | November-December,   |   |
| 34. | rface-Bottom |   | > variables        |   | 1985                 |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+
| E2. | Su           |   | > Taxonomic        |   | November-December,   |   |
| 35. | rface-Bottom |   | > composition      |   | 1985                 |   |
+-----+--------------+---+--------------------+---+----------------------+---+

> [Barents Sea. Data analyses. Bays of the Kola Peninsula]{.underline}

E2.36. Position of stations

  -------- ------------------------- --------------------------- --------
  E2.37.   Quantitative variables    Yarnishnaya Bay             1968

  E2.38.   Structural variables      Yarnishnaya Bay             1968

  E2.39.   Quantitative variables    Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1968

  E2.40.   Structural variables      Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1968

  E2.41.   Quantitative variables    Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1970

  E2.42.   Structural variables      Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1970

  E2.43.   Quantitative variables    Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1986

  E2.44.   Structural variables      Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1986

  E2.45.   Quantitative variables    Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1987

  E2.46.   Structural variables      Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1987

  E2.47.   Quantitative variables    Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1988

  E2.48.   Structural variables      Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1988

  E2.49.   Quantitative variables    Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1989

  E2.50.   Structural variables      Dalnezelenetskaya Bay       1989
  -------- ------------------------- --------------------------- --------

> Barents Sea. Data analyses. Sections. Averaged from the surface to
> bottom

  ---------- --------------------- -------------------- -------------------
  E2.51.     Surface-bottom        Vessel *Sokolisa*    May, 1921

  E2.52.     Surface-bottom        Vessel *Sokolisa*    August, 1921

  E2.53.     Surface-bottom        Vessel *Pomor*       April, 1985

  E2.54.     Surface-bottom        Vessel *Pomor*       May, 1997
  ---------- --------------------- -------------------- -------------------

> Barents Sea. Data analyses. Section. Vertical distributions

  ----------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
  E2.55.      Number of species                    May, 1997

  E2.56.      Number of cells                      May, 1997

  E2.57.      Biomass                              May, 1997

  E2.58.      Biodiversity                         May, 1997

  E2.59.      Geographical variables               May, 1997

  E2.60.      Ecological variables                 May, 1997

  E2.61.      Taxonomic composition                May, 1997

  E2.62.      Number of species                    August, 1988

  E2.63.      Number of cells                      August, 1988

  E2.64.      Biomass                              August, 1988

  E2.65.      Biodiversity                         August, 1988

  E2.66.      Geographical variables               August, 1988

  E2.67.      Ecological variables                 August, 1988

  E2.68.      Taxonomic composition                August, 1988
  ----------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------

> Kara Sea. Data analyses

+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  | S |            | Number of species | August-September,  |       |
| .1. | u |            |                   | 1981               |       |
|     | r |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | f |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | a |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | c |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | e |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | - |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | b |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | m |            |                   |                    |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  | S |            | Number of cells   | August-September,  |       |
| .2. | u |            |                   | 1981               |       |
|     | r |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | f |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | a |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | c |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | e |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | - |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | b |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | m |            |                   |                    |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  | S |            | Biomass           | August-September,  |       |
| .3. | u |            |                   | 1981               |       |
|     | r |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | f |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | a |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | c |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | e |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | - |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | b |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | m |            |                   |                    |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  | S |            | Biodiversity      | August-September,  |       |
| .4. | u |            |                   | 1981               |       |
|     | r |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | f |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | a |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | c |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | e |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | - |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | b |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | m |            |                   |                    |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  | S |            | Geographical      | August-September,  |       |
| .5. | u |            | variables         | 1981               |       |
|     | r |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | f |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | a |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | c |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | e |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | - |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | b |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | m |            |                   |                    |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  | S |            | Ecological        | August-September,  |       |
| .6. | u |            | variables         | 1981               |       |
|     | r |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | f |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | a |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | c |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | e |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | - |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | b |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | m |            |                   |                    |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  | S |            | Taxonomic         | August-September,  |       |
| .7. | u |            | composition       | 1981               |       |
|     | r |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | f |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | a |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | c |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | e |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | - |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | b |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | t |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | o |            |                   |                    |       |
|     | m |            |                   |                    |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| E3  |   | Surf       | > Number of       | >                  |       |
| .8. |   | ace-bottom | > species         |  August-September, |       |
|     |   |            |                   | > 1991             |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| >   |   | Surf       | > Number of cells | >                  |       |
|  E3 |   | ace-bottom |                   |  August-September, |       |
| .9. |   |            |                   | > 1991             |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| >   |   | Surf       | > Biomass         | >                  |       |
| E3. |   | ace-bottom |                   |  August-September, |       |
| 10. |   |            |                   | > 1991             |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| >   |   | Surf       | > Biodiversity    | >                  |       |
| E3. |   | ace-bottom |                   |  August-September, |       |
| 11. |   |            |                   | > 1991             |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| >   |   | Surf       | > Geographical    | >                  |       |
| E3. |   | ace-bottom | > variables       |  August-September, |       |
| 12. |   |            |                   | > 1991             |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| >   |   | Surf       | > Ecological      | >                  |       |
| E3. |   | ace-bottom | > variables       |  August-September, |       |
| 13. |   |            |                   | > 1991             |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+
| >   |   | Surf       | > Taxonomic       | >                  |       |
| E3. |   | ace-bottom | > composition     |  August-September, |       |
| 14. |   |            |                   | > 1991             |       |
+-----+---+------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------+

Cruises of nuclear icebreakers

+-------+---------+--------------------------+-------------------------+
| E4.1. | >       | > Icebreaker *Arctic*    | > April-May, 1996       |
|       | Surface |                          |                         |
+-------+---------+--------------------------+-------------------------+
| E4.2. | >       | > Icebreaker *Soviet     | > April 1-9, 1996       |
|       | Surface | > Union*                 |                         |
+-------+---------+--------------------------+-------------------------+
| E4.3. | >       | > Icebreaker *Soviet     | > April 17-22, 1996     |
|       | Surface | > Union*                 |                         |
+-------+---------+--------------------------+-------------------------+
| E4.4. | >       | > Icebreaker *Vaygach*   | > February, 1998        |
|       | Surface |                          |                         |
+-------+---------+--------------------------+-------------------------+
| E4.5. | >       | > Icebreaker *Russia*    | > April, 1998           |
|       | Surface |                          |                         |
+-------+---------+--------------------------+-------------------------+
| E4.6. | >       | > Icebreaker *Soviet     | > February-March, 1999  |
|       | Surface | > Union*                 |                         |
+-------+---------+--------------------------+-------------------------+

**Appendix F. Zooplankton**

F1. Distribution of zooplankton data

> Barents Sea. Data analyses

  --------- ------------------ -------------- -----------------------------
  F2.1.     Surface-bottom     Biomass        October-November, 1952

  F2.2.     Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   October-November, 1952

  F2.3.     Surface-bottom     Biomass        April, 1953

  F2.4.     Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   April, 1953

  F2.5.     Surface-bottom     Biomass        July, 1953

  F2.6.     Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   July, 1953

  F2.7.     Surface-bottom     Biomass        September-October, 1953

  F2.8.     Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   September-October, 1953

  F2.9.     Surface-bottom     Biomass        November-December, 1953

  F2.10.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   November-December, 1953

  F2.11.    Surface-bottom     Biomass        December, 1954

  F2.12.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   December, 1954

  F2.13.    Surface-bottom     Biomass        February, 1955

  F2.14.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   February, 1955

  F2.15.    Surface-bottom     Biomass        April, 1955

  F2.16.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   April, 1955

  F2.17.    Surface-bottom     Biomass        May, 1955

  F2.18.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   May, 1955

  F2.19.    Surface-bottom     Biomass        June, 1955

  F2.20.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   June, 1955

  F2.21.    Surface-bottom     Biomass        July, 1955

  F2.22.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   July, 1955

  F2.23.    Surface-bottom     Biomass        August-September, 1955

  F2.24.    Surface-bottom     Biodiversity   August-September, 1955
  --------- ------------------ -------------- -----------------------------

> Kara Sea. Data Analyses

+-----+----------------+------------------+------------------------+---+---+
| F3  | >              | Number of        | August-October, 1936   |   |   |
| .1. | Surface-bottom | species          |                        |   |   |
+-----+----------------+------------------+------------------------+---+---+
| F3  | >              | Number of        | August-September, 1981 |   |   |
| .2. | Surface-bottom | species          |                        |   |   |
+-----+----------------+------------------+------------------------+---+---+
| F3  | >              | Relative         | August-October, 1936   |   |   |
| .3. | Surface-bottom | abundance        |                        |   |   |
+-----+----------------+------------------+------------------------+---+---+

  ---------- ---------------- ------------------- ------------------------
  F3.4.      Surface-bottom   Relative abundance  August-September, 1981

  F3.5.      Surface-bottom   Abundance           August-September, 1981

  F3.6.      Surface-bottom   Biodiversity        August-September, 1981

  F3.7.      Section1         Abundance           August-September, 1981

  F3.8.      Section1         Biodiversity        August-September, 1981

  F3.9.      Section2         Abundance           August-September, 1981

  F3.10.     Section2         Biodiversity        August-September, 1981

  F3.11.     Section3         Abundance           August-September, 1981

  F3.12.     Section3         Biodiversity        August-September, 1981
  ---------- ---------------- ------------------- ------------------------

**Appendix G:** Documentation of changes of the plankton community

  ------- --------------- ----------- ---------------- ----------------------
  G1.     Phytoplankton   Barents Sea 69-72^o^N,       1921 *vs.* 1997
                                      33^o^30'E        

  G2.     Phytoplankton   Barents Sea 71^o^N,          1921-1957-1985-1997
                                      33^o^30\'E       

  G3.     Zooplankton     Kara Sea                     1936 *vs.* 1981

  G4.     Zooplankton     Barents Sea                  1953-1955 *vs.*
                                                       1955-1957

  G5.     Phytoplankton   Barents Sea *Kola Section*   1921 *vs.* 1997

  G6.     Zooplankton     Barents Sea Trends           1952-1959
  ------- --------------- ----------- ---------------- ----------------------

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**PREFACE**

Both the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea have been the focus of historical
studies performed by many generations of Russian researchers. Because
Russia has sent expeditions to this area since the 19th century, a large
amount of physical, hydrochemical, and hydrobiological data have been
collected from this region. These data are useful for the study of a
broad range of fundamental problems in oceanography, particularly since
the Barents Sea is the final element in the Atlantic Ocean water
transformation through the Gulf Stream system. For better understanding
of the nature of the processes in this region of the Arctic basin and
their prediction, the Gulf Stream system from the Florida Peninsula to
the Novaya Zemlya archipelago should be considered as a whole. These
reasons outline the long-term objectives in cooperation between the
Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Russian Federation (MMBI) and the
World Data Center for Oceanography, Silver Spring (WDC) for generating
an oceanographic database and its utilization for ocean studies.

*The Biological Atlas of the Arctic seas 2000* is the second stage in
the joint study performed by the MMBI and the WDC within the framework
of the GODAR Project (Global Ocean Data Archaeology and Rescue). The
first study---*Climatic Atlas of the Barents Sea 1998: Temperature,
Salinity, Oxygen*---was published in 1998 with copies forwarded to
different scientific centers, including Murmansk schools. We are
planning to distribute the present publication in a similar way. We
believe that this will stimulate an interest in young generations for
further examination of the ocean and its biological resources.

This Atlas and associated data are being distributed internationally
without restriction via CD-ROM, and Internet in accordance with the
principles of the World Data Center system of the International Council
of Scientific Unions and the UNESCO Intergovermental Oceanographic
Commission.

+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| *Sydney Levitus,* Director        | > Academician *Gennady           |
|                                   | > Matishov*, Director            |
| World Data Center for             | >                                |
| Oceanography, Silver Spring       | > Murmansk Marine Biological     |
|                                   | > Institute                      |
| Ocean Climate Laboratory          | >                                |
|                                   | > Kola Scientific Center         |
| National Oceanographic Data       | >                                |
| Center/NOAA, USA                  | > Russian Academy of Sciences,   |
|                                   | > Russia                         |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

**ACKNOWLEDGMENTS**

Several generations of Russian investigators, observers, and mariners
collected hydrobiologic data in the Arctic seas during the period
1910-1950. These data represent a basic tool for the study of the Arctic
seas. Many scientists involved in this research added to their
knowledge, expertise and skill in making marine surveys thanks to the
historic investigations of A. Linko, K. Deryugin, B. Manteifel, M.
Kamshilov, E. Zelikman, and scientists of other generations.

Over the years, the efforts of the crewmembers of the R/V *Pomor* and
the R/V Dalnie Zelentsy of the MMBI, provided unique opportunities for
data collection over the Arctic Seas, often facing the severe weather
conditions of the polar latitudes.

Special gratitude should be expressed to the crewmembers of the nuclear
icebreakers *Arktika,* *Sovetsky Soyuz, Vaigach,* and *Rossiya* as
plankton information collected during their cruises provided data for
the study of regions previously inaccessible for investigations.

The Kola Scientific Center of the Russia Academy of Sciences, the NOAA
Climate and Global Change Program, and the NOAA Environmental Science
Data and Information Management program have supported aspects of this
work on the development of an oceanographic database and the computation
of the plankton characteristics of the Arctic seas.

A large amount of data has been rescued through the efforts of the
UNESCO International Oceanogra-phic Commission (IOC) which sponsors the
GODAR project. The NOAA Central Library (Silver Spring, MD, USA), the
Slavic and Baltic Division of the New York Public Library (New York, NY,
USA), the Dartmouth College Library (Hanover, NH, USA), and the Slavic
Library (Helsinki, Finland) served as sources for the valuable data used
in this work.

We are indebted to staff of the MMBI and especially to D. Moiseev, T.
Kuznetsova, E. Druzhkova, M. Gromov, L. Matyusheva, D. Shirokolobov. We
are also indebted to the staff of NODC and WDC, Silver Spring, J.
Antonov, T. Boyer, M. Conkright, C. Forgy, S. Fillips, R. Gelfeld, D.
Johnson, C. Sazama, C. Stephens, and G.Trammell, who have contributed
significantly to the database development. We acknowledge E. Makarenko
for the Russian-English translation of this text. We would like to
express our special gratitude to E. Markhaseva, Ph.D., Zoological
Institute (S. Peterburg, Russia), S. Drobusheva, Ph.D., Polar Institute
of Fisheries and Oceanography (Murmansk, Russia), Anthony R. Picciolo,
Ph.D., and P. Murphy, Ph.D., (NOAA, Silver Spring, USA) for editing this
publication.

**BIOLOGICAL ATLAS OF THE ARCTIC SEAS 2000:**

**Plankton of the Barents and Kara Seas**

G. Matishov, P. Makarevich, S. Timofeev, L. Kuznetsov, N. Druzhkov,

V. Larionov, V. Golubev, A. Zuyev, N. Adrov, V. Denisov, G. Iliyn,

A. Kuznetsov, S. Denisenko, V. Savinov, A. Shavikyn

(Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Russia)

I. Smolyar, S. Levitus, T. O\'Brien, O. Baranova

(World Data Center for Oceanography, Silver Spring

Ocean Climate Laboratory,

National Oceanographic Data Center/NOAA, USA)

**ABSTRACT**

Presented are (a) physical and biological data collected during 158
scientific cruises carried out in the period 1913-1999 and (b) data on
phytoplankton collected in 1994-1999 during cruises of nuclear
ice-breakers in the region extending from the Barents Sea to the Kara
Sea. Listed are phytoplankton and zooplankton species of the Arctic
seas. Ecological and geographic characteristics are given to each
individual species. Pictures of live cells illustrate the dominant
species. Based on the pattern of the annual cycle of the plankton
variability, proposed criteria are presented for the quality control of
phytoplankton and zooplankton data. The methods of objective analysis
are used for mapping the distribution of physical and biological
characteristics of the Barents and Kara Seas. Comparisons of the
structure of the plankton community in the 1930's, 1950's, and 1990's
are presented. It is demonstrated that observed differences
substantially exceed the error resulting from the use of various methods
for plankton sampling.

**1. INTRODUCTION**

Plankton is a biological component of the World Ocean and a major food
source for a variety of marine life. This fact makes the problem of
plankton investigation an important part of the study of the Ocean and
its biological resources.

Hydrobiological investigations of the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea were
launched in the second half of the 19th century. Peak studies occurred
between 1960 and 1990 when dozens of scientific research vessels were
carrying out monthly collections of physical and hydrobiological data in
this region. These data are potentially useful for a variety of
oceanographical, biological, and fishery problems. In practice,
utilizing these data has been problematic because they have not been
compiled systematically into a single database accessible to the broad
scientific community. Compiling the data is a challenging project for
several reasons. The data collected in the 1920's-1950's are available
only as manuscripts, many of which are written in Russian. Additionally,
the methods of collection and sample processing have changed over time.
Unless the methods were extremely well documented, it is very difficult
to evaluate the comparability of the data collected, and to obtain a
coherent data set.

The goal of this work was to implement the information of the plankton
communities of the Arctic seas into the study of the ocean climatic
system To reach this goal we needed to solve the following problems:

a)  develop an electronic plankton database for the Barents and Kara
    Seas;

b)  document the variation of the plankton community over periods of
    time.

As an information data source, we used the observations of MMBI
performed during 1953-1999, and data presented in Russian and U.S.
publications during the period 1913-1964. These publications are
available in the NOAA Central Library (Silver Spring, MD, USA.), the
Slavic Library (Helsinki, Finland), the New York Public Library (New
York, USA), and the Dartmouth College Library (Hanover, NH, USA).

The section *Photographs of Phytoplankton* *Living Cells* was prepared
by P. Makarevich, Ph.D., based on materials collected in 1998-1999. The
section *Methods of* *continuous observations* was prepared by A.
Shavykin, Ph.D., based on the information acquired during cruise 72 of
R/V *Dalnie Zelentsy.*

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**2. THE HISTORY OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS**

Many countries have been carrying out hydrobiological investigations in
the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. The results of many Norwegian,
English, German, and other scientific cruises are published in English
and are accessible to the scientists of many countries, whereas the
papers of Russian scientists have been published mainly in Russian,
which makes them almost inaccessible to English readers. This section
references papers of Russian scientists, giving special emphasis to the
description of the annual cycle of plankton, which could serve as a
basis for synthesis of hydrobiolo-gical data quality control criteria.
All publications cited in this section are presented in Appendix A.

**2.1 Phytoplankton**

[Barents Sea]{.underline}

The study of Barents Sea phytoplankton started in the 1870's (Palibin,
1903-1906; Deryugin, 1915; Linko, 1907). Only factual material without
any detailed analysis was accumulated during this first stage that came
to an end by 1910.

At that time, scientists from Austria, England, Belgium, Germany,
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden also began carrying out hydrobiological
observations in the Barents Sea. During this stage 300-500 stations were
sampled.

The early 20th century was characterized mostly by scientists studying
the phytoplankton of the Barents Sea (Manteifel, 1938; Mosentsova, 1939;
Schultz, Wulf, 1929). At that time a great volume of data on species
composition and distribution allowed for the first conclusions (Kiselev,
1928; Usachev, 1935). These papers resulted in a list of species of
Arctic phytoplankton giving details of its taxonomic composition.
Studies were performed mostly by scientists of the Institute of the
Northern Studies (Russia). Later the leadership transferred to the Polar
Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO). During that period,
data from 20 expeditions (nearly 800 stations) were collected.

Valuable work begun in 1950-1960 by M. Roukhiyainen initiated the
systematic study of phytoplankton at MMBI. Her papers (Roukhiyainen,
1956, 1960, 1961a, 1962b, 1967) considered and discussed taxonomic
composition, spatial distribution, dynamics of seasonal variability (the
succession system) of phytoplankton communities and the coastal waters
of the Kola Peninsula. Of extreme importance was

that Roukhiyainen's study resulted in the compilation of the most
complete taxonomic list of the Barents Sea phytoplankton (Roukhiyainen,
1966a), and revealed general ecological mechanisms of the vertical
distribution of the pelagic marine algae (Roukhiyainen, 1966b).

Among all the other scientific papers published during the
1950\'s-1960\'s, emphasis should be given to the papers of N. Kashkin
(1963, 1964) on the ecology and biogeography of several algae species,
of G. Barashkov (1962 *et al*.) on the biochemical composition of
phytoplankton cells, and of M. Kamshilov (1950) on the spatial
distribution of several diatom species. The papers of A. Solovieva and
her colleagues (Solovieva, 1973, 1975, 1976; Sokolova, Solovieva, 1971;
Vedernikov, Solovieva, 1972; Sokolova, 1972; Solovieva, 1980) published
in the 1970's considered a wide range of problems on taxonomic
composition, primary production, chlorophyll concentration, and the
dynamics and spatial distribution of phytoplankton. In 1970-1980, a
number of papers of Ryzhov gave high priority to the seasonal and
geographic groups of phytoplankton, the effect of frontal zones on
phytoplankton distribution, and on using phytoplankton species as
bioindicators of various water masses in the Barents Sea (Ryzhov, 1976,
1985, 1986; Ryzhov, Syuzeva, 1974; Ryzhov et al, 1987).

In 1950-1980, more than 2,000 stations were sampled during 100
scientific cruises.

In the second half of the 1980's another generation of hydrobiologists
started their work in the MMBI, and opened a new stage of the Barents
Sea phytoplankton study. Their investigations were focused on the
examination of phytoplankton taxonomic composition (Larionov, 1995;
Makarevich, 1996, 1997; Makarevich, Larionov, 1992; Druzhkov,
Makarevich, 1999), spatial structure (Druzhkov, Makarevich, 1989, 1996;
Larionov, 1992, 1993, 1997), productivity characteristics of
phytoplankton (Bobrov, 1985; Kuznetsov *et al*., 1994; Savinov, 1997),
the succession system, and the seasonal effect on phytocenosis
(Druzhkov, Makarevich, 1991; Druzhkov *et al*., 1997).

In the 1990's, the attention of scientists was focused mostly on the
nearshore waters of Novaya Zemlya, Franz-Josef Land, Spitsbergen, and
St. Ann Trough in the Arctic Ocean, Pechora and Kara Seas. Most of these
regions had never been examined before. Cruises of nuclear icebreakers
from the Barents to Kara Sea and back during winter allowed for the
collection of phytoplankton data in ice covered regions.

During the 1990\'s, investigations of Barents Sea phytoplankton were
carried out by the Polar Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography
(PINRO), Murmansk, the Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, the Botanical
Institute, St. Petersburg, and the Murmansk Hydrometeorological Service.

From the 1980\'s untill the present, more than 100 scientific cruises
were carried out, collecting about 3,000 samples. In addition to almost
all the Arctic seas, the region of investigation covers the Norwegian
Sea, the North Sea, and the White Sea, with thorough study of individual
fjords and bays of both the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. In
Dal'nezelenskaya Bay multi-year complex ecological monitoring was
carried out (Druzhkov *at el*., 1990).

The list of publications of the Barents Sea phytoplankton has been
presented in Appendix A1. The stages of phytoplankton study of the
Barents Sea by Russian scientists are presented in Table 1.

[Kara Sea]{.underline}

The history of phytoplankton studies of the Kara Sea started from the
scientific cruise of A. Nordensheld in 1875. The Kara Sea is
distinguished by severe weather conditions. It is covered with ice for
8-9 months, and as a result during 1900-1980 the number of scientific
cruises did not exceed several dozens. The Arctic scientific cruise of
Moscow State University (MSU), conducted in 1974 focused on microflora
of the northwest Kara Sea and resulted in 25 stations and 148 samples.

The present stage of studies, started in 1980, is focused on large-scale
examination of the Kara Sea phytoplankton. During this time the plankton
studies are analyzing more aspects, expanding the territory of
examination, and adding data from more years and seasons. The use of
nuclear ice-breakers for scientific purposes makes it possible to
conduct scientific cruises in inaccessible regions of the Kara Sea in
winter and spring. Examination of this region is conducted mainly by the
MMBI (Bobrov *et al*., 1989, Makarevich, 1993, 1994, 1995). Scientific
work in the Kara Sea was also carried out by the Institute of
Oceanology, Moscow (Vedernikov *et al*., 1994), the Arctic and Antarctic
Research Institute, St. Petersburg, and some other institutions. About
20 scientific cruises, providing 1,200 samples, have already been
conducted during this period. The major portion of this material is used
in the present review.

Table 1. Chronology of the phytoplankton study of the Barents Sea by
Russian scientists

+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+
| **       | **Author**   | **Content**               | **Regions of  |
| Period** |              |                           | the**         |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          |              |                           | **Barents     |
|          |              |                           | Sea**         |
+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+
| 1        | Palibin I.V. | -   Taxonomical           | North and     |
| 898-1913 |              |     composition           | south         |
|          | Linko A.K.   |                           |               |
|          |              | -   Seasonal dynamic of   |               |
|          | Derjugin     |     dominant species      |               |
|          | K.M.         |                           |               |
+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+
| 1        | Kiselev I.A. | -   Taxonomical           | South-west    |
| 920-1940 |              |     composition           | and           |
|          | Kireeva M.S. |                           | south-east,   |
|          |              | -   Seasonal dynamics of  | coastal       |
|          | Schapova     |     dominant species      | waters of the |
|          | T.F.         |                           | Kola          |
|          |              |                           | Peninsula     |
|          | Mosentsova   |                           |               |
|          | T.N.         |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Manteifel    |                           |               |
|          | B.P.         |                           |               |
+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+
| 1        | Roukhiyainen | -   Taxonomical           | South and     |
| 950-1960 | M.I.         |     composition           | central       |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Kashkin N.I. | ```{=html}                |               |
|          |              | <!-- -->                  |               |
|          | Mileikovsky  | ```                       |               |
|          | S.A.         | -   Abundance and biomass |               |
|          |              |     dynamic               |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          |              | ```{=html}                |               |
|          |              | <!-- -->                  |               |
|          |              | ```                       |               |
|          |              | -   Spatial distribution  |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          |              | -   Biology and ecology   |               |
|          |              |     of dominant species   |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          |              | -   Chlorophyll           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          |              | -   Primary production    |               |
+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+
| 1        | Sokolova     | -   Taxonomical           | South and     |
| 970-1983 | S.A.         |     composition           | central       |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Solovieva    | -   Abundance and biomass |               |
|          | A.A.         |     dynamics (seasonal    |               |
|          |              |     and                   |               |
|          | Ryzhov V.M.  |                           |               |
|          |              | -   multi-year)           |               |
|          | Syuzeva N.G. |                           |               |
|          |              | -   Spatial distribution  |               |
|          | Salahutdinov |                           |               |
|          | A.N.         | -   Chlorophyll           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Vasyutina    | -   Primary production    |               |
|          | N.P.         |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Makarova     |                           |               |
|          | I.V.         |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Bobrov Yu.A. |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Khromov V.M. |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Savinov V.M. |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Vedernikov   |                           |               |
|          | V.I.         |                           |               |
+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+
| 1        | Makarevich   | -   Taxonomical           | South and     |
| 984-1990 | P.R.         |     composition           | central       |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Larionov     | -   Abundance and biomass |               |
|          | V.V.         |     dynamics (seasonal    |               |
|          |              |     and                   |               |
|          | Druzhkov     |                           |               |
|          | N.V.         | -   multi-year)           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Ryzhov V.M.  | -   Spatial distribution  |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Kuznetsov    | -   Chlorophyll           |               |
|          | L.L.         |                           |               |
|          |              | -   Primary production    |               |
|          | Bobrov Yu.A. |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Savinov V.M. |                           |               |
+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+
| 1        | Makarevich   | -   Taxonomical           | The whole sea |
| 991-2000 | P.R.         |     composition           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Larionov     | -   Abundance and biomass |               |
|          | V.V.         |     dynamics (seasonal    |               |
|          |              |     and multi-year)       |               |
|          | Druzhkov     |                           |               |
|          | N.V.         | -   Spatial distribution  |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Druzhkova    | -   Chlorophyll           |               |
|          | E.I.         |                           |               |
|          |              | -   Primary production    |               |
|          | Vedernikov   |                           |               |
|          | V.I.         |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Gagarin V.I. |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Titov O.V.   |                           |               |
|          |              |                           |               |
|          | Shavikin     |                           |               |
|          | A.A.         |                           |               |
+----------+--------------+---------------------------+---------------+

**2.2 Zooplankton**

[Barents Sea]{.underline}

The history of study of the Barents Sea zooplankton started with the
Murmansk Scientific and Fisheries Expedition organized by N. Knipovich
in 1898. The expedition functioned effectively until World War I (1914)
and had accumulated annual material characterizing the zooplankton
community development in different regions of the Barents Sea (mostly in
its coastal zone and in the Kola Bay). The results obtained during that
series of investigations were presented in monographs by Linko (1907)
and Deryugina (1915). Zooplankton studies performed during the
expeditions were targeted at forecasting for fishermen, giving them
information when "bait fish" were approaching the coast (mostly capelin
were used as a \"bait fish\" during fishing of cod). The same data were
used for forecasting migrations of white whales following shoals of cod
along the coastline. There were 15-20 expeditions with zooplankton data,
with 300-500 samples collected.

The next stage in the study of the Barents Sea zooplankton was targeted
at providing data on the herring fishery (1930-1950). During this
period, quantitative methods for collection and analysis of plankton
were developed (Bogorov, 1927, 1933, 1934, 1938a, b, 1939a, b, 1940a),
and an observation network for the Barents Sea was developed. The paper
of Manteifel (1941) can be considered as an encyclopedia of zooplankton
study in the Barents Sea during that period.

In 1950, scheduled (annual) sampling of zooplankton was launched using
standard methods and stations. Since 1953, the data on abundance of
euphausiid crustaceans was collected (Drobysheva, 1979, 1988, 1994;
Drobysheva, Nesterova, 1996). Since 1959, the material on zooplankton
was accumulated (Degtereva, 1979; Degtereva, Nesterova, 1985; Nesterova,
1990). Samples of euphausiids were taken in winter, and sampling of
mesozooplankton was done twice a year (April-May, May-June). During the
same period (1953-1959), a program of more detailed examination of
zooplankton in the coastal zone of Murmansk (Kamshylov *et al*., 1958;
Zelikman, Kamshylov, 1960; Zelikman, 1977) as well as in the southwest
Barents Sea (Zelikman, 1961a, 1966; Myaemets, Veldre, 1964) was
conducted. The focus was on the seasonal dynamics of plankton, the
effect of \"predator-prey\" relationships, inter-year and intra-year
variability in zooplankton abundance, and the biology of dominant
species of zooplankton (Kamshylov, 1951, 1952, 1955, 1958a, b; Zelikman,
1958a, b, 1961a, b, c, 1964; Petrovskaya, 1960; Rzhepishevsky, 1958a, b,
1960a, b). During this period, 60 to 80 expeditions were carried out and
3,000 to 4,000 zooplankton samples were collected.

In the history of Barents Sea zooplankton studies, the years, from
1960-1990 were valuable for providing information on food stocks for the
larvae and juveniles of dominant commercial fishes (Antipova *et al*.,
1974; Degtereva, 1979; Degtereva, Nesterova, 1985; Nesterova, 1990).
Moreover, data on zooplankton, very important for the capelin fishery
forecast, were collected (Degtereva *et al*., 1990). In 1982-1993, the
zooplankton state was examined annually in the Central Barents Sea
(Tereshchcenko *et al*., 1994), where similar surveys had not been
previously performed.

In 1976-1984, scientists of the MMBI recommenced studies on the seasonal
dynamics of zooplankton (Fomin, 1978, 1991; Fomin, Chirkova, 1988;
Druzhkov, Fomin, 1991), the life cycle of *Calanus finmarchicus* (Fomin,
1995), and euphausiid crustaceans (Timofeev, 1996a).

In the 1980\'s, samples of zooplankton were collected in the Kola Bay
during environmental monitoring by the Murmansk Regional
Hydrometeorological Service (Glukhov *et al*., 1992).

The number of expeditions during the period 1950-1990 were 90-100, with
10,000-15,000 samples collected.

In the history of investigations of the Barents Sea zooplankton, the
1990's are characterized, by large-scale sampling, and also by enhanced
southeast Barents Sea monitoring (Timofeev, 1992a; Timofeev,
Shirokolobova, 1996; Makarevich, Druzhinina, 1997; Stogov, Antsulevich,
1995, 1996). The latter was associated with the detection of oil
deposits in the Pechora Sea. Previously, as a result of the navaga
fishery, zooplankton was studied in that region by the Arkhangel branch
of the Polar Institute of Fishery and Oceanology (Chuksina, 1979;
Zalessky, 1986, 1990). During the same period, the MMBI continued
investigations of zooplankton in the Kola Bay and the Motovsky Bay (Ilin
*et al*., 1992; Timofeev, Shirokobolova, 1993; Druzhinina, 1997;
Timofeev, 1997a, 1998). Valuable data on zooplankton were provided by
1,000-2,000 samples collected during approximately 20 cruises.

Zooplankton studies were started in the 1990\'s by Norwegian scientists
who primarily examined the fjords of the northern Norway, mostly in
Balsfjord (Hopkins, 1981). During 1980-1990, studies of zooplankton were
moved to the central Barents Sea and focused mostly on two projects
(1984-1989, *PRO MARE*; 1990-1994, *MARE NOR*). Their results were
published in the materials of some symposia

(Sakshaug *et al*., 1991; Skjoldal *et al*., 1995). Again, the study of
zooplankton, both in Norway and Russia was associated with the capelin
and herring fishery.

Most of the data collected during 1950-1998 are generalized and
presented by investigators in maps, figures and tables:

-   Distribution of abundance of euphausiid crustaceans during 1953-1996
    (Drobysheva, 1988; Drobysheva, Nesterova, 1996);

-   Multi-year dynamics of abundance of euphausiid crustaceans in the
    South Barents Sea during 1953-1996 (Drobysheva, 1988; Drobysheva,
    Nesterova, 1996);

-   Distribution of mesozooplankton biomass in Southwest Barents Sea
    during 1959-1990 (Nesterova, 1990);

-   Multi-year dynamics of mesozooplankton biomass along the *Kola
    Meridian* transect during 1959-1990 (Nesterova, 1990);

-   Multi-year dynamics of mesozooplankton biomass in the Murmansk
    coastal zone during 1953-1959 (Kamshylov *et al*., 1958; Zelikman,
    Kamshylov, 1960; Zelikman, 1977);

-   Multi-year and seasonal dynamics of mesozooplankton biomass in the
    Kola Bay (Glukhov *et al*., 1992);

-   Distribution mesozooplankton biomass in the central Barents Sea
    during 1982-1993 (Tereshchenko *et al*., 1994);

-   Multi-year dynamics of abundance of dominant mesozooplankton species
    (*Calanus* *finmarchicus, Oithona similis,* *Appendicularia*) along
    the *Kola Meridian* transect during 1959-1983 (Degtereva, 1979;
    Degtereva, Nesterova, 1985);

-   Multi-year dynamics of abundance of pelagic hyperiids during
    1980-1988 (Drobysheva, Nesterova, 1992);

-   Multi-year dynamics of abundance of eggs and larvae of dominant
    Barents Sea commercial fishes during 1959-1990 (Mukhina, 1992).

Norwegian scientists published on the topics:

-   Zooplankton biomass dynamics in the central Barents Sea during
    1979-1984 (Rey *et al*., 1987);

-   Dynamics of the abundance of pelagic hyperiids during 1982-1993
    (Dalpadado *et al*., 1994);

-   Dynamics of the abundance of euphausiid crustaceans during 1982-1993
    (Dalpadado and Skjoldal, 1995).

[Kara Sea]{.underline}

The first information on the Kara Sea zooplankton was presented in the
reports of scientific and fisheries expeditions: the Russian Polar
cruise of 1900-1903, and the Marine Polar cruise of 1910-1915 (Linko,
1908, 1913; Milekovsky, 1970; Evgenov and Kupetsky, 1985). The papers of
that period emphasized studies on zooplankton species composition, and
the biogeographical and ecological characteristics of dominant species.
Almost 100 plankton samples were collected during these scientific
cruises.

In 1920-1940, zooplankton sampling was carried out during most cruises,
examining both the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. Zooplankton distribution
and abundance was estimated, and the possibility of using zooplankton as
an indicator of water masses of different origins was illustrated
(Rossolimo, 1927; Jashnov, 1927, 1940; Bernshtein, 1931, 1934;
Khmyznikova, 1931, 1935, 1936a,b, 1946: Bogorov, 1945; Ponomareva, 1949,
1957). In 1920-1940, 10 to 15 cruises examining zooplankton collected
nearly 1,000 samples.

In 1950-1970, zooplankton of the open Kara Sea was poorly examined.
Studies were conducted only in the fjord of the Ob Gulf, the Yenisey Bay
and some other nearshore Kara Sea waters (Greze, 1957; Leshchinskaya,
1962; Leleko, 1985; Pirozhnikov, 1985; Chislenko, 1972a, b). Of the most
interest were the results of seasonal observations on zooplankton
carried out in the Yenisey Bay and the Dixon Bay (Chislenko, 1972 a, b).

In 1981 and 1982, the MMBI conducted two scientific cruises (300 samples
total) in the southwestern Kara Sea. Information on zooplankton biomass
distribution became available. Zooplankton biomass distribution was
considered as a function of water column hydrological structure. Data on
the distribution and abundance of dominant species were collected, and
characteristics of the life cycles of some species were analyzed
(Timofeev, 1983, 1985, 1989a, 1990a, 1995; Fomin *et al.*, 1984; Fomin,
Petrov, 1985; Fomin, 1989a; Zubova, 1990).

In 1990, an intensive study in the southwestern Kara Sea was launched,
induced by exploration of oil and natural gas stocks detected in that
region. The zooplankton study was conducted within the framework of
complex ecological monitoring of the Kara Sea ecosystem and made
available some new information on distribution, abundance, and biomass
of zooplankton, and on the life cycles of the dominant species
(Novoselov 1993; Vinogradov *et al*., 1994a, b; Vinogradov, 1995;
Scientific

Report, 1996; Vozzhynskaya *et al*., 1997; Druzhinina, 1998). In all, 10
scientific cruises on zooplankton studies were conducted and about 300
samples were collected.

[*Calanus finmarchicus* in the Barents Sea]{.underline}

A. Linko was the first Russian scientist to investigate the Barents Sea.
He summarized plankton samples collected during the Murmansk scientific
and commercial cruises during 1898-1906 (headed by Knipovich and
Breitfus), and presented them in a monograph (Linko, 1907). Linko
established that *C. finmarchicus,* a dominant species in the Barents
Sea zooplankton, could be used as an indicator of the waters of Atlantic
origin. He pointed out that the vertical distribution of *C.
finmarchicus* in the nearshore zones and open sea was determined by the
water column vertical structure. These crustaceans were observed in the
Barents Sea in a temperature range of --1.8 to +10.6 ^o^C and salinity
range of 32.12 to 35.08 pss.

[Taxonomic analysis]{.underline}

V. Jaschnov (1939a) established that the region north of 75^o^N was
inhabited by an endemic population of *C. finmarchicus,* unrelated
genetically to the population dwelling in the southern Barents Sea. This
conclusion stimulated to do more precise morphological studies. In 1955,
V. Yashnov published his review on *Calanus* systematics, which
described a new species, *C. glacialis* distinct from *C. finmarchicus*.
In the late 1950's, Yashnov (1955, 1957, 1958) published a set of papers
scrutinizing basic aspects of the morphology, distribution, and
systematics of *Calanus finmarchicus s.l*.

Brodsky (1959, 1967, 1972) continued the morphologic studies. He used
more features than Jaschnov and drew the conclusion that C.
*finmarchicus* and *C. glacialis* could not be considered as a separate
species. He assumed that both were subspecies of the same species
existing under various ecological conditions. Brodsky (1972) supposed
that the complicated group of *C. finmarchicus s.l.* was in the stage of
"incomplete species formation". By the early 1980's, after publication
of Frost's paper (Frost, 1974), Jaschnov's viewpoint became dominant and
thus, both *C. finmarchicus* and *C. glacialis* were considered as "good
species". These ideas were published in the latest monograph of K.
Brodsky (Brodsky *et al*., 1983), where *C. finmarchicus, C. glacialis,*
and *C. marshallae* were termed as "sibling species".

It should be mentioned that accurate species identification for *C.
finmarchicus* and *C. glacialis* is still a serious problem, especially
in the regions of joint occurrance of both species. The species were
determined by size criteria (Mumm, 1991) or by using the concept termed
"mixed population" developed Vinogradov *et al*. (1995, 1996).

Despite the existing problems, it is important to give an accurate
species identification for both *C. finmarchicus* and *C. glacialis,*
otherwise there exists a risk of erroneous conclusions on the tendency
of zooplankton community variation. For example, S. Novoselov (1993)
made a comparison between zooplankton of the fjord Baidaratskaya Guba
(the Kara Sea) for different time periods: 1945-1946 and 1991. The
presence of a large number of *C. glacialis* in samples of 1991 and
their absence in the samples of 1945-1946 (Ponomareva 1957) allowed for
the conclusion that cooling of the Arctic seas had caused substantial
changes in zooplankton fauna. This assumption was based on the knowledge
that *C. glacialis* related to Arctic species. The conclusion of S.
Novoselov on the Arctic cooling in the early 1990's was in contradiction
with the real situation as exactly during that period the Arctic warming
occurred (Carmack *et al*., 1997; Morison *et al*., 1998). This
contradiction can be explained by an assumption that S. Novoselov did
not take into account the fact that in 1945-1946 *C. glacialis* was not
distinguished from composite species *C. finmarchicus s.l*.

[Distribution]{.underline}

Until the 1950's, when V.Jaschnov (1955, 1957, 1958) demonstrated the
composite character of the superspecies *C. finmarchicus s.l., Calanus*
was identified as oceanic, open sea species widely distributed in the
waters of the Northern Hemisphere (Brodsky 1950). After some revisions
of the superspecies, the area of *C. finmarchicus* itself had been
reduced sufficiently, and at present *Calanus* is usually considered as
a boreal North Atlantic species, abundant as well in the waters of the
west Arctic basin, where *C. finmarchicus* is a good indicator of
Atlantic waters (Jaschnov 1955, 1958, 1961, 1966; Abramova 1956; Kashkin
1962; Sushkina 1962; Brodsky 1965; Brodsky *et al*., 1983).

[Biomass, abundance, production]{.underline}

Jaschnov (1939b) determined that 84% of plankton biomass in the
southwestern Barents Sea consists of *Calanus*. The average biomass of
*C. finmarchicus* comprised 24 ton/km^2^; with a minimum biomass value
(8.5 ton/km^2^) in March and April, and a maximum in August. V. Yashnov
estimated the annual production of *C. finmarchicus* to be 65 ton/km^2^,
and from the data of the PINRO (1950-1970) the crustacean production
comprised 77.5 ton/km^2^ (Degtereva, Nesterova, 1985).

In the nearshore waters, the impact of *Calanus* on zooplankton biomass
comprises 60-64% (Manteifel, 1939; Fomin, 1978, 1995) and during some
years its impact can decrease to 13-34% (Kamshilov *et al.*, 1958).
Seasonal dynamics of *C. finmarchicus* biomass in the nearshore Barents
Sea is characterized by the presence of one maximum that usually occurs
in June and July (Kamshilov *et al*., 1958; Zelikman, Kamshilov, 1960;
Fomin, 1978, 1995). The annual production of *C. finmarchicus* in the
coastal zone is less than in the west Barents Sea and comprises 277.3
mg/m^3^ (Kamshilov 1958a).

Since the late 1950's the PINRO has been conducting annual spring and
summer cruises during which the information on zooplankton, mostly of
the western Barents Sea, is collected (Degtereva, 1979; Degtereva,
Nesterova, 1989; Degtereva *et al.*, 1990). Data on the number of eggs,
nauplii, and copepodite stages of *C. finmarchicus* were presented at
two transects carried out in 1959-1983 at North Cape - the Bear Island
and the *Kola Meridian* section. The relationship between the number of
*Calanus* nauplii and water temperature in spring was determined as
follows:

**Y** = 774.6**X** - 2035.2,

in which: **Y** is nauplii abundance in the Murman drift in the layer of
0-50 m (individuals/m ^3^);

**X** is temperature in the Murman drift in the layer of 0-50m (^o^C).

[Life cycle]{.underline}

The first information on the life cycle of *C. finmarchicus* of the
Barents Sea was obtained by Bogorov (1932, 1939), Manteifel (1939,
1941), and Jaschnov (1939a). As a result, the *C. finmarchicus* life
cycle can be presented as follows:

-   During winter *C. finmarchicus* is at depth and concentrated in
    streams of the Nordkapp drift;

-   In late March, *C. finmarchicus* rises to surface;

-   April-May is a period of reproduction, starting mostly in the
    southwest and then distributing gradually to the east and northeast.
    Spawned specimens descend to deeper water layers, where they die or
    are used as a food by predators;

-   In July-September, as a result of a water temperature rise in the
    upper layers (up to 6-7^o^C), *C. finmarchicus* descend to
    near-bottom layers. During this period it stops growing and changes
    its color (red becomes yellow and white). Starting from the second
    half of August, *C. finmarchicus* initiate it diurnal vertical
    migrations;

-   In October-November *C. finmarchicus* is concentrated in deep-water
    parts of the Barents Sea and gradually stops its diurnal vertical
    migrations.

Such a life cycle suggests that over most of the Barents Sea, *C.
finmarchicus* is monocyclic but during some years the second generation
of *C. finmarchicus* comes from the West (specimens hatched in nearshore
northwest Norwegian waters). The young of this generation do not spread
farther East than 33^o^30' E. Appearance of *C. finmarchicus* specimens
of the second generation in the southwest Barents Sea (Manteifel, 1939,
1941) can be explained by the ocean warming observed in the 1930's (Fu
*et al*.,1999).

In the 1950's, a study of the *C. finmarchicus* life cycle was conducted
in the nearshore Barents Sea at a longitude of 36^o^E. It resulted in a
conclusion on the bicyclic character of *Calanus* life cycle in that
region: specimens of the spring generation lived about three months and
specimens of summer and fall generations lived about 9 months
(Kamshylov, 1952, 1955; Nesmelova, 1966). The study performed in 1964
did not confirm that conclusion (Nesmelova 1968). In 1976-1977, the next
run of experiments justified the bicyclic character of *Calanus* life
cycle (Fomin, 1978, 1995). In the latter case, spring reproduction of
*C. finmarchicus* was established to be more extended in time and more
intensive, whereas fall reproduction was relatively short-term and not
intensive (Fomin, 1978, 1995). The study resulted in the conclusion that
a monocyclic *Calanus* life cycle existed during cold years, and
bicyclic *Calanus* life cycle existed during warm years (Zelikman,
1982). Moreover, a conclusion was made that the changes in reproduction
of Barents Sea *C. finmarchicus* had resulted from variations of the
annual temperature regime (Degtereva 1971, 1973, 1979; Degtereva *et
al*., 1990). M. Kamshylov (1955) had determined fertility of *C.
finmarchicus* females: potential fertility was 2,000 eggs per female,
the observed was between 1,000 and 1,500 eggs.

[References]{.underline}

The list of papers on the Barents Sea zooplankton are presented in
Appendix A2. The papers on distribution, biology, and ecology of
euphausiid crustaceans are not included, as reviews on these crustaceans
are presented in the papers of Drobysheva (1994) and Timofeev (1996a).

**2.3 Zoobenthos**

S. Denisenko, Zoological Institute, S. Petersburg

[Brief Historical Note (Barents Sea)]{.underline}

The initiation of Barents Sea benthos studies date back to the second
half of 18th century, when Ozeretskovsky (1804) began gathering
collections of marine animals in nearshore Murman waters. The systematic
study of species composition and distribution of the bottom
invertebrates started in the Barents Sea with the intensification of the
fisheries in the last quarter of the 19th century. The study was focused
on the effect of various environmental factors on the distribution of
organisms.

The results of commercial and biological endeavors headed by Knipovich
served as the scientific basis for the use of biological resources of
the Barents Sea and the adjacent North Atlantic regions (Knipovich,
1902, 1904). For the first time, the collected zoological data provided
valuable information for biogeographical zoning, and showed the increase
of the Atlantic origin species in the Kola Bay in 1893-1908 (Deryugin,
1915).

By 1915, more than 3,000 benthos stations were sampled, two thirds of
these during Russian expeditions (Galkin, 1979).

In the period 1920-1925, a hypothesis on the possibility of shifting
zoobenthic biogeographic boundaries in the Barents Sea, as a result of
marine environment temperature, was verified (Tanasiichuk, 1927;
Shorygin, 1928).

Since 1924, besides quantitative sampling equipment, grabs have been
used for benthic studies, the methods for quantitative accounting of the
bottom fauna have been refined, which allowed for comprehensive and
detailed benthic surveys of the Barents Sea in the 1920\'s-1930's. A
result of these surveys was the identification of patterns of the
distribution of some zoobenthic taxonomic groups and the zoobenthic
community (Brotskaya, Zenkevich, 1939; Filatova, 1938).

From 1921-1940, benthos collections were carried out at 5,000 stations,
of which 4,800 stations were made by Russian investigators (Galkin,
1979). Figure 1 depicts the locations of data from 2,700 benthic
stations collected in the period 1920-1940.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="3.936111111111111in"
height="3.2284722222222224in"}

Fig. 1. Distribution of benthic stations for the period 1920-1940

In the second half of the 1940's, thanks to the efforts of the PINRO and
the Murman Biological Station (MBS), wide-scale benthos investigations
were restored. The collected material made it possible to study littoral
and sublittoral zone communities of the south and southeast Barents Sea,
to determine patterns in the distribution of important taxonomic groups,
and to analyze zoobenthos trophic structure as a whole (Kuznetsov,
Matveeva, 1948; Turpaeva, 1948; Pergament, 1957; Zatsepin, 1962; Galkin,
1964; Zatsepin and Rittikh, 1968a, 1968b; Kuznetsov, 1970).

The samples of the bottom fauna collected in the 1940's-1950's along the
*Kola Meridian* transect, served as a basis for the analysis of the
bottom fauna multi-year fluctuations in that region (Nesis, 1960).

Since the early 1960's the "scuba diving method" of hydrobiological
studies has been developed in Russia. This method was used for
investigation of the bottom ecosystems of the upper sublittoral zone in
the fjords and bays of the Murman region, the Frants-Josef Land and the
Nonaya Zemlya areas (Propp, 1966; Pushkin, 1968; Shelf Biocenosis, 1977;
Golikov and Averintsev, 1977). During the same years the ecosystem
approach in the zoobenthos investigations was targeted at the
communities of the littoral zone, which made it possible to study the
ecosystem structure and it functionality (Streltsov *et al*., 1974).

In 1968-1970, using one standard method PINRO conducted a total survey
of the Barents Sea (Figure 2), which revealed a substantial decrease in
zoobenthos biomass in comparison with the 1920's-1930's (Antipova,
1975).

![](media/image2.wmf){width="3.9381944444444446in"
height="3.216666666666667in"}

Fig. 2. Distribution of benthic stations for the period 1968-1970

On the whole, in the period 1945-1977, data from 4,000 benthic stations
were collected in the Barents Sea (Galkin 1979), of which approximately
3,400 stations were collected by Russian investigators.

In the 1980's, under-water photographic surveys and benthos collections
were widely used by Russian geological institutions for performing
landscape and ecological shelf investigations (Gurevich, Kaza-kov,
1989). Today the total number of benthic stations carried out with these
methods is about several thousand. These data have limited utility due
to the lack of detailed metadata. Simultaneously with photo surveys, the
gathering of collections was usually conducted at stations using the
same gear for both animals and sediments. The quality of photographs was
only good for recognizing megabenthos and large-scale forms of
macrobenthic epifauna.

The use of traditional methods of benthos collection with the
combination of advanced underwater imaging techniques made it possible
for the MMBI and the Zoological Institute (St. Petersburg) to study in
detail the structure and functioning of the bottom ecosystems in the
fjords of the Murman waters (Zhukov, 1988; Semenov, 1991; Golikov *et
al*., 1993; Hydrobiological Study, 1994).

Zoobenthos investigations were jointly carried out by MMBI and PINRO,
searching for and identifying populations of commercially important
invertebrates (mostly crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms). In the
1970's and 1980's, the results of these studies served as a basis for
the rational use of northern shrimps and Icelandic scallops in the
Barents Sea (Bryazgin, 1981; Denisenko, 1988; Denisenko, Bliznichenko,
1989; Berenboim, 1992).

Along with the scientific and commercial study of some species,
traditional investigations of zoobenthos was continued. However it was
mostly targeted at detailed information on the background state of
marine biota in the regions planned for intensification of economic
activity or the regions under ecological protection (Averintsev, 1993;
Luppova *et al*., 1993; Denisenko *et al*., 1995; Denisenko *et al*.,
1997). These studies were mostly conducted by expeditions of the MMBI,
organized in cooperation with international scientists. During recent
years, some attempts were made to restore regular observations along the
*Kola Meridian* transect (Denisenko, 1999).

During 1978-1999, the number of benthic stations sampled, excluding
underwater surveys, was 2,000. The processing of the data collected
during these expeditions has not been finalized, and as a result their
analysis is far from complete.

[Zoobenthos as an indicator of climate change]{.underline}

Many investigators believe that the macrozoobenthos is a good indicator
of the environmental multi-year fluctuations, as most of the bottom
animals are characterized by a sedentary mode of life and a long life
cycle. One can consider Deryugin (1915) as the initiator of studies on
multi-year fluctuations of the Barents Sea bottom fauna. In 1908-1909,
in the Kola Bay, he detected several species unusual for that fjord. He
related this phenomena to the fluctuation of the water temperature
(Deryugin, 1924).

Based on various zoobenthic taxonomic groups, Shorygin (1928),
Tanaisiichuk (1927), Cheremisina (1948) *et al*. substantiated the
possibility of shifting biogeographic boundaries in the Barents Sea as a

result of temperature fluctuations. Gurianova (1947) related the
occurrence of some Atlantic and Arctic species in the White Sea to
multi-year hydrological fluctuations in the northeast Atlantic. Balker
(1957, 1965) concluded that the benthos might react to Arctic seas
warming or cooling with a lag time depending on the particular species.
This was also confirmed by K. Nesis (1960), who analyzed multi-year
fluctuations of boreal and Arctic species along the *Kolsky Meridian*
section as a function of

hydrological regime. Galkin (1964, 1984, 1998) presented multi-year
variations of mollusks as a function of the temperature regime.

The monitoring of the benthic community of the Barents Sea showed that
some boreal species can react to environmental changes (Cheremisina
1948; Nesis, 1960). This is due to variations in the population size at
the habitat boundaries, not because of changes in the sizes and shapes
of the habitats (Galkin, 1998).

Besides the analysis of zoobenthos biogeographic composition for studies
of climatic tendency, there are some other effective and easily
standardized methods that allow for accurate determination of
temperature paleoreconstructions (Zolotarev, 1989). Many marine animals
have massive carbonate formations, which act as a recording structure.
As with tree rings and fish scales, these carbonate formations record
seasonal growth patterns (Clark, 1974). Analysis of the recording
structure allow for descriptions of environmental conditions.

A great number of long-lived benthic animals dwell in the Arctic seas;
clams such as *Arctica islandica,* and *Serripes groenlandicus;* horse
mussel *Modiolus modiolus;* sea urchins of the genus
*Strongylocentrotus;* brittle stars (*Ophiuroidea*); barnacles of the
genus *Balanus,* and other animals that can live several dozens of
years. Multiple samples of these dominant species collected in the
Barents Sea during the last several centuries are present in the
scientific institutions of Russia and other countries. Analys of
recording structures may allow for the documentation of climatic trends.

[Problems of estimation of zoobenthos fluctuations]{.underline}

The analysis of fluctuations in zoobenthos functional characteristics is
usually based on the results of quantitative collection techniques. In
faunistic and biogeographic investigations, the use of these data is
often hindered because the archive lists are frequently less
comprehensive than present ones as a result of the limited capabilities
of the older sampling equipment, the greater experience of modern
taxonomists, and the progressive development of taxonomy. Comparability
of qualitative lists, despite their incompleteness, is often more
effective as they present mostly large-scale dominant forms easily
collected with simple sampling equipment. In addition, the probability
of catching rare animals with the use of these tools is greater, as a
result of covering more surface area

for their collection. Key attention should be focused on these specimens
as they can be good indicators of both warming and cooling (Zenkevich,
1963).

Some problems in the estimation of zoobenthos fluctuations result from
navigational errors and poor-quality collecting, washing, sorting, and
storing procedures of the benthic samples. The errors in determination
of the ship location without any control via sextant, for system of
satellite navigation or system of radiolights during 2-3 days could be
up to 20-30 miles. Thus a 20--30 mile deviation in localization of one
or another population or community can result from navigational errors.

In the analysis of possible fluctuations of the Barents Sea bottom fauna
resulting from climatic or other reasons, it is necessary to take into
account the elements of collection and processing of benthic samples.
These elements should be formalized and included in the data description
report.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**3. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE ARCTIC SEAS**

Identification of the phytoplankton taxonomic composition of a sample is
the most critical stage of the data processing. As a result, high level
specialists are usually involved in this type of work. Ultimately, the
quality of plankton data depend on the accuracy of species
identification.

In practice, for the identification of the various species in biological
communities, systematic specialists widely use taxonomic keys containing
figures and/or photographs of organisms. The accuracy of the species
identification depends on the accuracy of the representation of details
in a photograph or drowing. The majority of modern illustrative
materials do not present the detail structure of micro-algae cells. That
substantially hinders their use for the taxonomic identification of the
organisms. This disadvantage brings up the problem of getting more
realistic images of phytoplankton cells, closest to the natural
appearance. Figure 3 illustrates a black and white overview photograph
of 40 phyto-plankton species. Color photographs of the same species are
presented on the CD-ROM accompanying this atlas. Figure 4 shows images
of two phytoplankton species in detail.

[Phytoplankton filming]{.underline}

Algae samples were collected throughout the Barents Sea using standard
methods (Manual, 1980). The samples were concentrated by the usual
method of reverse filtering (Dodon and Thomas, 1964; Sukhanova, 1983)
through specialized nuclepore filters (produced in the Integrated
Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna) with a pore size of 1.0-2.0 μm. It
was necessary to avoid deformation and breakage of phytoplankton cells
resulting from preserving or storing live samples. The samples were
preserved in a weak solution (Lougol solution, 1% formaldehyde) or were
placed and stored in a thermos. In May-June, water samples with live
materials were collected from points located in the Kola Bay. In August
they were collected in the fjord Dalnezelenskaya (area of biological
station of the MMBI in the settlement Dalnie Zelentsy, 69^o^07'08"N,
36^o^05'08"E). Slightly preserved algological material collected in July
cruise was collected from the South Barents Sea on board of the *Viktor
Kingisepp*. Only phytoplankton collected in 1998 have been used for
photography.

The experiment targeted natural microalgae images, which rejected the
use of color shading, outline tracing, or emphasizing any cell segment.
Shading was applied only as a background in case of thick mud/severe
dirt or the presence of other cells within the exposure. Due to object
size, the filming was performed at magnifications from 80^x^ to 800^x^.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"    ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"    ![](media/image5.png)                                  ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"    ![](media/image7.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"
  height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                                                                                height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}

  ![](media/image8.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"    ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"    ![](media/image10.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image11.png)                                 ![](media/image12.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"
  height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                                                                                height="0.9111111111111111in"}

  ![](media/image13.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image14.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image15.png)                                 ![](media/image16.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image17.png)
  height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                                                                                height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         

  ![](media/image18.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image19.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image20.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image21.png)                                 ![](media/image22.png)
  height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                                                                                

  ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image25.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image26.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image27.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"
  height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}

  ![](media/image28.png)                                 ![](media/image29.png)                                 ![](media/image30.png)                                 ![](media/image31.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image32.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"
                                                                                                                                                                       height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}

  ![](media/image33.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image34.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image35.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image36.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image37.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"
  height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}

  ![](media/image38.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image39.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image40.png)                                 ![](media/image41.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"   ![](media/image42.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"
  height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}                                                                                height="0.9111111111111111in"}                         height="0.9111111111111111in"}
  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------

Fig. 3. Images of dominant phytoplankton taxa of the Barents and Kara
Seas

![](media/image43.wmf){width="3.9200787401574804in"
height="3.3188976377952755in"}![](media/image44.wmf){width="3.9200787401574804in"
height="3.2633858267716533in"}

Fig.4. Examples of images of phytoplankton living cells

[Photo album]{.underline}

Information on the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea phytoplankton is
presented as a photoalbum, which is present on the accompanying CD-ROM
in HTML format and contains two sections. a) A list of phytoplankton
species. b) Photographs of 50 phytoplankton color images in JPG format
with a resolution of 75 dpi.

The table of phytoplankton species lists the taxa and their synonyms
according to present botanical nomenclature. Cell weight, calculated
through the method of geometrical shape similarity, is given for each
species (Koltsova, 1970; Kozhova *et al.*, 1978; Plinski *et al.*,
1984). Taxonomic composition, ecological, and phytogeographic
characteristics of phytoplankton are presented (Chapter 4.4). Taxons are
also provided with identification numbers from international codes
(Integration Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) and NODC Taxonomic
Code). Appendix B1 contains a part of a table of phytoplankton species.
The CD-ROM presents the same table in its entirety. The table lists
information on 307 phytoplankton species of the Barents and Kara Seas.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**4. DATA**

**4.1. Data Characteristics**

[Inventory]{.underline}

This atlas contains the data from 158 cruises carried out in the
Barents, Kara, and White Seas from 1913-1999. The atlas includes the
White Sea in order to not separate cruises that started in the White Sea
and were completed in the Barents Sea. One of the 158 cruises was
conducted in the Barents Sea by the American research vessel *Tanner* in
1963 (CD-ROM, file 31tn6370.csv). Another cruise was carried out by the
German research icebreaker *Polarstern* in 1996 (CD-ROM, file
06aq9670.csv), and the other cruises were carried out by Russian
vessels. In addition, the atlas includes phytoplankton data carried out
in two bays of the Kola Peninsula during 1968-1989. In each bay,
measurements were taken at the same station with a frequency of 2-10
measurements per month.

The hydrobiological database is characterized by:

> Period of observations: 1913-1999; 158 cruises; 4,608 stations
> (Appendix C1)
>
> Total number of stations with physical and hydrochemical data: 3,096
> (Appendix C2)
>
> Temperature: 3,046 stations
>
> Salinity: 2,947 stations
>
> Oxygen: 1,998 stations
>
> Chlorophyll: 385 stations (Appendix C3)
>
> Phytoplankton: 1,539 stations and 4,275 samples (Appendix E1)
>
> Zooplankton: 2,475 stations and 9,081 samples (Appendix F1)

Appendix C4 contains the maps of the data distribution for each cruise.
Original data are presented on the CD-ROM in the folder DATA\\PRIMARY,
in a format adjusted for use of electronic tables.

[Sources]{.underline}

The archive created by the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute
(1952-1999) is a basic data source for this atlas. It includes the data
collected by the investigators of the Murmansk biological station in
1920-1940. The Central Library of NOAA (Silver Spring, MD, USA), the
Slavic Library (Helsinki, Finland), the Slavonic and Baltic Division of
the New York Public Library (New York, NY, USA), and

Dartmouth College Library (Hanover, NH, USA) are also sources of
hydrobiological data collected from 1913-1964.

[Format]{.underline}

The data format is based on a data format developed by the Ocean Climate
Laboratory (National Oceanographic Data Center/ NOAA, USA). It is of a
block structure, with each block clearly defined by a keyword,
containing data identified by additional keywords. Let us consider the
blocks and their components.

Each data file starts with the block *Cruiseinfo* which presents cruise
information. This block incorpora-tes the country name, vessel name, and
a list of the investigators performing the measurements.

The *Station* block contains station coordinates, date and time. This
block is obligatory for each station. Its word order is fixed.

The *Station* block is followed by the *Type* blocks, which contain
information on the results of measurements of meteorological (*Type,
Meteo*), hydrophysical (*Type, Hydrology*), and biological (*Type,
Plankton*) parameters.

The *Header* block presents information on the methods of measurements
and observational conditions. For example, the block *Type, Headers
plankton, Phytoplankton* contains the information on the type of the
instrument used for sampling phytoplankton.

On the CD-ROM in the section DATA\\FORMAT, the enumerations of modes,
keywords and tolerance limits of parameters are presented. The block
organizational structure of this data format allows for the easy
addition of new types of data without modifying the structure of
existing files. For example, on the CD-ROM in the file
DATA\\PRIMARY\\90BY9270.csv, the data of the 67th cruise of the R/V
*Dalnie Zelentsy* are presented. On this cruise, benthic samples were
also collected and added to the data. This demonstrates that it is
possible to add benthic data to the existing data format.

**4.2. Discrete Measurements**

[Hydrology, hydrochemistry]{.underline}

The measurements of physical and hydrochemical parameters of seawater
have been carried out by MMBI according to present manuals and method of
applications.

-   Water temperature was determined by deep-water reversing
    thermometers (Manual, 1977).

-   Salinity was measured by salinometer GM-65, which was calibrated
    using standard synthetic seawater (Manual, 1977; International,
    1966).

-   Seawater samples were collected by bathometers BM-48 (Manual, 1977).

-   Dissolved oxygen was obtained by iodometric titration, through the
    method of Winkler (Chernyakova, 1987).

-   Active pH reaction was determined by potentiometric method using
    potentiometers \"pH-121\" and \"pH-340" with a glass electrode
    (Bogoyavlensky, Ivanenkov, 1978).

-   Phosphate (PO~4~) was determined by the method of Murphy and
    Riley (1962) using electric colorimeter KFK-2MP (Sapozhnikov,
    1978a).

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-   Total phosphorus was determined by the method of Murphy and
    Riley (1962) (see, Sapozhnikov, 1978b).

```{=html}
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```
-   Nitrite (NO~2~) was determined by the method of Griss-Ilosway with
    spectrophotometric measure-ment of concentrations using electric
    calorimeter KFK-2MP (Konnov 1978).

-   Nitrate (NO~3~) was determined by the method of
    Wood-Richards-Armstrong (Wood *et al.*, 1967) using a
    spectrophometric cap on electrophotocalorimeter KFK-2MP (Sapozhnikov
    *et al*, 1978).

-   Total nitrogen was determined by the method of a sample burning in
    an autoclave with a dry reagent potassium persulphate in alkaline
    medium with subsequent nitrate determination (Sapoz-hnikov,
    Sokolova, 1978).

-   Silicate was determined by the method of Mulin-Railly modified by
    Strickland and Parsons from blue silicon and molybdenum complex
    using electrophotocolori-meter KFK-2MP with a spectro-photometric
    cap (Gusarova, 1978).

-   Primary production was determined by the method of Steemann -
    Nielsen (1952). Samples were collected by 10-liter plastic
    bathometers at horizons of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50m. Samples from each
    horizon were poured into two transparent and two dark 250 ml bottles
    with the addition of 1 ml NaHCO3 (isotope C14) of 2 microcurie
    activity. Then, the samples were suspended at depths corresponding
    to the depth of collection. The samples were exposed for 4 to 5
    hours, and after

> exposure the bottle content was filtered through membrane filters
> (*Millipore* of NA type with a pore size of 0.45 micron). The filters
> were cleaned by sea water and dried in a dessicator with freshly
> calcinated silica gel, for 24 hours. The activity of sediments on
> filters was measured by equipment with a meter BFL-25.

-   Chlorophyll ***a, b, and c*** determination are carried out using
    the method of Richards and Thompson (1952). Sampling was carried out
    using 10-liter plastic bathometers. Water samples (of no less than 2
    liter) were filtered through \"Whatman\" glass fiber filters under a
    pressure of 0.1-0.2 atmosphere. After the process of filtration, the
    filters were placed into a dessicator with freshly calcinated silica
    gel and were refrigerated for 12 hours, until completely dried. The
    dry filters were placed into centrifuge test tubes, with the
    addition of 8 ml of fresh 90% acetone solution for 2 hours. The
    extract was then centrifuged for 10 minutes, at a speed of 5,000
    revolutions per minute, and poured into measuring bottles. Later the
    extract was placed into 5 ml cells and processed using a scanning
    spectrophotometer SPECORD UV-VIS (Carl Zeiss, JENA). Chlorophyll
    concentration was calculated from the formula of Jeffrey and
    Humphrey (1975).

[Phytoplankton]{.underline}

Phytoplankton sampling was carried out with plankton nets (usually by
Juday plankton net) or by plastic bathometers of different capacity
(2-10 l) at standard hydrological horizons (Manual, 1977; Manual, 1980).
Since 1960 only bathometers have been used for phytoplankton sampling.
Sample concentration utilized two methods: the settlement method
(Sukhanova, 1983) and the method of reverse filtering (Dodgson, Thomas,
1964; Sukhanova, 1983). The method of reverse filtering has been used by
the MMBI since 1986.

The settlement method of sample concentration is performed as follows:
preserved 1 liter samples are motionless and allowed to settle for no
less than 10 days. After sedimentation of cells is complete, the sample
is slowly (drop by drop) poured off until its volume reduces to 30-50
ml. For this purpose, a glass tube-siphon is used with an extended end
that is bent 2-3 cm upwards. The method of reverse filtering is based on
the use of a special filtering counting chamber provided with nuclepore
filters with a pore size of 1.0-2.0 μm (Makarevich, Druzhkov, 1989).
This allows for filtering of sea water up to 10 liters, depending on
season and plankton abundance. When using this method, concentration of
samples is caused by pressure resulting from the difference between a
height at which the filtering equipment is placed and a level at which
the bottle with sample is kept.

Phytoplankton processing was carried out according to the following
scheme. Phytoplankton samples were divided into three subsamples. A
Najotte glass counting cell with a capacity of 0.05 ml and 1 cm^2^
dimention was used, with light microscope (100-400^x^), to determine the
taxonomic composition and number of cells in the sample (Fedorov, 1979;
Manual, 1980). From the results of these three

observations species composition and abundance for each species for
phytoplankton sample, as a whole, were determined (Sukhanova, 1983).

During the last years, along with above mentioned methods of preserving
and processing of phytoplankton samples, the MMBI utilized a method
using Lougol\'s solution. Water samples of 200 ml were preserved in
Lougol\'s solution (of final concentration 1%). The samples were rapidly
poured into a bottle containing a portion of preservative. After 3 days
samples were concentrated until 20-30 ml of liquid remained, and were
preserved by neutral formalin with a final concentration of 2 percent
(Mikheeva, 1989). The counting of microalgae and heterotrophic
flagellates exceeding 10 μm, and their identifications were carried out
in a counting chamber of original construction (Druzhkov, Makarevich,
1988; Druzhkov, 1989) using a light microscope with a magnification of
200^x^. Microalgae and heterotrophic flagellates exceeding 10 μm were
examined in the same counting chamber with a magnification of 400^x^
(usually 1/3 of sub-probe volume). Large and less numerous phytoplankton
samples were calculated in full sample volume in the *Bogrov* counting
chamber at a magnification of 32^x^.

The phytoplankton abundance per unit volume (N) was calculated from the
mean of cells in one sample using the following formula:

> **N** = **N**~к~ · **V**~ск~ / **V**~п~ · **V**~к~,,

in which: **N~к~** is the number of phytoplankton cells in the counting
chamber;

**V~к~** is the capacity of counting chamber;

**V~ск~** is a volume of concentrated sample;

**V**~п~ is a sample volume.

Microalgae biomass was calculated using tables of average cell volumes
and weights compiled for the Barents Sea (Solovieva, 1976; Makarevich
*et al.*, 1991, 1993). In most cases measurements of the cell volume
were measured using a micrometer (magnification was 400^x^, measurement
accuracy was up to 3 μm). All cell volumes were calculated using the
method of geometrical similarity of figures as average values of
individual volumes (*Clarke et al.,* 1987) using recommended
approximation models for simple geometric bodies (Koltsova, 1970;
Makarova, Pichkily, 1970; Recommendations, 1979; Kozhova *et al*., 1978;
Plinski *et al*., 1984).

[Zooplankton]{.underline}

Zooplankton were sampled and analyzed according to standard procedures
used in Russia (Bogorov, 1927, 1934, 1938, 1940). For the sampling of
zooplankton, the large model of the Juday plankton net was used at
standard water depths (bottom-100, 100-75, 75-50, 50-25, 25-10 and 10-0
meters). Towing on all layers was carried out from the bottom to the
surface only at some stations. The Juday net has a diameter opening of
37 cm, and a mesh size of 168 μm. The sample was poured into prepared
bottles and preserved with 4% neutral formalin.

Sample processing included two successive operations: first, determining
the sample wet weight, and second, quantitative sample processing
(identification and calculation of each species, taking into account
life stage and size groups). Sample wet weight was determined using a
torsion balance with an accuracy of up to 0.1 mg. Quantitative
processing of the samples was performed through the calculational method
of Hensen (Manual, 1980). Counting of organisms was carried out in the
Bogorov's counting chamber. If the number of species in the counting
chamber was insufficient, all species were analyzed. In other cases,
large specimens were taken out of the sample, identified, calculated,
and measured separately. The sample remainder was concentrated to a
volume of 50-100 ml (or higher, depending on plankton abundance). Then
the sample was carefully mixed and a sub-sample was collected with a
stamp pipette (1, 2 or 5 ml depending on the capacity of the stamp
pipette) and then analyzed in the Bogorov's counting chamber using a
binocular microscope. Two or three similar subsamples were collected
from each sample. The difference of values between subsamples should not
exceeded 30%, otherwise the number of samples was increased. The
obtained results were averaged, and the sample was analyzed as a whole
for identification and counting of rare species.

**4.3. Continuous Measurements**

In June 1993, during the 72nd cruise of the R/V *Dalnie Zelentsy,*
continuous measurements of temperature, salinity, and
chlorophyll-***a*** were conducted in the surface layer of the region
between 68^o^-74^o^N and 34^o^-46^o^E (CD-ROM, file
DATA\\PRIMARY\\90BY936s.csv). A two-channel fluorometer (KVANT-7) was
utilized for chlorophyll*-**a*** measurements. Device EPT-65 was used
for sea water temperature and salinity measurements. Coordinates were
determined using a GPS navigational system (RAYSTAR-900). Section
DOC\\SERIAL presented on the accompanying CD-ROM illustrates detailed
technology for measurements and calibrating curves.

**4.4. Lists of Plankton Species**

For this atlas, a table was created which contains the taxonomic names
of 527 species of phyto-plankton, including the synonymy according to
the requirements of the modern botanical nomencla-ture. All
phytoplankton were separated into 8 taxonomical groups (Bacillariophyta,
Chlorophycota, Chrysophyta, Cryptophycophyta, Pyrrophycophyta,
Euglenophycota, Haptophyta, Prasinophyta). For each entry, a weight is
provided, computed by the method of geometrical similarity of figures
(Koltsova, 1970; Kozhova *et al.*, 1978; Plinski *et al.,* 1984).
Ecological and phytogeographical characteristics of species are also
presented (PG = phytogeographic characteristics; A = arctoboreal
species; B = boreal species, C = cosmopolitan species; EG = ecological
characteristics; O = oceanic forms; N = neritic forms; P = panthalassic
forms; M = microphyto-benthos; F = freshwater forms). Taxons are
provided with the ITIS and NODC Taxonomic Code. The example of a
phytoplankton species table is given in the Appendix B1. The total list
of phytoplankton species is on the СD-ROM, file
DATA\\TAXA\\TAXPHYTO.XLS.

The zooplankton list (Appendix B2) for the Barents and Kara Seas
includes approximately 282 taxanomic names. The table is of the
following structure: zooplankton are split into groups characterized by
taxonomic relationships. A large group of unicellular zooplankton is
separated. Whereas multicellular zooplankton are presented by both
holoplankton (Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Rotatoria, Crustacea,
Gastropoda, Chaetognatha, Appendicularia) and meroplankton (pelagic
larvae of benthic animals).

The example of a zooplankton species table is given in Appendix B2. The
total zooplankton species table is on the СD-ROM in the file
DATA\\TAXA\\TAX_ZOO.XLS.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**5. QUALITY CONTROL OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL DATA**

**5.1. Physical and hydrochemical data**

Quality control of physical, hydrochemical, and meteorological data was
conducted using the method described by Conkright, *et al*. (1998),
Matishov *et al*., 1998.

In order to process data for the period 1952-1959 it was necessary to
combine the biological and physical data. The primary information was
presented in the form of two arrays, each with a different data
structure. The first array consisted of physical data grouped by
cruises. The name of the research vessel and geographic coordinates for
each station were present for each cruise. The second array consisted of
weight characteristics for the phytoplankton samples. The number of the
station and sample location was specified for each sample. Both arrays
were then merged, based on table defining relationships between the
station numbers and coordinates of stations.

**5.2. Biological data**

One of the necessary quality control stages in processing
hydrobiological data consists of checking a parameter value against
permissible ranges. Reference materials are available presenting the
range of measurements of oceanographic characteristics for different
Barents Sea regions (Matishov *et al*., 1998). We are not aware of
papers presenting the information on permissible range of plankton data
for different regions of the Barents Sea. The present section considers
some generalities of the plankton population development and generates
quality control criteria for biological data.

**Phytoplankton**

The papers of Druzhkov and Makarevich (1991), Druzhkov et al. (1997),
Roukhiyainen (1967), Ryzhov (1985), Druzhkov and Makarevich (1999)
discuss the generalized scheme for phytoplankton commu-nity functioning
(succession scheme) in the southern of the Barents Sea. The structure of
succession systems of the other Barents Sea regions in general is
similar to the structure considered in the following section. The
difference consists in timing of the phytoplankton bloom and its
duration.

[Spring. Middle of March-Beginning of June]{.underline}

In the spring, phytoplankton activity is characterized by the appearance
of early spring diatoms forms in the coastal pelagic zone in the second
half of May. *Thalassiosira hyalina* (Grun.) Gran*, T. cf.gravida* Cl.,
*Navicula pelagica* Cl., *N. septentrionalis* (Grun.) Gran, *Nitzschia
grunowii* Hasle, *Amphora hyperborea* (Grun.) are the main constituents
in the content of the early spring diatoms complex that replicates each
year. At this time, cell numbers are low and can vary, depending on
species composition, from tens to several hundred cells per liter. The
biomass of phytoplankton reaches a maximum in the second part of April.
The peak of biomass itself is a short-term phenomenon, and the biomass
maximum is present only for several days. During the еarly blooming
season, phytoplankton abundance can vary between several hundred
thousands to 2 million cells/liter (from unpublished data of M.
Roukhiyainen it can vary up to 12 million cells/liter), and biomass can
vary between 1 and 3 mg/liter. During this period, the concentration of
highest biomass is observed within the 0-10m layer. *Thalassiosira
cf.gravida* Cl., *T. nordenskioeldii* Cl., *Chaetoceros socialis* Laud.,
*C. furcellatus* Bail., *Navicula vanhoeffenii* Gran. are species
forming the first peak of the Barents Sea phytoplankton bloom. During
some years, this period is characterized by an intensive development of
*Phaeocystis pouchetii* (Hariot) Lagerh., which can attain great values
in its abundance and biomass, and participate actively in the formation
of the spring maximum (the documented peak abundance and biomass were 8
million cells/liter and 1.7 mg/liter, respectively; Druzhkov and
Makarevich, 1989).

[Summer. End of June--End of August]{.underline}

The significant changes in the phytoplankton community occurred during
the summer season. The number of diatoms sharply decrease. At the same
time a sporadic increase of dinoflagellates is observed though their
presence in the pelagic zone. Pronounced replacement of the Arctic
boreal forms by cosmopolitan ones, and neritic forms by panthalassic and
oceanic ones, are observed. During this season, the dominant group is
basically comprised of the diatoms *Skeletonema costatum* (Grev.) Cl.,
*Leptocylindrus danicus* Cl., *L. minimus* Gran, *Chaetoceros decipiens*
Cl., *C.* *laciniosus* Schutt, and dinoflagellates of the genus
*Protoperidinium*. The maximum abundance of the pelagic algae cells does
not exceed 20,000 per liter.

[Fall. Middle of September-End of November]{.underline}

The maximum microalgae cell concentration is in the 0-25 m depth layer.
The dominant components of the microalgae community are: diatoms of the
genus *Chaetoceros* and dinoflagellates of the genus

*Ceratium, Dinophysis, Protoperidinium*. During this period, cell
abundance usually does not exceed 2,000 per liter. By early December,
the abundance of cells is less than 1,000 per liter, and biomass is less
than 5 μkg/liter. In the pelagic zone dinoflagellates are dominant, and
nanoplanktonic flagellates remain as the only active group of
phytosynthesyzing organisms.

[Winter. Beginning of November-End of March]{.underline}

Throughout the entire winter, the phytoplanktonic community is a resting
stage, *i.e.* its vital functions are almost inactive. In the pelagic
zone, phytoplankton are represented by large dinoflagellates of
cosmopolitan and Arctic boreal origin. *Ceratium longipes* (Bail.)
Gran*, C. tripos* (O.Müll.) *Nizsch, Dinophysis norvegica* Clap. Et.
Lachm*., Protoperidinium depressum* (Bail.,) Balech comprise the basis
of the dominant component.

Table 2 presents characteristics of the phytoplankton annual development
cyclea. This table determines the range of values for the dominant
phytoplankton species for the southern Barents Sea.

Table 2. Characteristics of the phytoplankton annual development cycle
of the Barents Sea

Region: 74^o^N - Kola Peninsula

+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| **Time         | **Depth | **E       | **Dominant taxa** | **Total  |
| period**       | of the  | cological |                   | count**  |
|                | habitat | st        |                   |          |
|                | (m)**   | ructure** |                   | *        |
|                |         |           |                   | *(cells/ |
|                |         |           |                   | liter)** |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| **Spring**     |         |           |                   |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| Middle of      | 0-70    | N \>      | *Phaeocystis      | 100,000  |
| March          |         | O+P+M+F   | pouchetii*        |          |
|                |         |           |                   | \-       |
| \-             |         | A \> B+C  | *Thalassiosira    |          |
|                |         |           | gravida*          | 12       |
| Beginning of   |         |           |                   | millions |
| June           |         |           | *T.               |          |
|                |         |           | nordenskioeldii*  |          |
|                |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Nitzschia        |          |
|                |         |           | grunowii*         |          |
|                |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Chaetoceros      |          |
|                |         |           | socialis*         |          |
|                |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Navicula*        |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| **Summer**     |         |           |                   |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| End of June    | 0-50    | C ≥ A+B   | *Leptocylindrus   | \        |
|                |         |           | danicus*          | >100,000 |
| --             |         | N ≥ P+O   |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *L. minimus*      |          |
| End of August  |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Chaetoceros      |          |
|                |         |           | decipiens*        |          |
|                |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *C. laciniosus*   |          |
|                |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Protoperidinium* |          |
|                |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Skeletonema      |          |
|                |         |           | costatum*         |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| **Fall**       |         |           |                   |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| Middle of      | 0-25    | C \> A; C | *Chaetoceros*     | \> 2,000 |
| September      |         | \> B      |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Ceratium*        |          |
| \- End of      |         | O ≥ P; O  |                   |          |
| November       |         | ≥ N       | *Dinophysis*      |          |
|                |         |           |                   |          |
|                |         |           | *Protoperidinium* |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| **Winter**     |         |           |                   |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+
| Beginning of   | 0-      | O \> N    | *Ceratium*        | 10 - 500 |
| November       | -bottom |           |                   |          |
|                |         | O \> P;   | *                 |          |
| \- End of      |         | C+A \> B  | Protoperidinium.* |          |
| March          |         |           |                   |          |
+----------------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------+

**Zooplankton**

The availability of 9,000 zooplankton samples in the database makes it
possible to consider the relationship between abundance and number of
species in m^3^.

Figure 5 presents a graph illustrating the relationship between
zooplankton species number in m^3^ and abundance in m^3^ for the Barents
Sea and the Kara Sea (holoplankton only). The obtained dependence is in
good agreement with the theoretical curves widely used in ecology
(Magurran, 1988).

![](media/image45.wmf){width="6.373611111111111in"
height="2.6881944444444446in"}

Fig. 5. Zooplankton of the Barents and Kara Seas: abundance *vs*. number
of species

The graph given in the figure can be tabulated for simplification of the
algorithmic procedure for data quality control.

  ----------------------- ------- --------- --------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------
  **Number of species     **1**   **2-3**   **4-5**   **6-10**   **11-15**   **16-20**   **\>20**
  (#/m3)**                                                                               

  Minimum abundance       0.1     1         3         10         12          14          \>15
  (ind/m3)                                                                               

  Average abundance       1-75    76-200    201-260   261-350    351-400     401-450     \>450
  (ind/m3)                                                                               

  Maximum abundance       150     350       1500      2500       2550        2600        \>2600
  (ind/m3)                                                                               
  ----------------------- ------- --------- --------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**6. DATA VISUALIZATION**

**6.1. Physical Characteristics**

The processes of ice melting, water mass vertical structure, and thermal
characteristics of the marine environment determine the dynamics of the
Kara Sea and the Barents Sea plankton development. The present chapter
provides the information on ice edge climatology, water vertical
structure and temperature and salinity fields.

[Ice]{.underline}

The CD-ROM contains maps (WWW\\MAP\\ICE) characterizing the mean ice
edge position for the middle of each month (Eastern-Western Arctic Sea
Ice Climatology, 1984).

[Temperature and Salinity]{.underline}

The objective data analysis procedure used for this work generally
corresponds to the scheme suggested by Barnes (1973) and the methods for
calculating the data spatial distribution and map plotting used by
Levitus, Boyer (1994). Additions to the algorithm have been made to
account for the anisotropic structure of oceanographic fields in the
Barents and Kara Seas

For the calculation of temperature distribution fields at the surface of
the Barents and Kara Seas, in the summer a correlation radius of 250 km
is used and in the winter this radius was reduced to 180 km. At a depth
of 100 m the radius is 35-40% less than at the surface. The values of
temperature and salinity are calculated for the grid of 20 x 20 km for
three time intervals: 1920-1940, 1950-1960, and 1980-1990. The choice of
these periods is determined by the availability of plankton data, water
temperature, and salinity data for these years. For each time interval
the following maps were constructed:

> Barents Sea -- temperature and salinity, surface and depth 100 m,
> winter and summer;
>
> Kara Sea -- temperature and salinity, surface and depth 100 m, summer.
>
> Winter = {January, February, March, April}. Summer = {July, August,
> September}.

These maps are attached in the Appendix D and displayed on CD-ROM in
HTML format

The oceanographic data used for mapping of temperature and salinity were
obtained from the database of the WDC Silver Spring, and MMBI.

[Vertical Structure of the Barents Sea]{.underline}

A great number of papers are concerned with the problems of the vertical
structure of the Barents Sea. It is established that, in winter, the
water temperature \[**T**(^o^C)\] and density (**σ** (kg/m^3^)) vary
insignificantly with depth. In summer, in the layer of 30-80 m, sharp
**T** and **σ** gradients are observed as a result of the temperature
rise in the surface water layer. The availability of temperature and
salinity monthly climatic fields for the Barents Sea (Matishov *et al*.,
1998) makes it possible to document the annual cycle of **T** and **σ**
variations in the vertical plane. The algorithm of computation of the
vertical gradients **T** and **σ** is comprised of several stages. a)
The climatic density fields were calculated for January, February, ...,
December, based on the monthly climatic temperature and salin-ity fields
on a 10' x 30' grid. b) The fields characterizing the difference in the
values of temperature (**ΔТ**) and density (**Δσ**) at the horizons of 0
and 100 meters were calculated for each month:

**ΔТ = Т**~0м~ **- Т**~100м~; **Δσ = σ**~0м~ **- σ**~100м~.

c\) The method of the objective analysis was used for mapping the
**ΔТ**, and **Δσ** values.

Using the HTML information system, the CD-ROM presents graphs and maps
characterizing the annual cycle of variation of **ΔТ** and **Δσ**
values. The obtained results distinguish two time periods with the
stable temperature and density structures: the winter and summer
regimes. The duration of the winter regime is from January till April.
During this period the values of **ΔТ** and **Δσ** reach an annual
minimum. The duration of the summer regime is from July untill
September. During this period, the values of **ΔТ** and **Δσ** reach an
annual maximum.

**6.2. Biological Characteristics**

The distribution fields (maps) of abundance, biomass, and number of
plankton species are used to describe the state of the planktonic
communities. Coefficients of biodiversity, calculated based up on the
above mentioned characteristics, are used in hydrobiological studies.
These coefficients characterize the level of diversity in the plankton
community. The rise in the biodiversity level is induced by additional
energy in the ecosystem (Legendre, Demers, 1985), the source of which is

determined by the regional features of the investigated ocean region.
For example, in the Kara Sea it can be the flux of the Atlantic waters
coming from north or the discharge of the Ob or Yenisey rivers. In the
Barents Sea it can also be the flux of Atlantic waters coming from the
Norwegian Sea or an influx of fresh water resulting from ice melting
(Timofeev 1988). Thus, the fields of distribution of the plankton
characteristics can be used not only as an indicator of the state of the
plankton community, but also as a tool of study for water masses of the
Barents and Kara Seas.

The Glisson coefficient is used as biodiversity coefficient (**K~gl~**):

**K~gl~=(N~t~-1)/log(N~i~)**

in which: **N~i~** - number of individuals,

**N~t~** - number of species in the sample.

The CD-ROM database contains information on zooplankton collected from
the vessel *Nerpa* in 1936 and from the R/V *Dalnie Zelentsy* in 1981.
In 1981, zooplankton abundance was determined in ind./m^3^. For
comparison of the data obtained during these cruises, we use the same
units as zooplankton abundance of 1936 using the following scales
(Drobysheva *et al*., 1986):

> Rare = 1-10 ind./m^3^
>
> Common = 11-100 ind./m^3^
>
> Abundant = 101-1,000 ind./m^3^
>
> Very abundant \> 1,000 ind./m^3^

Appendixes E and F present fields of distributions of plankton
characteristics in the vertical and horizontal planes. Appendix E4
demonstrates graphs of winter variation of phytoplankton
characteristics, along the route of nuclear icebreakers from the Barents
Sea to the Kara Sea and on their way homeward. These graphs exhibit the
phytoplankton state in regions previously inaccessible for
hydrobiological studies during winter. This graphic material is also
presented on the CD-ROM using the HTML information system.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**7. CHANGES OF THE PLANKTON COMMUNITY**

This Section is targeted at illustrating the database\'s capability to
document changes in the plankton communities of the Barents and Kara
Seas. Two data groups have been selected: (i) data collected during the
period of sharp Arctic warming of 1920-1930 (Fu *et al*., 1999); (ii)
data collected since 1950, during the period of more severe climatic
conditions (Fu *et al*., 1999). All figures from this chapter have been
listed in Appendix G.

**Phytoplankton. Barents Sea. Section *Kola Meridian*: 1921 *vs.*
1997.**

**[Data]{.underline}**: a) cruise of R/V *Sokolitsa*, May 1921, 5
stations, 16 samples along the section *Kola Meridian*; b) cruise of R/V
*Pomor*, May 1997, 7 stations, 35 samples along the section *Kola
Meridian*.

**[Characteristics]{.underline}**: Phytoplankton abundance, biodiversity
coefficient (the Glisson coefficient), percent of Arctic and oceanic
species. The graphs (figures G1, G5) display substantial difference in
the phytoplankton structure between 1921 and 1997

**[Conclusion]{.underline}**: Each of the analyzed characteristics
shows, that the conditions for phytoplankton development were more
favorable in May 1921 than in May 1997.

**Phytoplankton. Barents Sea: 1921-1957-1985-1997**

**[Data]{.underline}:** Data collected during April-May of 1921, 1957,
1985 and 1997 within the region with a 15 mile radius and a central
point with coordinates 71^o^N 33^o^30\'E. 37 samples from 8 stations
were collected.

**[Characteristics]{.underline}**: April-May mean values of biodiversity
coefficient (the Glisson coefficient) and phytoplankton cells abundance
are calculated under m^2^ for the years 1921, 1957, 1985, and 1997 (Fig.
G2). This figure shows that values were greater in 1921 than in the
years 1957, 1985, and 1997.

**[Conclusion]{.underline}**: Conditions for phytoplankton growth in
April-May of 1921 were more favorable than in similar periods of 1957,
1985 and 1997.

**Zooplankton. Kara Sea: 1936 *vs.* 1981**

**[Data]{.underline}**: a) cruise of the R/V *Nerpa*, August 1936, 38
stations, 143 samples in the Kara Sea; b) cruise of the R/V *Dalnie
Zelentsy*, August 1981, 24 stations, 109 samples in the Kara Sea.

**[Characteristics]{.underline}**: Relative occurrence (the number of
species in percent from the total amount) of zooplankton species as
indicators of the Arctic waters has been calculated (Figure G3). It is
substantially higher in 1981 than in 1936.

**[Conclusion]{.underline}**: The climatic conditions in the Kara Sea
were more severe in 1981 than in 1936.

**Zooplankton. Southern Barents Sea: 1952-1959**

**[Data]{.underline}**: Data of 84 cruises carried out during the period
1952-1959 (1630 stations, 7137 samples).

**[Characteristics]{.underline}**: The graphs characterizing variation
of biomass, abundance, biodiversity index (the Glisson coefficient), and
temperature anomaly during the period 1952-1959 (Figure G6) are plotted.
The tendency toward decrease in the values of 1952-1959 parameters is
demonstrated.

**[Conclusion]{.underline}**: The period from 1953-1955 had more
favorable conditions for zooplankton development in comparison to the
period from 1956-1958. One of the possible explanations for this
phenomenon comes from the observed positive temperature anomalies in the
period from 1953-1955 (Figure G4).

**Conclusion**

The listed examples have demonstrated that more favorable conditions for
plankton development in the investigated Arctic region existed in the
period during 1920-1930 than during 1960-1980. This conclusion complies
with existing observations of Arctic warming during the period 1920-1930
(Fu *et al*., 1999).

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**8. CD-ROM CONTENT**

The accompanying CD-ROM contains original data, auxiliary tables,
figures and text of the Atlas in MS doc and HTML formats. The HTML
version of the Atlas consists of the following sections:

[Documentation.]{.underline} This Section contains the text of *The
Biological Atlas of the Arctic seas-2000: The Barents Sea and the Kara
Sea Plankton* in Russian and English.

[History.]{.underline} The list of publications of the Barents Sea
phytoplankton and zooplanktion is presented. The maps specifying
locations of benthos stations carried out in the Barents Sea are
attached.

[Plankton taxa.]{.underline} Phytoplankton and zooplankton species of
the Arctic seas are listed in alphabetical order. The geographic and
ecological characteristics are given for each species. Search capability
by taxonomic group is provided.

[Photo Gallery.]{.underline} Includes photographs and drawings of 50
dominant phytoplankton species of the Arctic Seas and photographs of
plankton sampling during the expedition of MMBI on the nuclear
icebreaker *Soviet Union* in the Barents and Kara Seas. March-April,
1998

[Database.]{.underline} Data distribution maps are exhibited. The
technique for review of the data obtained during each cruise is
provided. Section DATA\\PRIMARY presented on the CD-ROM displays the
data of 158 cruises for the period 1913-1999.

[Marine environment.]{.underline} This section incorporates maps and
graphs describing the distribution of various characteristics of the
plankton, and maps of the temperature and salinity, monthly mean ice
edge positions, and vertical structure of the Barents Sea water.

[Plankton community changes.]{.underline} Comparisons between the
structure of the plankton in the 1930\'s, 1950\'s, and 1990\'s are
presented. Observed changes are related to the variability of the Arctic
climate.

[Authors.]{.underline} Names of the authors, their addresses,
telephones, and e-mail addresses are listed.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK**

The zoobenthos example showed that the suggested data description format
can be used for the formalization of a wide variety hydrobiological
parameters.

The comparison results have demonstrated that the 1920's and the 1930's
were more favorable for plankton development compared with the period
1950-1990.

The data collected in the Kola Peninsula region in the period 1952-1959
demonstrated that intra-year variation in zooplankton characteristics is
in phase with the temperature anomaly fluctuations.

The database development and documentation of fluctuations in
hydrobiological characteristics of the Arctic seas are of priority for
our future work. We plan to develop the database through improvement of
the quality control procedures for hydrobiological characteristics and
detailed descriptions of the methods and gears.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**11. APPENDIXES**

> A. History of hydrobiological studies: lists of publications
>
> B. Lists of plankton taxa
>
> C. Database
>
> D. Temperature and salinity
>
> E. Phytoplankton
>
> F. Zooplankton
>
> G. Documentation of changes of the plankton community

**Appendix A. History of hydrobiological studies: lists of
publications**

**Appendix A1. Phytoplankton**

Barashkov, G.K., 1962: Chemistry of some marine plankton diatoms.
Proceedings of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute AN SSSR, vol.
4(8), 27-46.

Bobrov, Yu.A., 1985: Primary production. In: "Life and its existence in
the Barents Sea pelagic zone". Apatity, Kola Scientific Center AN SSSR,
110-126.

Bobrov, Yu.A., V.M. Savinov, P.R. Makarevich, 1989: Chlorophyll and
primary production. In: "Ecology and bioresources of the Kara Sea".
Apatity, Kola Scientific Center AN SSSR, 45-50.

Deryugin, K.M, 1915: Fauna of the Kola Bay and conditions for its
existence. Zapiski Imperatorskoy Akademii Nauk. Fiziko-matematicheskoe
otdelenie, Seria 8, vol. 34, 929pp.

Druzhkov, N.V., L.L. Kuznetsov, O.N. Baytaz, E.I. Druzhkova, 1997:
Seasonal cyclic processes in North Europe nearshore pelagic ecosystems
(Based on example of Central Murman, the Barents Sea). In: "Plankton of
western Arctic seas"*.* Apatity, Kola Scientific Center RAN, 145-178.

Druzhkov, N.V, P.R. Makarevich, 1989: Characteristics of spatial
distribution of pelagic algae in the East Murman waters (the Barents
Sea) in spring. In: "Basics on formation of bioproductivity and ecology
of the Northern Seas". Apatity, Kola Scientific Center AN SSSR, 35-52.

Druzhkov, N.V., P.R. Makarevich, 1991: Seasonal microphytoplankton
succession in the East Murman coastal zone. In: "Production and
decomposition in the Barents Sea pelagic zone". Apatity, Kola Scientific
Center AN SSSR, 43-54.

Druzhkov, N.V., P.R. Makarevich, 1996: Spatial and temporal arrangement
of phytocenosis in open shelf waters of the West Arctic. In: "Ecosystems
of the pelagic zone in the West Arctic seas". Apatity, Kola Scientific
Center RAN, 37-73.

Druzhkov, N.V., P.R. Makarevich, 1999: Comparison of the phytoplankton
assemblages of the southeastern Barents Sea and southwestern Kara Sea:
Phytogeographical status of the regions. *Botanica Marina*, 42, 103-115.

Druzhkov, N.V., P.R. Makarevich, V.V. Larionov, Yu.A. Bobrov, 1990:
Phytocenosis development in the East Murman nearshore waters:
January-August 1987. In: "Structural and functional arrangement of the
Barents Sea ecosystems". Apatity, Kola Scientific Center AN SSSR, 53-69.

Kamshylov, M.M., 1950: Characteristics of the distribution of the diatom
*Rhizosolenia habetata f. semispina* in plankton. Doklady AN SSSR,
75(5), 747-748.

Kashkin, N.N., 1963: Data on ecology on *Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot)*
Lagerheim, 1893 (Chrysophyceae).II Area and specification of
biogeographic characteristics. *Oceanology*, 3(4), 697-705.

Kashkin, N.N., 1964: Data on the ecology of *Phaeocystic pouchetii
(Hariot)* Lagerheim, 1893 (Chrysophyceae) in outlying seas of the North
Atlantic. Proceedings of the Murmansk marine biological instotute AN
SSSR, vol. 5(9), 16-37.

Kiselev, I.A., 1928: On the distribution and composition of
phytoplankton in the Barents Sea. Trudy Instituta po izucheniyu severa,
vol. 37, 28-42.

Kuznetsov, L.L., P.R. Makarevich, M.V. Makarov, 1994: Structural and
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ecosystems of the Franz Josef Land (Archipelago and shelf)". Apatity,
Kola Scientific Center RAN, 89-94.

Larionov, V.V., 1992: Spatial structure of the plankton community in the
open sea. In: "The Barents Sea phytoplankton". Apatity, Kola Scientific
Center RAN, 64-73.

Larionov, V.V., 1993: Spatial distribution of successional variation of
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(Hydrobiology). Moscow, 32 pp.

Larionov, V.V., 1995: The Barents Sea coastal zone phytoplankton. In:
"Environment and ecosystems of the Novaya Zemlya (Archipelago and
shelf)". Apatity, Kola Scientific Center RAN, 52-59.

Larionov, V.V., 1997: General regularities of temporal and spatial
variability of the Barents Sea phyto-plankton. In: "Plankton of the West
Atlantic Seas". Apatity, Kola Scientific Center RAN, 65-127.

Linko, A.K., 1907: The investigations of the biology and composition of
the Barents Sea plankton. St. Petersburg, 247 pp.

Makarevich, P.R, 1993: Bioindication of anthropogenic pollution in the
Kara Sea coastal zone. In: "Arctic seas: Bioindication of environmental
state, biotesting, and technology for pollution decomposition". Apatity,
Kola Scientific Center RAN, 66-72.

Makarevich, P.R., 1994: Phytoplankton of the Kara Sea coastal zone.
Ph.D. Thesis (Hydrobiology). Moscow, 23 pp.

Makarevich, P.R., 1995: Phytoplankton of the Kara Sea coastal zone. In:
"Environments and ecosystems of the Novaya Zemlya (Archipelago and
shelf)". Apatity, Kola Scientific Center RAN, 46-52.

Makarevich, P.R., 1996: Phytoplankton communities. In: "Ecosystems,
bioresources, and anthropogenic pollution of the Pechora Sea". Apatity,
Kola Scientific Center RAN, 50-54.

Makarevich, P.R., 1997: Microphytoplankton community. In: "The Kola Bay:
Oceanography, ecosystems, pollutants. Apatity, Kola Scientific Center
RAN, 81-95.

Makarevich, P.R., Druzhkov N.V., 1994: Comparative characteristics of
microalgae of the southwest Kara Sea and southeast Barents Sea.
*Algology*, 4(1), 77-88.

Makarevich, P.R., N.V. Druzhkov, Yu.A. Bobrov, 1991: Phytoplankton of
the Barents Sea and the White Sea water mass transformation zone. In: "
Investigations on phytoplankton in the monitoring system of the Baltic
Sea and other seas of the USSR". Moscow, Gidrometeoizdat, 127-134.

Makarevich, P.R., V.V. Larionov, 1992: Taxonomic composition of
phytoplankton and history of the phytoplankton studies in the Barents
Sea. -- In: "Phytoplankton of the Barents Sea". Apatity, Kola Scientific
Center RAN, 17-51.

Manteifel, B.P., 1938: Brief characteristics of basic regularities in
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Mosentsova, T.N., 1939: Seasonal variability of the Barents Sea
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Palibin, I.V, 1903-06: Botanic cruise results of R/V ERMAK in the Arctic
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Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1956: Some regularities in spring development of the
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Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1960: Phytoplankon development characteristics in
May-June 1958 in the South Barents Sea. Proceedings of the Murmansk
Marine Biological Institute AS USSR, vol. 2(6), 59-67.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1961a: Plankton primary production in one of the
Barents Sea fjords. Doklady AN SSSR, 141(1), 205-207.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1961b: Characteristics of phytoplankton spring
development in 1955-1957. In: "Hydrological and biological
characteristics in Murman coastal waters". Murm., Knizhnoe izd., 98-108.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1962a: On the biology of *Phaeocystis pouchetii
(Hariot) Lagerheim*. Proceedings of the Murmansk Marine Biological
Institute AS USSR, vol. 4(8), 19-26.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1962b: Seasonal character of phytoplankton
development in the East Murman coastal zone. Proceedings of the Murmansk
Marine Biological Institute AN SSSR, vol. 4(8), 11-18.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1964: On primary production of phytoplankton in the
East Murman fjords. Doklady AN SSSR, 159(6), 1405-1407.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1965: Data on biology of phytoplankton dominant
species in the southern Barents Sea. *Botanichesky Zhurnal*, 50(7),
943-953.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1966a: Composition of the Barents Sea phytoplankton.
In: "Composition and distribution of plankton and benthos in the
southern Barents Sea". Moscow-Leningrad, Nauka, 3-23.

Roukhiyainen, M.I., 1966b: Vertical distribution of phytoplankton in the
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in the southern Barents Sea". Moscow-Leningrad, Nauka, 24-33.

Roukhiaynen, M.I., 1967: Phytoplankton development in the southern part
of the Barents Sea. In: "The biological oceanography questions". Kiev,
izd. Naukova dumka, 84-94.

Ryzhov, V.M., 1976: Quantitative characteristics of the Barents Sea
phytoplankton. In: "Economic effectiveness of scientific and technical
processes in the fishery of the USSR". Part 1. Moscow, 131-132.

Ryzhov, V.M., 1985: Phytoplankton. In: " Life and its existence in the
Barents Sea pelagic zone". Apatity, Kola Scientific Center AN SSSR,
100-105.

Ryzhov, V.M., 1986: Development of primary production in the main
Barents Sea waters. Trudy PINRO, 65-84.

Ryzhov, V.M., N.G. Syuzeva, 1974: Phytoplankton of the northwestern
Barents Sea. In: "Hydrobiology and biogeography of polar and temperate
regions of the World Ocean shelf". Len., Nauka, 102-103.

Ryzhov, V.M, A.A. Shavikin, V.D. Boytsov, 1987: Characteristics of
phytoplankton development in the waters of various origins in the
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Solovieva, A.A., 1975: Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton abundance and
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**Appendix A2.1. Zooplankton**

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[Zooplankton: review of publications by regions]{.underline}

![](media/image46.wmf){width="3.6166666666666667in"
height="2.558333333333333in"}

Region 1. The western Barents Sea

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overvie**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------ -------------------
  1903-1904    List of species, seasonal dynamics of      Linko, 1907
               species content                            

  1921         List and biogeographic characteristics of  Virketis, 1928
               the dominant species                       

  1926-1931    Biomass, production                        Jaschnov, 1940

  1929-1930    Biomass, production, abundance of the      Jaschnov, 1939b
               dominant species                           

  1930         Chemical composition of *Calanus           Vinogradov, 1938
               finmarchicus*                              

  1930         Populational structure of *Calanus         Jaschnov, 1939a
               finmarchicus*                              

  1930         Size and age structure of populations of   Bogorov, 1940b
               Chaetognatha and Euphausiacea              

  1930         Size and age structure of hyperiid         Bogorov, 1940c
               population                                 

  1931-1939    Biomass, seasonal development, vertical    Manteifel, 1941
               distribution                               

  1933-1938    Ecology of euphausiids, hyperiids, and     Boldovsky, 1941
               chaetognaths                               

  1934-1935    Seasonal development of zooplankton        Manteifel, 1938

  1934-1970    Biomass                                    Antipova *et al*.,
                                                          1974

  1937         Seasonal development of zooplankton        Mosentsova, 1939

  1957-1959    Occurrence and morphology of polychaete    Mileikovsky, 1960а
               larvae (Polychaeta)                        

  1957-1960    Morphology of polychaete larvae            Mileikovsky, 1967
               (Polychaeta)                               

  1958         Distribution, abundance, morphology of     Mileikovsky, 1959
               polychaete larvae                          

  1958-1959    Distribution of mollusc larvae             Mileikovsky, 1960b
               (Gastropoda)                               

  1958-1959    Occurrence of polychaete (Poluchaeta) in   Mileikovsky, 1961а
               plankton                                   

  1958-1959    Biomass, structure of *Calanus             Degtereva, 1960
               finmarchicus* polulation                   

  1958-1960    Occurrence of pelagic polychaetes          Mileikovsky, 1962а
               (Polychaeta)                               

  1958-1960    Occurrence of starfish larvae              Mileikovsky, 1968
               (Echinodermata)                            

  1958-1962    Occurrence, morphology of brittle star     Semenova *et al*.,
               larvae (Echinodermata)                     1964

  1959         Occurrence of polychaete larvae            Mileikovsky, 1961b
               (Polychaeta)                               

  1959         Biomass, structure of *Calanus             Mileikovsky, 1962b
               finmarchicus* population                   

  1959-1961    Biomass, structure of *Calanus             Degtereva, 1964
               finmarchicus* population                   

  1959-1969    Biomass, abundance of *Calanus             Degtereva, 1973
               finmarchicus*                              

  1959-1977    Biomass, abundance of the dominant species Degtereva, 1979

  1959-1983    Biomass, abundance of the dominant species Degtereva,
                                                          Nestareova, 1985

  1959-1990    Biomass                                    Nesterova, 1990

  1962-1963    Biomass, structure of *Calanus             Degtereva, 1971
               finmarchicus* population                   

  1965-1968    Biomass, structure of *Calanus             Degtereva, 1972
               finmarchicus* population                   

  1970         Biomass, abundance of dominant species,    Nesterova, 1974
               structure of *Calanus* population          

  1972         Abundance, vertical distribution of        Kashkin, 1976
               macroplankton                              

  1980-1988    Abundance of hyperiids (*Themisto sp*.)    Drobysheva,
                                                          Nesterova, 1992

  1982         Seasonal dynamics of biomass               Timofeev, 1989b

               Morphology, distribution of gastropod      Mileikovsky, 1960c
               mollusc larvae                             
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Region 2. The coastal zone of the Kola Peninsula

+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| **Pe   | **Brief overviw**                         | **Source**      |
| riod** |                                           |                 |
+========+===========================================+=================+
| 189    | Kola Bay: list of species, seasonal       | Deryugin, 1915  |
| 9-1909 | dynamics of species content               |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 190    | List of species, seasonal dynamics of     | Linko, 1907     |
| 3-1904 | species content                           |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 192    | List of species of zooplankton in the     | Virketis, 1931  |
| 0-1930 | Motovsky Bay                              |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 193    | Chemical composition of *Calanus          | Vinogradov,     |
| 0-1931 | finmarchicus*                             | 1938            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1932   | Seasonal biomass dynamics of zooplankton  | Manteifel, 1941 |
|        | in the Motovsky Bay                       |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 194    | Seasonal dynamics of populational         | Kamshylov,      |
| 9-1951 | structure of *Pseudocalanus elongates*    | 1961а           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 194    | Seasonal dynamics of populational         | Kamshylov, 1955 |
| 9-1951 | structure of *Calanus finmarchicus*       |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 194    | Distribution and dynamics of barnacle     | Kamshylov,      |
| 9-1952 | larvae abundance                          | 1958b           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Seasonal dynamics of populational         | Kamshylov, 1952 |
| 0-1951 | structure of *Calanus finmarchicus*       |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1951   | Body length and weight of *Calanus        | Kamshylov, 1951 |
|        | finmarchicus*                             |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Seasonal biomass dynamics including       | Kamshylov *et   |
| 2-1956 | *Calanus*                                 | al*., 1958      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Abundance, distribution, feeding, growth  | Kamshylov,      |
| 2-1956 | of ctenophore (Ctenophora)                | 1961b           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1950-s | Distribution and dynamics of barnacle     | Rzhepishevsky,  |
|        | larvae abundance                          | 1958a           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Seasonal dynamics of abundance of         | Golovkin,       |
| 3-1959 | *Calanus finmarchicus*                    | Zelikman, 1965  |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Abundance of jelly-fish                   | Zelikman, 1970  |
| 3-1959 |                                           |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | List of species, reference table and      | Petrovskaya,    |
| 4-1955 | seasonal dynamics of polychaeta larvae    | 1960            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | List of species, seasonal dynamics of     | Lobanov *et     |
| 4-1957 | taxonomic composition of zooplankton in   | al*., 1983;     |
|        | the Motovsky Bay                          | Mikhailovsky,   |
|        |                                           | 1986,1988       |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Seasonal biomass dynamics                 | Timofeev, 1997b |
| 4-1959 |                                           |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Populational structure of *Calanus*       | Nesmelova, 1966 |
| 5-1959 |                                           |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Biomass distribution, seasonal biomass    | Zelikman,       |
| 6-1959 | dynamics including *Calanus*, intra-year  | Kamshylov,      |
|        | biomass variability                       |                 |
|        |                                           | 1960            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1956   | Distribution and abundance of             | Zelikman, 1961c |
|        | *Pseudocalanus elongatus*                 |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Occurrence of polychaete (Polychaeta) in  | Mileikovsky,    |
| 8-1959 | plankton                                  | 1961а           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 195    | Occurrence of starfish (Echinodermata)    | Mileikovsky,    |
| 8-1960 | larvae                                    | 1968            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1964   | Biomass seasonal dynamics including       | Nesmelova, 1968 |
|        | *Calanus finmarchicus*                    |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1972   | List of species, abundance and vertical   | Tupitsky, 1976  |
|        | distribution in the layer of 0-45 cm      |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1976   | Abundance, vertical distribution of the   | Fomin, 1977     |
|        | dominant species in spring and winter     |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | List of species, seasonal dynamics of     | Fomin, 1978     |
| 6-1977 | biomass and abundance of the dominant     |                 |
|        | species                                   |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | Body length and weight of *Calanus        | Fomin, 1982     |
| 6-1977 | finmarchicus*                             |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | Biological seasons, seasonal vertical     | Fomin, 1985     |
| 6-1977 | migrations of *Calanus*                   |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | Seasonal dynamics of species content      | Fomin, 1989а    |
| 6-1977 |                                           |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | Seasonal dynamics of abundance of         | Fomin, 1991     |
| 6-1984 | dominant species including *Calanus*      |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | Distribution, abundance and biology of    | Zubova, Fomin,  |
| 6-1985 | larvaceans                                | 1989            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | Populational biology of *Calanus          | Fomin, 1995     |
| 6-1984 | finmarchicus*                             |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 197    | Seasonal and multi-year dynamics of       | Glukhov *et     |
| 9-1984 | zooplankton biomass in the Kola Bay       | al*., 1992      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 198    | Structure of hyperiid population          | Koszteyn *et    |
| 2-1984 | (*Themisto abyssorum)*                    | al*., 1995      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 198    | Seasonal dynamics of abundance including  | Fomin,          |
| 3-1984 | *Calanus finmarchicus*                    | Chirkova, 1988  |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 198    | Seasonal dynamics of species content      | Druzhkov,       |
| 3-1984 |                                           | Fomin, 1991     |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 198    | Zooplankton biomass in the Kola Bay       | Kireeva *et     |
| 6-1990 |                                           | al*., 1991      |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1987   | Species content, biographical and         | Тимофеев, 1994а |
|        | ecological characteristics,               |                 |
|        | characteristics of dominant species       |                 |
|        | biology                                   |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 198    | Size structure of copepod communities     | Timofeev, 1992b |
| 7-1988 |                                           |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1990   | Species content, abundance, vertical      | Timofeev,       |
|        | distribution, trophic structure of        |                 |
|        | zooplankton in the Kislaya Bay (Motovsky  | Shirokolobova,  |
|        | Bay)                                      | 1993            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1990   | Species content, abundance, vertical      | Shirokolobova,  |
|        | distribution, trophic structure of        | 1996            |
|        | zooplankton in the Kislaya Bay (Motovsky  |                 |
|        | Bay)                                      |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1991   | Zooplankton species content, abundance in | Iliin *et al*., |
|        | the Belokamenka Bay                       | 1992            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1995   | Abundance, populational structure of      | Timofeev, 1997а |
|        | euphausiid, hyperiid and decapod larvae   |                 |
|        | in the Kola Bay                           |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1996   | Species content, abundance of zooplankton | Druzhinina,     |
|        | in the Motovsky Bay                       | 1997            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1996   | Abundance and size structure of decapod   | Timofeev, 1999  |
|        | larvae in the Kola and Motovsky Bays      |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
|        | List of species                           | Kamshylov,      |
|        |                                           | Zelikman, 1958  |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
|        | Structural and functional community       | Timofeev,       |
|        | arrangement                               | 1990b,1996b     |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+

Region 3. The Pechora Sea

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1924         Diurnal vertical distribution of            Bogorov,
               crustaceans                                 1932,1938b

  1924         Body length and weight of *Calanus          Bogorov, 1933
               finmarchicus*                               

  1958         List of species, biomass, abundance of the  Zelikman, 1961a
               dominant species                            

  1958         List of zooplankton species detected in the Belova,
               stomach of Arctic cod (*Boreogadus saida*)  Tarverdieva, 1964

  1959         Biomass, abundance of the dominant species  Zelikman, 1966

  1978         Biomass, abundance of the dominant species  Koptev,
                                                           Nesterova, 1983

  1983-1984    Distribution and abundance of nauplii and   Borkin,
               capepodite stages of copepods               Nesterova, 1990

  1992         Volume (мм^3^/м^3^) of zooplankton samples  Timofeev, 1992a

               List of species, biomass                    Timofeev, 1995

  1992-1996    Biomass                                     Troshkov,
                                                           Gnetneva, 1998

               List of species, biomass                    Timofeev,
                                                           Shirokolobova,
                                                           1996
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Region 3А. The Cheshskaya Bay

+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| **Pe   | **Brief overview**                        | **Source**      |
| riod** |                                           |                 |
+========+===========================================+=================+
| 192    | List of species                           | Virketis,       |
| 5-1926 |                                           | Kiselev, 1933   |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1958   | Biomass, distribution of the dominant     | Zelikman, 1961a |
|        | species                                   |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1959   | Biomass, distribution of the dominant     | Zelikman, 1966  |
|        | species                                   |                 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1964   | Biomass                                   | Zelikman, 1968  |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 199    | Biomass                                   | Troshkov,       |
| 2-1996 |                                           | Gnetneva, 1998  |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| 1994   | List of species, biomass, abundance of    | Makarevich,     |
|        | the dominant species, relationships       |                 |
|        | between holo- and meroplanktonic forms    | Druzhinina,     |
|        |                                           | 1997            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------+

Region 3B. The Pechora Bay

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1958         List of species of pelagic crustaceans      Myaemets, Veldre,
                                                           1964

  1961-1983    Biomass for years of various thermal regime Zalesskikh, 1986

  1963         List of species, abundance of the dominant  Nadezhdin, 1964
               species                                     

  1964-1966    List of species, biomass                    Chuksina, 1970

  1967-1968    Biomass, abundance of dominant species      Chuksina, 1971

  1972-1978    Biomass for years of various thermal regime Zalesskikh, 1990

  1992-1995    Biomass                                     Troshkov, 1998

  1992-1996    Biomass                                     Troshkov,
                                                           Gnetneva, 1998

  1994         Biomass, abundance                          Stogov,
                                                           Antsulevich, 1995

  1994-1995    Biomass, abundance                          Stogov,
                                                           Antsulevich, 1996
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Region 4. The eastern Barents Sea

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1967         List of species, biomass, abundance and     Zelikman,
               distribution of the dominant species        Golovkin, 1972

  1978         Biomass, abundance and distribution of the  Koptev,
               dominant species                            Nesterova, 1983

  1983-1984    Biomass, abundance and distribution of the  Borkin,
               dominant species                            Nesterova, 1990

               List of species, biomass                    Timofeev, 1995
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

**Region 5. The Franz Josef Land**

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1929         List of species                             Bernshtein, 1932

  1929         New species of marine rotifers (Rotatoria)  Smirnov, 1932

  1970         List of species, biomass, abundance of the  Shuvalov,
               dominant species in the layer of 0-45 cm    Pavshtiks, 1977

  1970         Biomass, abundance, age and morphology of   Pavshtiks,
               *Calanus glacialis* and *Calanus            Vyshkvartseva,
               finmarchicus*                               1977

               List of species, biomass                    Timofeev,
                                                           Shirokolobova,
                                                           1993
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Region 5А. The northeastern Barents Sea

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1929         List of species                             Bernshtein, 1932

  1930         List of species                             Bernshtein, 1934
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Region 6. The Storfjord

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1991         Size structure of the copepod community     Timofeev, 1992c

  1991         Meroplankton                                Timofeev, Shaban,
                                                           1992

  1991         Age and size structure of the population of Timofeev, 1994b
               *Parasagitta elegans*                       

  1991         Meroplankton                                Timofeev, 1998b
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Region 7. The southern Barents Sea

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1959         Biomass, abundance and distribution of the  Zelikman, 1966
               dominant species                            

  1982         Diurnal vertical distribution               Rossov *et al*.,
                                                           1984

  1982-1993    Biomass                                     Tereshchenko *et
                                                           al*., 1994

  1993         Distribution, abundance of the dominant     Shirokolobova,
               species                                     1994
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Region 8. The central Barents Sea

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Period**   **Brief overview**                          **Source**
  ------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------------
  1959         Biomass, abundance and distribution of the  Zelikman, 1966
               dominant species                            

  1993         Distribution, abundance of the dominant     Shirokolobova,
               species                                     1994
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_