![](media/image1.jpeg){width="3.247916666666667in" height="2.50625in"}

**[Selecting Species of Cover Crop]{.underline}**

The species to plant depends on desired results. The growing season for
cool season annuals can extend from August through June. The growing
season for warm season annuals can extend from mid-April through
October. Cool season legumes generally produce 75 percent or more of
their production in the spring. Therefore, small grains are often seeded
in a mixture with cool season annual legumes such as crimson clover or
hairy vetch. In the case of mixtures, management is required to assure
the legume component is not shaded out.

Planting annuals in a mixture with perennials as a "nurse crop"
typically causes competition for moisture, light, and/or nutrients. Late
seeding may benefit from a low seeding rate of annuals (20-25 percent of
normal seeding rate); however, the mixture should be managed so the
perennial species is not shaded out.

Following a high residue crop such as corn with late seeded winter cover
may increase soil erosion, unless the cover crop is sown using a no-till
planting method.

If cover crops are to be used for hay, harvest grasses in the boot stage
and legumes in the early bloom stage.

Cover crop plants that typically re-seed well include ryegrass, crimson
clover, arrowleaf clover, and hairy vetch. If the land use changes,
ryegrass and hairy vetch can be a weed.

**Characteristics of Different Species**

**[Small Grains, Cool Season]{.underline}**

**Rye** - Cereal rye is the most drought resistant and cold tolerant
cool season annual grass. It has an extensive root system and makes
rapid growth in the fall. Rye is the easiest cool season annual to
establish in thick residue. It provides the most winter production and
biomass. Rye becomes unpalatable at the boot stage. Often rye and
ryegrass are mixed in equal proportions to provide growth over a longer
period of time.

**Wheat** - Wheat can be used for forage and grain production. It has
good cold and drought tolerance, providing both autumn and winter
production. Typically, wheat is the least expensive winter annual. Wheat
has a low disease tolerance.

**Barley** - Barley is not as high quality as wheat or oats and
typically the awn is barbed; therefore, its use for grazing is limited.

**Oats** - Oats provide early fall growth, ability to germinate in
limited moisture, excellent tilling, high forage quality, and is
excellent hay. Oats maintain higher forage quality with maturity than
other small grains. Oats seeded at a four-six bushel rate can provide
the earliest fall production of any of the small grains. Cold tolerance
is a problem; therefore, oats are often seeded in a mixture with other
small grains or ryegrass to reduce this risk.

**Ryegrass** - Annual ryegrass is the easiest winter annual to
establish. It does not need to be planted in the soil as small grains
do; however, production is earlier and greater when drilled. Ryegrass is
a high quality forage. It has low winter production, but has the highest
spring production. Ryegrass is the only cool season annual adapted to
poorly drained sites. Overlapping growth periods of ryegrass and warm
season plants can reduce vigor and yield of the warm season plants.

**Table 1 - Comparison of Maturity and Cold Tolerance of**

**Small Grains and Annual Ryegrass**

  ----------------------- ------------------------ -----------------------
  **Species**             **Maturity**             **Cold Tolerance**

  **Rye**                 **1 (Earliest)**         **1 (Highest)**

  **Wheat**               **2**                    **2**

  **Barley**              **3**                    **3**

  **Oaks**                **4**                    **5 (Least)**

  **Ryegrass**            **5 (Latest)**           **4**
  ----------------------- ------------------------ -----------------------

**[Small Grains, Warm Season]{.underline}**

**Sorghum and Sudangrass** - Warm season annual grass is deep rooted,
fairly drought tolerant, frost sensitive, large biomass producer, and
suppresses weeds. Sorghums are not as drought tolerant as millets. When
stressed, sorghums can cause prussic acid poisoning in livestock,
typically occurring after a frost. Sudangrass can have prussic acid, but
is not as likely to as other sorghums. Prussic acid poisoning is
typically not a threat after about seven days following frost. Nitrate
poisoning of livestock can also occur from sorghums, typically occurring
during a drought. Nitrates remain in harvested forage and are a threat
to livestock. Sting nematodes may increase following sorghums;
therefore, sorghums are not recommended preceding cool season
vegetables.

**Millets (foxtail, pearl, browntop, proso and barnyardgrass) -**
Millets are the most drought tolerant of the summer annuals. Millets are
established for a variety of purposes, including forage, bird food,
and/or temporary cover. Millet will germinate when very little moisture
is available. Foxtail is the lightest stemmed millet, producing less
tonnage than proso and pearl. Foxtail millet is an excellent plant for
temporary cover of disturbed sites that will be reshaped in the near
future. In approximately 60 days, foxtail millet will reach the heading
stage. Pearlmillet makes the most regrowth after cutting. Browntop and
proso are typically used for wildlife. A pH of 5.6 or higher is
recommended for millets. Foxtail millet is not recommended for horses,
since it acts as a laxative. Nitrate poisoning of livestock can occur
from millets.

**[Legumes]{.underline}**

**(Inoculate legumes with appropriate inoculant.)**

**Crimson Clover** - Crimson Clover is a versatile plant used as forage
for soil conservation as a cover crop, as a source of pollen for bees,
and for land beautification. It is one of the most dependable, best
yielding, and earliest maturing winter annual legumes. Crimson clover
will produce more forage at low temperatures than other clovers. It is
fairly tolerant of soil acidity, but does best when the soil pH is
within the range of 5.8 to 6.5. Ideally, crimson clover should not be
grazed until the plants are four to six inches tall and should not be
grazed closer than three inches. Management for reseeding requires
either that livestock be totally removed or that the stocking rate be
greatly reduced during the seed production period. Reduce or eliminate
grazing pressure after the clover begins to bloom (usually early April).
Crimson clover seed mature within about 30 days of pollination. If
reseeding is desired once seed mature, the field can be grazed, cut for
hay, or no tilled. If mechanical harvest is planned, a cereal grain
planted in a mixture with crimson clover is recommended. Re-growth after
mechanical harvest is usually poor, so only one harvest can be expected
to contain significant quantities of clover.

**Hairy Vetch** - Hairy Vetch is a climbing, prostrate, or trailing
annual. It is relatively large seeded and able to establish even in
heavy leaf deposition. Hairy vetch is more cold tolerant than crimson
clover. During the winter, it produces little aboveground growth, but
its root development continues, accounting for its drought resistance.
It tolerates pH as low as 4.9, but does best when the soil pH is within
the range of 6.0-7.0. Hairy vetch can grow on acid soils that will not
sustain clover. Hairy vetch is shade tolerant and can be overseeded in
standing corn or as an understory cover crop in orchards. Hairy vetch
fed in high proportions may be toxic to livestock. Root knot nematode
and Reniform nematodes may increase successional vetch, so cereal rye is
recommended prior to susceptible crops such as soybeans or cotton. It
can be a pest in fence rows or nursery crops.

**Arrowleaf Clover** - Arrowleaf clover is the latest maturing annual
clover with good cold and drought tolerance, good reseeding ability, and
low bloat potential. Scarification is required for satisfactory
germination. One seed crop can produce enough seed to reseed for up to
three years.

**[Other]{.underline}**

**Buckwheat -** Buckwheat is a fast growing, frost sensitive plant used
as summer cover. It is the only plant recommended as a summer planting
after July 15. Buckwheat is not a good erosion control plant, and pure
stands are not recommended on slopes exceeding 5 percent. Buckwheat is a
quick maturing crop producing mature seed in 50 days, although some
flowering can continue for an additional 70 days. Buckwheat produces
much less biomass than do other summer cover crops. It can be used to
improve soil structure, and has been documented as providing some weed
control for successional crops. It is also known to attract beneficial
insects. Buckwheat tolerates a wide range of pH, and is intolerant to
shade.

**Brassica Crops** **(Turnip, Swede, Rape, and Kale)** - These crops are
highly productive and digestible annual crops that produce good biomass
in 80 to 150 days. Brassicas can be spring seeded for production in
August and September or summer seeded for production in November and
December. Brassicas require good soil drainage and a soil pH between 5.3
and 6.8 for optimum production. Introduce grazing animals to brassica
pastures slowly. Brassicas should not constitute more than 75 percent of
the animal\'s diet.

**[Seeding Methods]{.underline}**

Cover crops can be tilled and drilled, no-till drilled, or tilled and
broadcast seeded and followed with a cultipacker. Typically, cool season
annual grass production is earliest on a prepared seedbed followed by
no-till plantings into crop residue, and the latest growth is winter
annuals overseeded into summer grass. Overseeding winter annuals into
cool season perennial grasses is typically not recommended due to
competition. No-till seedings are most soil conserving, provide the
firmest surface for livestock, and increase organic matter.

For most purposes, acceptable benefits are usually accomplished when the
plant density is at least 25 stems per foot, the combined canopy and
surface cover is at least 60 percent, and the aboveground (dry weight)
biomass production is at least 2,700 lbs./acre.

Seed one-fourth to one-half inch deep depending on seed size and
texture, and firm seedbed with press wheels or cultipacker.

[^1]Recommended Seeding Rates and Dates for Cover Crops

+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| **Crop**           | *            | **Rates per    | **Seeding     |
|                    | *Varieties** | Acre**         | Dates**       |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Annual Lespedeza   | Kobe         | 20-30 lbs.     | Feb. 15-April |
|                    |              |                | 15            |
|                    | Korean       | 20 lbs.        |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Arrowleaf Clover   | Meechee,     | 5-8 lbs.       | Aug. 15-Oct.  |
|                    | Yuchi        | (scarified)    | 1             |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Barley             | Starling     | For winter     | Sept. 15-Nov. |
|                    |              | cover, grain,  | 1             |
|                    |              | or spring      |               |
|                    |              | grazing        | No-till       |
|                    |              | 1.0-1.5        | drilled Sept. |
|                    |              | bushels        | 15-Oct. 20    |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              | \              | \-            |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              |                | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | Fall grazing   | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | 3-4 bushels    | -Conventional |
|                    |              |                | or broadcast  |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              |                | Sept. 1-Oct.  |
|                    |              |                | 1             |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Buckwheat          | Common Gray, | 35-50 lbs.     | June 1-Aug. 1 |
|                    | Silver Hull, |                |               |
|                    | Japanese     |                |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Cowpeas            | Whipporwill, | 1.5-2 bushels  | May 20-June   |
|                    | Brabham,     | Broadcast      | 20            |
|                    | Clay         |                |               |
|                    |              | 0.5 bu. in     |               |
|                    |              | rows           |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Crimson Clover     | Dixie,       | 15 lbs. winter | Aug. 1-Oct.   |
|                    | Chief,       | cover,         | 15            |
|                    | Tibbee       |                |               |
|                    |              | 20 lbs. Forage |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Millet, Browntop   |              | 25-40 lbs.     | May 1-July 1  |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Millet, Foxtail    | German       | 20 lbs. or 15  | May 1-July 1  |
|                    |              | lbs. + 1 bu.   |               |
|                    |              | Soybeans       |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Oats:              | FFR Southern | 2 bushels for  | Sept. 1-Oct.  |
|                    | States 76-30 | grain          | 1             |
| Fall Seeded        |              |                |               |
| \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\    | \            | 4-6 bushels    | \-\           |
| -\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\ | for fall       | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
| -\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- | -\-\-\-\-\-\ | pasture        | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    | -\-\-\-\-\-\ | \              | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
| Spring Seeded      | -\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    | -\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    | -\-\-\-\-\-- | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    | Don, Ogle,   | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | Feb. 20-March |
|                    | Larry        |                | 15            |
|                    |              | 2-3 bushels    |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Pearlmillet        | Millex 24,   | 10-15 lbs.     | May 1-July 15 |
|                    | Millex 32    | Drilled        |               |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              | 20 lbs.        |               |
|                    |              | broadcast      |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Rape (Forage)      | Dwarf Essex  | 6-8 lbs.       | Feb. -March;  |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              |                | Aug. -Sept.   |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Rapeseed (Oil)     |              | 5-6 lbs.       | Sept. 1-Oct.  |
|                    |              |                | 10            |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Red Clover         | Cinnamon,    | 8-12 lbs.      | Aug. 15-Oct.  |
|                    | Reddy,       |                | 1             |
|                    | Redman,      |                |               |
|                    | Redland III  |                | Feb. 15-April |
|                    |              |                | 1             |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Rye                | Wheeler, FFR | Winter cover,  | Sept. 15-Nov. |
|                    | 20/20,       | spring grazing | 20 no-till    |
|                    | Vitagraze    | 1.0-1.5 bu.    | drilled       |
|                    | Winter       |                |               |
|                    | Magic,       | \-\-\          | Sept. 15 Nov. |
|                    | Rebel,       | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | 10 Overseeded |
|                    | Volunteer    | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    | Magic        | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\           |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\--Fall | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | grazing 2-3    | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | bushels        | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              |                | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              |                | Aug. 15-Oct.  |
|                    |              |                | 15            |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Ryegrass, Annual   | Marshall,    | 20-30 lbs.     | Aug. 15-Oct.  |
|                    | Surrey       |                | 10            |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Sudangrass         | Trudan 8     | 30-48 lbs.     | April 20-July |
|                    |              | Broadcast      | 1             |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              | 20-30 lbs.     |               |
|                    |              | Drilled        |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Vetch              | Hairy        | 20 lbs. Winter | Aug. 15-Oct.  |
|                    |              | cover          | 15            |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              | 30 lbs. Forage |               |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Wheat              | See current  | For grain or   | Oct. 15-Nov.  |
|                    | U.T.         | spring grazing | 10            |
| (Expected damage   | publication  |                |               |
| from Hessian Fly   | for Field    | 1-1.5 bushels  | No-till       |
| and/or barley      | Crop         | \              | drilled       |
| yellow dwarf       | Varieties.   | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
| prevents planting  |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\     |
| earlier than Oct.  |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
| 15 for grain       |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
| production.)       |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              |                | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
| Wheat (also barley |              | 1-1.5 bushels  | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
| or rye)            |              |                | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              | \              |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | Oct. 15-Nov.  |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | 1 Tilled      |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\     |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              |                | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | 1.5-2.0        | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | bushels        | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | \              | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | Oct. 15-Nov.  |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | 1             |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | Overseeded no |
|                    |              |                | till          |
|                    |              | For winter     |               |
|                    |              | cover          | \-\-\-\-\     |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | 1-1.5 bushels  | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | \              | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | Sept. 15-Nov. |
|                    |              |                | 10            |
|                    |              | 1-1.5 bushels  |               |
|                    |              |                | No-till       |
|                    |              | \              | drilled       |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\     |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | 1-1.5 bushels  | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              | \              |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | Sept. 15-Nov. |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | 1             |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | Overseed no   |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | till          |
|                    |              |                | \-\-\-\-\     |
|                    |              | For fall       | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | grazing        | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | 2-3 bushels    | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | \              | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ |               |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | Sept. 15-Oct. |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-\ | 20 Tilled     |
|                    |              | -\-\-\-\-\-\-- | \-\-\-\-\     |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | For cover,     | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | wildlife       | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | enhancement,   | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              | or fall        | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | grazing: 1.5-3 | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              | bushels        |               |
|                    |              |                | Sept. 1-Oct.  |
|                    |              | Increase       | 1             |
|                    |              | seeding rate   |               |
|                    |              | 50% if using   | \-\           |
|                    |              | combine-run    | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              | seed.          | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              |                | \-\-\-\-\-\-\ |
|                    |              |                | -\-\-\-\-\-\- |
|                    |              |                | \-\-\-\-\-\-- |
|                    |              |                |               |
|                    |              |                | Aug. 15-Oct.  |
|                    |              |                | 15            |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Wildrye, Virginia  | Omaha        | 15-20 PLS lbs. | Aug. 15-Oct.  |
|                    |              |                | 15            |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+
| Winter Peas        | Austrian     | 45-60 lbs.     | Aug.-Oct. 1   |
+--------------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+

**[Fertilizer and Lime]{.underline}**

Apply lime and fertilizer according to University of Tennessee soil test
recommendations. Phosphorus and Potassium can be applied to meet the
needs of both the cover crop and the subsequent crop. It is also an
excellent time to apply lime needed by the primary crop in the rotation.
Nitrogen rate, source, and timing will vary depending on the crop,
season, and desired biomass production.

**[Nutrient Contribution and Removal]{.underline}**

Consider that grasses utilize more soil nitrogen, and legumes utilize
both nitrogen and phosphorus. Deep-rooted species provide maximum
nutrient recovery (i.e., red clover, brassicas).

Soil microbial activity is much higher on young, relatively lush
vegetation. During microbial breakdown, nutrients held within the plant
tissues are released and made available to the following crop. Factors
that influence the ability of microorganisms to break down organic
matter include soil temperature, soil moisture, and carbon to nitrogen
(C:N) ratio of plant material. C:N ratios above 25:1 can result in
nitrogen being tied up by soil microbes. The lower the C:N ratio, the
more N will be released into the soil for immediate crop use. The higher
the C:N ratio, the slower the release of nutrients to successional
crops.

Common C:N Ratios of Cover Crops

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  **[Organic Material]{.underline}** **[C:N Ratio]{.underline}**

  Young Rye Plants                   14:1

  Rye at Flowering                   20:1

  Hairy Vetch                        10:1 to 15:1

  Crimson Clover                     15:1

  Corn Stalks                        60:1

  Saw Dust                           250:1
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------

Cover crops sequester nutrients, and once their growth is terminated,
release them slowly. Legumes can be an excellent source of nitrogen,
often providing more than 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Reduce N rate
by 50 to 70 pounds per acre following a legume cover crop. The maximum
quantity of nitrogen is accumulated when legumes are allowed to reach
the late bloom stage prior to being killed.

**[Termination of Cover Crop]{.underline}**

The cover crop should be terminated as late as feasible to maximize
plant growth and to prepare for planting of the subsequent crop. Kill
the cover crop with a herbicide two or three weeks prior to planting the
successional crop to aid in moisture conservation. A second herbicide
application may be needed.

Mowing at a 1.5-inch height when the cover crop is near maturity may
also give good control. Cool season annual weeds (i.e., little barley)
can provide benefits of winter cover at reduced cost for seed and
burndown herbicide.

Rolling stalk choppers are another option for killing cover crops prior
to planting. Planting cover crops known to readily winterkill is another
non-chemical means of vegetation management. Spring oats, buckwheat, and
sorghum fill this need.

[^1]: See current U.T. publication for Field Crop Varieties. If planting
    coated seed, use same seeding rate with legumes. With grasses use
    high side of recommended seeding rate. For Cumberland Plateau and
    elevations above 1,800 feet, plant ten days earlier than the end or
    the fall seeding date in this publication. Ref.: University of
    Tennessee Recommended Field Crops Seeding Guide

    PB-378.