------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------
  **Startup**                    

  **Keystroke**                  **Description**

  Press X during startup         Force Mac OS X startup

  Press                          Bypass primary startup volume and seek a different
  Option-Command-Shift-Delete\   startup volume (such as a CD or external disk)
  during startup                 

  Press C during startup         Start up from a CD that has a system folder

  Press N during startup         Attempt to start up from a compatible network
                                 server (NetBoot)

  Press T during startup         Start up in FireWire Target Disk mode

  Press Shift during startup     start up in Safe Boot mode and temporarily disable
                                 login items and non-essential kernel extension
                                 files (Mac OS X 10.2 and later)

  Press Command-V during startup Start up in Verbose mode.

  Press Command-S during startup Start up in Single-User mode
  ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------
  **Finder window**              

  **Keyboard shortcut**          **Description**

  Command-W                      Close Window

  Option-Command-W               Close all Windows

  Command-Right Arrow            Expand folder (list view)

  Option-Command-Right Arrow     Expand folder and nested subfolders
                                 (list view)

  Command-Left Arrow             Collapse Folder (list view)

  Option-Command-Up Arrow        Open parent folder and close current
                                 window
  ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------

 

  ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **Menu commands**             

  **Keyboard shortcut**         **Description**

  Shift-Command-Q               Apple Menu\
                                     Log out

  Shift-Option-Command-Q        Apple Menu\
                                     Log out immediately

  Shift-Command-Delete          Finder Menu\
                                     Empty Trash

  Option-Shift-Command-Delete   Finder Menu\
                                     Empty Trash without dialog

  Command-H                     Finder Menu\
                                     Hide Finder

  Option-Command-H              Finder Menu\
                                     Hide Others

  Command-N                     File Menu\
                                     New Finder window

  Shift-Command-N               File Menu\
                                     New Folder

  Command-O                     File Menu\
                                     Open

  Command-S                     File Menu\
                                     Save

  Shift-Command-S               File Menu\
                                     Save as

  Command-P                     File Menu\
                                     Print

  Command-W                     File Menu\
                                     Close Window

  Option-Command-W              File Menu\
                                     Close all Windows

  Command-I                     File Menu\
                                     Get Info

  Option-Command-I              File Menu\
                                     Show Attributes Inspector

  Command-D                     File Menu\
                                     Duplicate

  Command-L                     File Menu\
                                     Make Alias

  Command-R                     File Menu\
                                     Show original

  Command-T                     File Menu\
                                     Add to Favorites (Mac OS X 10.2.8 or earlier),
                                Add to Sidebar (Mac OS X 10.3 or later---use
                                Shift-Command-T for Add to Favorites)

  Command-Delete                File Menu\
                                     Move to Trash

  Command-E                     File Menu\
                                     Eject

  Command-F                     File Menu\
                                     Find

  Command-Z                     Edit Menu\
                                     Undo

  Command-X                     Edit Menu\
                                     Cut

  Command-C                     Edit Menu\
                                     Copy

  Command-V                     Edit Menu\
                                     Paste

  Command-A                     Edit Menu\
                                     Select All

  Command-1                     View Menu\
                                     View as Icons

  Command-2                     View Menu\
                                     View as List

  Command-3                     View Menu\
                                     View as Columns

  Command-B                     View Menu\
                                     Hide Toolbar

  Command-J                     View Menu\
                                     Show View Options

  Command - \[                  Go Menu\
                                     Back

  Command - \]                  Go Menu\
                                     Forward

  Shift-Command-C               Go Menu\
                                     Computer

  Shift-Command-H               Go Menu\
                                     Home

  Shift-Command-I               Go Menu\
                                     iDisk

  Shift-Command-A               Go Menu\
                                     Applications

  Shift-Command-F               Go Menu\
                                     Favorites

  Shift-Command-G               Go Menu\
                                     Goto Folder

  Command-K                     Go Menu\
                                     Connect to Server

  Command-M                     Window Menu\
                                     Minimize Window

  Option-Command-M              Window Menu\
                                     Minimize All Windows

  Command-?                     Help Menu\
                                     Open Mac Help

  Command-Space                 Open Spotlight (Mac OS X 10.4 or later)
  ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

 

  ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------
  **Universal Access and                                           
  [VoiceOver](http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/voiceover/)**   

  **Keyboard shortcut**                                            **Description**

  Option-Command-8                                                 Turn on Zoom

  Option-Command-+ (plus)                                          Zoom in

  Option-Command\-- (minus)                                        Zoom out

  Control-Option-Command-8                                         Switch to White on Black

  Control-F1                                                       Turn on Full Keyboard Access\
                                                                   When Full Keyboard Access is turned on, you can
                                                                   use the key combinations listed in the table
                                                                   below from the Finder.

  Control-F2                                                       Full Keyboard Access\
                                                                        Highlight Menu

  Control-F3                                                       Full Keyboard Access\
                                                                        Highlight Dock

  Control-F4                                                       Full Keyboard Access\
                                                                        Highlight Window (active) or next window
                                                                   behind it

  Control-F5                                                       Full Keyboard Access\
                                                                        Highlight Toolbar

  Control-F6                                                       Full Keyboard Access\
                                                                        Highlight Utility window (palette)

  Command-F5 or fn-Command-F5                                      Turn VoiceOver on or off (Mac OS X 10.4 or
                                                                   later)

  Control-Option-F8 or fn-Control-Option-F8                        Open VoiceOver Utility (Mac OS X 10.4 or later)

  Control-Option-F7 or fn-Control-option-F7                        Display VoiceOver menu (Mac OS X 10.4 or later)

  Control-Option-;\                                                Enable/disable VoiceOver Control-Option lock
  or fn-Control-option-;                                           (Mac OS X 10.4 or later)
  ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

 

The Universal Access preference pane allows you to turn on Mouse Keys.
When Mouse Keys is on, you can use the numeric keypad to move the mouse.
If your computer doesn\'t have a numeric keypad, use the Fn (function)
key.

  ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------
  **Mouse Keys**                 

  **Keystroke**                  **Description**

  8                              Move Up

  2                              Move Down

  4                              Move Left

  6                              Move Right

  1, 3, 7, and 9                 Move Diagonally

  5                              Press Mouse Button

  0                              Hold Mouse Button

  . (period on keypad)           Release Mouse Button (use after pressing
                                 0)
  ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------

 

  --------------------------- -------------------------------------------
  **Other Commands**          

  **Keystroke**               **Description**

  Option-Command-D            Show/Hide Dock

  Command-Tab                 Switch application

  tab                         Highlight next item

  Command-Up Arrow            Move up one directory

  Command-Down Arrow          Move down one directory

  Page Up or Control-Up Arrow Move up one page

  Page Down or Control-Down   Move down one page
  Arrow                       

  Option-Drag                 Copy to new location

  Option-Command-Drag         Make alias in new location

  Command-Drag                Move to new location without copying

  Shift-Command-C             Show Colors palette in application

  Command-T                   Show Font palette in application

  Command-Shift-3             Take a picture of the screen

  Command-Shift-4             Take a picture of the selection

  Command-Shift-4, then press Take a picture of the screen, place in
  Control while selecting     Clipboard

  Command-Shift-4, then       Take a picture of the selected window
  Spacebar                    

  Option-Command-esc          Force Quit

  Control-Eject               Restart, Sleep, Shutdown dialog box

  Control-Command-Eject       Quit all applications and restart

  Option-Command-Eject        Sleep
  **or**\                     
  Option-Command-Power        

  Command-click window        Cycle through available views for the
  toolbar button (upper right window\'s toolbar (dependant on the nature
  corner)                     of the Finder or application window)

  Command-\`                  Cycle through windows in application or
                              Finder (if more than one window is open)

  Function-Delete (PowerBook, Forward Delete (delete the character to the
  iBook only)                 right of your cursor)
  --------------------------- -------------------------------------------