**[Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination]{.smallcaps}**

**[for Post Harvest Use for Food Processing Plants]{.smallcaps}**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [For Administrative Purposes Only:]{.smallcaps}                       |
|                                                                       |
| **[Date received by Ozone Secretariat:]{.smallcaps}**                 |
|                                                                       |
| YEAR: CUN:                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Nominating      | # The United States of America                  |
| Par                |                                                 |
| ty:]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **[Brief           | Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination          |
| Descriptive Title  |                                                 |
| of                 | for Post Harvest Use for Food Processing Plants |
| Nominati           |                                                 |
| on:]{.smallcaps}** |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| **[Nominating Party  |                                               |
| Contact              |                                               |
| De                   |                                               |
| tails]{.smallcaps}** |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Contact Person:      | John E. Thompson, Ph. D.                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Title:               | International Affairs Officer                 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Address:             | Office of Environmental Policy                |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | U.S. Department of State                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | 2201 C Street N.W. Room 4325                  |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | Washington, DC 20520                          |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      | U.S.A.                                        |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Telephone:           | \(202\) 647-9799                              |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Fax:                 | \(202\) 647-5947                              |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| E-mail:              | <ThompsonJE2@state.gov>                       |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                      |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Following the        |                                               |
| requirements of      |                                               |
| Decision IX/6        |                                               |
| paragraph (a)(1),    |                                               |
| the United States of |                                               |
| America has          |                                               |
| determined that the  |                                               |
| specific use         |                                               |
| detailed in this     |                                               |
| Critical use         |                                               |
| Nomination is        |                                               |
| critical because the |                                               |
| lack of availability |                                               |
| of methyl bromide    |                                               |
| for this use would   |                                               |
| result in a          |                                               |
| significant market   |                                               |
| disruption.          |                                               |
|                      |                                               |
| X Yes  No           |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------
  **[Contact or Expert(s)  
  for Further Technical    
  Details]{.smallcaps}**   

  Contact/Expert Person:   Tina E. Levine, Ph.D.

  Title:                   Division Director

  Address:                 Biological and Economic Analysis Division

                           Office of Pesticide Programs

                           U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                           Mail Code 7503C

                           Washington, DC 20460

                           U.S.A.

  Telephone:               \(703\) 308-3099

  Fax:                     \(703\) 308-8090

  E-mail:                  <levine.tina@epa.gov>

                           
  ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------

# [List of Documents Sent to the Ozone Secretariat in Official Nomination Package]{.smallcaps}

List all paper and electronic documents submitted by the Nominating
Party to the Ozone Secretariat

+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
| 1.  **[Paper Documents:]{.smallcaps}**       | **     | **Date Sent |
|                                              | Number | to Ozone    |
| > **Title of Paper Documents and             | of     | Se          |
| > Appendices**                               | P      | cretariat** |
|                                              | ages** |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+

+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
| 2.  **[electronic copies of all paper        | **Size | **Date Sent |
|     documents:]{.smallcaps}**                | of     | to Ozone    |
|                                              | File   | Se          |
| **Title of Electronic Files**                | (kb)** | cretariat** |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+
|                                              |        |             |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-------------+

***TABLE OF CONTENTS***

[Part A: Summary 6](#part-a-summary)

[**1.** Nominating Party 6](#__RefHeading___Toc65582556)

[**2.** Descriptive Title of Nomination 6](#__RefHeading___Toc65582557)

[**3.** Situation of Nominated Methyl Bromide Use
6](#__RefHeading___Toc65582558)

[**4.** Methyl Bromide Nominated for Food Processing Plants
6](#__RefHeading___Toc65582559)

[**5.** Brief Summary of the Need for Methyl Bromide as a Critical Use
6](#__RefHeading___Toc65582560)

[**6.** Methyl Bromide Consumption for Past 5 Years and Amount Requested
in the Year(s) Nominated for Food Processing Plants
8](#__RefHeading___Toc65582561)

[**7.** Location of the Facility or Facilities Where the Proposed
Critical Use of Methyl Bromide Will Take Place
8](#__RefHeading___Toc65582562)

[Part B: Situation Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use
11](#__RefHeading___Toc65582528)

[**8.** Key Pests for which Methyl Bromide is Requested
11](#__RefHeading___Toc65582564)

[**9.** Summary of the Circumstances in which the Methyl Bromide is
Currently Being Used 12](#__RefHeading___Toc65582565)

[**10.** List Alternative Techniques that are being Used to Control Key
Target Pest Species in this Sector 13](#__RefHeading___Toc65582566)

[Part C: Technical Validation 15](#__RefHeading___Toc65582567)

[**11.** Summarize the Alternative(s) Tested, Starting with the Most
Promising Alternative(s) 15](#__RefHeading___Toc65582568)

[**12.** Summarize Technical Reasons, if any, for each Alternative not
being Feasible or Available for your Circumstances
17](#__RefHeading___Toc65582569)

[Part D: Emission Control 18](#__RefHeading___Toc65582539)

[**13.** How has this Sector Reduced the Use and Emissions of Methyl
Bromide in the Situation of the Nomination?
18](#__RefHeading___Toc65582571)

[Part E: Economic Assessment 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65582572)

[**14.** Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over 3-Year
Period 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65582573)

[**15.** Summarize Economic Reasons, if any, for each Alternative not
being Feasible or Available for your Circumstances
19](#__RefHeading___Toc65582574)

[**Measures of Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives**
21](#__RefHeading___Toc65582575)

[Part F: Future Plans 24](#__RefHeading___Toc65582576)

[**16.** Provide a Detailed Plan Describing how the Use and Emissions of
Methyl Bromide will be Minimized in the Future for the Nominated Use.
24](#__RefHeading___Toc65582577)

[**17.** Provide a Detailed Plan Describing what Actions will be
Undertaken to Rapidly Develop and Deploy Alternatives for this Use
24](#__RefHeading___Toc65582578)

[17.1. Research 24](#research)

[17.2. Registration 25](#__RefHeading___Toc65582580)

[17.2.1. Sulfuryl Fluoride 26](#__RefHeading___Toc65582581)

[**18.** Additional Comments 27](#__RefHeading___Toc65582582)

[**19.** Citations 28](#__RefHeading___Toc65582583)

[**Bibliography** 29](#__RefHeading___Toc65582584)

[Appendix A 31](#__RefHeading___Toc65582548)

[Appendix B 32](#__RefHeading___Toc65582586)

[[APPENDIX D. Summary of New Applicants]{.smallcaps}
38](#__RefHeading___Toc65582587)

***List of Tables***

[*Part A: Summary* 6](#part-a-summary)

[**Table 4.1:** Methyl Bromide Nominated for Food Processing Plants
6](#__RefHeading___Toc65582524)

[**Table A.1:** Executive Summary 8](#__RefHeading___Toc65582525)

[**Table 6.1:** Methyl Bromide Consumption for the Past 5 Years and the
Amount Requested in the Year(s) Nominated For Food Processing Plants
8](#__RefHeading___Toc65582526)

[**Table A.2:** 2006 Nomination - Post Harvest Use for Food Processing
Plants 10](#__RefHeading___Toc65582527)

[***Part B: Situation Characteristics and Methyl Bromide Use***
11](#__RefHeading___Toc65582528)

[**Table 8.1:** Key Pests for Methyl Bromide Request
11](#__RefHeading___Toc65582529)

[**Table B.1:** Characteristic of Sector - Food Processing Plants: Flour
Mills, Bakeries, and Pet Food Facilities
11](#__RefHeading___Toc65582530)

[**Table B.2:** Characteristics of Sector - Food Processing Plants: Rice
Mills 12](#__RefHeading___Toc65582531)

[**Table 9.1: (a)** Food Processing Plants
12](#__RefHeading___Toc65582532)

[**Table 9.1: (b)** Fixed Facilities 12](#__RefHeading___Toc65582533)

[***Part C: Technical Validation*** 15](#__RefHeading___Toc65582567)

[Table 11.1: Summary of the Alternatives Tested
15](#table-11.1-summary-of-the-alternatives-tested)

[**Table 11.2:** Summary of Review or Position Papers concerning
Alternatives for Stored Product Pests 16](#__RefHeading___Toc65582536)

[**Table 12.1:** Summary of Technical Reason for each Alternative not
being Feasible or Available 17](#__RefHeading___Toc65582537)

[Table 12.2: Comparison of Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation
18](#table-12.2-comparison-of-alternatives-to-methyl-bromide-fumigation)

[***Part D: Emission Control*** 18](#__RefHeading___Toc65582539)

[***Part E: Economic Assessment*** 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65582572)

[**Table 14.1:** Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over a
3-Year Period 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65582541)

[**Table 15.1:** Summary of Economic Reasons for each Alternative not
being Feasible or Available 19](#__RefHeading___Toc65582542)

[**Table E.1:** Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Rice
Miller's Association 21](#__RefHeading___Toc65582543)

[**Table E.2:** Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for
Bakeries 22](#__RefHeading___Toc65582544)

[**Table E.3:** Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Pet
Food Institute 22](#__RefHeading___Toc65582545)

[**Table E.4:** Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for
North American Miller's Association 23](#__RefHeading___Toc65582546)

[***Part F: Future Plans*** 24](#__RefHeading___Toc65582576)

[***Appendix A*** 31](#__RefHeading___Toc65582548)

[**Appendix A - Table 9.1(a):** Summary of the Circumstances of Current
Methyl Bromide Use In Pet Food Processing Plants
31](#__RefHeading___Toc65582549)

[**Appendix A - Table 9.1(B):** Summary of the Circumstances of Current
Methyl Bromide Use In Pet Food Processing Plants - Fixed Facilities: Pet
Food Institute 31](#__RefHeading___Toc65582550)

[***Appendix B*** 32](#__RefHeading___Toc65582586)

[**Appendix B - Table 1:** Effect of temperature on concentration and
time thresholds for some pests of stored products. (From: Bell, C. H.
2000) 32](#__RefHeading___Toc65582552)

[**Appendix B - Table 2:** Concentration-Time Product recommendations by
National Pest Management Association 33](#__RefHeading___Toc65582553)

[APPENDIX A. 2006 Methyl Bromide Usage Numerical Index (BUNI).
34](#__RefHeading___Toc65582554)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # Part A: Summary                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[1. Nominating Party]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582556
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

The United States of America

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[2. Descriptive Title of
  Nomination]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582557 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Post-Harvest Use in Food
Processing Plants

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[3. Situation of Nominated Methyl Bromide
  Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582558 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

This sector includes rice mills, flour mills, pet food manufacturing
facilities, and a few bakeries. Primarily this sector is treating only
the portions of the facilities that contain electronic components and
have machinery with copper and copper alloy parts. These facilities are
under intense pressure from many insect pests. The flour millers and the
bakeries in this sector do not target any of their commodities to be
fumigated with methyl bromide; however, the rice millers and the pet
food manufacturers may fumigate some products with methyl bromide.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **4.** **[Methyl Bromide Nominated For Food Processing
  Plants]{.smallcaps}** []{#__RefHeading___Toc65582559 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 4.1: Methyl Bromide Nominated For Food Processing
Plants]{.smallcaps}** []{#__RefHeading___Toc65582524 .anchor}

  ------------------------ --------------------------- --------------------------
  **[Year]{.smallcaps}**   **[Nomination amount        **[Nomination Volume (1000
                           (kg)]{.smallcaps}**         m^3^)]{.smallcaps}**

  **[2006]{.smallcaps}**   **[529,604]{.smallcaps}**   **[23,622]{.smallcaps}**
  ------------------------ --------------------------- --------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[5. Brief Summary of the Need for Methyl Bromide as a Critical
  Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582560 .anchor} *(Describe
  the particular aspects of the nominated use that make methyl bromide
  use critical, e.g. lack of economic alternatives, unacceptable
  corrosion risk, lack of efficacy of alternatives under the particular
  circumstances of the nomination)*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

The U. S. nomination is only for those facilities where the use of
alternatives is not suitable. In U. S. food processing plants there are
several factors that make the potential alternatives to methyl bromide
unsuitable. These include:

-   Pest control efficacy of alternatives: the efficacy of alternatives
    may not be comparable to methyl bromide, making these alternatives
    technically and/or economically infeasible.

-   Geographic distribution of the facilities: some facilities are
    situated in areas where key pests occur at low levels, such as those
    located in the northern part of the U. S. In such cases, the U. S.
    is only nominating a CUE for facilities where the key pest pressure
    is moderate to high such as food processing facilities located in
    the southern U. S.

-   Age and type of facility: older food processing facilities,
    especially those constructed of wood, experience more frequent and
    severe pest infestations that must be controlled by fumigation.

-   Constraints of the alternatives: some types of commodities (e.g.,
    those containing high levels of fats and oils) prevent the use of
    heat as an alternative because of its effect on the final product
    (e.g., rancidity). Further, the corrosive nature of phosphine on
    certain metals prevents its use in mechanical and electrical areas
    of the facilities.

-   Transition to newly available alternatives: Sulfuryl fluoride
    recently received a Federal registration. State registrations have
    not yet been issued. Further, it will take some time for applicators
    to be trained in the use of this chemical and for its incorporation
    into a pest control program. A registration decision concerning the
    establishment of sulfuryl fluoride tolerances on other processed
    food ingredients in a treated facility is still pending.

-   Delay in plant operations: e.g., the use of some methyl bromide
    alternatives can add a delay to production by requiring additional
    time to complete the fumigation process. Production delays can
    result in significant economic impacts to the processors.

Over the last decade, food processing facilities in the United States
have reduced the number of methyl bromide fumigations by incorporating
many of the alternatives identified by MBTOC. The most critical
alternative implemented is IPM strategies, especially sanitation, in all
areas of a facility. Plants are now being monitored for pest
populations, using visual inspections, pheromone traps, light traps and
electrocution traps. When insect pests are found, plants will attempt to
contain the infestation with treatments of low volatility pesticides
applied to both surfaces and cracks and crevices. These techniques do
not disinfest a facility but are critical in monitoring and managing
pests. However, when all these methods fail to control a pest problem,
facilities will resort to phosphine, heat, and if all else fails, to
methyl bromide.

Many facilities in the United States also are using both phosphine and
heat treatments to disinfest at least portions of their plants.
Phosphine, alone and in combination with carbon dioxide, is often used
to treat both incoming grains and finished products. Unfortunately,
phosphine is corrosive to copper, silver, gold and their alloys. These
metals are critical components of both the computers that run the
machines as well as some of the machines themselves. Therefore,
phosphine is not feasible in all areas of food processing facilities.
Additionally, phosphine requires more time to kill insect pests than
does methyl bromide, so plants need to be shut down longer to achieve
mortality, resulting in economic losses. There are also reports of
stored product pests becoming resist to phosphine (Taylor, 1989; Bell,
2000; Mueller, 2002).

Heat treatments have a number of problems in this industry. Not all
areas of a plant can be efficiently treated with heat. Some food
substances, for instance oils and butters will become rancid with heat
treatments. Not all finished food products can be heated for the length
of time heat is required for efficient kill of pests. In addition,
geography of the United States plays a crucial role in the use of heat
treatments. Food processing plants in the northern United States will
experience winters with several weeks of sustaining temperatures of -32°
to -35° C (-30° to -25° F). In these areas plants have heaters and the
power plants have the capacity to supply excess power as needed. When
insects escape the heat they will die in the cold conditions. However,
the southern and parts of the western zones of the United States are
geographically quite different. Winter temperatures there seldom reach
--1.2° C (30° F) and when temperatures should fall that low, it is
typically for only a few hours one night. For many winters, these areas
of the U. S. don't freeze at all. Subsequently, these facilities do not
have heaters, nor do the power plants have enough power to allow them to
heat such large areas and sustain the temperatures necessary for an
effective kill of pest populations. Additionally, escaping insects can
survive these outdoor temperatures and re-enter the facility after
treatment, even when low volatility pesticides are used to treat the
surfaces exiting the plant. Still, many southern and western facilities
use heat treatments as a spot treatment whereas the northern facilities
can use heat treatments more extensively.

**[Table A.1: Executive
Summary\*]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582525 .anchor}

+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
|   |                        | **[Rice  | ##    | **[Pet  | **[North |
|   |                        | Miller's | ##### | Food    | American |
|   |                        | As       | ## [B | Ins     | Miller's |
|   |                        | sociatio | akeri | titute] | As       |
|   |                        | n]{.smal | es]{. | {.small | sociatio |
|   |                        | lcaps}** | small | caps}** | n]{.smal |
|   |                        |          | caps} |         | lcaps}** |
+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| > | **Kilograms (kg)**     | [202,    | [23,8 | [48,08  | [328,    |
|   |                        | 756]{.sm | 14]{. | 1]{.sma | 854]{.sm |
| * |                        | allcaps} | small | llcaps} | allcaps} |
| * |                        |          | caps} |         |          |
| 2 |                        |          |       |         |          |
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| 6 |                        |          |       |         |          |
| * |                        |          |       |         |          |
| * |                        |          |       |         |          |
+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
|   | **Application Rate     | [32      | [19.  | [21.7   | [19      |
|   | (kg/1000m^3^)**        | .85]{.sm | 74]{. | 7]{.sma | .36]{.sm |
|   |                        | allcaps} | small | llcaps} | allcaps} |
|   |                        |          | caps} |         |          |
+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
|   | **Volume (1000m^3^)**  | [6,      | [1,2  | [2,20   | [16,     |
|   |                        | 173]{.sm | 06]{. | 9]{.sma | 990]{.sm |
|   |                        | allcaps} | small | llcaps} | allcaps} |
|   |                        |          | caps} |         |          |
+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| * |                        | 114,305  | 1     | 48,081  | 328,854  |
| * |                        |          | 4,742 |         |          |
| 2 |                        |          |       |         |          |
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+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| # |                        | ####     | **H   | *       | **Heat** |
| # |                        | ### Heat | eat** | *Heat** |          |
| # |                        |          |       |         |          |
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+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| # |                        | **[17    | **[9  | **[1    | **[9     |
| # |                        | day      | days  | day]    | day      |
| # |                        | s]{.smal | ]{.sm | {.small | s]{.smal |
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+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| * |                        | *        | **[\$ | **[\    | **       |
| * |                        | *[\$2,02 | 7,513 | $2,776] | [\$12,43 |
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+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| * |                        | **[\$6   | **[   | **      | **[\$61  |
| * |                        | 2]{.smal | \$381 | [\$128] | 6]{.smal |
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+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| * |                        | **[18.25 | **[   | **      | **[14.43 |
| * |                        | %]{.smal | 7.50% | [3.17%] | %]{.smal |
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| r |                        |          |       |         |          |
| o |                        |          |       |         |          |
| s |                        |          |       |         |          |
| s |                        |          |       |         |          |
| R |                        |          |       |         |          |
| e |                        |          |       |         |          |
| v |                        |          |       |         |          |
| e |                        |          |       |         |          |
| n |                        |          |       |         |          |
| u |                        |          |       |         |          |
| e |                        |          |       |         |          |
| ( |                        |          |       |         |          |
| % |                        |          |       |         |          |
| ) |                        |          |       |         |          |
| * |                        |          |       |         |          |
| * |                        |          |       |         |          |
+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| * |                        | **[138   | *     | **[46%] | **[57    |
| * |                        | %]{.smal | *[58% | {.small | %]{.smal |
| L |                        | lcaps}** | ]{.sm | caps}** | lcaps}** |
| o |                        |          | allca |         |          |
| s |                        |          | ps}** |         |          |
| s |                        |          |       |         |          |
| a |                        |          |       |         |          |
| s |                        |          |       |         |          |
| % |                        |          |       |         |          |
| o |                        |          |       |         |          |
| f |                        |          |       |         |          |
| N |                        |          |       |         |          |
| e |                        |          |       |         |          |
| t |                        |          |       |         |          |
| R |                        |          |       |         |          |
| e |                        |          |       |         |          |
| v |                        |          |       |         |          |
| e |                        |          |       |         |          |
| n |                        |          |       |         |          |
| u |                        |          |       |         |          |
| e |                        |          |       |         |          |
| ( |                        |          |       |         |          |
| % |                        |          |       |         |          |
| ) |                        |          |       |         |          |
| * |                        |          |       |         |          |
| * |                        |          |       |         |          |
+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+
| * |                        | For food |       |         |          |
| * |                        | pr       |       |         |          |
| D |                        | ocessing |       |         |          |
| e |                        | fa       |       |         |          |
| s |                        | cilities |       |         |          |
| c |                        | which    |       |         |          |
| r |                        | are able |       |         |          |
| i |                        | to       |       |         |          |
| b |                        | convert  |       |         |          |
| e |                        | to heat  |       |         |          |
| E |                        | tr       |       |         |          |
| c |                        | eatment, |       |         |          |
| o |                        | economic |       |         |          |
| n |                        | losses   |       |         |          |
| o |                        | are from |       |         |          |
| m |                        | ad       |       |         |          |
| i |                        | ditional |       |         |          |
| c |                        | pr       |       |         |          |
| I |                        | oduction |       |         |          |
| m |                        | d        |       |         |          |
| p |                        | owntimes |       |         |          |
| a |                        | due to   |       |         |          |
| c |                        | longer   |       |         |          |
| t |                        | fu       |       |         |          |
| s |                        | migation |       |         |          |
| * |                        | time and |       |         |          |
| * |                        | from     |       |         |          |
|   |                        | capital  |       |         |          |
|   |                        | expe     |       |         |          |
|   |                        | nditures |       |         |          |
|   |                        | required |       |         |          |
|   |                        | to adopt |       |         |          |
|   |                        | this     |       |         |          |
|   |                        | alte     |       |         |          |
|   |                        | rnative. |       |         |          |
|   |                        | There    |       |         |          |
|   |                        | are some |       |         |          |
|   |                        | food     |       |         |          |
|   |                        | pr       |       |         |          |
|   |                        | ocessing |       |         |          |
|   |                        | fa       |       |         |          |
|   |                        | cilities |       |         |          |
|   |                        | in areas |       |         |          |
|   |                        | of       |       |         |          |
|   |                        | United   |       |         |          |
|   |                        | States   |       |         |          |
|   |                        | where    |       |         |          |
|   |                        | heat     |       |         |          |
|   |                        | t        |       |         |          |
|   |                        | reatment |       |         |          |
|   |                        | is not   |       |         |          |
|   |                        | tec      |       |         |          |
|   |                        | hnically |       |         |          |
|   |                        | f        |       |         |          |
|   |                        | easible. |       |         |          |
+---+------------------------+----------+-------+---------+----------+

\*See Appendix C for complete description of how the nominated amount
was calculated.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[6. Methyl Bromide Consumption for Past 5 Years and Amount Requested
  in the Year(s) Nominated For Food Processing Plants]{.smallcaps}**
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc65582561 .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 6.1: Methyl Bromide Consumption for the Past 5 Years and the
Amount Requested in the Year(s) Nominated For food processing
plants]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582526 .anchor}

  --------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
                  **[Historical                                                                    **[Requested                    
                  Use^1,2^]{.smallcaps}**                                                          Use]{.smallcaps}**              

  **For each year **1997**                  **1998**   **1999**   **2000**   **2001**   **2002**                        **2005**   **2006**
  specify:**                                                                                                                       

  **Amount of MB  814,266                   688,441    676,668    634,234    561,276    535,596                         614,845    603,505
  (kg)**                                                                                                                           

  **Volume        26,656                    25,518     25,788     25,880     25,321     24,553                          26,578     26,578
  Treated (1000                                                                                                                    
  m³)**                                                                                                                            

  **Formulation   100%                      100%       100%       100%       100%       100%                            100%       100%
  of MB**                                                                                                                          

  **Dosage Rate   26.67                     25.43      25.02      24.32      23.14      22.75                           23.60      23.43
  (kg/1000 m³)**                                                                                                                   
  --------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

^1^Best available estimate of United States Government

^2^Based on most current information.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[7. Location of the Facility or Facilities Where the Proposed
  Critical Use of Methyl Bromide Will Take
  Place]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582562 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

This nomination package represents 275 food processing facilities across
the United States. These facilities are distributed across the United
States from subtropical environments of Florida to the cold northern
areas of the Great Plains. The location of each facility where methyl
bromide fumigation may take place was not requested by the United States
Government in the forms filled out by the applicants in the United
States. Therefore, we do not have a complete listing of the actual
addresses for each facility. However, location of the facilities is
dictated by close proximity to the raw ingredients and to major markets.
For example, the 22 rice mills are located primarily in the Gulf coast
states and California.

**[Table A.2: 2006 Nomination - Post Harvest Use for Food Processing
Plants\*]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582527 .anchor}

+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
| **[2006  |             | **[Rice  |   | ######## | Pet Food | *       |
| No       |             | Miller's |   | # [Baker | I        | *[North |
| mination |             | As       |   | ies]{.sm | nstitute | A       |
| -\       |             | sociatio |   | allcaps} |          | merican |
| Post     |             | n]{.smal |   |          |          | M       |
| Harvest  |             | lcaps}** |   |          |          | iller's |
| Use for  |             |          |   |          |          | Assoc   |
| Food     |             |          |   |          |          | iation] |
| Pr       |             |          |   |          |          | {.small |
| ocessing |             |          |   |          |          | caps}** |
| Plant    |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| s]{.smal |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| lcaps}** |             |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
| > **A    | **Requested | [202,    |   | [23,     | [48,     | [328,85 |
| pplicant | Kilograms   | 756]{.sm |   | 814]{.sm | 081]{.sm | 4]{.sma |
| >        | (kg)**      | allcaps} |   | allcaps} | allcaps} | llcaps} |
|  Request |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| > for    |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| > 2006** |             |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
|          | **Requested | [32      |   | 19.74    | [21      | [19.3   |
|          | Application | .85]{.sm |   |          | .77]{.sm | 6]{.sma |
|          | Rate (kg/   | allcaps} |   |          | allcaps} | llcaps} |
|          | 1000 m³)**  |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
|          | **Requested | [6,      |   | [1,      | [2,      | [16,99  |
|          | Volume      | 173]{.sm |   | 206]{.sm | 209]{.sm | 0]{.sma |
|          | (1000 m³)** | allcaps} |   | allcaps} | allcaps} | llcaps} |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
| > **CUE  | **Nominated | [3,      |   | [        | [2,      | [16,99  |
| > N      | Volume      | 670]{.sm |   | 753]{.sm | 209]{.sm | 0]{.sma |
| ominated | (1000 m³)** | allcaps} |   | allcaps} | allcaps} | llcaps} |
| > for    |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| > 2006** |             |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
|          | **Nominated | [31]{.sm |   | [20]{.sm | [22]{.sm | [1      |
|          | Application | allcaps} |   | allcaps} | allcaps} | 9]{.sma |
|          | Rate (kg/   |          |   |          |          | llcaps} |
|          | 1000 m³)**  |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
|          | **Nominated | [114,    |   | [14,     | [48,     | [328,85 |
|          | Kilograms   | 305]{.sm |   | 742]{.sm | 081]{.sm | 4]{.sma |
|          | (kg)**      | allcaps} |   | allcaps} | allcaps} | llcaps} |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
| **[2006  |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| No       |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| mination |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| Totals   |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| -- Post  |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| Harvest  |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| Food     |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| Pr       |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| ocessing |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| Plant    |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| s]{.smal |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| lcaps}** |             |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
| **       |             |          | 1 |          |          |         |
| [Overall |             |          | 2 |          |          |         |
| Percent  |             |          | % |          |          |         |
| R        |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| eduction |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| (%       |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| )]{.smal |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| lcaps}** |             |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+
| **Total  |             |          | * |          |          |         |
| 2006     |             |          | * |          |          |         |
| U.S.     |             |          | 5 |          |          |         |
| N        |             |          | 2 |          |          |         |
| ominated |             |          | 9 |          |          |         |
| K        |             |          | , |          |          |         |
| ilograms |             |          | 6 |          |          |         |
| (kg) -\  |             |          | 0 |          |          |         |
| Post     |             |          | 4 |          |          |         |
| Harvest  |             |          | * |          |          |         |
| Use for  |             |          | * |          |          |         |
| Food     |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| Pr       |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| ocessing |             |          |   |          |          |         |
| Plants** |             |          |   |          |          |         |
+----------+-------------+----------+---+----------+----------+---------+

\*See appendix C for complete description of how the nominated amount
was calculated.

######## 

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Part B: Situation Characteristics and Methyl Bromide
  Use**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582528 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[8. Key Pests for which Methyl Bromide is
  Requested]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582564 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 8.1: Key Pests for Methyl Bromide
Request]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582529 .anchor}

+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| **[Genus and     | **[Common     | **[Specific Reason why Methyl     |
| species of major | Name]{        | Bromide is Needed]{.smallcaps}**  |
| pests for which  | .smallcaps}** |                                   |
| the use of       |               |                                   |
| Methyl Bromide   |               |                                   |
| is               |               |                                   |
| critica          |               |                                   |
| l]{.smallcaps}** |               |                                   |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| #### Tr          | Confused      | Pest status is due to health      |
| ibolium confusum | flour beetle  | hazard: allergens; plus body      |
|                  |               | parts, exuviae, and excretia      |
|                  |               | violate Food and Drug             |
|                  |               | Administration (FDA)              |
|                  |               | regulations^1^. Methyl bromide is |
|                  |               | needed because these insects can  |
|                  |               | occur in areas with electronic    |
|                  |               | equipment and materials that      |
|                  |               | cannot tolerate high temperatures |
|                  |               | (i.e. cooking) so phosphine and   |
|                  |               | heat are not completely adequate. |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Tribolium       | Red flour     |                                   |
| castaneum*       | beetle        |                                   |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Trogoderma      | Warehouse     | Health hazard: choking and        |
| variable*        | beetle        | allergens; plus body parts,       |
|                  |               | exuviae, and excretia violate FDA |
|                  |               | regulations^1^. Methyl bromide is |
|                  |               | needed because these insects can  |
|                  |               | occur in areas with electronic    |
|                  |               | equipment and materials that      |
|                  |               | cannot tolerate high temperatures |
|                  |               | (i.e. cooking) so phosphine and   |
|                  |               | heat are not completely adequate. |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Lasioderma      | Cigarette     | Food contamination violates FDA   |
| serricorne*      | beetle        | regulations^1^. Methyl bromide is |
|                  |               | needed because these insects can  |
|                  |               | occur in areas with electronic    |
|                  |               | equipment and materials that      |
|                  |               | cannot tolerate high temperatures |
|                  |               | (i.e. cooking of some products;   |
|                  |               | oils and butter go rancid with    |
|                  |               | heat) so phosphine and heat are   |
|                  |               | not completely adequate.          |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Sitophilus      | Rice weevil   |                                   |
| oryzae*          |               |                                   |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Plodia          | Indianmeal    |                                   |
| interpunctella*  | moth          |                                   |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Oryzaephilus    | Merchant      |                                   |
| mercator*        | grain beetle  |                                   |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Cryptolestes    | Flat grain    |                                   |
| pusillus*        | beetle        |                                   |
+------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+

^1^ FDA regulations can be found at:
<http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact4.htm> and
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/\~dms/dalbook.html.

**[Table B.1: Characteristic of Sector - Food Processing Plants: Flour
Mills, Bakeries, and Pet Food
Facilities]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582530 .anchor}

  -------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
                 **[Jan]{.smallcaps}**   **[Feb]{.smallcaps}**   **[Mar]{.smallcaps}**   **[Apr]{.smallcaps}**   **[May]{.smallcaps}**   Jun   **[Jul]{.smallcaps}**   **[Aug]{.smallcaps}**   **[Sep]{.smallcaps}**   **[Oct]{.smallcaps}**   **[Nov]{.smallcaps}**   **[Dec]{.smallcaps}**

  **Harvest or   X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X     X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X
  Raw Material                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
  In**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  **Fumigation                                                                                                   X                                                                             X                                                                       
  Schedule                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
  (MB)\***                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

  **Retail       Not Applicable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  Target Market                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  Window**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
  -------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------

\* Plants in the southern United States may fumigate twice a year;
plants in the northern United States may fumigate once every 3 years.
However, fumigations may occur whenever a population explosion occurs.

Although fumigations occur at anytime a pest population explosion
occurs, usually food-processing plants in the southern and western areas
of the United States will be fumigated with methyl bromide on 3-day
holiday weekends just prior to the summer and at summer's end. This
maximizes efficiency since the facilities are usually closed and workers
are not present; and prior to and immediately after very warm
temperatures that increases insect pressure.

**[Table B.2: Characteristics of Sector - Food Processing Plants: Rice
Mills]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582531 .anchor}

  -------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
                 **[Jan]{.smallcaps}**   **[Feb]{.smallcaps}**   **[Mar]{.smallcaps}**   **[Apr]{.smallcaps}**   **[May]{.smallcaps}**   **[Jun]{.smallcaps}**   **[Jul]{.smallcaps}**   **[Aug]{.smallcaps}**   **[Sep]{.smallcaps}**   **[Oct]{.smallcaps}**   **[Nov]{.smallcaps}**   **[Dec]{.smallcaps}**

  **Harvest or   X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X                       X
  Raw Material                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
  In**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

  **Fumigation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
  Schedule                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  (MB)\***                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

  **Retail       Not Applicable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
  Target Market                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
  Window**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  -------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------

Rice Mills are fumigated, on average, about 5 times a year, whenever
pests are a problem.

Most rice mills are located in the southern areas of the United States,
which experience high temperatures year round. Subsequently theses mills
are under extreme insect pressure all year long. Therefore, the average
number of fumigations exceeds the average of the other members of this
sector.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[9. Summary of the Circumstances in which the Methyl Bromide is
  Currently Being Used]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582565
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 9.1:]{.smallcaps} (a) [Food Processing
Plants]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582532 .anchor}

+-----------+-----+-------+-----+-------------+------------+--------+
| **[       | [*  | *     | **  | Number of   | **[        | **     |
| CUE]{.sma | *MB | *[Exp | [Te | Fumigations | Proportion | [Fixed |
| llcaps}** | Dos | osure | mp. | per Year    | of         | (F)    |
|           | age | Time  | (]{ |             | Facility   | mobile |
|           | (** | (]    | .sm |             | Treated at | (M)    |
|           | k]{ | {.sma | all |             | this       | Stack  |
|           | .sm | llcap | cap |             | Dose]{.sm  | (S)]{. |
|           | all | s}*** | s}* |             | allcaps}** | smallc |
|           | cap | hours | **º |             |            | aps}** |
|           | s}* | ***[) | C** |             |            |        |
|           | g/m | ]{.sm | *[) |             |            |        |
|           | ³** | allca | ]{. |             |            |        |
|           | *[) | ps}** | sma |             |            |        |
|           | ]{. |       | llc |             |            |        |
|           | sma |       | aps |             |            |        |
|           | llc |       | }** |             |            |        |
|           | aps |       |     |             |            |        |
|           | }** |       |     |             |            |        |
+-----------+-----+-------+-----+-------------+------------+--------+
| **Rice    | 32  | 24    | va  | 5           | 100% \*    | F      |
| Miller's  |     |       | ria |             |            |        |
| Asso      |     |       | ble |             |            |        |
| ciation** |     |       |     |             |            |        |
+-----------+-----+-------+-----+-------------+------------+--------+
| *         | 18  | 24    | va  | 2.5         | 100%       | F      |
| *Bakeries |     |       | ria |             |            |        |
| North     |     |       | ble |             |            |        |
| America** |     |       |     |             |            |        |
+-----------+-----+-------+-----+-------------+------------+--------+
| **Pet     | 22  | 24    | va  | \< 1        | 40%        | F      |
| Food      |     |       | ria |             |            |        |
| In        |     |       | ble | Avg.        |            |        |
| stitute** |     |       |     | 1           |            |        |
|           |     |       |     | application |            |        |
|           |     |       |     | /3-5 yrs    |            |        |
+-----------+-----+-------+-----+-------------+------------+--------+
| **North   | 19  | 24    | va  | 2.5         | 100 %      | F      |
| American  |     |       | ria |             |            |        |
| Millers'  |     |       | ble |             |            |        |
| Asso      |     |       |     |             |            |        |
| ciation** |     |       |     |             |            |        |
+-----------+-----+-------+-----+-------------+------------+--------+

> \*Unspecified type of rice is also fumigated along with the
> facilities.

**[Table 9.1:]{.smallcaps} (b) [Fixed
Facilities]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582533 .anchor}

+-----------+-------------------+-------------+--------+-------------+
| **[       | Type of           | **[%        | **[    | **[G        |
| CUE]{.sma | Construction and  | Facilities  | Number | astightness |
| llcaps}** | Approximate age   | at Volumes  | of     | Est         |
|           | in Years          | (1,000]{.sm | F      | imate\*]{.s |
|           |                   | allcaps}*** | acilit | mallcaps}** |
|           |                   | m³***[)]{.s | ies]{. |             |
|           |                   | mallcaps}** | smallc |             |
|           |                   |             | aps}** |             |
|           |                   | #####       |        |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-------------+--------+-------------+
| **Rice    | Combination of    | 5%          | 22     | Poor to     |
| Miller's  | wood, stone,      | 1           |        | very poor   |
| Asso      | brick, metal, and | ,416-28,317 |        |             |
| ciation** | concrete          |             |        |             |
|           |                   | 90+%        |        |             |
|           |                   | 28,317+     |        |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-------------+--------+-------------+
| *         | Combination of    | 28,317+     | 11     |             |
| *Bakeries | wood, stone,      |             |        |             |
| North     | brick, metal, and |             |        |             |
| America** | concrete          |             |        |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-------------+--------+-------------+
| **Pet     | Combination metal | 25%         | 75     | Good to     |
| Food      | and concrete      | 1           |        | poor areas  |
| Insti     |                   | ,416-28,317 |        |             |
| tute^1^** |                   |             |        |             |
|           |                   | 75% 28,317+ |        |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-------------+--------+-------------+
| **North   | Wood, stone,      | 50% \<28    | 167    | 10% good,   |
| American  | brick, concrete,  |             |        | 10% medium, |
| Millers'  | metal; some about | 50%         |        | 75% poor,   |
| Asso      | 100 yrs old, only | \>28-142    |        | 5% very     |
| ciation** | a few less than   |             |        | poor        |
|           | 10 years old      |             |        |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-------------+--------+-------------+

\* Give gastightness estimates where possible according to the following
scale: **good** -- less than 25% gas loss within 24 hours or half loss
time of pressure difference (e.g. 20 to 10 Pa (t~1/2~)) greater than 1
minute; **medium** -- 25-50% gas loss within 24 hours or half loss time
of pressure difference greater than 10 seconds; **poor** -- 50-90% gas
loss within 24 hours or half loss time of pressure difference 1-10
second; **very poor** -- more than 90% gas loss within 24 hours or a
pressure half loss time of less than 1 second.

^1^ See Appendix A for more information.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[10. List Alternative Techniques that are being Used to Control Key
  Target Pest Species in this
  Sector]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582566 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Many of the MBTOC not in kind alternatives to methyl bromide are
critical to monitoring pest populations and managing those populations,
but they do not disinfest food processing. The most critical of these
alternatives are sanitation and IPM strategies. Sanitation is important
and constantly addressed in management programs (Arthur and Phillips
2003). Cleaning and hygiene practices alone do not reduce pest
populations, but reportedly improve the efficacy of insecticides or
diatomaceous earth (Arthur and Phillips 2003). The principles of IPM are
to utilize all available chemical, cultural, biological, and mechanical
pest control practices. These include pheromone traps, electrocution
traps**,** and light traps to monitor pest populations. If pests are
found in traps, then contact insecticides and low volatility pesticides
are applied in spot treatments for surfaces, cracks and crevices, or
anywhere the pests may be hiding. These applications are intended to
restrict pests from spreading throughout the facility to try to avoid a
plant fumigation (Arthur and Phillips 2003). However, IPM is not
designed to completely eliminate pests from any given facility or to
ensure that a facility remains free from infestation. Although FDA
allows minimal contamination of food products, consumers have a zero
tolerance for visible insect contamination in their food products. While
sanitation and IPM strategies are used to manage pest populations and
extend the time between methyl bromide fumigations, neither is an
acceptable alternative to methyl bromide under high pest pressure.

Many food processing facilities in the United States also use heat
treatments to reduce insect populations. However, some areas
(electronics and electrical portions) of facilities are sensitive to
heat. Heat also causes rancidity in butters and oils and denatures
proteins that may be used in the ingredients, plus, not all manufactured
products can be heated to the temperature or for the time required in
order to get an effective kill of insect pests. Some facilities, due to
construction, are unable to use heat. There have been reports of
structural damage resulting from heat treatments. Facilities in the
southern and western parts of the United States do not have heat sources
on the premises thereby making heat fumigations impractical without
costly investments that are not economically feasible.

Phosphine, alone and in combination with carbon dioxide, is used to
fumigate portions of food processing facilities. Many facilities treat
incoming raw ingredients and their storage facilities with phosphine,
but the corrosive nature of phosphine limits its use throughout the
entire plant, especially in areas with electronic components. In the
United States it is specifically against the label (illegal) to fumigate
in areas with susceptible metals (at:
http://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls). Phosphine is also problematic in
that some stored product pests are developing resistance to this
chemical (Taylor, 1989, Bell, 2000, Mueller, 2002).

Food processing facilities in the United States have incorporated
sanitation, IPM strategies, heat and phosphine and yet, on occasion,
insect pest populations will still become too high and a facility will
need to fumigate with methyl bromide. However, by employing these
alternatives, this sector has been able to lengthen times between methyl
bromide applications, thereby reducing the total amount of methyl
bromide.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Part C: Technical Validation**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582567 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[11. Summarize the Alternative(s) Tested, Starting with the Most
  Promising Alternative(s]{.smallcaps})**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582568
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

######## [Table 11.1: Summary of the Alternatives Tested]{.smallcaps}

+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| ###     | **[P      | **[St  | ####                    | **[Cit     |
| ## [Alt | est]{.sma | udy]{. | # [Results]{.smallcaps} | ation]{.sm |
| ernativ | llcaps}** | smallc |                         | allcaps}** |
| e]{.sma |           | aps}** |                         |            |
| llcaps} |           |        |                         |            |
|         |           | **[T   |                         |            |
|         |           | ype]{. |                         |            |
|         |           | smallc |                         |            |
|         |           | aps}** |                         |            |
+=========+===========+========+=========================+============+
| ##      | #### T. c | Pilot  | Insects contained in    | Mahroof,   |
| ## Heat | astaneum  | feed   | plastic boxes.          | et al.     |
|         |           | and    | Non-uniform heat.       | 2003       |
|         |           | flour  | Number of hours to      |            |
|         |           | mills; | reach 50° C varied      |            |
|         |           |        | between the mills and   |            |
|         |           |        | within mills. 100%      |            |
|         |           |        | mortality at most       |            |
|         |           |        | locations of 50-60°C    |            |
|         |           |        | for 52 hrs. Old instars |            |
|         |           |        | and pupae more heat     |            |
|         |           |        | tolerant                |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| Heat    | *T.       | Lab    | Mortality of each life  | Mahroof,   |
|         | c         |        | stage increased with    | et al.     |
|         | astaneum* |        | increase in temperature | 2003       |
|         |           |        | and exposure time.      |            |
|         |           |        | Young larvae most heat- |            |
|         |           |        | tolerant and required   |            |
|         |           |        | 7.2 hr at \>50°C.       |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| Heat    | *T.       | Lab    | Mortality increased as  | Arthur     |
| and     | castaneum |        | temperature increased   | 2000       |
| Diato   | & T.      |        | and decreased as        |            |
| maceous | confusum* |        | humidity increased.     |            |
| Earth   |           |        | Mortality at one week   |            |
| (DE)    |           |        | was greater than        |            |
|         |           |        | initial mortality       |            |
|         |           |        | probably due to delayed |            |
|         |           |        | effects of DE. *T.      |            |
|         |           |        | confusum* mortality     |            |
|         |           |        | lower than *T.          |            |
|         |           |        | castaneum.*             |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| Heat    | *T.       | 2^nd^  | Adult insects in open   | Dowdy &    |
| and DE  | confusum* | &      | rings placed in mill.   | Fields     |
|         |           | 3^rd^  | 100% mortality of       | 2002       |
|         |           | floors | beetles in 25 hr on the |            |
|         |           | of a   | north end of the 3^rd^  |            |
|         |           | Pilot  | floor, but south end of |            |
|         |           | flour  | 2^nd^ floor had only    |            |
|         |           | mill   | 75% mortality with full |            |
|         |           |        | DE and 50% mortality    |            |
|         |           |        | with partial DE after   |            |
|         |           |        | 64 hr.                  |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| DE      | *Ephestia | Lab    | Efficacy was influenced | Nielsen    |
|         | ku        |        | by age of the medium    | 1998       |
|         | ehniella* |        | with DE when            |            |
|         |           |        | investigated under      |            |
|         |           |        | driest conditions (58%  |            |
|         |           |        | rh). But this is not a  |            |
|         |           |        | pest of concern in the  |            |
|         |           |        | U. S.                   |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| Low     | *T.       | Lab    | Field collected flour   | Zettler    |
| vol     | castaneum |        | beetles demonstrated    | 1991       |
| atility | & T.      |        | varying degrees of      |            |
| insec   | confusum* |        | resistance to several   |            |
| ticides |           |        | pesticides: malathion,  |            |
|         |           |        | chlorpyrifos,           |            |
|         |           |        | dichlorvos, phosphine,  |            |
|         |           |        | but not to resmethrin.  |            |
|         |           |        | *T. castaneum* more     |            |
|         |           |        | resistant than *T.      |            |
|         |           |        | confusum*.              |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| M       | *Rh       | Lab    | Initial investigation   | Dunkel &   |
| ountain | yzopertha |        | of volatiles from       | Sears 1998 |
| Sa      | dominica; |        | mountain sagebrush      |            |
| gebrush | P.        |        | demonstrated some       |            |
| Vo      | interp    |        | activity in against     |            |
| latiles | unctella; |        | these insects in        |            |
|         | & T.      |        | bioassays. No           |            |
|         | c         |        | indication of whether   |            |
|         | astaneum* |        | this is really a        |            |
|         |           |        | potential alternative   |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| Low     | *T.       | Lab    | Malathion-resistant     | Arthur     |
| vol     | castaneum |        | flour beetles were      | 1992       |
| atility | & T.      |        | susceptible to          |            |
| insec   | confusum* |        | cyfluthrin treated      |            |
| ticides |           |        | steel panels. Longer    |            |
|         |           |        | residuals on unpainted  |            |
|         |           |        | panels than on painted  |            |
|         |           |        | panels                  |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+
| DEET    | *T.       | Lab    | DEET repelled *S.       | Hou, et    |
| (N,     | castaneum |        | oryzae* by 99%, *T.     | al. 2004   |
| N       | and       |        | castaneum* by 86%,      |            |
| -diethy | others*   |        | *Cryptolestes           |            |
| l-m-tol |           |        | ferrugineus* by 97% and |            |
| uamide) |           |        | *O. surinamensis* by    |            |
| and     |           |        | 91% Neem was less       |            |
| NEEM    |           |        | effective than DEET     |            |
| (       |           |        |                         |            |
| azadira |           |        |                         |            |
| chthin) |           |        |                         |            |
+---------+-----------+--------+-------------------------+------------+

**[Table 11.2: Summary of Review or Position Papers concerning
Alternatives for Stored Product
Pests]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582536 .anchor}

+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| **[Synopsis of Review or Position                 | **[Citatio       |
| Papers]{.smallcaps}**                             | n]{.smallcaps}** |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Review of methyl bromide alternatives for stored  | Fields & White   |
| product insects:                                  | 2002             |
|                                                   |                  |
| 1\) heat: gradients in buildings, insect refugia, |                  |
| rate can be problematic due to structures, some   |                  |
| equipment heat sensitive, plastics warp, dust     |                  |
| explosions, sugar, oils, butter & adhesives       |                  |
| removed, not all food products can be heated;     |                  |
|                                                   |                  |
| 2\) phosphine: activity slow, flammability above  |                  |
| concentrations of 1.8% by volume, corrosion of    |                  |
| copper, silver, and gold, no data for in          |                  |
| combination with CO~2~ and heat;                  |                  |
|                                                   |                  |
| 3\) modified atmospheres: activity slow, requires |                  |
| air-tight structures;                             |                  |
|                                                   |                  |
| 4\) sulfuryl fluoride^1^: eggs require much       |                  |
| higher concentrations than larvae for control     |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Cites studies on: the development of resistance   | Bell 2000        |
| to phosphine in stored product pests; interaction |                  |
| of time, temperature and concentration of         |                  |
| performance of phosphine; sulfuryl fluoride's     |                  |
| difficulty in killing egg stage; Tables comparing |                  |
| phosphine to methyl bromide (Appendix B, Table    |                  |
| 1).                                               |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Theoretical paper based on a few lab studies and  | Cox 2004         |
| small field crop trials indicating that traps     |                  |
| currently used for monitoring pest populations    |                  |
| could be used to reduce those populations. No     |                  |
| studies on a commercial scale or food             |                  |
| processing/storage facility were present.         |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mostly lab studies on assorted stored product     | Oberlander, et   |
| pests indicate that IGRs, especially methoprene   | al. 1997         |
| and diflubenzuron, may play a role in controlling |                  |
| these insects                                     |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| A simulation model in Denmark suggests that       | Skovgard, et al. |
| increase temperatures inside mills drives moth    | 1999             |
| outbreaks and if mills were cooled to outdoor     |                  |
| temperatures, moth outbreaks would be less        |                  |
| frequent.                                         |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Investigations into chemical control strategies   | Zettler & Arthur |
| should include a thorough examination of          | 2000             |
| physical, biological and environmental factors    |                  |
| that can affect pesticide toxicity. These         |                  |
| include: application rate, formulation, timing,   |                  |
| surface substrate, and target pest. WP            |                  |
| formulation of cyfluthrin applied to concrete     |                  |
| lasted longer than the EC formulation. *T.        |                  |
| confusum* was more susceptible than *T.           |                  |
| castaneum* to WP.                                 |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+

^1^Sulfuryl fluoride was not extensively reviewed because at the time
the review was written there were no tolerances for food established in
either the United States or Canada. More information regarding this
chemical can be found in Section 17.2.1.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[12. Summarize Technical Reasons, if any, for each Alternative
  [not]{.underline} being Feasible or Available for your
  Circumstances]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582569 .anchor}
  **[(]{.smallcaps}***For economic constraints, see Question
  15***[)]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 12.1: Summary of Technical Reason for each Alternative
[not]{.underline} being Feasible or
Available]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582537 .anchor}

+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| **[In Kind | **[       | ##### [Comments]{.smallcaps}                |
| Alterna    | Technical |                                             |
| tives]{.sm | Feasibil  |                                             |
| allcaps}** | ity]{.sma |                                             |
|            | llcaps}** |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Carbon     | No        | Facilities in the United States are not     |
| Dioxide    |           | airtight enough for modified atmospheres or |
| (high      |           | carbon dioxide to be effective primarily    |
| pressure)  |           | because most are more than 25 years old.    |
|            |           |                                             |
|            |           | To implement these alternatives would       |
|            |           | require new construction of all facilities. |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Controlled | No        |                                             |
| & Modified |           |                                             |
| A          |           |                                             |
| tmospheres |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Et         | No        | Not registered in United States (last       |
| hyl/Methyl |           | product cancelled in Oct. 1989)             |
| Formate    |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Hydrogen   | No        | Not registered in United States (last       |
| Cyanide    |           | product cancelled in Feb. 1988)             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Phosphine, | No        | Although does kill insects, it is corrosive |
| alone      |           | to metals, especially copper and its        |
|            |           | alloys, bronze and brass. These metals are  |
|            |           | important components of the electronics     |
|            |           | that run the manufacturing equipment and    |
|            |           | some of the equipment itself (for example:  |
|            |           | motors, mixers, etc.). In addition,         |
|            |           | phosphine requires longer application time. |
|            |           | This alternative is already being used in   |
|            |           | the areas without electronics and where     |
|            |           | temperatures are not a factor. Resistance   |
|            |           | to this fumigant has also been reported for |
|            |           | several stored product pests.               |
|            |           |                                             |
|            |           | This alternative has already been           |
|            |           | implemented in areas without sensitive      |
|            |           | metals.                                     |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Phosphine, | No        |                                             |
| in         |           |                                             |
| c          |           |                                             |
| ombination |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Sulfuryl   | Unknown   | Recently registered in United States for    |
| fluoride   |           | some uses in this sector on January 23,     |
|            |           | 2004. The use of this chemical will require |
|            |           | training of applicators by registrant, and  |
|            |           | each state must register this product as    |
|            |           | well. Efficacy of this chemical remains to  |
|            |           | be demonstrated in the field.               |
|            |           |                                             |
|            |           | May take up to 5 years before we know if it |
|            |           | will replace methyl bromide and for         |
|            |           | industry conversion. See Section 17.2.1.    |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| **[Not in  | **[       | ##### [Comments]{.smallcaps}                |
| Kind       | Technical |                                             |
| Altern     | Feasibil  |                                             |
| ative]{.sm | ity]{.sma |                                             |
| allcaps}** | llcaps}** |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Heat       | No        | Sufficiently high temperature will kill     |
| Treatment  |           | insects given enough time; but heat sources |
|            |           | are not readily available in all areas of   |
|            |           | United States (such as those in the south   |
|            |           | where hot weather is the norm and no        |
|            |           | heaters are available); and heat requires   |
|            |           | longer time of exposure. In areas that can  |
|            |           | use heat, it is being used. It is not       |
|            |           | feasible in remaining plants or areas of a  |
|            |           | plant.                                      |
|            |           |                                             |
|            |           | In order to completely replace methyl       |
|            |           | bromide, some facilities would need to be   |
|            |           | relocated and others would need major       |
|            |           | reconstruction.                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Cold       | No        | Does not disinfest facilities. All these    |
| Treatment  |           | IPM strategies are currently practiced and  |
|            |           | widely implemented with the beneficial      |
|            |           | result of lengthening time between          |
|            |           | fumigations.                                |
|            |           |                                             |
|            |           | These IPM strategies are not a replacement  |
|            |           | for methyl bromide.                         |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Contact    | No        |                                             |
| In         |           |                                             |
| secticides |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Cultural   | No        |                                             |
| Practices  |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Ele        | No        |                                             |
| ctrocution |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Inert Dust | No        |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Pest       | No        |                                             |
| Exclusio   |           |                                             |
| n/Physical |           |                                             |
| Removal    |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Pesticides | No        |                                             |
| of Low     |           |                                             |
| Volatility |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Pheromones | No        |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| Physical   | No        |                                             |
| Remova     |           |                                             |
| l/Cleaning |           |                                             |
| /          |           |                                             |
| Sanitation |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+
| R          | No        |                                             |
| odenticide |           |                                             |
+------------+-----------+---------------------------------------------+

######## [Table 12.2: Comparison of Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation]{.smallcaps} 

+-------------+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------+
| #####       | **[Prep | Fum     | Dissi  | **[Minimum Number of    |
| [Fumigant]{ | aration | igation | pation | Applications to Replace |
| .smallcaps} | Time    | Time    | Time   | One MB                  |
|             | (hr)]   | (hrs)   | (hrs)  | Appli                   |
|             | {.small |         |        | cation\*]{.smallcaps}** |
|             | caps}** |         |        |                         |
+-------------+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------+
| Methyl      | 24      | 24      | 24     | \--                     |
| Bromide     |         |         |        |                         |
+-------------+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------+
| Phosphine,  | 24      | 48-72   | 24     | 2                       |
| alone       |         |         |        |                         |
+-------------+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------+
| Phosphine + | 24      | 48-72   | 24     | 1-2                     |
| CO2         |         |         |        |                         |
+-------------+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------+
| Heat        | 36      | 48-52   | 24     | 2                       |
+-------------+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------+

\* Additional treatments with the alternatives may be required because
they are less effective on the eggs and pupae than methyl bromide.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Part D: Emission Control**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582539 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[13. How has this Sector Reduced the Use and Emissions of Methyl
  Bromide in the Situation of the
  Nomination]{.smallcaps}**?[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582571 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

By using sanitation and IPM the industry has been able to reduce methyl
bromide use by extending the time between fumigations. According to the
applicants, 10-12 years ago, plants in the southern United States used
to fumigate with methyl bromide as much as 4-6 times a year. Currently,
most facilities have reduced the number of methyl bromide fumigations to
twice a year. These fumigations are typically at the beginning of the
summer when pest pressure is significantly increasing and at the end of
the summer.

In the northern regions of the United States, IPM strategies and
sanitation methods have enabled some of these facilities to fumigate
with methyl bromide once every 3 years, and a few facilities have gone
without a methyl bromide fumigation for almost 5 years. The facilities
in the northern United States have been able to exploit heat treatments
more extensively than their southern counterparts, as well as opening up
facilities during extremely cold weather for extensive cleaning coupled
with low volatility pesticides (organophosphates, pyrethroids, insect
growth regulators, botanicals) at the perimeters.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Part E: Economic Assessment**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582572 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[14. Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over 3-Year
  Period]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582573 .anchor} *(Provide
  an analysis of how these costs were estimated as a separate
  attachment):*

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 14.1: Costs of Alternatives Compared to Methyl Bromide Over a
3-Year Period]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582541 .anchor}

+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| **[MB and  | **[Cost in       | **[Cost One Year | **[Cost Two      |
| Alterna    | Current Year     | Ago              | Years Ago        |
| tives]{.sm | (US\$            | (US\$            | (US\$            |
| allcaps}** | )]{.smallcaps}** | )]{.smallcaps}** | )]{.smallcaps}** |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ####       |                  |                  |                  |
| #### Rice  |                  |                  |                  |
| Miller's A |                  |                  |                  |
| ssociation |                  |                  |                  |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Methyl     | 1 (\$640 per     | 1 (\$640 per     | 1 (\$640 per     |
| Bromide    | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Heat       | 3.16 (\$2,023    | 3.16 (\$2,023    | 3.16 (\$2,023    |
|            | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| #######    |                  |                  |                  |
| # Bakeries |                  |                  |                  |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Methyl     | 1 (\$594 per     | 1 (\$594 per     | 1 (\$594 per     |
| Bromide    | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Heat       | 12.65 (\$7,513   | 12.65 (\$7,513   | 12.65 (\$7,513   |
|            | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ########   |                  |                  |                  |
|  Pet Foods |                  |                  |                  |
|  Institute |                  |                  |                  |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Methyl     | 1 (\$381 per     | 1 (\$381 per     | 1 (\$381 per     |
| Bromide    | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Heat       | 7.29 (\$2,776    | 7.29 (\$2,776    | 7.29 (\$2,776    |
|            | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ####       |                  |                  |                  |
| #### North |                  |                  |                  |
|  American  |                  |                  |                  |
| Miller's A |                  |                  |                  |
| ssociation |                  |                  |                  |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Methyl     | 1 (\$601 per     | 1 (\$601 per     | 1 (\$601 per     |
| Bromide    | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        | 1000m^3^)        |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Heat       | 20.70 (\$12,439  | 20.70 (\$12,439  | 20.70 (\$12,439  |
|            | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    | per 1000m^3^)    |
+------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[15. Summarize Economic Reasons, if any, for each Alternative
  [not]{.underline} being Feasible or Available for your
  Circumstances]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582574 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table 15.1. Summary of Economic Reasons for each Alternative
[not]{.underline} being Feasible or
Available]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582542 .anchor}

+---+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+
| * | *        | **[Economic Reason (if any) for | **[Estimated        |
| * | *[Methyl | the Alternative not Being       | Month/Year when the |
| [ | Bromide  | Available]{.smallcaps}**        | Economic Constraint |
| N | Al       |                                 | [could]{.underline} |
| o | ternativ |                                 | be                  |
| . | e]{.smal |                                 | So                  |
| ] | lcaps}** |                                 | lved]{.smallcaps}** |
| { |          |                                 |                     |
| . |          |                                 |                     |
| s |          |                                 |                     |
| m |          |                                 |                     |
| a |          |                                 |                     |
| l |          |                                 |                     |
| l |          |                                 |                     |
| c |          |                                 |                     |
| a |          |                                 |                     |
| p |          |                                 |                     |
| s |          |                                 |                     |
| } |          |                                 |                     |
| * |          |                                 |                     |
| * |          |                                 |                     |
+---+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+
| * | #######  | For food processing facilities  | Economic losses due |
| * | # Heat T | which are able to convert to    | to downtime with    |
| [ | reatment | heat treatment, economic losses | heat treatment are  |
| 1 |          | are from additional production  | persistent.         |
| ] |          | downtimes due to longer         |                     |
| { |          | fumigation time and from        |                     |
| . |          | capital expenditures required   |                     |
| s |          | to adopt an alternative. There  |                     |
| m |          | are other food processing       |                     |
| a |          | facilities in areas of United   |                     |
| l |          | States where heat treatment is  |                     |
| l |          | not feasible.                   |                     |
| c |          |                                 |                     |
| a |          |                                 |                     |
| p |          |                                 |                     |
| s |          |                                 |                     |
| } |          |                                 |                     |
| * |          |                                 |                     |
| * |          |                                 |                     |
+---+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+

Potential economic losses were estimated for the food-processing
facilities that have not been converted to heat treatment. This analysis
only covers cases where heat treatment may potentially be technically
feasible, and does not cover situations where heat would degrade the
commodity being processed (those with fats and edible oils). Economic
costs in the post-harvest uses of the food-processing sector can be
characterized as arising from three contributing factors. First, the
direct pest control costs are increased in most cases because heat
treatment is more expensive, and labor is increased because of longer
treatment time and increased number of treatments. For food-processing
facilities that are not already using heat, capital expenditure is also
required to retrofit them suitable for heat treatment. Moreover,
additional production downtimes for the use of alternatives are
unavoidable. Many facilities operate at or near full production capacity
and alternatives that take longer than methyl bromide or require more
frequent application can result in manufacturing slowdowns, shutdowns,
and shipping delays. Slowing down production would result in additional
costs to the methyl bromide users. Economic cost per 1000 m^3^ was
calculated as the additional costs of methyl bromide if methyl bromide
users had to replace methyl bromide with heat treatment. Implementations
of heat treatment likely have substantial cost implications to the
facilities that have not been converted to heat in the food-processing
sector.

The four economic measures in Table E.1 were used to quantify the
economic impacts to post-harvesting uses for food-processing. The four
economic measures are not independent in such a way that they can be
calculated from the same financial data. The measures do, however,
complement each other in evaluating the CUE applicant's economic
viability. These measures represent different ways to assess the
economic feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives for methyl bromide
users.

***Net revenue is calculated as gross revenue minus operating costs.
This is a good measure as to the direct losses of income that may be
suffered by the users. It should be noted that net revenue does not
represent net income to the users. Net income, which indicates
profitability of an operation of an enterprise, is gross revenue minus
the sum of operating and fixed costs. Net income should be smaller than
the net revenue measured in this analysis. We did not include fixed
costs because it is often difficult to measure and verify.***

Production downtime was estimated at two more days per fumigation with
heat and total capital expenditures for heat treatment was assumed to be
\$1,076 per 1000 m^3^ with 10-years lifespan with 10% interest rate from
the data provided by the CUE applicants for post-harvesting uses. The
potential economic losses associated with the use of heat treatment
mainly originate from the cost of capital investment. The estimated
economic loss per 1000 m^3^ ranges from \$2,023 for rice milling to
\$12,439 for flour/grain milling. The estimated economic losses as a
percentage of gross revenue ranges from 3% to 18% and the estimated
economic loss as a percentage of net revenue are over 45% for all the
CUE applicants in the food-processing sector. The industries that use
methyl bromide for commodity fumigation are, in general, subject to
limited pricing power, changing market conditions, and government
regulations. Companies within these industries operate in a highly
competitive global marketplace characterized by high sales volume, low
profit margins, and rapid turnover of inventories. The results suggest
that heat treatment is not economically viable as an alternative for
methyl bromide in existing facilities that still use methyl bromide.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Measures of Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
  Alternatives]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582575 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Table E.1: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Rice
Miller's Association]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582543
.anchor}

+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Loss Measure]{.smallcaps}  | **[Methyl       | **[Heat         |
|                                   | Bromide         | Treatment       |
|                                   | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Total Commodity Treated        |                 |                 |
| (kg/1000 m³)]{.smallcaps}**       |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[\* Average Market Price        |                 |                 |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**          |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Gross Revenue (US\$/1000       | **[\$29,385     | **[\$27,720     |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[- Operating Costs (a+b) per    | \$27,916        | **[\$28,274     |
| 1000 m³]{.smallcaps}**            |                 | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[a) Cost of MB or               | **[\$427        | **[\$640        |
| Alternative]{.smallcaps}**        | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[b) Other Operating             | **[\$27,489     | **[\$27,634     |
| Costs]{.smallcaps}**              | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Net Revenue (US\$/1000 m^3^)\  | **[\$1,469      | \$(554)         |
| (net of operating                 | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |
| costs)]{.smallcaps}**             |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Loss Measures                     |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Time Lost                      | **[0            | **[17           |
| (days)]{.smallcaps}**             | days            | days            |
|                                   | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss per 1000 m³ (US\$/1000    | **[\$0          | **[\$2,023      |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss per Kilogram MB           | **[\$0          | **[\$62         |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**          | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Gross Revenue   | **[0%           | **[18.25%       |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Net Revenue     | **[0%           | **[138%         |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

**[Table E.2: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for
Bakeries]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582544 .anchor}

+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Loss Measure]{.smallcaps}  | **[Methyl      | **[Heat         |
|                                   | Bromide]       | Treatment       |
|                                   | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Total Commodity Treated        |                |                 |
| (kg/1000 m³)]{.smallcaps}**       |                |                 |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[\* Average Market Price        |                |                 |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**          |                |                 |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Gross Revenue (US\$/1000       | **[\$258,334]  | \$250,584       |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                | {.smallcaps}** |                 |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[- Operating Costs (a+b) per    | **[\$245,417]  | **[\$245,181    |
| 1000 m³]{.smallcaps}**            | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[a) Cost of MB or               | **[\$396]      | **[\$594        |
| Alternative]{.smallcaps}**        | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[b) Other Operating             | **[\$245,021]  | **[\$244,587    |
| Costs]{.smallcaps}**              | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Net Revenue (US\$/1000 m^3^)\  | **[\$12,917]   | **[\$5,403      |
| (net of operating                 | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
| costs)]{.smallcaps}**             |                |                 |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Loss Measures]{.smallcaps} |                |                 |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Time Lost                      | **[0           | **[9            |
| (days)]{.smallcaps}**             | days]          | days            |
|                                   | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss per 1000 m³ (US\$/1000    | **[\$0]        | **[\$7,513      |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss per Kilogram MB           | **[\$0]        | **[\$381        |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**          | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Gross Revenue   | **[0%]         | **[7.5%         |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Net Revenue     | **[0%]         | **[58%          |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                | {.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+

**[Table E.3: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Pet
Food Institute]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582545 .anchor}

+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Loss Measure]{.smallcaps}  | **[Methyl       | **[Heat         |
|                                   | Bromide         | Treatment       |
|                                   | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Total Commodity Treated        |                 |                 |
| (kg/1000 m³)]{.smallcaps}**       |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[\* Average Market Price        |                 |                 |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**          |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Gross Revenue (US\$/1000       | **[\$175,452    | **[\$175,013    |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[- Operating Costs (a+b) per    | **[\$166,679    | **[\$169,016    |
| 1000 m³]{.smallcaps}**            | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[a) Cost of MB or               | **[\$254        | **[\$381        |
| Alternative]{.smallcaps}**        | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ########  [b) O                   | **[\$166,425    | **[\$168,635    |
| ther Operating Costs]{.smallcaps} | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Net Revenue (US\$/1000 m^3^)\  | **[\$8,773      | **[\$5,997      |
| (net of operating                 | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
| costs)]{.smallcaps}**             |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ##### [Loss Measures]{.smallcaps} |                 |                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Time Lost                      | **[0            | **[1            |
| (days)]{.smallcaps}**             | days            | days            |
|                                   | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss per 1000 m³ (US\$/1000    | **[\$0          | **[\$2,776      |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss per Kilogram MB           | **[\$0          | **[\$128        |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**          | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Gross Revenue   | **[0%           | **[3.17%        |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Net Revenue     | **[0%           | **[46.29%       |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

**[Table E.4: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives for North
American Miller's
Association]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582546 .anchor}

+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| ##### [Loss Measure]{.smallcaps}    | **[Methyl     | **[Heat       |
|                                     | Bromide]{     | Treatment]{   |
|                                     | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Total Commodity Treated (kg/1000 |               |               |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                  |               |               |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[\* Average Market Price          |               |               |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**            |               |               |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Gross Revenue (US\$/1000         | *             | *             |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                  | *[\$437,472]{ | *[\$424,348]{ |
|                                     | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[- Operating Costs (a+b) per 1000 | *             | *             |
| m³]{.smallcaps}**                   | *[\$428,037]{ | *[\$412,325]{ |
|                                     | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[a) Cost of MB or                 | \$401         | **[\$601]{    |
| Alternative]{.smallcaps}**          |               | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| ########  [b)                       | *             | *             |
|  Other Operating Costs]{.smallcaps} | *[\$427,636]{ | *[\$411,724]{ |
|                                     | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Net Revenue (US\$/1000 m^3^)\    | **[\$9,435]{  | **[\$12,023]{ |
| (net of operating                   | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
| costs)]{.smallcaps}**               |               |               |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| ##### [Loss Measures]{.smallcaps}   |               |               |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Time Lost (days)]{.smallcaps}**  | **[0          | **[9          |
|                                     | days]{        | days]{        |
|                                     | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Loss per 1000 m³ (US\$/1000      | **[\$0]{      | **[\$12,439]{ |
| m³)]{.smallcaps}**                  | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Loss per Kilogram MB             | **[\$0]{      | **[\$616]{    |
| (US\$/kg)]{.smallcaps}**            | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Gross Revenue     | **[0%]{       | **[14.43%]{   |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                  | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| **[Loss as a % of Net Revenue       | **[0%]{       | **[57%]{      |
| (%)]{.smallcaps}**                  | .smallcaps}** | .smallcaps}** |
+-------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Part F: Future Plans**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582576 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[16. Provide a Detailed Plan Describing how the Use and Emissions of
  Methyl Bromide will be Minimized in the Future for the Nominated
  Use.]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582577 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

The industry is committed to studying how to improve insect control with
IPM strategies and sanitation and to further reduce the number of methyl
bromide fumigations. They are also continuing to pursue research of heat
treatments to maximize efficiency. The United States government is
supporting research in this sector (see Section 17.1) and the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has made registering
methyl bromide alternatives a priority (see Section 17.2). U.S. EPA
registered sulfuryl fluoride for some commodities and some mills on
January 23, 2004 (see Section 17.2.1).

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[17. Provide a Detailed Plan Describing what Actions will be
  Undertaken to Rapidly Develop and Deploy Alternatives for this
  Use]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582578
  .anchor}**[:]{.smallcaps}**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

# 17.1. Research

The number of available insecticides that can be used in and around food
plants, processing mills, and food warehouses in the U. S. has declined
in recent years. The research and development of chemical alternatives
to be used by this sector is a critical need in the U. S. The
post-harvest food-processing sector has invested substantial time and
funding into research and development of technically and economically
feasible alternatives to methyl bromide. Past and current research
focuses on the biology and ecology of the pests, primarily insect pests.
To implement non-chemical controls and reduce methyl bromide use
requires a thorough understanding of the pests in order to exploit their
weaknesses. Some of these investigations have studied the effects of
temperature and humidity on the fecundity, development, and longevity of
a specific species. Other studies have been to determine the structural
preferences and microhabitat requirements of a species. Studies of
factors affecting population growth (interactions within and among
species) have been conducted. However, there is still much research that
needs to be done.

IPM and sanitation methods are also under investigation. Studies have
focused on food plant design, engineering modifications for pest
exclusion, and insect-resistant packaging. New research is demonstrating
a potential to incorporate chemical repellents into packaging materials
(Arthur and Phillips 2003). Further studies with pheromones and trapping
strategies are helping to improve IPM in food processing plants.

The USDA is continuing to fund research projects for post-harvest/food
processing plants. Such activities include:

> **Biology and Management of Food Pests (Oct 2002- Sep 2007)** to:
> examine the reproductive biology and behavior of storage weevils,
> Indianmeal moth, and red and confused flour beetles; determine the
> influence of temperature on the population growth, mating and
> development of storage pests, specifically storage weevils, Indianmeal
> moth, and red and confused flour beetles; examine the use of CO~2~
> concentrations within a grain mass to predict storage weevils and
> flour beetle population growth; and examine the use of alternative
> fumigants on insect mortality (ozone, sagebrush, Profume^®^).
>
> **Chemically Based Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Post harvest and
> Quarantine Pests (Jul 2000 - Dec 2004)** to: develop quarantine/post
> harvest control strategies using chemicals to reduce arthropod pests
> in durable and perishable commodities; develop new fumigants and/or
> strategies to reduce methyl bromide use; develop technology and
> equipment to reduce methyl bromide emissions to the atmosphere;
> develop system approaches for control using chemicals combined with
> nonchemical methodologies which will yield integrated pest control
> management programs; and develop methods to detect insect
> infestations.

The rice milling industry has spent over U. S.\$500,000 on research to
develop alternatives since 1992, and plans to use additional pesticides,
such as carbonyl sulfide, carbon dioxide, phosphine, magnesium phosphide
(magtoxin), and dichlorvos (vapona) over the next few years.
Non-chemical methods used by this sub-sector, to reduce methyl bromide
use, include heat and cold treatments, and many individual companies are
involved in further research and testing of alternatives. Industry
experts also recommend further studies on sulfuryl fluoride tolerances
and combination treatments of heat/carbon dioxide/phosphine.

The bakery sector is implementing heat as an alternative at those
facilities where heat is technically feasible. Currently, heat is being
implemented at several facilities nationwide, but further trials are
needed to determine the effects of heat on a long-term basis. However,
older facilities with hardwood floors and plant electrical wiring
systems are unsuitable for heat treatments. Other methods being used to
reduce reliance on methyl bromide are: exclusion, cleaning, early
detection, improved design of equipment, trapping, and other integrated
pest management (IPM) approaches. Phosphine continues to be tested.

The flour milling industry is committed to IPM techniques in order to
minimize reliance on any one tool. Many plants have reduced the amount
of annual fumigations from 4-5 per year to 2-3 per year. Some of these
facilities combine methyl bromide with carbon dioxide. Further, these
applicants have authored three manuals on fumigation best practices,
which are widely utilized throughout the industry. The industry
continues to test high heat, phosphine, alone and in combination; and
the combination of heat, phosphine, and carbon dioxide.

**17.2. Registration**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582580 .anchor}

Since 1997, the U.S. EPA has made the registration of alternatives to
methyl bromide a high registration priority. Because the U.S. EPA
currently has more applications pending in its registration review queue
than the resources to evaluate them, U.S. EPA prioritizes the
applications. By virtue of being a top registration priority, methyl
bromide alternatives enter the science review process as soon as U.S.
EPA receives the application and supporting data rather than waiting in
turn for the U.S. EPA to initiate its review.

As one incentive for the pesticide industry to develop alternatives to
methyl bromide, the Agency has worked to reduce the burdens on data
generation, to the extent feasible while still ensuring that the
Agency's registration decisions meet the Federal statutory safety
standards. Where appropriate from a scientific standpoint, the Agency
has refined the data requirements for a given pesticide application,
allowing a shortening of the research and development process for the
methyl bromide alternative. Furthermore, Agency scientists routinely
meet with prospective methyl bromide alternative applicants, counseling
them through the preregistration process to increase the probability
that the data is done right the first time and rework delays are
minimized

The U.S. EPA has also co-chaired the USDA/EPA Methyl Bromide
Alternatives Work Group since 1993 to help coordinate research,
development and the registration of viable alternatives. This
coordination has resulted in key registration issues (such as worker and
bystander exposure through volatilization, township caps and drinking
water concerns) being directly addressed through USDA's Agricultural
Research Service's U. S.\$15 million per year research program conducted
at more than 20 field evaluation facilities across the country. Also
U.S. EPA's participation in the evaluation of research grant proposals
each year for USDA's U. S.\$2.5 million per year methyl bromide
alternatives research has further ensured close coordination between the
U.S. government and the research community.

Since 1997, the U.S. EPA has registered the following chemical/use
combinations as part of its commitment to expedite the review of methyl
bromide alternatives:

-   2000: Phosphine in combination to control stored product insect
    pests

-   2001: Indianmeal Moth Granulosis Virus to control Indianmeal moth in
    stored grains

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   2004: Sulfuryl fluoride as a post-harvest fumigant for stored
    commodities and some mills (see below).

**17.2.1. Sulfuryl Fluoride**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582581 .anchor}

On January 23, 2004, U. S. EPA registered sulfuryl fluoride as a
post-harvest fumigant for grains and flour mills. While registration for
these uses will provide opportunities to reduce methyl bromide use, it
must be emphasized that such replacement, if feasible, will only occur
gradually over time.

Alternatives must be tested by users and found technically and
economically feasible before widespread adoption will occur. As noted by
TEAP, a specific alternative, once available may take up to 5 fumigation
cycles of use before efficacy can be determined in the specific
circumstance of the user. The registrant is requiring that applicators
be trained by them before using sulfuryl fluoride (there is a 3-tiered
certification system). It will take some time for potential applicators
to be identified and to take this training before the product can begin
testing in the specific circumstances of users.

There are additional pesticide registration issues, however, that must
be resolved before sulfuryl fluoride can be used in sectors for which
the U. S. is nominating methyl bromide CUEs. Sulfuryl fluoride is being
registered only for cereal and small grains and mills that contain
and/or process these grains. Many mills also produce partial recipe
products that contain such ingredients as sugar, baking soda, leavening
agents, hydrogenated oils, etc. The registration of sulfuryl fluoride
does not include tolerances for these ingredients and therefore would
not be allowed in these facilities. It is most likely that adoption of
sulfuryl fluoride for some of these mills will be delayed until
tolerances for these ingredients are sought by the registrant, reviewed
by U.S. EPA, and granted (if they meet eligibility criteria).

Some states must also register sulfuryl fluoride. California needs to
register this product through their regulatory process, and requires at
least four months after receiving an application, as long as risk
concerns do not appear in their assessments. At the time of this
writing, however, California had not received an application from the
sulfuryl fluoride registrant.

There are also data limitations preventing U.S. EPA, at this time, from
estimating the degree to which sulfuryl fluoride might replace some
methyl bromide use in fumigating grain and flour mills. We currently
lack the information to evaluate sulfuryl fluoride's performance
relative to methyl bromide. We have almost no relative product
performance data (direct comparisons to methyl bromide), no experience
in how well it performs in different facilities and climates over
multiple years, no price data, and no information on what other costs
might be associated with adopting sulfuryl fluoride. Lacking such
information, we cannot reach science-based conclusions on the technical
and economic feasibility of sulfuryl fluoride at this time.

For these reasons, and given the current state of data, U.S. EPA is
refraining from speculating on the degree to which sulfuryl fluoride
registrations might lead to amended CUE nominations. At the same time,
U.S. EPA commits to carefully studying sulfuryl fluoride use during the
next year, with the aim of identifying specific sectors where CUE
requests can be modified, once we have (and have analyzed) the necessary
data.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[18. Additional Comments]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582582
  .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[19. Citations]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582583 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Arthur, F. H. 2000. Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles
and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Effects of
temperature and relative humidity. J. Econ. Entomol. 93(2): 526-532.

Arthur, F. H. 1992. Cyfluthrin WP and EC formulations to control
malathion-resistant red flour beetles and confused flour beetles
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Effects of paint on residual activity. J.
Entomol. Sci. 27(4):436-444.

Arthur, F. and T. W. Phillips. 2003. Stored-product insect pest
management an d control, In: Food Plant Sanitation eds: Y. H. Hui, B. L.
Bruinsma, J. R. Gorham, W. Nip, P. S. Tong, and P. Ventresca. Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 341-358.

Bell, C. H. 2000. Fumigation in the 21^st^ century. Crop Protection
19:563-569.

Cox, P.D. 2004. Potential for using semiochemicals to protect stored
products from insect infestation. J Stored Prod. Res. 40:1-25.

Dowdy, A K.& P. G. Fields. 2002. Heat combined with diatomaceous earth
to control the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in a
flour mill. J Stored Prod. Res. 38:11-22.

Dunkel, F. V. and L. J. Sears. 1998. Fumigant properties of physical
preparations from Mountain big sagebrush*, Artemisia tridentate* Nutt.
ssp. v*aseyana* (Rydb.) Beetle for stored grain insects. J. Stored Prod.
Res. 34(4):307-321.

Fields, P. and N. D. G. White. 2002. Alternatives to methyl bromide
treatments for stored-product and quarantine insects. Annual Review of
Entomology 47:331-59.

Hou, X., P. Fields, and W. Taylor. 2004. The effect of repellents on
penetration into packaging by stored-product insects. J Stored Prod.
Res. 40:47-54.

Mahroof, R., Subramanyam, B. and Eustace, D. 2003. Temperature and
relative humidity profiles during heat treatment of mills and its
efficacy against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) life stages. J. Stored
Prod. Res. 39:555-569.

Mahroof, R., B. Subramanyam, J. E. Throne, and A. Menon. 2003.
Time-mortality relationships for *Tribolium castaneum* (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae) life stages exposed to elevated temperatures. J. Econ.
Entomol. 96(4): 1345-1351.

Mueller, D. K. 2002. Insect resistance testing. Fumigants and Pheromones
62:1-2.

Nielsen, P. S. 1998. The effect of a diatomaceous earth formulation on
the larvae of *Ephestia kuehniella* Zeller. J Stored Prod. Res
34:113-121.

Oberlander, H., D. L. Silhacek, E. Shaaya, and I. Ishaaya. 1997. Current
status and future perspectives of the use of insect growth regulators
for the control of stored product insects. J Stored Prod. Res. 33:1-6.

Skovgard, H., N. Holst, and P. S. Nielsen. 1999. Simulation model of the
Mediterranean flour moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Danish flour mills.
Environ. Entomol. 28(6):1060-1066.

Taylor, R.W.D. 1989. Phosphine, a major grain fumigant at risk. Int.
Pest Control. 31:10-14.

Zettler, J. L. 1991. Pesticide resistance in *Tribolium castaneum* and
*T. confusum* (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) form flour mills in the United
States. J. Econ. Entomol. 84(3):763-767.

Zettler, J. L. and F. H. Arthur. 2000. Chemical control of stored
product insects with fumigants and residual treatments. Crop Protection
19:577-582.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **[Bibliography]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582584 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Arthur, F. H. 2000. Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles
and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Effects of
temperature and relative humidity. J. Econ. Entomol. 93(2): 526-532.

Arthur, F. H. 1992. Cyfluthrin WP and EC formulations to control
malathion-resistant red flour beetles and confused flour beetles
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Effects of paint on residual activity. J.
Entomol. Sci. 27(4):436-444.

Bell, C. H. 2000. Fumigation in the 21^st^ century. Crop Protection
19:563-569.

Cox, P.D. 2004. Potential for using semiochemicals to protect stored
products from insect infestation. J Stored Prod. Res. 40:1-25.

Dowdy, A K.& P. G. Fields. 2002. Heat combined with diatomaceous earth
to control the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in a
flour mill. J Stored Prod. Res. 38:11-22.

Dunkel, F. V. and L. J. Sears. 1998. Fumigant properties of physical
preparations from Mountain big sagebrush*, Artemisia tridentate* Nutt.
ssp. v*aseyana* (Rydb.) Beetle for stored grain insects. J. Stored Prod.
Res. 34(4):307-321.

Fields, P. and N. D. G. White. 2002. Alternatives to methyl bromide
treatments for stored-product and quarantine insects. Annual Review of
Entomology 47:331-59.

Hou, X., P. Fields, and W. Taylor. 2004. The effect of repellents on
penetration into packaging by stored-product insects. J Stored Prod.
Res. 40:47-54.

Mahroof, R., Subramanyam, B. and Eustace, D. 2003. Temperature and
relative humidity profiles during heat treatment of mills and its
efficacy against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) life stages. J. Stored
Prod. Res. 39:555-569.

Mahroof, R., B. Subramanyam, J. E. Throne, and A. Menon. 2003.
Time-mortality relationships for *Tribolium castaneum* (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae) life stages exposed to elevated temperatures. J. Econ.
Entomol. 96(4): 1345-1351.

Mueller, D. K. 2002. Insect resistance testing. Fumigants and Pheromones
62:1-2.

Mueller, D. K. 1998. Stored product protection...a period of transition.
Insects Limited, Inc., Indianapolis, IN. 337 pp.

Nielsen, P. S. 1998. The effect of a diatomaceous earth formulation on
the larvae of *Ephestia kuehniella* Zeller. J Stored Prod. Res
34:113-121.

Oberlander, H., D. L. Silhacek, E. Shaaya, and I. Ishaaya. 1997. Current
status and future perspectives of the use of insect growth regulators
for the control of stored product insects. J Stored Prod. Res. 33:1-6.

Skovgard, H., N. Holst, and P. S. Nielsen. 1999. Simulation model of the
Mediterranean flour moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Danish flour mills.
Environ. Entomol. 28(6):1060-1066.

Taylor, R.W.D. 1989. Phosphine, a major grain fumigant at risk. Int.
Pest Control. 31:10-14.

UNEP. 1998. 1998 Assessment of alternatives to methyl bromide. United
Nations Publication.

UNEP. 2001. Sourcebook of Technologies for protecting the ozone layer:
alternatives to methyl bromide. United Nations Publication

Zettler, J. L. 1991. Pesticide resistance in *Tribolium castaneum* and
*T. confusum* (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) form flour mills in the United
States. J. Econ. Entomol. 84(3):763-767.

Zettler, J. L. and F. H. Arthur. 2000. Chemical control of stored
product insects with fumigants and residual treatments. Crop Protection
19:577-582.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Appendix A**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582548 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Appendix A - Table 9.1(a): Summary of the Circumstances of Current
Methyl Bromide Use In Pet Food Processing
Plants]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582549 .anchor}

+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| *     | *    | **[Ex  | *     | **      | **[Proportion | **     |
| *[Fac | *[Me | posure | *[Ext | [Number | of Product    | [Fixed |
| ility | thyl | Time   | erior | of      | Treated at    | (F)    |
| No.   | Bro  | (]{.sm | Tem   | Fumi    | this          | mobile |
| ]{.sm | mide | allcap | p.]{. | gations | Dose]{        | (M)    |
| allca | D    | s}***h | small | per     | .smallcaps}** | Stack  |
| ps}** | osag | ours** | caps} | Year]   |               | (S)]{. |
|       | e]{. | *[)]{. | (ºC[) | {.small |               | smallc |
|       | smal | smallc | ]{.sm | caps}** |               | aps}** |
|       | lcap | aps}** | allca |         |               |        |
|       | s}** |        | ps}** |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 1     | 16   | 24     | Day:  | 1       | 30% ^(1)^     | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        | 35-38 | g       |               | ^(2)^  |
| Mi    | m^3^ |        |       | eneral\ |               |        |
| dwest |      |        |       | 2 spot  |               |        |
|       |      |        |       | w/phos  |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 2     | 16   | 24     | Day:  | 1       | 40% ^(1)^     | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        | 27    | general |               | ^(2)^  |
| Mi    | m^3^ |        |       |         |               |        |
| dwest |      |        | N     |         |               |        |
|       |      |        | ight: |         |               |        |
|       |      |        | 10    |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 3     | 16   | 24     | 24    | 1       | 16% ^(1)^     | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        |       | general |               | ^(2)^  |
| Sout  | m^3^ |        |       |         |               |        |
| heast |      |        |       |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 4     | 24   | 24     | 21    | 1       | 15% ^(1)^     | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        |       | general |               | ^(2)^  |
| Sout  | m^3^ |        |       |         |               |        |
| heast |      |        |       |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 5     | 18   | 24     | 15 -- | Approx. | \<10%^(1)^    | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        | 25    | one     |               | ^(2)^  |
| North | m^3^ |        | (out  |         |               |        |
|       |      |        | side) |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 6     | 16   | 24     | 17.8  | Approx. | 40%^(1)^      | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        |       | one     |               | ^(2)^  |
| Mi    | m^3^ |        |       |         |               |        |
| dwest | -24  |        |       |         |               |        |
|       | g/   |        |       |         |               |        |
|       | m^3^ |        |       |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 7     | 16   | 24     | 2     | Approx. | 40%^(1)^      | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        | 0.6 - | one     |               | ^(2)^  |
| West  | m^3^ |        | 29.4  |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| 8     | 16   | 24     | 3     | Approx. | 50%^(1)^      | Fixed  |
|       | g/   |        | 1.7 - | one     |               | ^(2)^  |
| Mi    | m^3^ |        | 36.7  |         |               |        |
| dwest |      |        |       |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+
| (1)   |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| Based |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|       |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|    on |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|     % |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|       |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|    of |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|       |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| total |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|     v |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| olume |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|       |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|    tr |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| eated |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|       |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| (2)   |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| Fixed |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|     = |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|       |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| Fixed |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|       |      |        |       |         |               |        |
|   fac |      |        |       |         |               |        |
| ility |      |        |       |         |               |        |
+-------+------+--------+-------+---------+---------------+--------+

**[Appendix A - Table 9.1(B): Summary of the Circumstances of Current
Methyl Bromide Use In Pet Food Processing Plants - Fixed Facilities: Pet
Food Institute]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582550 .anchor}

+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| Pest | **[Type of        | **[Volume  | **[Number of | **[Gas       |
| No.  | Construction and  | (]{.       | Facilities\  | tightness    |
|      | Approximate age   | smallcaps} | (e.g. 5      | E            |
|      | in                | ***m³***[) | silos)]{.    | stimate\*]{. |
|      | Yea               | or         | smallcaps}** | smallcaps}** |
|      | rs]{.smallcaps}** | Range]{.sm |              |              |
|      |                   | allcaps}** |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 1    | Tilt-up concrete, | 184,800    | 1            | Medium Areas |
|      | some corrugated   | m^3^       |              | & Poor Areas |
| Mid  | metal             |            |              |              |
| west |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 2    | Tilt-up concrete  | 114,800    | 1            | Good Areas & |
|      |                   | m^3^       |              | Medium Areas |
| Mid  |                   |            |              |              |
| west |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 3    | Corrugated metal  | 72,973     | 1            | Poor         |
|      |                   | m^3^       |              |              |
| S    |                   |            |              |              |
| outh |                   |            |              |              |
| east |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 4    | Corrugated metal  | 35,954     | 1            | Medium Areas |
|      |                   | m^3^       |              | & Poor Areas |
| S    |                   |            |              |              |
| outh |                   |            |              |              |
| east |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 5    | Corrugated Metal  | 7,420 m^3^ | \< 1         | Good         |
|      | on slab (13       |            | (processing  |              |
| N    | years)            |            | area only)   |              |
| orth |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 6    | Corrugated Metal  | 218,400    | 1            | Medium       |
|      | on Slab           | m^3^       |              |              |
| Mid  |                   |            |              |              |
| west |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 7    | Corrugated Metal  | 28,759     | 1            | Medium to    |
|      | on Slab           | m^3^       |              | Poor         |
| West |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| 8    | Poured Concrete   | 137,760    | 1            | Very Good    |
|      | Walls/            | m^3^       |              |              |
| Mid  |                   |            |              |              |
| west | Slab Floor        |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+
| \*   |                   |            |              |              |
| Give |                   |            |              |              |
| gast |                   |            |              |              |
| ight |                   |            |              |              |
| ness |                   |            |              |              |
| e    |                   |            |              |              |
| stim |                   |            |              |              |
| ates |                   |            |              |              |
| w    |                   |            |              |              |
| here |                   |            |              |              |
| poss |                   |            |              |              |
| ible |                   |            |              |              |
| a    |                   |            |              |              |
| ccor |                   |            |              |              |
| ding |                   |            |              |              |
| to   |                   |            |              |              |
| the  |                   |            |              |              |
| f    |                   |            |              |              |
| ollo |                   |            |              |              |
| wing |                   |            |              |              |
| sc   |                   |            |              |              |
| ale: |                   |            |              |              |
| **go |                   |            |              |              |
| od** |                   |            |              |              |
| --   |                   |            |              |              |
| less |                   |            |              |              |
| than |                   |            |              |              |
| 25%  |                   |            |              |              |
| gas  |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| wi   |                   |            |              |              |
| thin |                   |            |              |              |
| 24   |                   |            |              |              |
| h    |                   |            |              |              |
| ours |                   |            |              |              |
| or   |                   |            |              |              |
| half |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| time |                   |            |              |              |
| of   |                   |            |              |              |
| pres |                   |            |              |              |
| sure |                   |            |              |              |
| di   |                   |            |              |              |
| ffer |                   |            |              |              |
| ence |                   |            |              |              |
| (    |                   |            |              |              |
| e.g. |                   |            |              |              |
| 20   |                   |            |              |              |
| to   |                   |            |              |              |
| 10   |                   |            |              |              |
| Pa   |                   |            |              |              |
| (    |                   |            |              |              |
| t~1/ |                   |            |              |              |
| 2~)) |                   |            |              |              |
| gre  |                   |            |              |              |
| ater |                   |            |              |              |
| than |                   |            |              |              |
| 1    |                   |            |              |              |
| min  |                   |            |              |              |
| ute; |                   |            |              |              |
| **   |                   |            |              |              |
| medi |                   |            |              |              |
| um** |                   |            |              |              |
| --   |                   |            |              |              |
| 25   |                   |            |              |              |
| -50% |                   |            |              |              |
| gas  |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| wi   |                   |            |              |              |
| thin |                   |            |              |              |
| 24   |                   |            |              |              |
| h    |                   |            |              |              |
| ours |                   |            |              |              |
| or   |                   |            |              |              |
| half |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| time |                   |            |              |              |
| of   |                   |            |              |              |
| pres |                   |            |              |              |
| sure |                   |            |              |              |
| di   |                   |            |              |              |
| ffer |                   |            |              |              |
| ence |                   |            |              |              |
| gre  |                   |            |              |              |
| ater |                   |            |              |              |
| than |                   |            |              |              |
| 10   |                   |            |              |              |
| seco |                   |            |              |              |
| nds; |                   |            |              |              |
| **po |                   |            |              |              |
| or** |                   |            |              |              |
| --   |                   |            |              |              |
| 50   |                   |            |              |              |
| -90% |                   |            |              |              |
| gas  |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| wi   |                   |            |              |              |
| thin |                   |            |              |              |
| 24   |                   |            |              |              |
| h    |                   |            |              |              |
| ours |                   |            |              |              |
| or   |                   |            |              |              |
| half |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| time |                   |            |              |              |
| of   |                   |            |              |              |
| pres |                   |            |              |              |
| sure |                   |            |              |              |
| di   |                   |            |              |              |
| ffer |                   |            |              |              |
| ence |                   |            |              |              |
| 1-10 |                   |            |              |              |
| sec  |                   |            |              |              |
| ond; |                   |            |              |              |
| **   |                   |            |              |              |
| very |                   |            |              |              |
| po   |                   |            |              |              |
| or** |                   |            |              |              |
| --   |                   |            |              |              |
| more |                   |            |              |              |
| than |                   |            |              |              |
| 90%  |                   |            |              |              |
| gas  |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| wi   |                   |            |              |              |
| thin |                   |            |              |              |
| 24   |                   |            |              |              |
| h    |                   |            |              |              |
| ours |                   |            |              |              |
| or a |                   |            |              |              |
| pres |                   |            |              |              |
| sure |                   |            |              |              |
| half |                   |            |              |              |
| loss |                   |            |              |              |
| time |                   |            |              |              |
| of   |                   |            |              |              |
| less |                   |            |              |              |
| than |                   |            |              |              |
| 1    |                   |            |              |              |
| sec  |                   |            |              |              |
| ond. |                   |            |              |              |
+------+-------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Appendix B**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582586 .anchor}

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**[Appendix B - Table 1: Effect of temperature on concentration and time
thresholds for some pests of stored products. (From: Bell, C. H.
2000]{.smallcaps})**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582552 .anchor}

+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| **[Specie        | **[Fum     | **[          | **[Tem   |           |
| s]{.smallcaps}** | igant]{.sm | Threshold]{. | perature |           |
|                  | allcaps}** | smallcaps}** | (ºC      |           |
|                  |            |              | )]{.smal |           |
|                  |            | **[(ºC or    | lcaps}** |           |
|                  |            | time)]{.     |          |           |
|                  |            | smallcaps}** |          |           |
+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+
|                  |            |              | **[1     | **        |
|                  |            |              | 5]{.smal | [25]{.sma |
|                  |            |              | lcaps}** | llcaps}** |
+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| *Sitophilus      | Methyl     | ºC (mg/l)    | 0.6-0.9  | 1.3-2.0   |
| oryzae*          | Bromide    |              |          |           |
+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| *Tribolium       | Methyl     | ºC (mg/l)    | 1.3-2.0  | 2.5-3.0   |
| confusum*        | Bromide    |              |          |           |
+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| *Tribolium       | Methyl     | ºC (mg/l)    | 1.3-2.0  | 3.0-3.5   |
| castaneum*       | Bromide    |              |          |           |
+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| *Tribolium       | Phosphine  | ºC (mg/l)    |          | 0.0       |
| castaneum*       |            |              |          | 05-0.0011 |
+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+
| *Tribolium       | Phosphine  | Time (h)     |          | 0.5-1.5   |
| castaneum*       |            |              |          |           |
+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+-----------+

For phosphine relatively long exposure times are required for kill of
all stages & time threshold is more important than the concentration for
efficient fumigant action.

**[Appendix B - Table 2: Concentration-Time Product recommendations by
National Pest Management
Association]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582553 .anchor}

+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| **[Species      | *  | **[  | *       |         | *       |         |
| ]{.smallcaps}** | *[ | Temp | *[Ounce |         | *[Mg/l] |         |
|                 | St | (°C  | -Hours] |         | {.small |         |
|                 | ag | )]{. | {.small |         | caps}** |         |
|                 | e] | smal | caps}** |         |         |         |
|                 | {. | lcap |         |         |         |         |
|                 | sm | s}** |         |         |         |         |
|                 | al |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lc |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ap |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | s} |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ** |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 |    |      | **[Pho  | **[Pho  | **      | **[S    |
|                 |    |      | sphine] | sphine] | [Methyl | ulfuryl |
|                 |    |      | {.small | {.small | B       | Fl      |
|                 |    |      | caps}** | caps}** | romide] | uoride] |
|                 |    |      |         |         | {.small | {.small |
|                 |    |      | **[72   | **[144  | caps}** | caps}** |
|                 |    |      | hr]     | hr]     |         |         |
|                 |    |      | {.small | {.small |         |         |
|                 |    |      | caps}** | caps}** |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Lasioderma     | eg | 4.4  |         |         | 146.4   |         |
| serricorne*     | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | eg | 10   | 8.5     | 49.5    | 91.2    |         |
|                 | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | eg | 15.6 | 61.8    | 37.9    | 48      |         |
|                 | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | eg | 21.1 | 0.64    | 0.86    | 43.2    |         |
|                 | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | eg | 26.5 |         |         |         | 711.7   |
|                 | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 4.4  | 6.9     | 1.2     | 379.2   |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 10   | 3.7     | 0.86    | 206.4   |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 15.6 | 0.94    | 0.72    | 132     |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 21.1 | 0.5     | 0.43    | 120     |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 26.5 |         |         |         | 55.9    |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 4.4  | 5.6     | 7.4     | 1046    |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 10   | 5.6     | 4.6     | 324     |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 15.6 | 5.2     | 1.3     | 124.8   |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 21.1 | 0.58    | 0.3     | 108     |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 4.4  | 2.2     | 1.9     | 230.4   |         |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 10   | 1.8     | 1.1     | 105.6   |         |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 15.6 | 1       | 0.5     | 64.8    |         |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 21.1 | 0.36    | 0.3     | 57.6    |         |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 26.5 |         |         |         | 34.9    |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Sitophilus     | a  | 21   | 0.36    |         | 30      |         |
| oryzae*         | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Tribolium      | eg | 26.7 |         |         |         | 1124.8  |
| confusum*       | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 4.4  |         |         | 209.3   | 178.2   |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 15.6 |         |         | 92.8    | 97.6    |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 25   | 0.48    |         | 64      | 55      |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | a  | 26.7 |         |         | 74.2    | 76.5    |
|                 | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Tribolium      | a  | 24   | 11.5    |         | 62      |         |
| castaneum*      | du |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | lt |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Plodia         | eg | 15   |         |         | 53      |         |
| interpunctella* | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | eg | 20   |         |         | 29      |         |
|                 | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | eg | 25   |         |         | 22      |         |
|                 | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | eg | 30   |         |         | 21      |         |
|                 | gs |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 15   |         |         | 34      |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 20   |         |         | 31      |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 25   |         |         | 24      |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | la | 30   |         |         | 25      |         |
|                 | rv |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 15   |         |         | 64      |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 20   |         |         | 50      |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 25   |         |         | 43      |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                 | p  | 30   |         |         | 35      |         |
|                 | up |      |         |         |         |         |
|                 | ae |      |         |         |         |         |
+-----------------+----+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

**APPENDIX C. 2006 Methyl Bromide Usage Numerical Index
(BUNI**).[]{#__RefHeading___Toc65582554 .anchor}

![](media/image1.wmf)

**Footnotes for Appendix C:**

Values may not sum exactly due to rounding.

1.  **[Average Volume in the U.S.]{.underline}** -- Average Volume in
    the U.S. is the average of 2001 and 2002 total volume fumigated with
    methyl bromide in the U.S. in this sector (when available).

2.  **[% of Average Volume Requested]{.underline}** - Percent (%) of
    Average Volume Requested is the total volume in the sector's request
    divided by the Average Volume in the U.S. (when available).

3.  **[2006 Amount of Request]{.underline}** -- The 2006 amount of
    request is the actual amount requested by applicants given in total
    pounds active ingredient of methyl bromide, total volume of methyl
    bromide use, and application rate in pounds active ingredient of
    methyl bromide per thousand cubic feet. U.S. units of measure were
    used to describe the initial request and then were converted to
    metric units to calculate the amount of the U.S. nomination.

4.  **[2001 & 2002 Average Use]{.underline}** -- The 2001 & 2002 Average
    Use is the average of the 2001 and 2002 historical usage figures
    provided by the applicants given in kilograms active ingredient of
    methyl bromide, total volume of methyl bromide use, and application
    rate in kilograms active ingredient of methyl bromide per thousand
    cubic meters. Adjustments are made when necessary due in part to
    unavailable 2002 estimates in which case only the 2001 average use
    figure is used.

5.  **[Quarantine and Pre-Shipment]{.underline}** -- Quarantine and
    pre-shipment (QPS) is the percentage (%) of the applicant's
    requested amount subject to QPS treatments.

6.  **[Regional Volume, 2001 & 2002 Average Volume]{.underline}** --
    Regional Volume, 2001 & 2002 Average Volume is the 2001 and 2002
    average estimate of volume of methyl bromide used within the defined
    region (when available).

7.  [**Regional Volume, Requested Volume %**]{.underline} - Regional
    Volume, Requested Volume % is the volume in the applicant's request
    divided by the total volume fumigated with methyl bromide in the
    sector in the region covered by the request.

8.  **[2006 Nomination Options]{.underline}** -- 2006 Nomination Options
    are the options of the inclusion of various factors used to adjust
    the initial applicant request into the nomination figure.

9.  **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts]{.underline}** --
    Subtractions from Requested Amounts are the elements that were
    subtracted from the initial request amount.

10. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, 2006 Request]{.underline}**
    -- Subtractions from Requested Amounts, 2006 Request is the starting
    point for all calculations. This is the amount of the applicant
    request in kilograms.

11. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, Double
    Counting]{.underline}** - Subtractions from Requested Amounts,
    Double Counting is the estimate measured in kilograms in situations
    where an applicant has made a request for a CUE with an individual
    application while a consortium has also made a request for a CUE on
    their behalf in the consortium application. In these cases the
    double counting is removed from the consortium application and the
    individual application takes precedence.

12. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, Growth or 2002 CUE
    Comparison]{.underline}** - Subtractions from Requested Amounts,
    Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison is the greatest reduction of the
    estimate measured in kilograms of either the difference in the
    amount of methyl bromide requested by the applicant that is greater
    than that historically used or treated at a higher use rate or the
    difference in the 2006 request from an applicant's 2002 CUE
    application compared with the 2006 request from the applicant's 2003
    CUE application.

13. **[Subtractions from Requested Amounts, QPS]{.underline}** -
    Subtractions from Requested Amounts, QPS is the estimate measured in
    kilograms of the request subject to QPS treatments. This subtraction
    estimate is calculated as the 2006 Request minus Double Counting,
    minus Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison then multiplied by the
    percentage subject to QPS treatments. *Subtraction from Requested
    Amounts, QPS = (2006 Request -- Double Counting -- Growth)\*(QPS %)*

14. **[Subtraction from Requested Amounts, Use Rate
    Difference]{.underline}** -- Subtractions from requested amounts,
    use rate difference is the estimate measured in kilograms of the
    lower of the historic use rate or the requested use rate. The
    subtraction estimate is calculated as the 2006 Request minus Double
    Counting, minus Growth or 2002 CUE Comparison, minus the QPS amount,
    if applicable, minus the difference between the requested use rate
    and the lowest use rate applied to the remaining hectares.

15. **[Adjustments to Requested Amounts]{.underline}** -- Adjustments to
    requested amounts were factors that reduced to total amount of
    methyl bromide requested by factoring in the specific situations
    were the applicant could use alternatives to methyl bromide. These
    are calculated as proportions of the total request. We have tried to
    make the adjustment to the requested amounts in the most appropriate
    category when the adjustment could fall into more than one category.

16. **[Use Rate kg/ 1000 m^3^ 2006]{.underline}** -- Use rate in pounds
    per thousand cubic feet, 2006, is the use rate requested by the
    applicant as derived from the total volume to be fumigated divided
    by the total amount (in pounds) of methyl bromide requested.

17. **[Use Rate kg/ 1000 m^3^ low]{.underline}** -- Use rate in pounds
    per thousand cubic feet, low, is the lowest historic use rate
    reported by the applicant. The use rate selected for determining the
    amount to nominate is the lower of this rate or the 2006 use rate
    (above).

18. **[(%) Key Pest Impacts]{.underline}** - Percent (%) of the
    requested area with moderate to severe pest problems. Key pests are
    those that are not adequately controlled by MB alternatives. For
    structures/ food facilities and commodities, key pests are assumed
    to infest 100% of the volume for the specific uses requested in that
    100% of the problem must be eradicated.

19. **[Adopt New Fumigants (%)]{.underline}** -- Adopt new fumigants (%)
    is the percent (%) of the requested volume where we expect
    alternatives could be adopted to replace methyl bromide during the
    year of the CUE request.

20. **[Combined Impacts (%)]{.underline}** - Total combined impacts are
    the percent (%) of the requested area where alternatives cannot be
    used due to key pest, regulatory, and new fumigants. In each case
    the total area impacted is the conjoined area that is impacted by
    any individual impact. The effects were assumed to be independently
    distributed unless contrary evidence was available (e.g., affects
    are known to be mutually exclusive).

21. **[Qualifying Volume]{.underline}** - Qualifying volume (1000 cubic
    meters) is calculated by multiplying the adjusted volume by the
    combined impacts.

22. **[CUE Nominated amount]{.underline}** - CUE nominated amount is
    calculated by multiplying the qualifying volume by the use rate.

23. **[Percent Reduction]{.underline}** - Percent reduction from initial
    request is the percentage of the initial request that did not
    qualify for the CUE nomination.

24. **[Sum of CUE Nominations in Sector]{.underline}** -
    Self-explanatory.

25. **[Total U.S. Sector Nomination]{.underline}** - Total U.S. sector
    nomination is the most likely estimate of the amount needed in that
    sector.

26. **[Dichotomous Variables]{.underline}** -- dichotomous variables are
    those which take one of two values, for example, 0 or 1, yes or no.
    These variables were used to categorize the uses during the
    preparation of the nomination.

27. **[Currently Use Alternatives]{.underline}** -- Currently use
    alternatives is 'yes' if the applicant uses alternatives for some
    portion of pesticide use on the crop for which an application to use
    methyl bromide is made.

28. **[Research/ Transition Plans]{.underline}** -- Research/ Transition
    Plans is 'yes' when the applicant has indicated that there is
    research underway to test alternatives or if applicant has a plan to
    transition to alternatives.

29. **[Pest-free Market. Required]{.underline}** - This variable is a
    'yes' when the product must be pest-free in order to be sold either
    because of U.S. sanitary requirements or because of consumer
    acceptance.

30. **[Other Issues]{.underline}**.- Other issues is a short reminder of
    other elements of an application that were checked

31. **[Change from Prior CUE Request]{.underline}**- This variable takes
    a '+' if the current request is larger than the previous request, a
    '0' if the current request is equal to the previous request, and a
    '-' if the current request is smaller that the previous request. If
    the applicant has not previously applied the word 'new' appears in
    this column.

32. **[Verified Historic Use/ State]{.underline}**- This item indicates
    whether the amounts requested by administrative area have been
    compared to records of historic use in that area.

33. **[Frequency of Treatment]{.underline}** -- This indicates how often
    methyl bromide is applied in the sector. Frequency varies from
    multiple times per year to once in several decades.

34. **[Economic Analysis]{.underline}** -- provides summary economic
    information for the applications.

35. **[Loss per 1000 m^3^]{.underline}** -- This measures the total loss
    per 1000 m^3^ of fumigation when a specific alternative is used in
    place of methyl bromide. Loss comprises both the monetized value of
    yield loss (relative to yields obtained with methyl bromide) and any
    additional costs incurred through use of the alternative, such as
    longer time spent in the fumigation chamber. It is measured in
    current U.S. dollars.

36. **[Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide]{.underline}** -- This
    measures the total loss per kilogram of methyl bromide when it is
    replaced with an alternative. Loss comprises both the monetized
    value of yield loss (relative to yields obtained with methyl
    bromide) and any additional costs incurred through use of the
    alternative. It is measured in current U.S. dollars.

37. **[Loss as a % of Gross revenue]{.underline}** -- This measures the
    loss as a proportion of gross (total) revenue. Loss comprises both
    the monetized value of yield loss (relative to yields obtained with
    methyl bromide) and any additional costs incurred through use of the
    alternative. It is measured in current U.S. dollars.

38. **[Loss as a % of Net Operating Revenue]{.underline}** -This
    measures loss as a proportion of total revenue minus operating
    costs. Loss comprises both the monetized value of yield loss
    (relative to yields obtained with methyl bromide) and any additional
    costs incurred through use of the alternative. It is measured in
    current U.S. dollars. This item is also called net cash returns.

39. **[Quality/ Time/ Market Window/Yield Loss (%)]{.underline}** --
    When this measure is available it measures the sum of losses
    including quality losses, non-productive time, missed market windows
    and other yield losses when using the marginal strategy.

40. **[Marginal Strategy]{.underline}** -This is the strategy that a
    particular methyl bromide user would use if not permitted to use
    methyl bromide.

**[APPENDIX D. Summary of New Applicants]{.smallcaps}**

A number of new groups applied for methyl bromide for 2005 during this
application cycle, as shown in the table below. Although in most cases
they represent additional amounts for sectors that were already
well-characterized sectors, in a few cases they comprised new sectors.
Examples of the former include significant additional country (cured,
uncooked) ham production; some additional request for tobacco transplant
trays, and very minor amounts for pepper and eggplant production in lieu
of tomato production in Michigan.

For the latter, there are two large requests: cut flower and foliage
production in Florida and California ('Ornamentals') and a group of
structures and process foods that we have termed 'Post-Harvest NPMA'
which includes processed (generally wheat-based foods), spices and
herbs, cocoa, dried milk, cheeses and small amounts of other
commodities. There was also a small amount requested for field-grown
tobacco.

The details of the case that there are no alternatives which are both
technically and economically feasible are presented in the appropriate
sector chapters, as are the requested amounts, suitably adjusted to
ensure that no double-counting, growth, etc. were included and that the
amount was only sufficient to cover situations (key pests, regulatory
requirements, etc.) where alternatives could not be used.

The amount requested by new applicants is approximately 2.5% of the 1991
U.S. baseline, or about 1,400,000 pounds of methyl bromide, divided 40%
for pre-plant uses and 60% for post-harvest needs.

The methodology for deriving the nominated amount used estimates that
would result in the lowest amount of methyl bromide requested from the
range produced by the analysis to ensure that adequate amounts of methyl
bromide were available for critical needs. We are requesting additional
methyl bromide in the amount of about 500,000 Kg, or 2% or the 1991 U.S.
baseline, to provide for the additional critical needs in the pre-plant
and post-harvest sector.

  -------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------
  **Applicant Name**                        **2005 U.S. CUE Nomination
                                            (lbs)**

  California Cut Flower Commission          400,000

  National Country Ham Association          1,172

  Wayco Ham Company                         39

  California Date Commission                5,319

  National Pest Management Association      319,369

  Michigan Pepper Growers                   20,904

  Michigan Eggplant Growers                 6,968

  Burley & Dark Tobacco Growers USA -       2,254
  Transplant Trays                          

  Burley & Dark Tobacco Growers USA -       28,980
  Field Grown                               

  Virginia Tobacco Growers - Transplant     941
  Trays                                     

  Michigan Herbaceous Perennials            4,200

  Ozark Country Hams                        240

  Nahunta Pork Center                       248

  American Association of Meat              296,800
  Processors                                

  Total lbs                                 **1,087,434**

  Total kgs                                 **493,252**
  -------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------