Two (2) proposed articles:

1\) Stratigraphies, Origins, and Successions of Bayhead Tree-Islands on
the Deep Peatland of the Northeastern Everglades

2\) Floating Peat Islands: A Precursor to Small Peat-Mound Tree-Islands
in the Northeastern Everglades

**Stratigraphies, Origins, and Successions of Bayhead Tree-Islands on
the Deep Peatland of the Northeastern Everglades**

by P.J. Gleason, P.A. Stone, G. Chmura, W. Spackman

Tree-islands: a worldwide phenomenon

Definition

Vegetational variability

Surrounding environments

Site characteristics allowing tree growth

Origins

Importance

Ecological

Cultural

Diverse and widespread examples

Some themes or types

Examples from a tree-island-rich region \[converging to study area\]

SEUS and upper Florida

South Florida

Everglades

Northern Everglades

Deep peatland of the northeastern Everglades

The Hillsboro Marsh or Loxahatchee subregion of the Everglades: a
concentration of Everglades tree-islands

The Everglades

Nature and subregions

\["For convenience, the name "Loxahatchee" will be used to refer to this
entire region formerly characterized by a dense abundance of
tree-islands and waterlily sloughs lying on deep peat, even though the
present Loxahatchee refuge, which protects the large relict of this
unique landscape and vegetation, does not nearly encompass the former
extent."\]

Origin and development

Nature of Loxahatchee region (including contrast with surrounding areas)

Vegetation

Topography

Limestone trough

Hydrologic inputs

Recent and modern changes

Drainage, canals, erosion

Fire

Impoundment

Nutrient enrichment

Main types of tree-islands in the Loxahatchee region

Small rounded peat-mound tree-islands: vastly abundant

Large low elongated peat-ridge tree-islands: numerous

Some intergrade types and miscellaneous rare types

A few very large shrublands: Hells Nests(?) \[also Brown's Farm\]

Modern vegetation management problems: CA2 and Loxahatchee NWR

Origin and development of main tree-island types

Purpose

Previous works

Study rationale \[and limits\]

Methods

Field \[coring, measuring\]

Laboratory \[extraction; processing petrographic, pollen, ^14^C\]

Analysis \[identifications and statistical\]

Limits

Sites

Results \[as figures and tables\]

Discussion

General succession

\[Peatland evolution or external influences\]

Small peat-mound tree-islands \[specific sites, general as type\]

Petrographic stratigraphy

Pollen stratigraphy

Implications

^14^C test \[Gleason et al.\]

Large low elongate-ridge tree-islands \[specific sites, general as
type\]

Petrographic stratigraphy

Pollen stratigraphy

Implications

Uncertainity of age

Factors in vegetational and landform succession \[possible / probable,
major / minor\]

Research needs

**Floating Peat Islands: A Precursor to Small Peat-Mound Tree-Islands of
the Northeastern Everglades**

by P.A. Stone, P.J. Gleason, D. Black

Floating islands: a worldwide phenomenon

Descriptions

Floating island, floating peat island, flotant

Classical and early scientific descriptions \[Pliny the Elder,
Herodotus, Darwin, Lyell, early Swedish author; also Symons, Powers,
Teal, Thesiger\]

Related cultural features: floating gardens \[Mexico, Indochina, L.
Titacaca\]

Modern interest and importance \[aquatic weeds, reservoirs\]

Some regional examples \[SEUS\]

Explorers and early naturalists

\[Upper St. Johns River, Lake Okeechobee' etc.\]

Okefenokee Swamp

Orange Lake

Miscellaneous \[ACE Basin, SC; Corkscrew Swamp; elsewhere\]

Comparison with peripheral mats in northern lakes \[better known\]

Floating peat islands of the northern Everglades

Area \[mainly NE Ever., but some seen elsewhere in deeper areas\]

Site \[mainly restricted to waterlily vegetation\]

Vegetation \[on newer sites, highly variable)

Other types rare or in disturbed areas

Free floating plant

More open water \[disturbed sites: inc. alligator hole CA2A(?)\]

flotant \[by S-10 structures\]

Composition \[root-mat and peat layer\]

Buoyancy factors \[tissue and gas bubbles\]

Vertical detachment

Horizontal detachment

Possible detachment factors \[in area, depth, and time)

Drift \[wind\]

Possible ecological roles

Tree-island formation

Marsh patchiness \[positive and negative topography\]

Removal of patchiness \[rarer\]

Perching / resting sites

Isolated habitat

Unique habitat

Stable hydrology

More oligotrophic

Underlying water

Presumed vegetational and landform succession

Previous observers

Early data

Vegetation found on still-floating islands

Tree-island area (CA1)

Sawgrass area (CA2A)

Early plant succession on new islands

Study sites

New

Miscellaneous

Examination \[vegetational (physiognomy), photographic, floristic,
physical\]

Results \[Tables, Figures\]

Discussion

General

0-2 year, 2-7 year, 7-24 year

Long-term resultant features

Inferences / connections \[compelling, but circumstantial\]

Waterlily sloughs

Marsh patches

Sawgrass

Arrowhead

Bush clumps

Small bayhead tree-islands \[no longer afloat\]

Origin

Expansion

\[Not all tree-islands\]

Research needs

GPS and follow succession

When / how reattach or sink

Patch examination \[retrospective\]

Separation

Buoyancy