# Minimum Efficiency Standards in the Residential Sector

***This file summarizes the minimum efficiency standards now in force***
for residential equipment. ***The end-uses covered include space
conditioning,*** water heaters, ***refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers,
clotheswashers, dryers, ovens, and ranges.***

***These tables*** and associated text passages ***are taken directly
from*** Wenzel, Tom P., Jonathan G. Koomey, Gregory J. Rosenquist, Marla
C. Sanchez, and James W. Hanford. 1997*. Energy Data Sourcebook for the
U.S. Residential Sector*. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory. LBNL-40297. September. Contact Jonathan G. Koomey for
questions about this report (JGKoomey@lbl.gov) or go to the web page
http://enduse.lbl.gov/Projects/RED.html.

##  

## 3.6. Standards for space conditioning equipment

### Equipment Standards

Efficiency standards for space conditioning equipment were enacted in
1987 under the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA). The
date of initial implementation depends upon the type of equipment. The
standards for heating equipment are given in Table 3.22, while those for
cooling are given in Table 3.23. All standards are based on an
efficiency (or energy factor) derived from a test procedure.

  ------------------------- ---------- ------- ------------- ------------ -------- --
  **Table 3.22. Minimum                                                            
  Efficiency Standards for                                                         
  Residential Heating                                                              
  Equipment (1)**                                                                  

                            Database           Year          Minimum               

  Type                      Code       Fuel    Effective (2) Efficiency            
                                                             (3)                   

  Heat Pump                                                                        

  Split System              HP         Elec    1992          6.8          HSPF     

  Single Package            HP         Elec    1993          6.6          HSPF     

  Furnace                   FRN        Gas     1992          78           AFUE     

  Furnace                   FRN        Oil     1992          78           AFUE     

  Boiler                    H2O        Gas     1992          80           AFUE     

  Boiler                    H2O        Oil     1992          80           AFUE     

  Direct Heating                                                                   

  wall heater w/fan                                                                

  \<42000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          73           AFUE     

  \>42000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          74           AFUE     

  wall heater (gravity)                                                            

  \<10000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          59           AFUE     

  10-12000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          60           AFUE     

  12-15000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          61           AFUE     

  15-19000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          62           AFUE     

  19-27000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          63           AFUE     

  27-46000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          64           AFUE     

  \>46000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          65           AFUE     

  floor heater                                                                     

  \<37000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          56           AFUE     

  \>37000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          57           AFUE     

  room heater                                                                      

  \<18000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          57           AFUE     

  18-20000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          58           AFUE     

  20-27000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          63           AFUE     

  27-46000 Btu/hr           RM         Gas     1990          64           AFUE     

  \>46000 Btu/hr            RM         Gas     1990          65           AFUE     

  *Shipment-weighted avg                                     *64*         *AFUE*   
  (4)*                                                                             
  ------------------------- ---------- ------- ------------- ------------ -------- --

> 1\) All standards levels from NAECA 1987.
>
> 2\) Effective date is January 1 of year indicated.
>
> 3\) AFUE is Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (%); HSPF is Heating
>
> Season Performance Factor (kBtu/kWh).
>
> 4\) Shipment-weighted average standard-level for direct heating
> equipment
>
> based on 1993 shipments (GRI 1994).
>
> **Table 3.23. Minimum Efficiency Standards for Residential Cooling
> Equipment (1)**

  ---------------------------- ---------- -------- ------ ------ ----------- ---------- ------------ ------- ---------
                               Database                          Year                   Minimum              

  Type                         Code                Fuel          Effective              Efficiency           
                                                                 (2)                    (3)                  

  Central Air Conditioner                                                                                    

  Split System                            CAC             Elec               1992                    10.0    SEER

  Single Package                          CAC             Elec               1993                    9.7     SEER

  Heat Pump                                                                                                  

  Split System                            HP              Elec               1992                    10.0    SEER

  Single Package                          HP              Elec               1993                    9.7     SEER

  Room Air Conditioner                                                                                       

  w/o reverse cycle and                                                                                      
  w/louvers                                                                                                  

  \<6000 Btu/hr                           RAC             Elec               1990                    8.0     EER

  6000-7999 Btu/hr                        RAC             Elec               1990                    8.5     EER

  8000-13999 Btu/hr                       RAC             Elec               1990                    9.0     EER

  14000-19999 Btu/hr                      RAC             Elec               1990                    8.8     EER

  \>20000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               1990                    8.2     EER

  w/o reverse cycle and w/o                                                                                  
  louvers                                                                                                    

  \<6000 Btu/hr                           RAC             Elec               1990                    8.0     EER

  6000-7999 Btu/hr                        RAC             Elec               1990                    8.5     EER

  8000-13999 Btu/hr                       RAC             Elec               1990                    8.5     EER

  14000-19999 Btu/hr                      RAC             Elec               1990                    8.5     EER

  \>20000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               1990                    8.2     EER

  w/reverse cycle and                     RAC             Elec               1990                    8.5     EER
  w/louvers                                                                                                  

  w/reverse cycle and w/o                 RAC             Elec               1990                    8.0     EER
  louvers                                                                                                    

  *Shipment-weighted average                                                                         *8.5*   *EER*
  standard (4)*                                                                                              

  Room Air Conditioner                                                                                       

  w/o reverse cycle and                                                                                      
  w/louvers                                                                                                  

  \<6000 Btu/hr                           RAC             Elec               2000                    9.7     EER

  6000-7999 Btu/hr                        RAC             Elec               2000                    9.7     EER

  8000-13999 Btu/hr                       RAC             Elec               2000                    9.8     EER

  14000-19999 Btu/hr                      RAC             Elec               2000                    9.7     EER

  \>20000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               2000                    8.5     EER

  w/o reverse cycle and w/o                                                                                  
  louvers                                                                                                    

  \<6000 Btu/hr                           RAC             Elec               2000                    9.0     EER

  6000-7999 Btu/hr                        RAC             Elec               2000                    9.0     EER

  8000-13999 Btu/hr                       RAC             Elec               2000                    8.5     EER

  14000-19999 Btu/hr                      RAC             Elec               2000                    8.5     EER

  \>20000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               2000                    8.5     EER

  w/reverse cycle and                                                                                        
  w/louvers                                                                                                  

  \<20000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               2000                    9.0     EER

  \>20000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               2000                    8.5     EER

  w/reverse cycle and w/o                                                                                    
  louvers                                                                                                    

  \<14000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               2000                    8.5     EER

  \>14000 Btu/hr                          RAC             Elec               2000                    8.0     EER

  casement-only                           RAC             Elec               2000                    8.7     EER

  casement-slider                         RAC             Elec               2000                    9.5     EER
  ---------------------------- ---------- -------- ------ ------ ----------- ---------- ------------ ------- ---------

> 1\) All standards levels from NAECA 1987, except for latest room air
> standards (1997 Final Rulemaking in Federal Register vol. 62, no.
> 185).
>
> 2\) Effective date is January 1 of year indicated, except for latest
> room air standards, which become effective October 1, 2000.
>
> 3\) SEER is seasonal energy efficiency ratio (kBtu/kWh); EER is energy
> efficiency ratio (kBtu/kWh).
>
> 4\) Shipment-weighted average standard based on 1994 shipments (AHAM
> 1996).

## 4.5. Standards for water heaters

Efficiency standards for water heaters were enacted in 1987 under the
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and were implemented
in 1990. The standard specifies a minimum energy factor for storage
water heaters based on water heater size. The energy factor is based on
the U.S. DOE test procedure mentioned above. The standard and estimated
UECs associated with the standard are shown in Table 4.4.

  ------------- ------ ----------------------- --------- ------------ --------------
  **Table 4.4.                                                        
  Minimum                                                             
  Efficiency                                                          
  Standards for                                                       
  Residential                                                         
  Storage Water                                                       
  Heaters**                                                           

                                                         Calculated   Calculated

                Year   Minimum Efficiency      Average   Standard     Standard

  Fuel          Eff.   Standard Equation       Volume    EF           UEC

  Gas           1990   EF=0.62-(0.0019 \*      40        0.54         19.4 MMBtu/yr
                       Volume)                 gallons                

  Oil           1990   EF=0.59-(0.0019 \*      32        0.51         20.5 MMBtu/yr
                       Volume)                 gallons                

  Electric      1990   EF=0.95-(0.00132 \*     52        0.88         3510 kWh/yr
                       Volume)                 gallons                
  ------------- ------ ----------------------- --------- ------------ --------------

> 1\) Effective date is January 1 of year indicated.
>
> 2\) Standard level from NAECA 1987. Volume is rated storage volume in
> gallons.
>
> 3\) Average volume is for typical size unit.
>
> 4\) UEC based on usage of 45.3 gal/day and at 77F temperature rise.

## 5.5. Standards **for Residential Refrigerators**

National efficiency standards for refrigerators were enacted under the
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and first implemented
in 1990. The standard specifies a maximum energy use for refrigerators
based on the type of refrigerator and the size. The energy usage is
based on the U.S. DOE test procedure. More stringent standards were
implemented in 1993; a third round of national standards will become
effective July 1, 2001. The standard levels are summarized in Table 5.2.

Note that the 2001 standards will result in a near-doubling of the
average energy factor under the 1990 standard levels, and a
near-tripling of the average energy factor in 1980 (Figure 5.2). In
other words, the average energy consumption of new units will have been
reduced by nearly two-thirds over a twenty-year period.

**Table 5.2. Minimum Efficiency Standards for Residential
Refrigerators**

  ---------- ------------------------- ---------- ------ ---------- ----- ---------- ------ ------ ------------ ------- ------- ----------
                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                

             Year                                                         Average                                       Calc.   Fraction

             Eff.                                                         Capacity                 Calculated                   EF

  Type       \(1\)                     Maximum                                                     (Adj. Vol.)                  UEC
                                       UEC                                                         (3)                          
                                       Equation                                                                                 
                                       (2)                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                

  MND        1990                      UEC=       16.3   \*         316   5.0        cuft   398    kWh/yr       4.60    4.7%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  PAD        1990                      UEC=       21.8   \*         429   14.6       cuft   747    kWh/yr       7.13    5.6%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  TAD        1990                      UEC=       23.5   \*         471   20.6       cuft   956    kWh/yr       7.88    72.9%   
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  SAD        1990                      UEC=       27.7   \*         488   27.2       cuft   1243   kWh/yr       8.00    6.2%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  BAD        1990                      UEC=       27.7   \*         488   27.2       cuft   1243   kWh/yr       8.00    2.5%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  TADI       1990                      UEC=       26.4   \*         535   20.6       cuft   1079   kWh/yr       6.97    0.7%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  SADI       1990                      UEC=       30.9   \*         547   27.2       cuft   1389   kWh/yr       7.16    7.4%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  *Average   1990                      n/a                                                         20.6         cuft    976     kWh/yr
  (6)*                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                                                

  MND        1993                      UEC=       13.5   \*         299   3.6        cuft   348    kWh/yr       3.78    13.0%   
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  PAD        1993                      UEC=       10.4   \*         398   14.6       cuft   550    kWh/yr       9.69    0.0%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  TAD        1993                      UEC=       16.0   \*         355   20.7       cuft   686    kWh/yr       11.01   66.4%   
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  SAD        1993                      UEC=       11.8   \*         501   27.5       cuft   826    kWh/yr       12.16   8.0%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  BAD        1993                      UEC=       16.5   \*         367   27.5       cuft   821    kWh/yr       12.23   1.1%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  TADI       1993                      UEC=       17.6   \*         391   20.7       cuft   755    kWh/yr       10.00   1.2%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  SADI       1993                      UEC=       16.3   \*         527   27.5       cuft   975    kWh/yr       10.29   10.4%   
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  *Average   1993                      n/a                                                         19.8         cuft    686     kWh/yr
  (6)*                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                                                

  MND        2001                      UEC=       19.9   \*         98    3.6        cuft   170    kWh/yr       7.75    13.0%   
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  PAD        2001                      UEC=       10.4   \*         398   14.6       cuft   550    kWh/yr       9.69    0.0%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  TAD        2001                      UEC=       9.8    \*         276   20.7       cuft   479    kWh/yr       15.78   66.4%   
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  SAD        2001                      UEC=       4.9    \*         508   27.5       cuft   643    kWh/yr       15.62   8.0%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  BAD        2001                      UEC=       4.6    \*         459   27.5       cuft   586    kWh/yr       17.14   1.1%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  TADI       2001                      UEC=       10.2   \*         356   20.7       cuft   567    kWh/yr       13.32   1.2%    
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  SADI       2001                      UEC=       10.1   \*         406   27.5       cuft   684    kWh/yr       14.68   10.4%   
                                                         Capacity +                                                             

  *Average   2001                      n/a                                                         19.8         cuft    476     kWh/yr
  (6)*                                                                                                                          

  Type:                                                                                                                         

  MND        Refrigerators and                                                                                                  
             Refrigerator-Freezers                                                                                              
             with manual defrost                                                                                                

  PAD        Refrigerator-Freezer -                                                                                             
             partial automatic defrost                                                                                          

  TAD        Refrigerator-Freezers -                                                                                            
             automatic defrost with:                                                                                            
             Top-mounted freezer w/o                                                                                            
             through-the-door ice                                                                                               
             service                                                                                                            

  SAD        Refrigerator-Freezers -                                                                                            
             automatic defrost with:                                                                                            
             Side-mounted freezer w/o                                                                                           
             through-the-door ice                                                                                               
             service                                                                                                            

  BAD        Refrigerator-Freezers -                                                                                            
             automatic defrost with:                                                                                            
             Bottom-mounted freezer                                                                                             
             w/o through-the-door ice                                                                                           
             service                                                                                                            

  TADI       Refrigerator-Freezers -                                                                                            
             automatic defrost with:                                                                                            
             Top-mounted freezer w/                                                                                             
             through-the-door ice                                                                                               
             service                                                                                                            

  SADI       Refrigerator-Freezers -                                                                                            
             automatic defrost with:                                                                                            
             Side-mounted freezer w/                                                                                            
             through-the-door ice                                                                                               
             service                                                                                                            
  ---------- ------------------------- ---------- ------ ---------- ----- ---------- ------ ------ ------------ ------- ------- ----------

![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.995833333333334in"
height="1.4652777777777777in"}

## 6.5. **Standards for Residential Freezers**

Efficiency standards for freezers were enacted under the National
Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and first implemented in 1990.
The standard specifies a maximum energy use for freezers based on type
and size. The energy usage is based on the U.S. DOE test procedure
mentioned above. More stringent standards were implemented at the start
of 1993; a third round of national standards will become effective July
1, 2001. The standard levels are summarized in Table 6.2.

**Table 6.2. Efficiency Standards for Residential Freezers**

  --------- ------- ----------- ------ ---------- ----- ---------- ------ ------------ -------- ------- ----------
                                                                                                        

            Year                                        Average                                 Calc.   Fraction

            Eff.                                        Capacity          Calculated                    EF

  Type      \(1\)   Maximum UEC                                           (Adj. Vol.)                   UEC
                    Equation                                              (3)                           
                    (2)                                                                                 

                                                                                                        

  UPM       1990    UEC=        10.9   \*         422   26.3       cuft   709          kWh/yr   13.55   36.6%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  UAD       1990    UEC=        16.0   \*         623   29.4       cuft   1093         kWh/yr   9.81    9.5%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  CHT       1990    UEC=        14.8   \*         223   20.2       cuft   522          kWh/yr   14.13   53.9%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  Average   1990    n/a                                                                23.3     cuft    645
  (6)                                                                                                   

                                                                                                        

  UPM       1993    UEC=        10.3   \*         264   23.3       cuft   504          kWh/yr   16.87   37.9%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  UAD       1993    UEC=        14.9   \*         391   29.3       cuft   828          kWh/yr   12.93   12.5%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  CHT       1993    UEC=        11.0   \*         160   18.5       cuft   364          kWh/yr   18.59   49.7%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  Average   1993    n/a                                                                21.7     cuft    475
  (6)                                                                                                   

                                                                                                        

  UPM       2001    UEC=        7.6    \*         258   23.3       cuft   434          kWh/yr   19.59   37.9%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  UAD       2001    UEC=        12.4   \*         326   29.3       cuft   691          kWh/yr   15.50   12.5%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  CHT       2001    UEC=        9.9    \*         144   18.5       cuft   327          kWh/yr   20.69   49.7%
                                       Capacity +                                                       

  Average   2001    n/a                                                                21.7     cuft    413
  (6)                                                                                                   

  Type:     UPM     Upright                                                                             
                    Freezers                                                                            
                    with Manual                                                                         
                    Defrost                                                                             

            UAD     Upright                                                                             
                    Freezers                                                                            
                    with                                                                                
                    Automatic                                                                           
                    Defrost                                                                             

            CHT     Chest                                                                               
                    Freezers                                                                            
                    and all                                                                             
                    other                                                                               
                    freezers                                                                            

                                                                                                        
  --------- ------- ----------- ------ ---------- ----- ---------- ------ ------------ -------- ------- ----------

![](media/image2.wmf){width="5.996527777777778in"
height="1.6597222222222223in"}

## 7.5. Standards for Residential Dishwashers

Efficiency standards for dishwashers were first enacted under the
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and implemented in
1988. These standards required only that dishwashers have the option to
dry without heat. Further efficiency standards became effective in 1994,
as shown in Table 7.3.

  ------------------ ---------- ----------- ------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ---- -- --
  **Table 7.3.                                                                                       
  Minimum Efficiency                                                                                 
  Standards for                                                                                      
  Residential                                                                                        
  Dishwashers**                                                                                      

                                                   Hot Water     Motor,        Total                 
                                                                 Booster,                            

                     Database   Year        Min.   Energy        & Dryer       UEC                   
                                                                 Energy                              

  Type               Code       Effective   EF     (kWh/cycle)   (kWh/cycle)   (kWh/cycle)           

  Standard           DW         1994        0.46   1.60          0.58          2.17                  

  Standard Water     DW         1994        0.46   1.60          0.58          2.17                  
  Heating                                                                                            

  Compact (Water     DW         1994        0.62   1.11          0.51          1.61                  
  Heating)                                                                                           
  ------------------ ---------- ----------- ------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ---- -- --

![](media/image3.pct){width="409.0in" height="160.0in"}

## 8.5. Standards for Residential Clothes Washers

Efficiency standards for clothes washers were first enacted under the
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA). These standards
required only that clothes washers have an unheated water option for the
rinse cycle. New standards became effective in 1994, and are shown in
Table 8.3.

  ------------------ ---------- ----------- ------ ------------- ------------- -- ------------- ------- --
  **Table 8.3.                                                                                          
  Efficiency                                                                                            
  Standards for                                                                                         
  Residential                                                                                           
  Clothes Washers**                                                                                     

                                                   Hot Water     Motor            Total                 

                     Database   Year        Min.   Energy        Energy           UEC                   

  Type               Code       Effective   EF     (kWh/cycle)   (kWh/cycle)      (kWh/cycle)           

  Using DOE Test                                                                                        
  Procedure                                                                                             

  Standard,          CW         1994        1.18   1.94          0.27             2.21                  
  Top-Loading                                                                                           

  Compact,           CW         1994        0.90   1.36          0.25             1.61                  
  Top-Loading                                                                                           

  Using P&G Data                                                                                        

  Standard,          CW         1994        1.18   1.50          0.27             1.77                  
  Top-Loading                                                                                           

  Compact,           CW         1994        0.90   1.05          0.25             1.30                  
  Top-Loading                                                                                           
  ------------------ ---------- ----------- ------ ------------- ------------- -- ------------- ------- --

![](media/image4.pct){width="410.0in" height="158.0in"}

## 9.5. Standards for Residential Dryers

Efficiency standards for clothes dryers were first enacted in 1988 under
the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), and required
only that gas clothes dryers not have a constantly burning pilot light.
Table 9.3 shows minimum efficiency standards for residential dryers.

  ----------------- ------------ ---------- ----------- ------ ------- ------------
  **Table 9.3.                                                         
  Minimum                                                              
  Efficiency                                                           
  Standards for                                                        
  Residential                                                          
  Dryers**                                                             

                                 Database   Year        Min.   Total   

  Type              Fuel         Code       Effective   EF     UEC     

  Standard          Electric     DR         1994        3.01   2.33    kWh/cycle

  Compact (120V)    Electric     DR         1994        3.13   0.96    kWh/cycle

  Compact (240V)    Electric     DR         1994        2.90   1.03    kWh/cycle

  Standard          Gas          DR         1994        2.67   8.95    kBtu/cycle
  ----------------- ------------ ---------- ----------- ------ ------- ------------

![](media/image5.pct){width="320.0in" height="100.0in"}

## 11.4 Efficiency Standards For Ovens and Ranges

Starting in 1990, gas cooktops and ovens with electric cords were no
longer allowed to have a constantly burning pilot light. Thus, most new
gas cooktops and ovens must have electric or electronic ignition
systems, which will decrease gas usage and increase electricity usage
for gas ranges.