+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ## american sloughgrass {#american-sloughgrass .Title-Header}         |
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| *Beckmannia syzigachne* (Steud.) Fernald                              |
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| Plant Symbol = BESY                                                   |
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Contributed by: USDA NRCS Kansas Plant Materials Center, Manhattan,
Kansas

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="2.998611111111111in"
height="2.397222222222222in"}

Gary Larson. USDA NRCS. 1992. *Western Wetland Flora: Field office guide
to plant species.* Western Region, Sacramento, CA. Courtesy of USDA NRCS
Wetland Science Institute.

##### Alternate Names  {#alternate-names .Header-3}

Slough grass; western sloughgrass

##### Uses {#uses .Header-3}

##### *Beckmannia syzigachne* is palatable to all classes of livestock and is frequently hayed or grazed. It frequently colonizes denuded wetland soils resulting from mud flat exposure (Walker and Coupland, 1968). Its seed units provide food for migratory water fowl. The variety 'Egan' was selected and released for wetland restoration and erosion control in Alaska.  {#beckmannia-syzigachne-is-palatable-to-all-classes-of-livestock-and-is-frequently-hayed-or-grazed.-it-frequently-colonizes-denuded-wetland-soils-resulting-from-mud-flat-exposure-walker-and-coupland-1968.-its-seed-units-provide-food-for-migratory-water-fowl.-the-variety-egan-was-selected-and-released-for-wetland-restoration-and-erosion-control-in-alaska. .Header-3}

##### Status {#status .Header-3}

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural
Resources for this plant's current status and wetland indicator values.

##### Description {#description .Header-3}

*General*: Grass Family (Poaceae). American sloughgrass is a cool season
annual or short lived perennial grass that is commonly found in shallow
marshes or sloughs. Its shallow root system supports a leafy stem, which
may be as tall as one meter. Basal leaves contain cross veins that
intersect the longitudinal veins at right angles to form rectangles.
American sloughgrass is classified by most flora's as an annual species.
However, Wynia and Boe, (1984) stated that *Beckmannia syzigachne* had
over wintered in several plots and nurseries at Brookings, South Dakota
and was at least a short lived perennial depending on use. The branched
inflorescence is classified as a closed panicle (Looman, 1983). The
spikelets have very short pedicels and are arranged on only one side of
the panicle branches (Reeder, 1953). Spikelets disarticulate below the
glumes, and are one or two flowered (Wynia and Boe, 1983). *Beckmannia*
s*yzigachne* possesses the C-3 photosynthetic pathway for carbon dioxide
fixation (Waller and Lewis, 1979).

*Distribution*: For current distribution, please consult the Plant
Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site. American
sloughgrass is the North American native of a two species genus that is
widespread in the cooler parts of Eurasia and North America. *Beckmannia
syzigachne* is present in marshes and ditches throughout the northwest
and north central states and is occasional in the northeast (Gould and
Shaw, 1983).

*Habitat*: In their examination of prairie, meadow and marsh vegetation
in Nelson County, North Dakota, Dix and Smeins (1967) studied the
drainage regimes of 100 stands selected to represent the vegetative
diversity within the county. The drainage regime gradient went from
excessively drained to permanent, or near-permanent gravitational water
available throughout most summers. *Beckmannia syzigachne* was noted to
occur in the three wettest regimes in combination with other species.
Thus *Beckmannia syzigachne* is known to occur in the presence of
gravitational water, either permanently or for extended periods, during
the growing season.

##### Adaptation  {#adaptation .Header-3}

##### American sloughgrass is adapted to conditions in the northern United States and southern Canada, Alaska and a portion of eastern Asia. Wilcox *et al* (1915) noted that Beckmannia was well adapted to low, irrigated, alkaline soils in western Nebraska. Chapman (1960) classified *Beckmannia syzigachne* as a preferential halophyte which indicated that it exhibited its best growth on saline soils, but will also grow on non-saline soils. Looman (1983) stated that it performed best on clay soils covered by a shallow layer of organic matter. Dix and Smeins (1967) found *Beckmannia syzigachne* grew in association with *Eleocharis acicularis,* *Alisma triviale, Sagittaria cuneata, Glaux maritima,* *Polygonum coccineum*, and *Gratiola neglecta*. {#american-sloughgrass-is-adapted-to-conditions-in-the-northern-united-states-and-southern-canada-alaska-and-a-portion-of-eastern-asia.-wilcox-et-al-1915-noted-that-beckmannia-was-well-adapted-to-low-irrigated-alkaline-soils-in-western-nebraska.-chapman-1960-classified-beckmannia-syzigachne-as-a-preferential-halophyte-which-indicated-that-it-exhibited-its-best-growth-on-saline-soils-but-will-also-grow-on-non-saline-soils.-looman-1983-stated-that-it-performed-best-on-clay-soils-covered-by-a-shallow-layer-of-organic-matter.-dix-and-smeins-1967-found-beckmannia-syzigachne-grew-in-association-with-eleocharis-acicularis-alisma-triviale-sagittaria-cuneata-glaux-maritima-polygonum-coccineum-and-gratiola-neglecta. .Header-3}

##### Establishment {#establishment .Header-3}

##### Propagation of American sloughgrass via seed is the preferred method since there aren't any dormancy restrictions that inhibit rapid and uniform germination. The planting site should be prepared and tilled to discourage weeds during the establishment period. The best planting times in the Great Plains are late fall, to allow fall establishment, or a dormant seeding, which would promote early spring establishment. The free flowing spikelets present no difficulty for conventional planting equipment. Spikelets should be planted at a depth of 7 to 15 mm deep in the soil.  {#propagation-of-american-sloughgrass-via-seed-is-the-preferred-method-since-there-arent-any-dormancy-restrictions-that-inhibit-rapid-and-uniform-germination.-the-planting-site-should-be-prepared-and-tilled-to-discourage-weeds-during-the-establishment-period.-the-best-planting-times-in-the-great-plains-are-late-fall-to-allow-fall-establishment-or-a-dormant-seeding-which-would-promote-early-spring-establishment.-the-free-flowing-spikelets-present-no-difficulty-for-conventional-planting-equipment.-spikelets-should-be-planted-at-a-depth-of-7-to-15-mm-deep-in-the-soil. .Header-3}

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="3.0in" height="2.0208333333333335in"}

Richard Wynia. USDA NRCS. Beckmannia forage production plots at
Brookings, SD.

##### Management {#management .Header-3}

Beal (1896) pointed out that *Beckmannia syzigachne* was a forage grass
of some prominence west of the Mississippi River. It is palatable to
livestock (Stevens, 1963) and is frequently hayed or grazed (Clarke and
Tisdale, 1945). Forage nutritional data (Clarke and Tisdale, 1945;
National Academy of Science, 1971) indicated it is high in protein and
nonstructural carbohydrates. Boe and Wynia (1985) found that forage and
seed yields of sloughgrass ranged from 1990 to 5300 Kg/ha of forage and
440 to 620 Kg/ha of seed in an experimental planting at Brookings, South
Dakota. Crude protein of 5 *Beckmannia syzigachne* populations harvested
at early head ranged from 9.17 to 13.77 while ADF ranged from 39.15 to
44.16 (Wynia, 1987). The Egan release notice (1986) indicated that this
cultivar produced seed yields of 453 and 305 pounds/acre of clean seed
in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The lower yield in 1985 was the result
of high winds causing seed shatter prior to harvest. Seed harvest in
Alaska is generally accomplished during the second or third week in
August. Mature seed was harvested in early August by Boe and Wynia
(1985) at Brookings, SD. Boe consistently harvested *Beckmannia
syzigachne* from a creek in northeast Montana in August of 1979, 1980
and 1981. Seed harvesting and processing can be accomplished with
standard equipment. Seed storage in a cool, dry environment is ideal.

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="2.997916666666667in"
height="4.042361111111111in"}

##### Richard Wynia. USDA NRCS. Regrowth of Beckmannia from an established crown. {#richard-wynia.-usda-nrcs.-regrowth-of-beckmannia-from-an-established-crown. .Header-4}

##### Pests and Potential Problems {#pests-and-potential-problems .Header-3}

Stands tend to decline after 4 or 5 years due to competition when more
aggressive grass species become established in the *Beckmannia
syzigachne* stand. Seed shatter prior to harvesting remains a moderate
problem. The Alaska Plant Materials Center has found that if 'Egan' is
grown on upland farm land without irrigation, the plants will be
stressed to the point of disease onset (Wright, 1986).

##### Seeds and Plant Production {#seeds-and-plant-production .Header-3}

##### Boe and Evans (1981) reported that panicles of American sloughgrass bagged to prevent cross pollination exhibited 100% seed set. This would indicate that it is a self pollinated species and probably does not depend on much out crossing for sexual reproduction. The base chromosome number is X=7. All populations observed in South Dakota contained 2n=14 or 7 chromosome pairs (Wynia, 1987). This is the most commonly cited number for both *Beckmannia syzigachne* and *Beckmannia* *erucaeformis* (Nielsen and Humphrey, 1937; Reeder, 1953). However, there has been a report in the Russian literature of a tetraploid (2n=28) population (Zhukova and Petrovskii, 1976).  {#boe-and-evans-1981-reported-that-panicles-of-american-sloughgrass-bagged-to-prevent-cross-pollination-exhibited-100-seed-set.-this-would-indicate-that-it-is-a-self-pollinated-species-and-probably-does-not-depend-on-much-out-crossing-for-sexual-reproduction.-the-base-chromosome-number-is-x7.-all-populations-observed-in-south-dakota-contained-2n14-or-7-chromosome-pairs-wynia-1987.-this-is-the-most-commonly-cited-number-for-both-beckmannia-syzigachne-and-beckmannia-erucaeformis-nielsen-and-humphrey-1937-reeder-1953.-however-there-has-been-a-report-in-the-russian-literature-of-a-tetraploid-2n28-population-zhukova-and-petrovskii-1976. .Header-3}

##### *Germination:* Hoffman *et al.* (1980) reported low germination percentages for Beckmannia obtained a high of 26% from seeds that had over wintered dry and were tested under ambient April light and temperatures at Vermillion, South Dakota. Boe and Evans (1981) reported intact spikelets and caryopses freed from spikelet bracts exhibited poor germination at room temperature and disappointing emergence in greenhouse plantings. Wynia and Boe (1989) reported on germination and early seedling growth differences among populations of American sloughgrass from South Dakota(SD), Montana (MT), and Alaska (AL). Caryopses of these populations, produced simultaneously in the greenhouse under uniform conditions, were immediately subjected to 3 constant (15,20 and 25 degrees C) and 2 alternating (15-30 and 20-30 degrees C) temperature treatments during germination studies. Population AL had significantly higher percent germination at constant temperatures than did SD or MT. No significant difference in final germination was detected among populations at 15-30 degrees C. The AL population had significantly faster rates of germination and early seedling growth than the other populations at all temperatures. SD and MT populations are apparently inhibited from germination at constant temperatures even when adequate moisture was available. This germination restriction in Great Plains populations may be an adaptive trait which prevents initiation of growth during the summer months when temperatures are high and moisture tends to be erratic. Hoffman *et al.* (1980) indicated that darkness inhibited germination in American sloughgrass. Boe and Wynia (1985) found that darkness did not inhibit germination of *Beckmannia syzigachne* that was subjected to an alternating temperature regime. Plant propagation in the greenhouse may require initiating germination under alternating temperature conditions for some ecotypes. {#germination-hoffman-et-al.-1980-reported-low-germination-percentages-for-beckmannia-obtained-a-high-of-26-from-seeds-that-had-over-wintered-dry-and-were-tested-under-ambient-april-light-and-temperatures-at-vermillion-south-dakota.-boe-and-evans-1981-reported-intact-spikelets-and-caryopses-freed-from-spikelet-bracts-exhibited-poor-germination-at-room-temperature-and-disappointing-emergence-in-greenhouse-plantings.-wynia-and-boe-1989-reported-on-germination-and-early-seedling-growth-differences-among-populations-of-american-sloughgrass-from-south-dakotasd-montana-mt-and-alaska-al.-caryopses-of-these-populations-produced-simultaneously-in-the-greenhouse-under-uniform-conditions-were-immediately-subjected-to-3-constant-1520-and-25-degrees-c-and-2-alternating-15-30-and-20-30-degrees-c-temperature-treatments-during-germination-studies.-population-al-had-significantly-higher-percent-germination-at-constant-temperatures-than-did-sd-or-mt.-no-significant-difference-in-final-germination-was-detected-among-populations-at-15-30-degrees-c.-the-al-population-had-significantly-faster-rates-of-germination-and-early-seedling-growth-than-the-other-populations-at-all-temperatures.-sd-and-mt-populations-are-apparently-inhibited-from-germination-at-constant-temperatures-even-when-adequate-moisture-was-available.-this-germination-restriction-in-great-plains-populations-may-be-an-adaptive-trait-which-prevents-initiation-of-growth-during-the-summer-months-when-temperatures-are-high-and-moisture-tends-to-be-erratic.-hoffman-et-al.-1980-indicated-that-darkness-inhibited-germination-in-american-sloughgrass.-boe-and-wynia-1985-found-that-darkness-did-not-inhibit-germination-of-beckmannia-syzigachne-that-was-subjected-to-an-alternating-temperature-regime.-plant-propagation-in-the-greenhouse-may-require-initiating-germination-under-alternating-temperature-conditions-for-some-ecotypes. .Header-3}

##### Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) {#cultivars-improved-and-selected-materials-and-area-of-origin .Header-3}

'Egan' American sloughgrass was named and released as a cultivar by the
Alaska Plant Materials Center at Palmer, Alaska in 1986. The original
seed collection was made by James R. Stroh, July 26, 1973. The seed was
harvested from a single plant growing on a gravel road fill site off
Steese Highway in Gold Stream Valley, North of Fairbanks, Alaska. The
name Egan was selected in honor of William A. Egan, the first and fourth
Governor of the State of Alaska. Governor Egan signed into law the act
creating the Alaska Plant Materials Center in 1972. Breeder and
Foundation seed production will be maintained by the Alaska Plant
Materials Center. Foundation class seed will be available from the
Alaska Seed Growers, Inc. to seed growers for the production of
Certified class seed (Alaska Plant Materials Center, 1986).

##### Control {#control .Header-3}

Please contact your local agricultural extension specialist or county
weed specialist to learn what works best in your area and how to use it
safely. Always read label and safety instructions for each control
method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to
provide specific information. USDA NRCS does not guarantee or warranty
the products and control methods named, and other products may be
equally effective.

##### References {#references .Header-3}

##### Alaska Plant Materials Center. 1986. Plant Release Notice 'Egan'. {#alaska-plant-materials-center.-1986.-plant-release-notice-egan. .Header-3}

#####  {#section .Header-3}

##### Beal, W.J. 1896. Grasses of North America. Holt Publishing Co. New York, NY. {#beal-w.j.-1896.-grasses-of-north-america.-holt-publishing-co.-new-york-ny. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-1 .Header-3}

##### Boe, A. and J. Evans. 1981. Spikelet characteristics and germination of American sloughgrass (*Beckmannia syzigachne*) (Steud.)Fern.) from northeastern Montana. Proc. S.D. Academy of Science. 60:170. {#boe-a.-and-j.-evans.-1981.-spikelet-characteristics-and-germination-of-american-sloughgrass-beckmannia-syzigachne-steud.fern.-from-northeastern-montana.-proc.-s.d.-academy-of-science.-60170. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-2 .Header-3}

##### Boe, A. and R. Wynia. 1985. Germination, forage yield, and seed production of American sloughgrass (*Beckmannia syzigachne*). Journal of Range Management. 38:114-116. {#boe-a.-and-r.-wynia.-1985.-germination-forage-yield-and-seed-production-of-american-sloughgrass-beckmannia-syzigachne.-journal-of-range-management.-38114-116. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-3 .Header-3}

##### Chapman, V.J. 1960. Salt marshes and salt deserts of the world. Plant Science Monographs. Interscience Publishers Inc. New York. {#chapman-v.j.-1960.-salt-marshes-and-salt-deserts-of-the-world.-plant-science-monographs.-interscience-publishers-inc.-new-york. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-4 .Header-3}

##### Clarke, S.E. and W.E. Tisdale. 1945. The chemical composition of native forage plants of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan in relation to grazing practices. Can. Dept. of Agr. Pub. 769. {#clarke-s.e.-and-w.e.-tisdale.-1945.-the-chemical-composition-of-native-forage-plants-of-southern-alberta-and-saskatchewan-in-relation-to-grazing-practices.-can.-dept.-of-agr.-pub.-769. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-5 .Header-3}

##### Dix, R.L. and F.E. Smiens. 1967. The prairie, meadow, and marsh vegetation of Nelson County, North Dakota. Can. J. Botany. 45:21-58. {#dix-r.l.-and-f.e.-smiens.-1967.-the-prairie-meadow-and-marsh-vegetation-of-nelson-county-north-dakota.-can.-j.-botany.-4521-58. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-6 .Header-3}

##### Gould, F.W. and R.B. Shaw. 1983. Grass Systematics. 2^nd^ Ed. Texas A&M, University Press.  {#gould-f.w.-and-r.b.-shaw.-1983.-grass-systematics.-2nd-ed.-texas-am-university-press. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-7 .Header-3}

##### Hoffman, G.R., M.B. Hogan, and L.D. Stanley. 1980. Germination of plant species common to reservoir shores in the Northern Great Plains. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 107:506-513. {#hoffman-g.r.-m.b.-hogan-and-l.d.-stanley.-1980.-germination-of-plant-species-common-to-reservoir-shores-in-the-northern-great-plains.-bull.-torr.-bot.-club.-107506-513. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-8 .Header-3}

##### Looman, J. 1983. 111 Range and Forage Plants of the Canadian Prairies. Res. Branch Agric. Can. Pub. 1751. Ottawa, Canada. {#looman-j.-1983.-111-range-and-forage-plants-of-the-canadian-prairies.-res.-branch-agric.-can.-pub.-1751.-ottawa-canada. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-9 .Header-3}

##### National Academy of Science. 1971. Atlas of nutritional data on United States and Canadian feeds. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C. {#national-academy-of-science.-1971.-atlas-of-nutritional-data-on-united-states-and-canadian-feeds.-nat.-acad.-sci.-washington-d.c. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-10 .Header-3}

##### Nielsen, E.L. and L.M. Humphrey. 1937. Grass studies. I. Chromosome number in certain members of the tribes Festuceae, Hordeae, Aveneae, Agrostideae, Chlorideae, Phalarideae, and Tripsaceae. Am. J. Bot. 24:276-278. {#nielsen-e.l.-and-l.m.-humphrey.-1937.-grass-studies.-i.-chromosome-number-in-certain-members-of-the-tribes-festuceae-hordeae-aveneae-agrostideae-chlorideae-phalarideae-and-tripsaceae.-am.-j.-bot.-24276-278. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-11 .Header-3}

##### Reeder, J.D. 1953. Affinities of the grass genus *Beckmannia.* Host. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 80:187-196. {#reeder-j.d.-1953.-affinities-of-the-grass-genus-beckmannia.-host.-bull.-torr.-bot.-club.-80187-196. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-12 .Header-3}

##### Stevens, O.A. 1963. Handbook of North Dakota Plants. North Dakota Inst. Environ. Studies. Fargo, North Dakota.  {#stevens-o.a.-1963.-handbook-of-north-dakota-plants.-north-dakota-inst.-environ.-studies.-fargo-north-dakota. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-13 .Header-3}

##### Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classificaion of natural ponds and lakes in the glaciated prairie region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser. Resour. Pub. 92. {#stewart-r.e.-and-h.a.-kantrud.-1971.-classificaion-of-natural-ponds-and-lakes-in-the-glaciated-prairie-region.-u.s.-fish-and-wildlife-ser.-resour.-pub.-92. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-14 .Header-3}

##### Walker, B.H. and R.T. Coupland. 1968. An analysis of vegetation environmental relationships in Saskatchewan sloughs. Can. J. Bot. 46:509-522. {#walker-b.h.-and-r.t.-coupland.-1968.-an-analysis-of-vegetation-environmental-relationships-in-saskatchewan-sloughs.-can.-j.-bot.-46509-522. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-15 .Header-3}

##### Waller, S.S. and J.K. Lewis. 1979. Occurrence of C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in North American grasses. Journal of Range Man. 32:12-28.  {#waller-s.s.-and-j.k.-lewis.-1979.-occurrence-of-c3-and-c4-photosynthetic-pathways-in-north-american-grasses.-journal-of-range-man.-3212-28. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-16 .Header-3}

##### Wilcox, E.M., G.K.K. Link, and V.W. Pool. 1915. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Neb. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bull. 148. {#wilcox-e.m.-g.k.k.-link-and-v.w.-pool.-1915.-a-handbook-of-nebraska-grasses.-neb.-ag.-exp.-sta.-bull.-148. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-17 .Header-3}

##### Wright, Stoney. 1986. Personal Communications. {#wright-stoney.-1986.-personal-communications. .Header-3}

##### Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Alaska Plant Materials Center. {#alaska-department-of-natural-resources.-alaska-plant-materials-center. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-18 .Header-3}

##### Wynia, R. and A. Boe. 1983. The occurrence of biflowered spikelets in *Beckmannia syzigachne* (Steud.)Fern. Am. J. Bot. 70(5)(2):135. {#wynia-r.-and-a.-boe.-1983.-the-occurrence-of-biflowered-spikelets-in-beckmannia-syzigachne-steud.fern.-am.-j.-bot.-7052135. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-19 .Header-3}

##### Wynia R. and A. Boe. 1984. Variation in growth habit of *Beckmannia syzigachne* (Steud.) Fern. Proc. S.D. Acad. Sci. 63:120-121.  {#wynia-r.-and-a.-boe.-1984.-variation-in-growth-habit-of-beckmannia-syzigachne-steud.-fern.-proc.-s.d.-acad.-sci.-63120-121. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-20 .Header-3}

##### Wynia, R. and A. Boe. 1989. Germination characteristics of *Beckmannia syzigachne* populations from widely separated latitudes. Society for Range Management Abst. 031. SRM Annual Meeting. {#wynia-r.-and-a.-boe.-1989.-germination-characteristics-of-beckmannia-syzigachne-populations-from-widely-separated-latitudes.-society-for-range-management-abst.-031.-srm-annual-meeting. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-21 .Header-3}

##### Wynia, R. 1987. Agroecological studies of *Beckmannia syzigachne* populations. PhD Thesis. South Dakota State University. {#wynia-r.-1987.-agroecological-studies-of-beckmannia-syzigachne-populations.-phd-thesis.-south-dakota-state-university. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-22 .Header-3}

##### Zhukova, P.G. and V.V. Petrovskii. 1976. Chromosome numbers of some plant species of western Chukotka. Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 61 (7):963-969. {#zhukova-p.g.-and-v.v.-petrovskii.-1976.-chromosome-numbers-of-some-plant-species-of-western-chukotka.-botanicheskii-zhurnal.-61-7963-969. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-23 .Header-3}

##### Prepared By & Species Coordinator {#prepared-by-species-coordinator .Header-3}

##### *Richard L. Wynia*, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, Kansas {#richard-l.-wynia-usda-nrcs-plant-materials-center-manhattan-kansas .Header-3}

##### Edited: 080916jsp {#edited-080916jsp .Header-4}

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your
local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS
Web site\<[http://plants.usda.gov](http://plants.usda.gov/)\> or the
Plant Materials Program Web site
\<[http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov](http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov/)\>

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