## [EMBARGOED]{.underline}

**For release after 1 p.m. ET, Monday, April 14, 2003**

**Human Genome Project Goals**

+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| ## Area         | ## Goal         | **Achieved**     | ## Date       |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| Genetic Map     | 2- to 5-cM      | 1-cM             | September     |
|                 |                 |                  | 1994          |
|                 | resolution map  | resolution map   |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 | (600 -- 1,500   | (3,000 markers)  |               |
|                 | markers)        |                  |               |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| Physical Map    | 30,000 STSs     | 52,000 STSs      | # []{.mark}   |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 |                  | #             |
|                 |                 |                  |  October 1998 |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| DNA Sequence    | 95% of          | 99% of           | April 2003    |
|                 | gene-containing |                  |               |
|                 | part of human   | gene-containing  |               |
|                 | sequence        | part of human    |               |
|                 | finished to     | sequence         |               |
|                 | 99.99% accuracy | finished to      |               |
|                 |                 | 99.99% accuracy  |               |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| Capacity and    | Sequence 500    | Sequence \>1,400 | November 2002 |
| Cost of         | Mb/year at \<   |                  |               |
| Finished        | \$0.25 per      | Mb/year at       |               |
| Sequence        | finished base   | \<\$0.09 per     |               |
|                 |                 | finished base    |               |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| Human Sequence  | 100,000 mapped  | 3.7 million      | # []{.mark}   |
| Variation       | human SNPs      | mapped human     |               |
|                 |                 | SNPs             | #             |
|                 |                 |                  | February 2003 |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| Gene            | Full-length     | #                | #             |
| Identification  | human cDNAs     |                  |               |
|                 |                 | # 15,000         | # March 2003  |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | # full-length    |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | human cDNAs      |               |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| Model Organisms | Complete genome | Finished genome  | April 2003    |
|                 | sequences of    | sequences of     |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 | *E. coli,*      | *E. coli,*       |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 | *S              | *S. cerevisiae*, |               |
|                 | .cerevisiae*,   |                  |               |
|                 |                 | C. elegans       |               |
|                 | *C. elegans,*   |                  |               |
|                 |                 | D. melanogaster, |               |
|                 | ###             |                  |               |
|                 | D. melanogaster | plus             |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | whole-genome     |               |
|                 |                 | drafts of        |               |
|                 |                 | several others,  |               |
|                 |                 | including        |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | *C. briggsae,*   |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | *D.              |               |
|                 |                 | pseudoobscura,*  |               |
|                 |                 | mouse and rat    |               |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| Functional      | Develop         | High-throughput  | 1994          |
| Analysis        | genomic-scale   | oligonucleotide  |               |
|                 | technologies    | synthesis        | # 1996        |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | DNA microarrays  | # 1999        |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | Eukaryotic,      | 2002          |
|                 |                 | whole-genome     |               |
|                 |                 | knockouts        |               |
|                 |                 | (yeast)          |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | Scale-up of      |               |
|                 |                 |                  |               |
|                 |                 | two-hybrid       |               |
|                 |                 | system for       |               |
|                 |                 | protein-protein  |               |
|                 |                 | interaction      |               |
+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+

#### 

#### 

#### Key Definitions

**cDNA**: cDNA stands for **complementary DNA,** a synthetic type of DNA
generated from messenger RNA, or mRNA, the molecule in the cell that
takes information from protein-coding DNA - the genes - to the
protein-making machinery and instructs it to make a specific protein. By
using mRNA as a template, scientists use enzymatic reactions to convert
its information back into cDNA and then clone it, creating a collection
of cDNAs, or a cDNA library. These libraries are important to scientists
because they consist of clones of all protein-encoding DNA, or all of
the genes, in the human genome.\
\
**cM:** cM stands for **centiMorgan**, a unit of genetic distance.
Generally, one centiMorgan equals about 1 million base pairs.

**Eukaryotic:** A eukaryote is a single-celled or multicellular organism
whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus. If something is
described as "eukaryotic," it means that it has cells with
membrane-bound nuclei.

**Mb**: Mb stands for **megabase,** a unit of length equal to 1 million
base pairs and roughly equal to 1 cM.

**Microarray**: Microarrays are devices used in many types of
large-scale genetic analysis. They can be used to study how large
numbers of genes are expressed as messenger RNA in a particular tissue,
and how a cell\'s regulatory networks control vast batteries of genes
simultaneously. In microarray studies, a robot is used to precisely
apply tiny droplets containing functional DNA to glass slides.
Researchers then attach fluorescent labels to complementary DNA (cDNA)
from the tissue they are studying. The labeled cDNA binds to its matched
DNA sequence at a specific location on the slide. The slides are put
into a scanning microscope that can measure the brightness of each
fluorescent dot. The brightness reveals how much of a specific cDNA
fragment is present, an indicator of how active a gene is.

Scientists use microarrays in many different ways. For example,
microarrays can be used look at which genes in cells are actively making
products under a specific set of conditions, as well as to detect and/or
examine differences in gene activity between healthy and diseased cells.

**Oligonucleotide**: A short polymer of 10 to 70 nucleotides. A
nucleotide is one of the structural components, or building blocks, of
DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a base chemical -- either adenine
(A), thymine (T), guanine (G) or cytosine (C) -- plus a sugar-phosphate
backbone. Oligonucleotides are often used as probes for detecting
complementary DNA or RNA because they bind readily to their complements.

**SNP:** SNP stands for **single nucleotide polymorphism**. SNPs --
pronounced "snips" -- are common, but minute, variations that occur in
the human genome at a frequency of one in every 300 bases. That means 10
million positions out of the 3 billion base-pair human genome have
common variations. These variations can be used to track inheritance in
families and susceptibility to disease, so scientists are working hard
to develop a catalogue of SNPs as a tool to use in their efforts to
uncover the causes of common illness like diabetes or heart disease.

**STS:** STS stands for **sequence tagged site**, a short DNA segment
that occurs only once in a genome and whose exact location and order of
bases is known. Because each is unique, STSs are helpful in chromosome
placement of mapping and sequencing data from many different
laboratories. STSs serve as landmarks on the physical map of a genome**\
**