SAND2002-0484

Unlimited Release

Printed April 2002

The Navruz Project: Transboundary Monitoring for Radionuclides and
Metals in Central Asian Rivers

Sampling and Analysis Plan and Operational Manual

Howard Passell, David Barber, David Betsill, and Adriane Littlefield,

International Security Initiatives;

Amir Mohagheghi and Sonoya Shanks, Radiation Protection and Laboratory
Services;

Carole Lojek, Lab Planning and Evaluation;

Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1371
U.S.A.

Bekhzad Yuldashev, Umar Salikhbaev, and Raisa Radyuk, Institute of
Nuclear Physics,

Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Akram Djuraev and Anwar Djuraev, Atomic Energy Agency, Tajik Academy of
Sciences, Dushanbe, Tajikistan;

Ivan Vasiliev, Bajgabyl Tolongutov and Alekhina Valentina, Institute of
Physics,

Bishkek, Kyrgystan;

Vladimir Solodukhin and Victor Pozniak, Institute of Nuclear Physics,

Almaty, Kazakhstan

# Abstract {#abstract .Head}

The transboundary nature of water resources demands a transboundary
approach to their monitoring and management. However, transboundary
water projects raise a challenging set of problems related to
communication issues, and standardization of sampling, analysis and data
management methods. This manual addresses those challenges and provides
the information and guidance needed to perform the Navruz Project, a
cooperative, transboundary, river monitoring project involving rivers
and institutions in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
facilitated by Sandia National Laboratories in the U.S. The Navruz
Project focuses on waterborne radionuclides and metals because of their
importance to public health and nuclear materials proliferation concerns
in the region. This manual provides guidelines for participants on
sample and data collection, field equipment operations and procedures,
sample handling, laboratory analysis, and data management. Also included
are descriptions of rivers, sampling sites and parameters on which data
are collected. Data obtained in this project are shared among all
participating countries and the public through an internet web site and
are available for use in further studies and in regional transboundary
water resource management efforts. Overall, the project addresses three
main goals: to help increase capabilities in Central Asian nations for
sustainable water resources management; to provide a scientific basis
for supporting nuclear transparency and non-proliferation in the region;
and to help reduce the threat of conflict in Central Asia over water
resources, proliferation concerns, or other factors.

# Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .Heading}

The authors offer great thanks to the long list of scientists and
technicians in Central Asia and the United States who have contributed
to the Navruz Project; to Scott Anderholm of the U.S. Geological Survey
for his early consultation; and to Diane Ross and Robert Matthews at SNL
for help with editing the document.

# Contents {#contents .Heading}

[**1. Introduction 1**](#introduction)

[2. Description of Watersheds and Rivers
3](#description-of-watersheds-and-rivers)

[2.1 Tajikistan 3](#tajikistan)

[2.2 Uzbekistan 4](#uzbekistan)

[2.3 Kyrgyzstan 4](#kyrgyzstan)

[2.4 Kazakhstan 4](#kazakhstan)

[3. Sampling Locations and Frequencies
7](#sampling-locations-and-frequencies)

[3.1 Sampling Locations Listed by Republic
7](#sampling-locations-listed-by-republic)

[3.2 Kazakhstan Sites 8](#kazakhstan-sites)

[3.3 Kyrgyzstan Sites 9](#kyrgyzstan-sites)

[3.4 Tajikistan Sites 9](#tajikistan-sites)

[3.5 Uzbekistan Sites 10](#uzbekistan-sites)

[3.6 U.S. Sites 12](#u.s.-sites)

[4. Sampling Media and Parameters Measured
13](#sampling-media-and-parameters-measured)

[4.1 Parameters Measured 13](#parameters-measured)

[4.2 Characteristics of Selected Parameters
14](#characteristics-of-selected-parameters)

[5. Field Instrument/Equipment Operation, Maintenance, and Training
19](#field-instrumentequipment-operation-maintenance-and-training)

[5.1 Hydrolab Instrument 19](#hydrolab-instrument)

[5.2 Hydrolab Maintenance 19](#hydrolab-maintenance)

[5.3 Surveyor Power Supply and Battery Replacement
21](#surveyor-power-supply-and-battery-replacement)

[5.4 Hydrolab Calibration 22](#hydrolab-calibration)

[5.5 Solving Problems with Hydrolab Instruments
24](#solving-problems-with-hydrolab-instruments)

[5.6 Surveyor Operation 25](#surveyor-operation)

[5.7 Hydrolab Operation 28](#hydrolab-operation)

[5.8 For Additional Information about Hydrolab Instruments
30](#for-additional-information-about-hydrolab-instruments)

[5.9 Using the AA Current Meter and Wading Rod
30](#using-the-aa-current-meter-and-wading-rod)

[5.10 Solving Problems with Flow Meters
34](#solving-problems-with-flow-meters)

[6. Field Sampling Procedures 35](#field-sampling-procedures)

[6.1 Collection of Water Samples 35](#collection-of-water-samples)

[6.2 Collection of Aquatic Vegetation Samples
37](#collection-of-aquatic-vegetation-samples)

[6.3 Collection of Bottom Sediment Samples
37](#collection-of-bottom-sediment-samples)

[6.4 Standard Operating Procedures for Collection of Soil Samples
38](#standard-operating-procedures-for-collection-of-soil-samples)

[6.5 Sample Location Photography 38](#sample-location-photography)

[6.6 Sample Location GPS Coordinates
38](#sample-location-gps-coordinates)

[7. Field Sampling Quality Control 39](#field-sampling-quality-control)

[7.1 Field Instrument Calibration 39](#field-instrument-calibration)

[7.2 Field Logbooks 39](#field-logbooks)

[7.3 Field Forms 39](#field-forms)

[7.4 Field Duplicates 40](#field-duplicates)

[7.5 Trip Blanks 40](#trip-blanks)

[8. Laboratory Preparation of Water, Vegetation, Sediment, and Soil
Samples
41](#laboratory-preparation-of-water-vegetation-sediment-and-soil-samples)

[8.1 Procedures for Preparing Samples
41](#procedures-for-preparing-samples)

[8.2 Procedures for Packaging, Labeling, and Transporting Samples
42](#procedures-for-packaging-labeling-and-transporting-samples)

[8.3 Procedures and Requirements for Transferring Custody of Samples
from Sample Collection in the Field to Arrival at Analytical
Laboratories
45](#procedures-and-requirements-for-transferring-custody-of-samples-from-sample-collection-in-the-field-to-arrival-at-analytical-laboratories)

[8.4 Sample Management and Chain of Custody (COC)
46](#sample-management-and-chain-of-custody-coc)

[8.5 Uzbekistan Laboratory 47](#uzbekistan-laboratory)

[8.5.1 Facilities Available at Uzbekistan Laboratory
47](#facilities-available-at-uzbekistan-laboratory)

[8.5.2 Calibrations Made at Uzbekistan Laboratory
48](#calibrations-made-at-uzbekistan-laboratory)

[8.5.3 Equipment Checks Made at Uzbekistan Laboratory
48](#equipment-checks-made-at-uzbekistan-laboratory)

[8.5.4 Training Available at Uzbekistan Laboratory
48](#training-available-at-uzbekistan-laboratory)

[8.6 Kazakhstan Laboratory 48](#kazakhstan-laboratory)

[8.6.1 Facilities Available at Kazakhstan Laboratory
48](#facilities-available-at-kazakhstan-laboratory)

[8.6.2 Instruments Available at Kazakhstan Laboratory
48](#instruments-available-at-kazakhstan-laboratory)

[8.6.3 Calibrations Made at Kazakhstan Laboratory
50](#calibrations-made-at-kazakhstan-laboratory)

[8.6.4 Equipment Checks Made at Kazakhstan Laboratory
50](#equipment-checks-made-at-kazakhstan-laboratory)

[8.6.5 Training Available at Kazakhstan Laboratory
51](#training-available-at-kazakhstan-laboratory)

[8.7 Sandia National Laboratories 51](#sandia-national-laboratories)

[8.7.1 Facilities Available at SNL 51](#facilities-available-at-snl)

[8.7.2 Instruments Available at SNL 51](#instruments-available-at-snl)

[8.7.3 Calibrations Made at SNL 52](#calibrations-made-at-snl)

[8.7.4 Equipment Checks Made at SNL 53](#equipment-checks-made-at-snl)

[8.7.5 Training Available at SNL 54](#training-available-at-snl)

[9. Laboratory/Analytical Procedures
55](#laboratoryanalytical-procedures)

[9.1 Uzbekistan Laboratory Analytical Procedures
55](#uzbekistan-laboratory-analytical-procedures)

[9.2 Kazakhstan Laboratory Analytical Procedures and Detection Limits
55](#kazakhstan-laboratory-analytical-procedures-and-detection-limits)

[9.3 Sandia National Laboratories Analytical Procedures and Detection
Limits
56](#sandia-national-laboratories-analytical-procedures-and-detection-limits)

[9.3.1 Gross Alpha Beta Analysis by Liquid Scintillation Counting
56](#gross-alpha-beta-analysis-by-liquid-scintillation-counting)

[9.3.2 Gamma Spectrometry Analysis 58](#gamma-spectrometry-analysis)

[9.3.3 Metals Analysis 62](#metals-analysis)

[10. Laboratory Quality Control 66](#laboratory-quality-control)

[10.1 Uzbekistan Laboratory Control 66](#uzbekistan-laboratory-control)

[10.2 Kazakhstan Laboratory Control 66](#kazakhstan-laboratory-control)

[10.3 SNL/CMC Laboratory Control 66](#snlcmc-laboratory-control)

[11. Data Management 68](#data-management)

[11.1 Software and Formatting 68](#software-and-formatting)

[12. Data Analysis 70](#data-analysis)

[12.1 Objectives for Data Analysis 70](#objectives-for-data-analysis)

[12.2 Analysis of Quality Control Data, and Its Use in Other Analysis
70](#analysis-of-quality-control-data-and-its-use-in-other-analysis)

[12.3 Software and Techniques to be Used
70](#software-and-techniques-to-be-used)

[12.4 Products to be Generated 70](#products-to-be-generated)

[Appendix A. Forms 74](#appendix-a.-forms)

[Appendix B. Sample Location Identification
84](#appendix-b.-sample-location-identification)

# Tables {#tables .Head}

[Table 1. Kazakhstan Sampling Sites 8](#__RefHeading___Toc6111309)

[Table 2. Kyrgyzstan Sampling Sites 9](#__RefHeading___Toc6111310)

[Table 3. Tajikistan Sampling Sites 9](#__RefHeading___Toc6111311)

[Table 4. Uzbekistan Sampling Sites 10](#__RefHeading___Toc6111312)

[Table 5. U.S. Sites 12](#__RefHeading___Toc6111313)

[Table 6. Basic Water Quality Parameters 13](#__RefHeading___Toc6111314)

[Table 7. Radionuclide Parameters 13](#__RefHeading___Toc6111315)

[Table 8. Metals Parameters 13](#__RefHeading___Toc6111316)

[Table 9. Characteristics of Basic Water Quality Parameters
14](#__RefHeading___Toc6111317)

[Table 10. Characteristics of Selected Radionuclides
15](#__RefHeading___Toc6111318)

[Table 11. Characteristics of Selected Metals
16](#__RefHeading___Toc6111319)

[Table 12. pH Values Accurate to −0.01 for Buffer Solutions at Various
Temperatures 23](#__RefHeading___Toc6111320)

[Table 13. Carrier Location and Cost Information
44](#__RefHeading___Toc6111321)

[Table 14. Suggested Alternate Carriers 45](#__RefHeading___Toc6111322)

[Table 15. Instruments Available at Uzbekistan Laboratory
47](#__RefHeading___Toc6111323)

[Table 16. Equipment Checks Made at Uzbekistan Laboratory
48](#__RefHeading___Toc6111324)

[Table 17. Analysis Methods Used at Kazakhstan Laboratory
49](#__RefHeading___Toc6111325)

[Table 18. Equipment Checks Made at Kazakhstan Laboratory
50](#__RefHeading___Toc6111326)

[Table 19. Instruments Available at SNL 51](#__RefHeading___Toc6111327)

[Table 20. Calibration Information for Instruments at SNL
52](#__RefHeading___Toc6111328)

[Table 21. Equipment Checks Made at SNL 53](#__RefHeading___Toc6111329)

[Table 22. Gamma Spectroscopy Detection Limits
59](#__RefHeading___Toc6111330)

[Table 23. ICP-AES Detection Limits 62](#__RefHeading___Toc6111331)

# Nomenclature {#nomenclature .Heading}

AA activation analysis

ADC analog to digital converter

AES-ICP atom emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma

Am americium

As arsenic

Be beryllium

Ca calcium

CMC Cooperative Monitoring Center

CME Cooperative Monitoring Experiment

Co cobalt

COC chain of custody

Cs cesium

DO dissolved oxygen

FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration

FWHM full width at half maximum

g/L grams per liter

GPS global positioning system

H hydrogen

Hg mercury

HPGe high purity germanium

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

INP Institute of Nuclear Physics

K potassium

LCS laboratory control sample

LSC liquid scintillation counter

m^3^/s cubic meters per second

MCA multi-channel analyzer

Navruz project name meaning "new beginning" or "new day"

NIST National Institute of Science and Technology

PI principal investigator

ppb parts per billion

ppm parts per million

Pu plutonium

QC quality control

Ra radium

redox oxidation-reduction potential

RK Republic of Kazakhstan

RNA radionuclide analysis

SAP Sampling and Analysis Plan

Sb antimony

SNL Sandia National Laboratories

SNL/CMC Sandia National Laboratories/Cooperative Monitoring Center

SOP standard operating procedure

Sr strontium

TDS total dissolved solids

Th thorium

U uranium

UPS United Parcel Service

XRF x-ray fluorescent

Y yttrium

# Introduction

Effective and sustainable management of rivers and watersheds
transcending international boundaries must meet the difficult challenge
of transcending those international boundaries as well (UN/ECE 1992,
Salman and de Chazournes 1998, Correia and da Silva 1999, Elhance 1999,
Lueck 1999, Wolf 1999). The next generation of effective transboundary
river and watershed monitoring and management projects must aim to
overcome transboundary cultural and communication barriers,
transboundary variation in objectives and methods, and they must build
the trust and confidence essential for transboundary resource
management. These projects must contain: a.) a social framework for
cooperation, transparency and data sharing; b.) standardized objectives,
sampling, analysis, and data management methods, and; c.) communications
technology that allows free and easy information and data exchange
(Tidwell et al. 2000). Various transboundary projects exist in which
some combinations of these components are included (Chenoweth 1999,
Lueck 1999, Dieperink 2000).

The study of waterborne radionuclide and metals concentrations in
Central Asia is of particular interest in the region because of the
history of nuclear materials mining, fabrication, transport and storage,
and nuclear weapons testing during the regime of the Soviet Union. This
development left a legacy of radionuclide and metals contamination in
some Central Asian regions which poses a clear health hazard to
populations who rely heavily upon surface water for cropland irrigation
and direct domestic consumption. Further, changes in riverborne
radionuclide concentrations over time can provide a signal revealing the
status of proliferation activities within the watershed. Therefore,
monitoring for radionuclides and metals in rivers can be an effective
tool both for helping safeguard public health, and for creating
transparency, building confidence, and supporting non-proliferation
treaties (OTA 1995, Wogman, et al. 2001).

This manual describes the standardized technical approaches implemented
by the Navruz partners in a cooperative, transboundary river monitoring
project in Central Asia, including the republics of Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The technical objectives of the
project are to use standard methods across all four countries for sample
collection, analysis, and data management, so that data are easily
comparable across national boundaries, and so they can be easily applied
to transboundary resource management and planning. Basic water quality
parameters are measured in this project in addition to metals and
radionuclide concentrations. Rivers and sampling locations are also
described.

Ultimately, the purpose of this project is to help develop cooperation
and collaboration, both on transboundary water resources management and
on nonproliferation, thereby reducing the threat of future conflict in
the region over those issues. The data are intended for current and
future studies, and to contribute to water resource management efforts
both within and between countries. The project aims to help develop
confidence and trust among Central Asian nations on both transboundary
water resource management and nuclear materials transparency, and to
help create an infrastructure for future cooperation. Finally, the
project will demonstrate a science-based approach for establishing
nuclear transparency in Central Asia and other regions in compliance
with the Non-Proliferation Treaty. More on this project, including data,
reports and photos, can be found at
http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/Central/centralasia.html.

This page intentionally left blank

# Description of Watersheds and Rivers

> *"Mowarannakhr is the richest country in Muslim world...Sogd is the
> most fecund from all countries. It has the best fruits, all houses
> have gardens, water reservoirs and flowing waters; it is quite rare
> when street or house has no canal with flowing water. And peoples here
> are the most kind, generous, educated, peaceful, and hospitable."*
>
> Description of Central Asia by Arab traveler, Al-Istarkhi

## Tajikistan

^1^One of the largest water-supplying territories of Central Asia region
is Tajikistan, which contains the main part of the watershed of the
Amudarya (199,350 km^2^), the largest Central Asia River. The Amudarya
watershed comprises more than one thousand glaciers and many glacial
snowfields. The annual flux of the Amudarya is about 79 km^3^ (three
times more than that of Syrdarya). The majority of rivers of the
Amudarya watershed are fed from glaciers and snowfields. The main
tributaries are the Puandzh, the Vakkhsh, the Kafirnigan, the Kyzylsu,
the Yakhsu, and others. The most industrialized region is the Vakkhsh
River watershed. The biggest South-Tajik industrial-territorial complex,
comprised by such enterprises as the Yavan electro-chemical plant and
the Vakkhsh nitrogen fertilizer plants, are located on the Vakkhsh.
Hydropower plants on the Vakkhsh (the biggest is the Nurek power plant)
are the main suppliers of electricity in Tajikistan. The main cities in
this watershed are Nurek, Kurgantyube, and Sarband. Another tributary of
the Amudarya, the Kafirnigan River, is also of great industrial interest
due to a large amount of mining industry activities and the nearby
cities of Dushanbe, Kafirnigan, and Gissar.

In the northern part of Tajikisan is the second largest Central Asia
river, the Syrdarya. This river also is fed from glaciers and
snowfields. In Tajikistan, the main tributaries of the Syrdarya River
are the Isfara, the Isfana, the Aksu, and the Khodzhabakirgan rivers. Of
these tributaries, the largest is the Isfara, with a summer runoff high
water flux up to 42 cubic meters per second (m^3^/s) and an autumn
base-flow low water of 3-5 m^3^/s. The smallest tributary is the Isfana
River with a summer runoff high water flux up to 1.4-1.6 m^3^/s and
autumn base-flow low water of 0.5 m^3^/s. The intermediate tributaries
are the Khodzhabakirgansaj and Aksu Rivers, with high and low waters
measuring 23 m^3^/s and 14 m^3^/s, and 5.2 m^3^/s and 4.0 m^3^/s
respectively. The waters from these rivers are used for irrigation and
only a small portion reaches the Syrdarya. The Syrdarya watershed ,
containing such industrial cities as Khudzhant, Chkalovsk, Isfara,
Kannibadam, and Kajrakkum, is the main industrial and mining region in
the northern part of Tajikistan. Two artificial lakes (the Kajrakkum,
created in 1956, and the Farkhad, created in 1947) are used for water
storage in the Syrdarya watershed and regulate its water flow.

^1^ Regional descriptions and some other sections in this document are
composed by Central Asian Navruz project partners.

## Uzbekistan

The main rivers in Uzbekistan are the Amudarya, with a length of 1,440
km and an average water flux of 2500 m^3^/s; the Syrdarya, with a length
of 2,140 km and a flux of 1200 m^3^/s; the Zarafshan, with an average
flux of 164 m^3^/s; the Kashkadarya (50 m^3^/s); the Surkhandarya (52
m^3^/s); the Chirchik (22 m^3^/s), and the Akhangaran (23 m^3^/s). The
Syrdarya is the largest river of the Central Asia Region. It crosses all
of the Central Asian countries and is impacted by manmade influences.
The watershed has more than 5,000 industrial sites.

According to data from the Uzbekistan Nature Protection Committee, the
Amudarya River is polluted in the regions of the Aral Sea and the
Bukhara oasis, and is moderately polluted in the Termez-Nukus region.
The Syrdarya River is moderately polluted, characterized by a 2- to
3-fold increase of biogenic mineral and organic components of common
mineralization contents. The concentration of heavy metals ions,
petroleum products, and pesticides has also increased (2 to 3 times
permissible concentration levels). A water system is deemed polluted
when measurements are 3 to 5 times higher than background levels. The
main danger of contamination in the Syrdarya River is the Majlisu River,
which flows in the Kyrgyz Republic and in Uzbekistan (Andizhan vilayat).
Because of uranium mining in the area, 23 tailings and 13 dumps with
high uranium concentration are located on the banks of the Majlisu.

## Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan rivers are present in 76.5% of its territory and are related
to the Aral Sea basin. The mean annual discharge of all of the rivers is
about 52 km^3^. The largest river is the Naryn, which originates from
the Petrov Glacier and merges with the Karadarya River to form the
Syrdarya River. The main tributaries of the Naryn River are the
Chong-Naryn, the Kichi-Naryn, the At-Bashi, the Alaburga, the Kek-Irim,
the Kekemeren, the Suusamyr, the Chychkan, and the Kara-Suu. The
Karadarya has the following tributaries: the Karakuldzha, the Yassy, the
Kegart (flows from the Fergana montain ridge), the Tar, and the Kurshab
(flows from the Alaj mounatain ridge). The length of the Naryn River on
Kyrgyzstan territory is more than 500 km and the watershed territory in
the Alexeevka region is about 52,000 km^2^. There are approximately
2,075 glaciers in the Naryn watershed and approximately 1,414 glaciers
in the mountain circle of Fregana valley.

The industrial cities of Karakul, Tash-Kumyr, Majli-Suu and others are
located in the watershed of the Naryn River. The numerous tributaries of
Karadarya River are polluted by industrial waste from the cities of
Kok-Yangak, Uzgen, Kara-Suu, and others.

## Kazakhstan

The main tributaries of the Syrdarya in Kazakhstan are the Arys River
(length: 378 km and watershed: 14,900 km^2^) and the Keles River
(length: 241 km and watershed: 3,310 km^2^). The tributaries of the Arys
River are the Badam, the Aksu, the Boraldaj, the Kabulsaj, and the
Zhabaglysu rivers. The Arys River is fed from snow thawing and
precipitation; its average flux is 40.2 m^3^/s. There are 11 water
reservoirs and 3 hydropower plants in the Arys watershed. The Keles
River originates from springs in the Karzhantau and Kazygurt mountains
whose slopes flow into the Chardarya artificial lake. The Keles River is
fed from snow, underground water, and precipitation; its average flux is
6 m^3^/s.

This page intentionally left blank

# Sampling Locations and Frequencies 

## Sampling Locations Listed by Republic

Fifteen sampling locations have been identified in each of the four
republics for a total of 60 sampling locations in the Navruz project.
Sampling will occur in the fall and the spring of each sampling year. A
unique sampling code is provided for each sampling location in Appendix
B. The sampling locations are shown in the map below.

![](media/image1.png){width="6.553472222222222in"
height="4.518055555555556in"}

Figure 1. Map of Central Asia Countries and Sampling Locations in the
Navruz Study

## Kazakhstan Sites

The INP of NNC of Kazakhstan uses the following 15 sites in the Syrdarya
watershed in Kazakhstan for radiation monitoring:

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111309 .anchor}Table 1. Kazakhstan Sampling Sites

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| S   | Location                                                       |
| ite |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| 1   | Chardara Reservoir: Southeastern part of the coast between the |
|     | Keles and Kurukkeles Rivers.                                   |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Chardara Reservoir: Northeastern part of the coast near        |
|     | Chardara town.                                                 |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Sites 1 and 2 measure the impact of economic and technogenic   |
|     | human activity on the environment (Site 2) and provide a       |
|     | comparison with the impact of natural factors (Site 1). Site 2 |
|     | will also provide initial information for comparison with all  |
|     | other sites.                                                   |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Keles tributary, Saryagash town (upstream).                    |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | Keles tributary, Saryagash town (downstream), Abaj village.    |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Sites 3 and 4 will measure the environmental conditions in     |
|     | this resort zone (mineral water springs).                      |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5   | Badam tributary, Chymkent town (upstream), Sajram village.     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6   | Arys tributary, Chymkent town (downstream), near Obruchevka.   |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Sites 5 and 6 measure the influence of the industrial center   |
|     | at Chymkent.                                                   |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7   | Chernak village, below Turkestan town.                         |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Site 7 measures the influence of agriculture activity and the  |
|     | status of the Turkestan canal.                                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8   | Chyily (upstream), Tomlnaryk village.                          |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9   | Chyily.                                                        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10  | Chyily (downstream), Zhulek village.                           |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Sites 8, 9, and 10 will cover several uranium deposits.        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 11  | Kyzyl-Orda, upstream, Belkul' village.                         |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12  | Kyzyl-Orda, downstream, Abaj village.                          |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Sites 11 and 12 will measure the impact of industrial          |
|     | activities in Kyzyl-Orda town.                                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 13  | Korkyt village, below Zhusa town.                              |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Site 13 will measure the joint influence of the towns          |
|     | Terenozek, Dzhalagat, and Dzhusaly on the Karaozek tributary.  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14  | Bajkonur town below Toretam village, near Bay-Kozha.           |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Site 14 will measure the influence of activities at the        |
|     | Bajkonur space center.                                         |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 15  | Kazalinsk town.                                                |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Site 15 will provide a control on the total influence of all   |
|     | areas/sites and all activities related to Syrdarya River (in   |
|     | comparison with Site 2).                                       |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

## Kyrgyzstan Sites

The Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences uses the
following 15 sites in the watershed of Syrdarya River:

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111310 .anchor}Table 2. Kyrgyzstan Sampling Sites

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| S   | Location                                                       |
| ite |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| 1   | The tributary Kichi-Naryn before the confluence with the       |
|     | Chong-Naryn River.                                             |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | The tributary Chong-Naryn before the confluence with the       |
|     | Kichi-Naryn River.                                             |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Naryn River after the confluence of the Chong-Naryn and        |
|     | Kichi-Naryn tributaries.                                       |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | Tributary At-Bashy before its confluence into the Naryn River. |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5   | Naryn River after the confluence of the At-Bashy tributary.    |
|     |                                                                |
|     | The investigation in the area of Toktogul reservoir is related |
|     | to the study of agricultural and technogenic affects in the    |
|     | area.                                                          |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6   | Chychkan River before the confluence into the Toktogul         |
|     | reservoir.                                                     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7   | Naryn River before its confluence in the Toktogul reservoir    |
|     | (hydrological post Uch-Terek).                                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8   | Toktogul Reservoir.                                            |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9   | Naryn River after the Toktogul Reservoir (region of Kara-Kul   |
|     | town).                                                         |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10  | Naryn River, southeast part of the town of Tashkumyr.          |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 11  | Mailuu-Su River, on the bridge (boundary with Uzbekistan).     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12  | Mailuu-Su River at the departure from Mailuu-Su town.          |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 13  | Mailuu-Su River near the Transformer factory.                  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14  | Right tributary of the Mailuu-Su River.                        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 15  | Mailuu-Su River 200 meters from the tributary.                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

## Tajikistan Sites

The following sites have been identified for sample collection in
Tajikistan, as shown below:

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111311 .anchor}Table 3. Tajikistan Sampling Sites

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Site   Location
  ------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
  1      The Varzob River, 18 kilometers above Dushanbe city.

  2      The Varzob River, 9 kilometers below Dushanbe city.

  3      The Kafirnigan River, 1 kilometer above the confluence with the
         Varzob River.

  4      The Kafirnigan River, 3 kilometers below its confluence with the
         Elok River.

  5      The Kafirnigan River at the Shaartuz railway bridge.

  6      The Elok River, 1 kilometer above its flow into the Kafirnigan
         River.

  7      The Vakkhsh River at the Dzhilikul bridge.

  8      "Chiluchor chashma," the spring.

  9      The Vakhsh River, 1 kilometer below Norak City.

  10     The Yekhsu River at hydrological post "Vose", the settlement
         Vose.

  11     The Kyzylsu River, 5 kilometers from the settlement Vose, before
         its confluence with the Yekhsu River.

  12     The Kyzylsu River, Gulistan Village.

  13     The Syrdarya River, 60 kilometers above the Kayrakkum reservoir,
         (unfinished frontier bridge), settlement Bulok.

  14     The Syrdarya River, the bridge on the entrance of Khudzhand
         city.

  15     The Isfara River, the settlement Yangiobod between Rabot city
         and Nefteobod city.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

## Uzbekistan Sites

Five major watersheds are used for sample collection sites in
Uzbekistan. Each watershed is presented below with their corresponding
sites for a total of 15 sites.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111312 .anchor}Table 4. Uzbekistan Sampling Sites

  ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Amudarya River   
  (Tuyamuyun,      
  Kyzyldzhar and   
  Kipchak -- in    
  Lower Amudarya)  

  Site             Location

  Intro            Site selection was affected by the proximity of various
                   industrial activities, including uranium mining. This river
                   resource provides water for irrigation, hydropower plants,
                   industrial purposes, and drinking water. The water system is
                   polluted from the dumping of agriculture wastewater (mainly from
                   Turkmenistan), and drainage waters from the cities of Termez and
                   Nukus. Sampling sites at the Amudarya River are located at
                   existing meteorological stations.

  1                Kyzyldzhar village, Karakalpakstan, 1 km above the terminating
                   range of the Amudarya River (the nearest town is Kungrad).

  2                Kipchak town, Karakalpakstan, 0.5 km above the town.

  3                Tuyamuyun site, 8 km below the dam (Khorezm region).

  Syrdarya River   
  (Chinaz, Bekabad 
  and Karadarya)   

  Site             Location

  Intro            This river resource provides water for irrigation, industrial
                   purposes, and drinking water. The sewage effluent from the many
                   industrial activities in this watershed has an impact on water
                   resources. Among these enterprises are
                   Chirchik-"Elektrok­himprom," the Altyaryk oil process­ing factory,
                   fiber crops plants, sewage disposal, and the factories of
                   Angren, Almalyk, Gazalkent, Chirchik, Tashkent, and Chinaz.
                   Sampling sites at Syrdarya River are located at existing
                   meteorological stations.

  4                Karadarya River, Namangan region, 20 km southwest from Namangan,
                   at Kol' village. The meteorological post is below the merging
                   point of the Karadarya and Naryn Rivers with the Syrdarya River.

  5                Bekabad, Tashkent region, 0.9 km below the dump of drainage
                   waters of "Vodokanal" enterprise.

  6                Chinaz town, Tashkent region, 3.5 km SSW from Chinaz.

  Akhangaran River 
  (Tuyabuguz,      
  Angren,          
  Yangiabad)       

  Site             Location

  Intro            The basin of the Akhangaran River is a tributary of the Syrdarya
                   River. Sampling sites at the Akhangaran River are located at
                   existing meteorological stations.

  7                Yangiabad town, Tashkent region, 5.5 km below Dukant village.

  8                Angren town, Tashkent region, 5.5 km below the Angren dam.

  9                Tuyabuguz, Tashkent region, Soldatskoe village, 0.5 km above the
                   outfall of the Akhangaran River.

  Chirchik River   
  (Gazalkent,      
  Kibraj,          
  Zangiota)        

  Site             Location

  Intro            The Chirchik River basin, one of Syrdarya River's tributaries,
                   receives effluent from industrial and private sewage and
                   drainage waters. Sampling sites at the Chirchik River are
                   located at existing meteorological stations.

  10               Gazalkent town, Tashkent region, 3.5 km below the town.

  11               Kibraj village, Tashkent region, 3 km below the UZKTZhM
                   enterprise sewage effluent.

  12               Tashkent City, Tashkent region, 3 km below the sewage effluent
                   from the Segeli KSM plant.

  Zaravshan River  
  (Ravatkhodzha,   
  Kattakurgan,     
  Navoi)           

  Site             Location

  Intro            The Zarafshan River is related to the Amudarya River basin.
                   Sampling sites at the Zarafshan River will be located at
                   existing meteorological stations. (Note: Sampling from Zarafshan
                   River sites will not be done in the present stage of the Navruz
                   experiment. In the future, if the monitoring experiment is
                   extended, these sites will be included in the sampling.)

  13               Ravatkhodzha, Samarkand region, 3.7 km below the outfall of the
                   Taligulyan dump.

  14               Kattakurgan, Samarkand region, 0.8 km below the outfall of the
                   Chegonak collector.

  15               Navoi City, Navoi region, 0.8 km below the sewage effluent from
                   "NavoiAzot" enterprise.
  ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

## U.S. Sites

Sampling by SNL will occur at two sites along the Rio Grande near
Albuquerque in Central New Mexico.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111313 .anchor}Table 5. U.S. Sites

  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Rio Grande    
  near          
  Albuquerque   

  Site          Location

  1             Bernalillo, approx. 25 km upstream of Albuquerque

  2             Los Lunas, approx. 40 km downstream of Albuquerque
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

# Sampling Media and Parameters Measured

## Parameters Measured

Sampling will occur in five different media, using methods described in
Section 6. The five different media are: water (dissolved); water
(suspended); bottom sediments; aquatic vegetation; soils.

Tables 6-8 below show all the parameters measured in the Navruz project,
and their units.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111314 .anchor}Table 6. Basic Water Quality
Parameters

  ------ ------------ ------- -------------- ----------- -------------- ---------- ------- ------- ---- -----------
  Time   Discharge\   Water   Dissolved      Dissolved   Specific       Salinity   TDS     Depth   pH   Redox
         (m^3^/s)     Temp.   Oxygen\        Oxygen      Conductivity   (g/L)      (g/L)   (m)          Potential
                      (deg C) (%             (mg/L)      (uS/cm)                                        (mV)
                              sat-uration)                                                              

  ------ ------------ ------- -------------- ----------- -------------- ---------- ------- ------- ---- -----------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111315 .anchor}Table 7. Radionuclide Parameters

  ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------
  Alpha activity                       Beta activity

  ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------

  --------- --------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
  Be-7      Na-22     Na-24    K-40     Cr-51    Mn-52    Mn-54    Co-56    Co-57    Ni-57

  Co-58     Fe-59     Co-60    Zn-65    Sr-85    Y-88     Zr-95    Mo-99    Ru-103   Ru-106

  Ag-108m   Ag-110m   Sn-113   Cd-115   Sb-122   Sb-124   Sb-125   I-131    Ba-133   Cs-134

  Cs-137    Ce-139    Ce-141   Ce-144   Nd-147   Eu-152   Gd-153   Eu-154   Eu-155   Ta-182

  Ta-183    Ir-192    Tl-201   Hg-203   Tl-207   Tl-208   Pb-210   Pb-211   Bi-212   Pb-212

  Bi-214    Pb-214    Rn-219   Ra-223   Ra-224   Ra-226   Th-227   Ac-228   Ra-228   Th-228

  Th-229    Pa-231    Th-231   Th-232   Pa-233   U-235    Np-237   U-238    Pu-239   Am-241

  Cm-243                                                                             
  --------- --------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Alpha and beta activity reported in Becquerel/kilogram (Bq/kg)

Water (dissolved) and water (suspended) reported in Becquerel/liter
(Bq/L).

Sediments, vegetation, and soils reported in Bq/kg.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111316 .anchor}Table 8. Metals Parameters

  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  Al    Ag    As    B     Ba    Be    Ca    Cd    Co    Cr    Cu    Fe    Hg

  K     Mg    Mn    Mo    Na    Ni    Pb    Se    Si    Tl    V     Zn    
  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

Water (dissolved) and water (suspended) reported in micrograms/liter
(μg/L).

Sediments, vegetation, and soils reported in μg/g.

## Characteristics of Selected Parameters

  ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111317   
  .anchor}Table 9.                
  Characteristics of Basic Water  
  Quality Parameters              

  **Discharge**                   Discharge, or stream flow, is the volume of water that
                                  moves past a designated point during a fixed period.
                                  Discharge data are critical for understanding the general
                                  hydrology in the system, for understanding changes in
                                  concentrations of chemical constituents over time, and
                                  for calculating total loads of constituents in a volume
                                  of water. Discharge is recorded in cubic meters per
                                  second.

  **Dissolved Oxygen (DO)**       DO is a measure of the amount of oxygen present in water
                                  and is reported in both mg/L and as a percent of the
                                  total oxygen saturation value. DO is an important factor
                                  for many biological and chemical reactions in surface
                                  water.

  **Oxidation-Reduction Potential The oxidation-reduction potential (redox) is an
  (Redox)**                       indication of how oxidizing or reducing a solution is and
                                  measures the tendency of electrons to "flow" either
                                  toward or away from a noble metal electrode. Redox is an
                                  important factor in chemical reactions involving metals
                                  in water. Redox potential is an especially important
                                  measurement in poorly oxygenated ground water or surface
                                  water, but is less important in well-oxygenated surface
                                  waters.

  **pH**                          The pH parameter describes the balance between H^+^ and
                                  OH^-^ ions in water. It is calculated as: pH = −log
                                  \[H^+^\], where \[H^+^\] represents the molar
                                  concentration of hydrogen ions. Values for pH are
                                  reported on a scale that ranges from 0 to 14. A pH
                                  measurement of \< 7 is acidic; a pH measurement of 7 is
                                  defined as a neutral solution; a pH measurement \> 7 is
                                  an alkaline (or basic) solution. The pH of water directly
                                  affects solubilities of metals and the physiological
                                  functions of plants and animals.

  **Salinity**                    Salinity is a measure of salts in water, and is commonly
                                  calculated directly from specific conductivity. Salinity
                                  is reported in g/L. Irrigation water with high values for
                                  salinity is known to salinate croplands and reduce crop
                                  productivity.

  **Specific Conductivity**       Specific conductivity is a measure of the capacity of
                                  water to conduct an electrical current through the
                                  water's dissolved ionic content. Conductivity is reported
                                  in microSiemens (1 × 10^−6^ Siemens) or milliSeimens (1 ×
                                  10^−3^ Siemens) per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius
                                  (uS/cm at 25°C).

  **Temperature**                 Temperature is an important factor in chemical and
                                  biological reactions in water. Accurate data values for
                                  DO, conductivity, and pH all rely on accurate temperature
                                  measurements.

  **Total Dissolved Solids        TDS refers to the amount of solid materials, including
  (TDS)**                         ions, colloids, and organic material dissolved in water.
                                  TDS can be calculated directly from specific conductivity
                                  and is reported in mg/L.
  ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111318   
  .anchor}Table 10.               
  Characteristics of Selected     
  Radionuclides                   

  **^238^U**                      Uranium is a very heavy metal that can be used as a source of
                                  energy. It is the heaviest of all the naturally occurring
                                  elements with a density of 18.7 g/cm^3^. Human intake of
                                  uranium is due primarily to food ingestion. Two naturally
                                  occurring uranium isotopes are found in the earth's crust:
                                  ^238^U and ^235^U. More than 99% of the uranium that occurs in
                                  nature is the ^238^U. The ^238^U decay chain consists of 19
                                  isotopes. The half-life of ^238^U is 4.51 × 10^9^ years.

  **^232^Th**                     Thorium-232 occurs naturally. It has a half-life of 141 billion
                                  years and decays by alpha and gamma emission. Thorium-232 is at
                                  the top of the thorium series, which includes 12 isotopes and
                                  ends with the stable isotope ^208^Pb. Thorium-232 concentration
                                  levels in soil are typically around 1 pCi/g, however the levels
                                  may range anywhere from 0.10 to 3.4 pCi/g.

  **^226^Ra**                     ^226^Ra, a member of ^238^U decay chain, is an alkali-earth
                                  element, and its salts dissolve easily in water. Radium
                                  migrates from uranium ores and may form such minerals as
                                  radio-calcite, radio-borate, and radio-fluorite. Its half-life
                                  is 1,602 years.

  **^40^K**                       Potassium is the seventh most abundant metal and makes up about
                                  2.4% of the Earth's crust. It is found in most soils and is
                                  essential for plant growth, which is why it is a key ingredient
                                  in fertilizers.^40^K, a radioactive isotope, occurs naturally
                                  but presents no appreciable hazard. The average human contains
                                  approximately 120,000 pCi of ^40^K. The half-life of ^40^K is
                                  1.27 billion years. ^40^K decays by beta and gamma emission,
                                  which accounts for the positive correlation between high ^40^K
                                  activity levels and high beta activity levels in most every
                                  soil sample.

  **^90^Sr**                      ^90^Sr has a half-life of 28.1 years. It is produced during the
                                  fission process in reactors and nuclear weapons tests. It is a
                                  pure beta-emitter with an average radiation energy of 195.8
                                  keV. This radionuclide accumulates in human bones and
                                  historically is the most popular object of studies relating to
                                  nuclear weapons tests.

  **^228^Th**                     ^228^Th is a member of the ^232^Th series and is usually found
                                  in the soil in radioactive equilibrium with ^232^Th. ^228^Th
                                  has a half-life of 1.9 years, and decays with emission of alpha
                                  and gamma radiation.

  **^210^Pb**                     ^210^Pb is a member of the ^238^U series, has a half-life of
                                  22.3 years, and decays with emission of beta and gamma
                                  radiation. In the soil, ^210^Pb may not be in radioactive
                                  equilibrium with long-lived precursors: isotopes of uranium
                                  (238, 234) and ^226^Ra. It may accumulate in vegetation and
                                  animals.

  **^137^Cs**                     ^137^Cs is an artificial radionuclide and has a half-life of 30
                                  years. It is formed as a result of fission in nuclear
                                  explosions and nuclear power plants).

  **^239^Pu**                     ^239^Pu, a nuclear fuel, has a half-life of 24,000 years and
                                  decays with emission of alpha radiation. The source of
                                  plutonium in the environment is nuclear tests and accidents,
                                  such as Chernobyl. It is a well-known toxin.

  **^241^Am**                     ^241^Am is a radioactive isotope that decays by emitting alpha
                                  particles to ^237^Np. It also emits an easily detected gamma
                                  ray with energy of 60 keV. It has a half-life of 432 years and
                                  is a daughter of Pu-241, which is produced in reactors and
                                  during nuclear explosions. Am-241 is therefore a good indicator
                                  for the presence of Pu. In the environment, it tends to exist
                                  as an oxide that is relatively insoluble, and generally tightly
                                  bound to soil particles. If absorbed in the body, like most
                                  transuranic elements, it is a bone-seeker and accumulates on
                                  bone surfaces.
  ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111319   
  .anchor}Table 11.               
  Characteristics of Selected     
  Metals                          

  **Antimony**                    While antimony is, in elemental form, a brittle,
                                  crystalline substance, its primary industrial use is as
                                  a hardener of lead plates in storage batteries. Exposure
                                  to high levels of antimony has been linked to various
                                  health problems, and animal studies have shown such
                                  acute effects as eye irritation, hair loss, lung damage,
                                  heart problems, and fertility problems. In low doses,
                                  antimony is used as a medication for parasite
                                  infections.

  **Barium**                      Barium is a silvery white metal. Its compounds have
                                  numerous industrial uses, and barium sulfate is used in
                                  medical diagnostics. Water-soluble barium compounds in
                                  high doses cause breathing difficulties, increased blood
                                  pressure, heart rhythm changes, stomach irritation,
                                  brain swelling, muscle weakness, and damage to the liver
                                  and other internal organs.

  **Cadmium**                     Cadmium metal does not corrode easily and has industrial
                                  applications in pigments, plating, metal coatings, and
                                  plastics. It is also used extensively in batteries.
                                  Ingesting high levels of cadmium is associated with
                                  severe toxic effects including lung damage, vomiting,
                                  and diarrhea, and can cause death. Long-term exposure to
                                  low levels can lead to build-up in the tissues and can
                                  cause kidney damage. The U.S. Department and Health and
                                  Human Services has determined that cadmium and cadmium
                                  compounds are probable carcinogens.

  **Copper**                      A common and economically important metal, copper is
                                  also an essential element for all plants and animals.
                                  High levels can be toxic, however, and long-term
                                  exposure to airborne copper can cause irritation,
                                  dizziness, headaches, and diarrhea. Drinking water with
                                  high levels of copper can cause digestive system
                                  distress, and contact with the skin causes allergic
                                  reactions in some people.

  **Lead**                        Lead and lead compounds are found throughout the
                                  environment, due to burning fossil fuels as well as
                                  mining and manufacturing activities. Lead toxicity has
                                  been a subject of concern for many years, leading to its
                                  removal from motor fuels, paints, etc. Lead ingestion is
                                  particularly damaging to children because of its severe
                                  and permanent effects on the central nervous system.
                                  Lead acetate and lead phosphate have been identified as
                                  possible carcinogens through animal studies.

  **Manganese**                   Manganese does not occur naturally in elemental form,
                                  but its compounds are commonly used in steel making,
                                  pesticides, and as a gasoline additive. It is an
                                  essential trace element for good health, but exposure to
                                  high levels can cause nervous system damage. It may also
                                  cause respiratory problems and sexual dysfunction.

  **Mercury**                     Mercury is a liquid metal that, when heated, forms a
                                  colorless, odorless gas. Inorganic salts of mercury and,
                                  along with elemental mercury, have many industrial uses.
                                  Organic compounds are also common; methyl mercury is
                                  produced by microorganisms in water and soil. Exposure
                                  to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic
                                  mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and
                                  developing fetus. The U.S. EPA has determined that
                                  methyl mercury and mercuric chloride are possible human
                                  carcinogens.

  **Nickel**                      Nickel is abundant in the Earth's crust and is
                                  economically important. It has uses in metal alloys and
                                  catalysts. Nickel is an essential trace element for
                                  animals, and probably for humans as well. The most
                                  common health effect of nickel exposure in humans is
                                  allergic reaction. Breathing dust of nickel and nickel
                                  compounds has been linked with cancers of the
                                  respiratory tract.

  **Selenium**                    Selenium is found most often as a sulfide ore in
                                  conjunction with silver, copper, lead, or zinc. It is an
                                  essential trace element for humans. It is sufficiently
                                  common in the United States food supply such that most
                                  diets contain enough selenium to meet the daily
                                  requirement. In China and other places where selenium is
                                  lacking in the soil, the deficiency is associated with
                                  heart problems and muscle pain. Selenium poisoning has
                                  caused reproductive failure and death in aquatic
                                  organisms and waterfowl. High-level exposure in humans
                                  to selenium has toxic effects including loss of feeling
                                  and muscle control in the arms and legs. Animal studies
                                  indicate that selenium is a probable carcinogen in
                                  large, prolonged doses.

  **Silver**                      Silver is economically important for electronics and
                                  photography as well as jewelry and silverware. It is
                                  also used as a disinfectant and antibacterial agent.
                                  Exposure to large amounts of silver can cause
                                  discoloration of the skin, but the effect appears to be
                                  mainly cosmetic. Allergic reactions are also possible.

  **Zinc**                        Zinc is one of the most common elements in the Earth's
                                  crust and has uses in corrosion-resistant coatings,
                                  batteries, and alloys (brass and bronze). Its compounds
                                  are widely used in industry. Zinc is an essential
                                  dietary element, but like other trace elements, too much
                                  can be harmful. Effects of overdose include acute
                                  digestive problems, and, after long exposure, anemia,
                                  pancreas damage, and lowered levels of high-density
                                  lipoprotein.
  ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------

This page intentionally left blank

# Field Instrument/Equipment Operation, Maintenance, and Training

Two pieces of equipment, a Hydrolab instrument and an AA flow meter,
will be provided to each Navruz partner for surface water quality and
flow measurements.

## Hydrolab Instrument

The Hydrolab instrument is a multi-probe surface water quality
monitoring system configured in the Navruz Project to measure the
following parameters: water temperature, specific conductivity,
oxidation-reduction potential, pH, DO, salinity, and TDS. For forms
related to Hydrolab maintenance, see Appendix A. This manual supplements
the Hydrolab manual provided with each instrument, and the training
session that occurred during the Tashkent meeting in fall 2000. A
Hydrolab videotape for training or review of Hydrolab operation and
maintenance was delivered to each partner.

Information on the two-year warranty for these instruments is located in
the back of the operation manual. Participants must purchase Hydrolab
supplies, such as pH solutions, directly from Hydrolab.

## Hydrolab Maintenance 

**Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Sensor:** Maintain if calibration becomes
impossible, or if the DO membrane is damaged. Replace the membrane for
each new sampling season.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Replacing   
  the         
  Membrane    
  ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step        Action

  1           Remove the O-ring and old membrane.

  2           Rinse the sensors twice with distilled water.

  3           Fill the sensor with DO electrolyte so that the meniscus forms.

  4           Cut the membrane in half, bend the membrane into a "U" shape
              between your thumb and finger and place onto the meniscus.

  5           Drop the O-ring onto the membrane.

  6           Holding sensors with fingers, roll the O-ring down onto the DO
              sensor with your thumbs, securing the membrane.

  7           Make sure the membrane has no bubbles.

  8           Trim excess membrane from around the edges.

  9           Allow the membrane to soak overnight in tap water before
              calibration.
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Maintaining   
  the           
  Circulator    
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Dirt can prevent circulator from spinning freely. If needed,
                clean the circulator with a toothbrush and water.

  2             Use a small screwdriver to remove the circulator blade from the
                sensor.

  3             Pull the screw completely free of the circulator blade.

  4             Rinse the screw and screw hole in the blade and reassemble.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Maintaining    
  the            
  Conductivity   
  Sensor         
  -------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step           Action

  1              Visually check the window for dirt.

  2              Clean by rinsing or with a toothbrush. Erratic readings from the
                 sensor can be caused by an air bubble trapped in the
                 conductivity sensor window.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Maintaining   
  the pH        
  Electrode     
  (glass bulb)  
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Maintain if dirty, or if calibration becomes impossible.

  2             When cleaning the pH bulb, use cotton swabs or a very soft
                cloth. Use methanol. DO NOT scratch the bulb, or the metallic
                ring on the ORP sensor.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pH Reference Electrode

Change the electrolyte before every sampling season. Change the Teflon
junction if it becomes clogged so as to impede the flow of water or air
through it. Discoloration of the Teflon junction is acceptable.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pH          
  Reference   
  Electrode   
  ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step        Action

  1           Hold the sonde so that the sensors point down.

  2           Remove the electrode from the platform by pulling and wiggling
              it gently.

  3           Pour out the electrolyte.

  4           Rinse the electrolyte twice with the DW.

  5           Refill the electrode with electrolyte; tap the electrode with
              something hard to dislodge the air bubbles.

  6           Holding the sonde so that the sensors are pointed down, push the
              electrode onto the post just far enough that the electrolyte
              will not leak out, but do not push it all the way on.

  7           Turn the sonde so that the sensors point up. Push the electrode
              firmly onto the post. With the sensors pointing up, any air in
              the electrode will move to the top, and will escape through the
              Teflon junction when the electrode is pushed firmly onto the
              post.

  8           You should see the electrolyte bubbling up out of the Teflon
              junction when you press the electrode firmly onto the post. If
              the electrolyte does not bubble out, it could mean that the
              Teflon junction is clogged, and should be replaced. It is okay
              if the Teflon junction becomes discolored, but if it does not
              allow the electrolyte to escape. To remove the Teflon junction,
              simply pull it out of the reference electrode.
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Surveyor Power Supply and Battery Replacement

The Surveyor data logger and sonde operate with power from a Duracell
DR30 7.2 nickel-metal-hydride battery. The battery in the Surveyor is
expected to work for 2 to 3 years, and so no provisions have been made
at the beginning of the project for replacement of the battery. If
battery replacement is necessary, please follow the instructions in
Chapter 3 of the *Surveyor User's Manual*.

The battery is normally charged from a 110-V or 220-V power source using
the battery charger. Since the chargers were designed for use in 110-V
outlets, Navruz researchers must use a voltage converter to use them in
220-V outlets, and the converter has been provided. The Surveyor display
shows the amount of charge in the battery with the heading "IBV", which
stands for internal battery voltage. The battery should be charged when
the IBV reaches 6.5 volts.

Battery recharging takes approximately 3.5 hours. Various data appear on
your Surveyor screen describing the rate at which charging is occurring.
See Chapter 3 of the *Surveyor User's Manual* for a complete description
of these data. Most importantly, the Surveyor will tell you when
charging is complete by displaying the message "Charging is complete!
Disconnect charger cable for normal operation."

Cables can be purchased from Hydrolab Corporation for charging your
Surveyor either from the cigarette lighter in an automobile, or directly
from the engine battery in an automobile. These recharging methods may
be convenient for prolonged field sampling excursions when 220 V power
sources are unavailable. The contact information for the Hydrolab
Corporation is listed at the end of the SOPs.

The Surveyor also has a small lithium battery for powering the internal
clock. No damage occurs and no data is lost if the battery runs out,
although remote monitoring with timed readings will be impossible. Since
the battery is expected to last for 2 years, no provision is being made
at the early stage of Navruz for replacement of the battery. If you need
to replace the battery, follow the instructions in Chapter 3 of the
*Surveyor User's Manual*.

## Hydrolab Calibration

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Dissolved   
  Oxygen      
  Sensor      
  ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step        Action

  1           Note the barometric pressure reading displayed on the Surveyor.

  2           Hold the sonde with sensors pointed up.

  3           Remove the cap from the calibration cup.

  4           Pour tap water into the calibration cup until the water is just
              below the O-ring on the DO sensor.

  5           Place the calibration cap upside down on the calibration cup; do
              not screw it into the calibration cup. (By placing it upside
              down on the calibration cup, you seal water vapor in the
              calibration cup, which allows the relative humidity inside the
              cup to rise to 100%. If you screw the cap into the cup, you will
              raise the air pressure inside the cup enough to distort the
              reading.)

  6           Press "setup/calibrate", "calibrate", "sonde"; select "DO %
              saturation"; press "select"; enter new barometric pressure;
              press "done". The Surveyor should read "calibration successful".

  7           DO mg/L is calibrated automatically with calibration of DO %
              saturation.
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Conductivity   
  Sensor         
  -------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step           Action

  1              Rinse the sensors twice with distilled water.

  2              Remove the calibration cup and dry the conductivity sensor
                 window with a soft cloth.

  3              Press "setup/calibrate", "calibrate", "sonde"; select
                 "conductivity uS/cm" (if you are sampling water with very high
                 conductivity, then you might want to calibrate the sonde in
                 mS/cm); press "select". When the conductivity sensor window is
                 completely dry, conductivity should be zero. Enter zero for the
                 new number. The Surveyor should read "calibration successful".

  4              Although the sonde does not prompt you to calibrate at a second
                 value, it expects you to do so. Choose the second calibration
                 standard close to the values you expect to see in your region.
                 Rinse the calibration cup once with a small amount of that
                 standard, and then discard the standard. Fill the calibration
                 cup with the second standard. Calibrate a second time for the
                 value of the second standard using step 3 above. The Surveyor
                 should read "calibration successful".
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pH        
  Sensors   
  --------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step      Action

  1         Rinse the sensors twice with distilled water.

  2         Rinse the sensors once with a small amount of pH 7 buffer, then
            discard that buffer.

  3         Fill the calibration cup with pH 7 buffer so that all the
            sensors are covered. Allow 1 to 3 minutes for the reading to
            stabilize.

  4         Press "setup/calibrate", "calibrate", "sonde"; select "pH",
            press "select", enter "7" for the new number, press done. The
            Surveyor should read "calibration successful."

  5         Although the sonde does not prompt you to calibrate at a second
            value, it expects you to do so. Rinse the sensors twice with
            distilled water. If you will be sampling in basic water, choose
            the pH 10 buffer solution for your second calibration. If you
            will be sampling in acidic water, choose the pH 4 buffer
            solution for your second calibration.

  6         With the buffer of your choice, use a small amount to rinse the
            sensors, then discard. Follow steps 3 and 4 above to calibrate
            for the second value.

  7         It should be noted pH is temperature dependent. Table 12
            indicates pH values accurate to ±0.01 for buffer solutions at
            various temperatures.
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111320 .anchor}Table 12. pH Values Accurate to
0.01 for Buffer Solutions at Various Temperatures

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pH 4                     pH 7                     pH 10      
  Buffer                   Buffer                   Buffer     
  ---------- ------------- ---------- ------------- ---------- -------------
  °C         pH            °C         pH            °C         pH

  0          4.01          0          7.13          0          10.34

  5          4.01          5          7.10          5          10.26

  10         4.00          10         7.07          10         10.19

  15         4.00          15         7.05          15         10.12

  20         4.00          20         7.02          20         10.06

  25         4.00          25         7.00          25         10.00

  30         4.01          30         6.99          30         9.94

  35         4.02          35         6.98          35         9.90

  40         4.03          40         6.97          40         9.85

  50         4.06          50         6.97          50         9.78

  60         4.09          60         6.98          60         9.70
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ORP      
  Sensor   
  -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step     Action

  1        Rinse the sensors twice with distilled water.

  2        Rinse the sensors once with a small amount of redox standard,
           then discard the standard.

  3        Fill the calibration cup with ORP standard.

  4        The temperature of the standard can affect the value in mV for
           the standard. For Zobell's standard the formula for calculating
           the exact value in mV at different temperatures is: mV = 428 --
           \[2.2(T-25)\], where T is temperature of the standard in degrees
           centigrade. Perform this calculation and use the resulting value
           for mV in the following step.

  5        Press "setup/calibrate", "calibrate", "sonde", select "ORP",
           press "select", enter the value of the standard as calculated in
           step 4; press "done". The Surveyor should read "calibration is
           successful".
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Barometer   
  (inside     
  Surveyor)   
  ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step        Action

  1           Press "setup/calibrate," "calibrate," "Surveyor4;" select
              "Sur4a: User Cal." Enter the new barometric pressure in mmHg
              from a current, reliable source and press "done".
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Solving Problems with Hydrolab Instruments

To solve problems with the Hydrolab instrument, use the following
procedure:

  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Solving       
  Problems with 
  Hydrolab      
  Instruments   

  Step          Action

  1             Refer to the instrument manual provided by the manufacturer for
                guidance.

  2             Email Howard Passell (<hdpasse@sandia.gov>) to describe the
                problem. We may have encountered a similar problem with our
                Hydrolab and could help you solve your problem.

  3             If the problem persists after failed attempts in Steps 1 or 2,
                contact the Hydrolab representative to correct the problem
                through email, fax, and/or phone correspon­dence. Contact the
                Hydrolab representative, Mr. Cooper Petterson, for technical
                support at <techsupport@hydrolab.com> or phone 800-949-3766.

  4             If the problem persists, and at Hydrolab's recommendation, send
                the instrument to Austin, Texas, United States. The complete
                address is: Hydrolab Corporation, Attention: Cooper Petterson,
                8700 Cameron Road, Suite 100, Austin, Texas USA 78754.
                [IMPORTANT]{.underline}: You must contact Hydrolab through email
                at <techsupport@hydrolab.com> or phone 800-949-3766 to obtain a
                RETURN NUMBER BEFORE sending the equipment to the USA. Fill out
                the appropriate form located in Appendix A. This form must
                accompany the shipment.
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

## Surveyor Operation

**Recommendations for Navruz**: The Surveyor stores 350,000 data
entries. In Navruz, researchers should begin by creating a different
file for every sampling location. Then, whenever that sampling location
is visited from season to season, the data can be entered into the file
for that location and stored there, where they can serve as back-up
files.

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| To  |                                                                |
| Cre |                                                                |
| ate |                                                                |
| a   |                                                                |
| F   |                                                                |
| ile |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Press "files" and then "Sur4a".                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Highlight "create", and press "select". "manual" is            |
|     | highlighted by default.                                        |
|     |                                                                |
|     | "Time-trig" stands for time-triggered, and allows the user to  |
|     | set up the Surveyor so that it records data automatically at   |
|     | preset time intervals. This is useful if the sonde will be     |
|     | submerged on a bridge piling or in a well for a long time.     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Press "select".                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | Use the keyboard to enter the name for the new file, and press |
|     | "done". A new file has been created.                           |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| To  |                                                                |
| St  |                                                                |
| ore |                                                                |
| D   |                                                                |
| ata |                                                                |
| to  |                                                                |
| a   |                                                                |
| F   |                                                                |
| ile |                                                                |
| You |                                                                |
| H   |                                                                |
| ave |                                                                |
| C   |                                                                |
| rea |                                                                |
| ted |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Wait until the data stabilizes and then press "store".         |
|     |                                                                |
|     | The names of all the files you have created will appear on the |
|     | screen, and the first one will be highlighted.                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Scroll down to see and/or highlight other files.               |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Highlight the file to which you want the current data stored,  |
|     | and press "select". Data are stored to the highlighted file.   |
|     | Data stored into files automatically contain time and date of  |
|     | data storage.                                                  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  To Add Notes 
  to           
  (Annotate) a 
  Data File    
  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step         Action

  Intro        Notes can be added to individual data entries, either before or
               after the entry itself.

  1            **To annotate a file**, press "files", "Sur4a" and then select
               "annotate".

  2            Scroll down and highlight the file that you want to annotate,
               and press "select".

  3            Use the keyboard to enter the annotation, and press "done". The
               annotation will appear before the next data entry.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  To View    
  All Data   
  Stored in  
  Your       
  Surveyor   
  ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step       Action

  1          Press "files", press "Sur4a", highlight "review" and press
             "select".

  2          Highlight the file from which you wish to see data, and press
             "select".

  3          Scroll down to see the annotations and data entered in that
             file.
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  To Erase 
  Data     
  From the 
  Files    
  -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step     Action

  Intro.   This action preserves the file structure and keeps the file
           names on the Surveyor but removes the data.

  1        Press "files", press "Sur4a", highlight "wipe", and press
           "select".

  2        Highlight the file from which you wish to erase the data, and
           press "select".

  3        The Surveyor will ask if you are sure you want to "wipe" the
           data. Enter "1" for yes, and press "done". The file will remain
           in the Surveyor for future use, but data in that file will be
           erased.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  To       
  Delete   
  Files    
  -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step     Action

  Intro.   This action deletes files and all data contained in those files.

  1        Press "files", press "Sur4a", highlight "delete" and press
           "select".

  2        Highlight the file you want to delete, and press "select".

  3        Surveyor will ask if you are sure you want to delete the data.
           Enter "1" for yes, and press "done." The file and all data will
           be deleted.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Do  |                                                                |
| wnl |                                                                |
| oad |                                                                |
| ing |                                                                |
| Fi  |                                                                |
| les |                                                                |
| f   |                                                                |
| rom |                                                                |
| the |                                                                |
| Su  |                                                                |
| rve |                                                                |
| yor |                                                                |
| to  |                                                                |
| a   |                                                                |
| Co  |                                                                |
| mpu |                                                                |
| ter |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Connect the Surveyor to the computer communications port.      |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | On the Surveyor, press "files", select "transmit", select the  |
|     | file to be transmitted, select "SS-importable" (this stands    |
|     | for "spreadsheet-importable". The Surveyor prompts you with    |
|     | "to start Xmodem transfer, press any key".                     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | On the computer (in Windows 98), click on the following:       |
|     | "Start", "Programs", "Accessories", "Communications", and      |
|     | "Hyperterminal".                                               |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Double-click on the Hyperterminal icon, or on the              |
|     | hyperterm.exe application.                                     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | In the dialogue box labeled "Connection description" type the  |
|     | word "Hydrolab" and choose any icon to be associated with the  |
|     | Hydrolab connection. Click "okay".                             |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5   | In the dialogue box labeled "Connect to", go to the "Connect   |
|     | using" line and scroll down to see options. Click on "direct   |
|     | to COM1," or to whatever communications port you are using.    |
|     | Click "okay".                                                  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6   | In the dialogue box labeled "COM1 properties", make the        |
|     | following settings:                                            |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Bits per second 19,200                                     |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Data bits: 8                                               |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Parity: none                                               |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Stop bits: 1                                               |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Flow control: Xon/Xoff                                     |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Click "okay".                                                  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7   | In the box labeled Hydrolab -- Hyperterminal, click on         |
|     | "Transfer," and then on "Receive file."                        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8   | In the box labeled "Receive file", in the first field (labeled |
|     | "place received file in the following folder") choose the      |
|     | location for storing your transferred data; at the second      |
|     | field (labeled "Use receiving protocol") scroll down and       |
|     | select "Xmodem". Click "receive".                              |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9   | In the box labeled "Receive filename", type a name for the     |
|     | file you are about to transfer with .xls as a prefix (this     |
|     | makes it a Microsoft Excel file; if .xls doesn't work, try     |
|     | .csv). Click "okay".                                           |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10  | On the Surveyor, press any key. Files should transfer, and the |
|     | Surveyor display should read "Transfer is complete." The       |
|     | computer screen returns to a box labeled "Hydrolab --          |
|     | Hyperterminal.                                                 |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Click on "File," then "save as", then "save".                  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 11  | Close the "Hydrolab -- Hyperterminal" window. The              |
|     | Hyperterminal application should still be open, and you should |
|     | be able to see the Hydrolab icon. Drag the icon out of the     |
|     | Hyperterminal application and onto your "desktop" for easier   |
|     | use later.                                                     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12  | Open Microsoft Excel. Click "file", "open" and go to the       |
|     | location of the file you just transferred. Double click on it. |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 13  | A box labeled "Text import wizard, step 1 of 3" should appear. |
|     | Click "delimited", start import at Row 1, and the file origin  |
|     | should be "Windows (ANSI)". Click "next".                      |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14  | A box labeled "Text import wizard, step 2 of 3" should appear. |
|     | Click "tab" and "comma" as delimiters. Choose the sign " as    |
|     | the "text qualifier". Click "next".                            |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 15  | A box labeled "Text import wizard, step 3 of 3" should appear. |
|     | Click "general". Click "next." Data should appear neatly       |
|     | placed in rows and columns.                                    |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 16  | Click "file", then "save as". The box labeled "save as" should |
|     | appear. At the bottom of that box in a field labeled "save as  |
|     | type" scroll down and select "Microsoft Excel Workbook". Click |
|     | "okay". The file is saved as a Microsoft Excel file and is     |
|     | ready for use.                                                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

## Hydrolab Operation

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pr  |                                                                |
| epa |                                                                |
| rat |                                                                |
| ion |                                                                |
| for |                                                                |
| Sa  |                                                                |
| mpl |                                                                |
| ing |                                                                |
| w   |                                                                |
| ith |                                                                |
| the |                                                                |
| Hy  |                                                                |
| dro |                                                                |
| lab |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | The instrument should be well-maintained and calibrated in the |
|     | lab immediately before a sampling event.                       |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Perform field checks on the sensors twice a day: once before   |
|     | sampling begins in the morning, and once before sampling       |
|     | begins in the afternoon.                                       |
|     |                                                                |
|     | A field check means checking the calibration of the sensor by  |
|     | taking a reading from a known standard. Follow the             |
|     | instructions for calibration. However, actual calibration may  |
|     | not be necessary. Tolerances for the different sensors are     |
|     | listed below. If the reading on the standard is not within the |
|     | tolerance, then that sensor must be recalibrated. If it is     |
|     | impossible to calibrate the instrument to a value within the   |
|     | tolerance, then the sensor must be maintained. **Frequent      |
|     | field checks and re-calibration of the instrument are          |
|     | essential for the collection of meaningful and accurate        |
|     | data.**                                                        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

  --------------------- -------------------------------------------------
  Tolerances            

  **Barometer**         ± 5 mmHg (at 25°C, for 6 months)

  **DO% saturation**    ± 1%

  **DO mg/L**           ± .2 mg/L

  **Specific            ± 1% of standard value ± 1 uS/cm (.001 mS/cm)
  Conductivity**        

  **Salinity**          ± .2 g (this is calibrated automatically with
                        Spec. Cond.)

  **TDS**               ± .005 mg/L (calibrated automatically with Spec.
                        Cond.)

  **pH**                ± .2

  **ORP**               ± 20 mV
  --------------------- -------------------------------------------------

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| P   |                                                                |
| erf |                                                                |
| orm |                                                                |
| Sa  |                                                                |
| mpl |                                                                |
| ing |                                                                |
| w   |                                                                |
| ith |                                                                |
| the |                                                                |
| Hy  |                                                                |
| dro |                                                                |
| lab |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Turn the Surveyor on.                                          |
|     |                                                                |
|     | Make sure DO circulator is operating. If it is not, press      |
|     | ""setup/calibrate", "setup", "sonde"; highlight "circulator",  |
|     | press "select", enter a new setting, and press "select".       |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Visually check the sensors and circulator before every sample  |
|     | to be sure nothing is clogged or broken.                       |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Replace the calibration cup with the weighted sensor case.     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | Wade out into the river to a place where the current is moving |
|     | swiftly downstream. Face upstream and hold the sonde in the    |
|     | water in front of you (to the upstream side) so that the       |
|     | sensors are at a depth of approximately 30 cm. Be careful not  |
|     | to disturb the bottom of the river with the sensor. Hold the   |
|     | sonde so that it is vertical in the water. Do not hold the     |
|     | sonde by the cable so that it trails behind you, since this    |
|     | affects the DO reading (depending on the strength of the       |
|     | current).                                                      |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5   | If you are disturbing sediment as you walk into the river, and |
|     | if the river is moving so slowly that the water around you is  |
|     | filled with that sediment, wait until the water clears before  |
|     | you take a reading.                                            |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6   | If readings are to be taken from a bridge, lower the sonde     |
|     | from the bridge to the water surface, being careful not to     |
|     | damage the cable on the edge of the bridge or the bridge       |
|     | railing. While lowering the sonde, be careful not to allow it  |
|     | to swing against the bridge, or against bridge pilings.        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7   | Allow the sonde to rest in the water with the sensors          |
|     | approximately 30 cm below the surface; be careful not to place |
|     | the sonde into a sandbar, very shallow water, or into brush or |
|     | other debris snagged on bridge pilings or stuck in the river.  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8   | Allow the sonde to remain in the water for at least 30 seconds |
|     | while the sensors adjust to the water. Watch the sensors       |
|     | during this time, and when readings have stabilized            |
|     | completely, store the data.                                    |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9   | Carefully observe the data readings before recording or        |
|     | storing data into the Surveyor. Anomalous (very unusual)       |
|     | readings are a sign that something is wrong with the sensors,  |
|     | or with the sensor placement. Commonly, a bubble trapped in    |
|     | the window of the specific conductivity sensor can produce     |
|     | conductivity readings that are extremely low (\<1 uS). Errors  |
|     | of this type must be caught before the data are logged.        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

## For Additional Information about Hydrolab Instruments

If you have questions about the Hydrolab Instrument, if the instrument
needs repair, or if you need spare parts, please contact the Hydrolab
Corporation directly at:

Hydrolab Corporation

12921 Burnet Road

Austin, Texas 78727

USA

Phone: 1-800-949-3766 (toll free from inside the U.S.)

Phone: 512-255-8841

Fax: 512-255-3106

Email: sales@hydrolab.com

URL: www.hydrolab.com

## Using the AA Current Meter and Wading Rod

**Purpose:**

To provide project guidance and instrument instruction for the
collection of surface water flow measurements

**Procedures:**

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Maintaining   
  the Flow      
  Meter         
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             After every use, disassemble and clean the flow meter so that
                the moving parts are free of dirt. Add a drop of oil to the
                spindle assembly.

  2             The spindle has a point on it that can wear down over time,
                causing the meter to become less accurate. If the spindle wears
                down, it must be replaced.

  3             Adjust the spindle assembly so that there is some "play" in the
                cups, but movement should be no more than approximately 0.5 mm.

  4             When spun forcefully by hand and held horizontally, the cups
                should spin for 1 to 2 minutes or more. If they do not, then the
                unit must be maintained, or the spindle must be replaced.

  5             Adjustment of spindle assembly takes a little practice, and is
                done with the two screws below the cups.

  6             During storage, tighten down the barrel adjuster at the spindle
                assembly against the cups to prevent the cups from spinning.

  7             Maintain the pygmy meter in the same way as the AA meter.
                However, for storage, remove the spindle, and insert a dummy
                spindle in the meter instead.

  8             Never remove the tiny spindle adjusting screw on the bottom of
                the spindle assembly, unless necessary for cleaning. The screw
                is difficult to put back in, and easy to lose.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Flow       
  Metering   
  by Wading  
  ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step       Action

  1          Attach the tag line reel on the near side of the river.

  2          Using the wading rod without the meter attached for balance,
             walk across the river with the free end of the tag line. Upon
             reaching the far side of the river, use a stick to fix the free
             end of the tag line into the sand or mud so that "zero" on the
             line is at the edge of the water. Zero on the line is found at
             the center of a series of marks on the line (see the line for a
             clear understanding of this).

  3          Walk back to the other side of the river counting the marks on
             the line as you go. Marks on the line are at two-foot intervals.

  4          On the first line of the data sheet, write the width of the
             river. Take 25 to 30 measurements on any river. (If any metering
             section contains more than 5 percent of the river discharge,
             final calculations will be incorrect.) So, if the river is 128
             feet wide, measurements should be taken at 4-foot intervals,
             yielding 32 measurements. (Measurements at 6-foot intervals
             would yield approximately 21 measurements, which would be too
             few.) On the data sheet, write the "distance from initial point"
             at which metering should take place for the entire width of the
             river. For a river 128 feet wide with measurements every four
             feet, the list would read 128, 124, 120, 116 ... On the row
             marked "128", enter zeroes all across the row; no measurements
             will be taken at the 128-foot mark because that is the edge of
             the river. In very narrow rivers, the AA meter can be used as
             close as every 0.5 feet; the pygmy meter can be used as close as
             every 0.3 feet.
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ---- --------- ------------------ ----------- ------------------------------------------- --
                                                                                            

       **River                      **Meter**   **Depth of Meter**                          
       Depth**                                                                              

       \<0.3                        None used   No accurate metering can be done            
       feet\                                                                                
       (0.09 -                                                                              
       0.46 m)                                                                              

       0.3 - 1.5                    pygmy       0.6 of the total depth, measured from the   
       feet\                                    surface.                                    
       (0.09 -                                                                              
       0.46 m)                                                                              

       1.5 --                       AA          0.6 of the total depth, measured from the   
       2.5 feet\                                surface.                                    
       (0.46 --                                                                             
       0.76 m)                                                                              

       \> 2.5                       AA          0.2 and 0.8 of the total depth (see step 13 
       feet\                                    below)                                      
       (0.76 m)                                                                             

                                                                                            

  5              Attach the flow                                                            
                 meter to the                                                               
                 wading rod. Insert                                                         
                 the headphone cord                                                         
                 into the plug at                                                           
                 the top of the                                                             
                 wading rod, and                                                            
                 attach the wire                                                            
                 from the headphone                                                         
                 to one of the two                                                          
                 junctions on the                                                           
                 flow meter. The                                                            
                 junction marked                                                            
                 "1" will transmit                                                          
                 1 click/revolution                                                         
                 of the cups. The                                                           
                 junction marked                                                            
                 "5" will transmit                                                          
                 1 click for every                                                          
                 5 revolutions of                                                           
                 the cups. In very                                                          
                 fast water, it is                                                          
                 easier to count 1                                                          
                 click for every 5                                                          
                 revolutions.                                                               

  6              Follow the tag                                                             
                 line to the second                                                         
                 "distance from                                                             
                 initial point."                                                            
                 Using numbers from                                                         
                 the example above,                                                         
                 the second                                                                 
                 "distance from                                                             
                 initial point"                                                             
                 would be 124.                                                              
                 Stand downstream                                                           
                 of the meter and                                                           
                 wading rod. Place                                                          
                 the base of the                                                            
                 wading rod on the                                                          
                 bottom of the                                                              
                 river. Flow of the                                                         
                 river will push                                                            
                 the fins of the                                                            
                 meter in such a                                                            
                 way as to align                                                            
                 the flow meter so                                                          
                 that it faces                                                              
                 directly into the                                                          
                 current.                                                                   

  7              Note the depth of                                                          
                 the river by                                                               
                 looking at the                                                             
                 marks on the base                                                          
                 of the wading rod.                                                         
                 Each mark (-)                                                              
                 represents 0.1                                                             
                 foot; a double                                                             
                 mark (=)                                                                   
                 represents .5                                                              
                 foot; a triple                                                             
                 mark (Ξ)                                                                   
                 represents 1 foot.                                                         

  8              The meter and                                                              
                 wading rod must be                                                         
                 calibrated to the                                                          
                 depth of the                                                               
                 river. A                                                                   
                 calibrating lever                                                          
                 is located at the                                                          
                 top of wading rod.                                                         
                 That lever                                                                 
                 controls the                                                               
                 movement of the                                                            
                 two different                                                              
                 rods, a thicker                                                            
                 one and a thinner                                                          
                 one. There is a                                                            
                 short section at                                                           
                 the top of the                                                             
                 thicker rod that                                                           
                 is marked off in                                                           
                 0.1-foot                                                                   
                 increments, and is                                                         
                 shown as                                                                   
                 0,2,4,6,8,10. The                                                          
                 thinner rod is                                                             
                 marked off in                                                              
                 1-foot increments.                                                         
                 If the depth of                                                            
                 the river at the                                                           
                 second "distance                                                           
                 from initial                                                               
                 point" is 1.8                                                              
                 feet, then the two                                                         
                 rods must be                                                               
                 aligned so that                                                            
                 the mark on the                                                            
                 thin rod                                                                   
                 indicating 1 foot                                                          
                 is aligned with                                                            
                 the mark on the                                                            
                 thicker rod                                                                
                 indicating 0.8                                                             
                 feet. When these                                                           
                 marks are aligned,                                                         
                 the flow meter                                                             
                 will be                                                                    
                 approximately 1.1                                                          
                 feet below the                                                             
                 surface of the                                                             
                 river (1.8 × 0.6 =                                                         
                 1.08).                                                                     

  9              Use headphones to                                                          
                 listen for the                                                             
                 first click,                                                               
                 indicating that                                                            
                 the cups on the                                                            
                 meter have made                                                            
                 one revolution.                                                            
                 Start the                                                                  
                 stopwatch and                                                              
                 start counting                                                             
                 with that first                                                            
                 click.                                                                     

  10             Count revolutions                                                          
                 for at least 40                                                            
                 seconds. The total                                                         
                 number of                                                                  
                 revolutions at                                                             
                 every metering                                                             
                 point must                                                                 
                 correspond to the                                                          
                 numbers across the                                                         
                 top of the                                                                 
                 standard rating                                                            
                 table. There is a                                                          
                 rating table for                                                           
                 the pygmy meter                                                            
                 and a rating table                                                         
                 for the AA meter,                                                          
                 but the total                                                              
                 numbers of                                                                 
                 revolutions are                                                            
                 similar. They are                                                          
                 3, 5, 7, 10, 15,                                                           
                 20, 25, 30, 40,                                                            
                 50, 60, 80, 100,                                                           
                 etc. If after 40                                                           
                 seconds you have                                                           
                 counted a number                                                           
                 of revolutions                                                             
                 that correspond to                                                         
                 one of those                                                               
                 numbers, then you                                                          
                 stop counting. If                                                          
                 after 40 seconds                                                           
                 you have not                                                               
                 counted up to one                                                          
                 of those numbers                                                           
                 exactly, then you                                                          
                 keep counting                                                              
                 until you reach                                                            
                 one of those                                                               
                 numbers. Then you                                                          
                 write on your data                                                         
                 sheet the number                                                           
                 of seconds and the                                                         
                 number of                                                                  
                 revolutions. For                                                           
                 example, if after                                                          
                 40 seconds you had                                                         
                 counted 22                                                                 
                 revolutions, you                                                           
                 would keep                                                                 
                 counting another 5                                                         
                 or 6 seconds until                                                         
                 you reached 25                                                             
                 revolutions.                                                               

  11             Move to the next                                                           
                 "distance from                                                             
                 initial point."                                                            
                 Note the depth of                                                          
                 the river on the                                                           
                 wading rod. If the                                                         
                 depth at the                                                               
                 second metering                                                            
                 point is different                                                         
                 from the depth at                                                          
                 the first, adjust                                                          
                 the two rods at                                                            
                 the top to reflect                                                         
                 the new depth, as                                                          
                 in step 12 above.                                                          
                 Then continue with                                                         
                 steps 13 and 14.                                                           

  12             Use the pygmy                                                              
                 meter to measure                                                           
                 the current in                                                             
                 places where the                                                           
                 river is shallower                                                         
                 than 1.5 feet.                                                             

  13             In places where                                                            
                 the river is                                                               
                 deeper than 2.5                                                            
                 feet, count the                                                            
                 revolutions at 0.2                                                         
                 and 0.8 of the                                                             
                 total depth, and                                                           
                 then average the                                                           
                 results for entry                                                          
                 into the data                                                              
                 form. The wading                                                           
                 rod can be                                                                 
                 adjusted to                                                                
                 measure at 0.2 and                                                         
                 0.8 in the                                                                 
                 following way.                                                             
                 Divide the depth                                                           
                 by .5, and use                                                             
                 this value to                                                              
                 adjust rods; meter                                                         
                 will measure flow                                                          
                 at 0.2 of the                                                              
                 total. Then double                                                         
                 the depth, and use                                                         
                 this value to                                                              
                 adjust the rods;                                                           
                 meter will measure                                                         
                 the flow at 0.8 of                                                         
                 the total. For                                                             
                 example, if the                                                            
                 depth was 4.4, you                                                         
                 would set the rods                                                         
                 at 2.2 for your                                                            
                 0.2 reading, and                                                           
                 you would set the                                                          
                 rods at 8.8 for                                                            
                 your 0.8 reading.                                                          

  14             When you have                                                              
                 crossed the entire                                                         
                 river and measured                                                         
                 the flow at each                                                           
                 "distance from                                                             
                 initial point",                                                            
                 you should have                                                            
                 filled on your                                                             
                 data form the                                                              
                 columns with these                                                         
                 headings: Distance                                                         
                 from initial                                                               
                 point, depth,                                                              
                 observation depth,                                                         
                 revolutions, and                                                           
                 time in seconds.                                                           
                 After returning to                                                         
                 dry land, go back                                                          
                 and fill in the                                                            
                 column marked                                                              
                 "width", which                                                             
                 should be the                                                              
                 distance between                                                           
                 each metering                                                              
                 point.                                                                     

  15             Use the standard                                                           
                 rating table to                                                            
                 find the velocity                                                          
                 (in feet per                                                               
                 second) for each                                                           
                 metering point in                                                          
                 the river. Write                                                           
                 the velocity in                                                            
                 the column marked                                                          
                 "velocity." If you                                                         
                 metered the flow                                                           
                 at only 0.6 of the                                                         
                 total, enter that                                                          
                 value into the                                                             
                 column marked "at                                                          
                 point." If you                                                             
                 metered the flow                                                           
                 at 0.2 and 0.8 of                                                          
                 the total depth                                                            
                 and averaged the                                                           
                 results, then                                                              
                 enter that value                                                           
                 into the column                                                            
                 marked "mean in                                                            
                 vertical."                                                                 

  16             After "width" is                                                           
                 recorded, multiply                                                         
                 "width" times                                                              
                 "depth" and write                                                          
                 the answer into                                                            
                 the column marked                                                          
                 "area".                                                                    

  17             Multiply the area                                                          
                 times the                                                                  
                 discharge, and                                                             
                 write that value                                                           
                 down under the                                                             
                 column marked                                                              
                 "discharge".                                                               

  18             Add together all                                                           
                 the values in the                                                          
                 "discharge"                                                                
                 column. The result                                                         
                 is the discharge                                                           
                 for the entire                                                             
                 river in cubic                                                             
                 feet per second.                                                           
  ---- --------- ------------------ ----------- ------------------------------------------- --

## Solving Problems with Flow Meters

If you have problems with the flow meter instrument, follow these steps:

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| S   |                                                                |
| olv |                                                                |
| ing |                                                                |
| Pr  |                                                                |
| obl |                                                                |
| ems |                                                                |
| w   |                                                                |
| ith |                                                                |
| F   |                                                                |
| low |                                                                |
| Met |                                                                |
| ers |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Refer to the instrument manual provided by the manufacturer    |
|     | for guidance.                                                  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Email Howard Passell (<hdpasse@sandia.gov>) to describe the    |
|     | problem. We may have encountered a similar problem with our    |
|     | flow meter and could help you resolve your problem.            |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | If the problem persists after failed attempts in Steps 1 or 2, |
|     | contact the Kazecology representative to correct the problem   |
|     | through email, fax, and/or phone correspon­dence. Contact       |
|     | Kazecology by:                                                 |
|     |                                                                |
|     | telephone at (3272) 631201, (3272) 631512 or (3272) 639875, or |
|     |                                                                |
|     | fax at (3272) 631210, or                                       |
|     |                                                                |
|     | email at <kazecology@kaznet.kz> for technical support and      |
|     | assistance.                                                    |
|     |                                                                |
|     | If a problem occurs with the flow meter within one year from   |
|     | the date of shipment, American Sigma should fix it in          |
|     | accordance with their warranty.                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

Optimal use of the AA Current Meter in some large rivers will require
the use of bridge boards and cranes. This equipment has not been
provided.

# Field Sampling Procedures

These procedures were compiled collaboratively by Navruz Central Asian
partners, and translated here from Russian into English.

## Collection of Water Samples 

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pre |                                                                |
| par |                                                                |
| ing |                                                                |
| for |                                                                |
| Sam |                                                                |
| ple |                                                                |
| C   |                                                                |
| oll |                                                                |
| ect |                                                                |
| ion |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Prepare polyethylene containers for the samples:               |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Containers: Clean, 5L in volume                            |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Labels                                                     |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Field log book                                             |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Field forms                                                |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Nitric acid                                                |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Clean rubber or latex gloves                               |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Sampling and Analysis Plan                                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Wa  |                                                                |
| ter |                                                                |
| Sam |                                                                |
| ple |                                                                |
| C   |                                                                |
| oll |                                                                |
| ect |                                                                |
| ion |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Choose a sample collection place that provides sufficient      |
|     | water flow. Avoid areas where the water is stagnant, areas     |
|     | with floating debris, or areas with an overabundance of        |
|     | aquatic plants.                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Enter the following into the field log book:                   |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   any unusual conditions, such as excessive amounts of water |
|     |     plants, debris, etc.                                       |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   weather conditions                                         |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   names of the members of the sample collection group        |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   any applicable information regarding the location of the   |
|     |     sample collection place                                    |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   important terrain features                                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Before collecting a water sample, wash the containers with     |
|     | river water. Wear gloves during sample collection.             |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | Split the width of the river into five sections.               |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5   | At each of the five locations collect one liter of water from  |
|     | a depth of 0.3 to 0.5 meters below the surface, and combine    |
|     | those samples into one large container.                        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6   | While sampling, avoid stirring the water or making contact     |
|     | with the river bottom because it may cause sediment to be      |
|     | collected in the sample.                                       |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7   | If you are at a site selected for duplicate sampling take a    |
|     | second one-liter sample (see Section 7, Field Sampling Quality |
|     | Control). The duplicate samples are sent to SNL, and samples   |
|     | from all locations are sent to the labs in Uzbekistan and      |
|     | Kazakhstan (See Section 8, Laboratory Preparation of Water,    |
|     | Vegetation, Sediment, and Soil Samples). To ensure the sample  |
|     | identification number is identified correctly for duplicate    |
|     | samples, a "D" is added after the number (See Appendix B).     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8   | Filter water through 50-micron filter(s); different countries  |
|     | will use different techniques for filtering. Save the filtered |
|     | water. If the conditions do not allow for filtering of the     |
|     | water sample within 24 hours, then record the period of time   |
|     | from the moment of sample collection to the moment of          |
|     | filtering.                                                     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9   | Using plastic scissors to avoid metal contamination of the     |
|     | sample, cut the filter(s) in half, pack each half separately   |
|     | into a polyethylene bag and label them with the following      |
|     | information:                                                   |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   place and time of sampling,                                |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   name of the sampler,                                       |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   volume of filtered water,                                  |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   weight of the filter and                                   |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   project name («Navruz»).                                   |
|     |                                                                |
|     | One bag will be sent to the Kazakh lab, one will be sent to    |
|     | the Uzbek lab. Use separate filter for duplicate sample, and   |
|     | package that filter separately for delivery to SNL.            |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10  | Preserve each sample of filtered water by adding 3 to 5 ml of  |
|     | concentrated nitric acid per each liter of water sample.       |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 11  | Dry the outer surface of each water sample container and       |
|     | attach label with the following information: place of          |
|     | sampling, date and time, name of the sampler, and project name |
|     | (Navruz).                                                      |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12  | Use GPS locator to obtain the coordinates of the location      |
|     | where the sample was collected and enter that data into the    |
|     | field log book and into the Hydrolab Field Data Collection     |
|     | Form (See Appendix A).                                         |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 13  | Fill in the information required in the Chain of Custody (COC) |
|     | form (see Appendix A).                                         |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14  | Use a separate COC form for each analytical laboratory.        |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 15  | Complete the information on the COC form immediately after the |
|     | collection of the sample. This assures the completeness of     |
|     | documentation for each sample.                                 |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

## Collection of Aquatic Vegetation Samples 

#### Guidelines:

-   Collect vegetation samples at the same location where the samples of
    water and bottom sediments were collected.

-   Keep everything clean. While collecting and packing the samples,
    wear clean rubber gloves.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Collection   
  of the       
  Samples of   
  Aquatic      
  Vegetation   
  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step         Action

  1            Prepare polyethylene containers, filter paper, craft paper,
               labels, field log book, field forms, SAP, and clean rubber or
               latex gloves.

  3            At the sample collection point, record the field environment in
               the field log book.

  4            Wearing gloves, collect 2 kg of plants at all locations.
               Carefully rinse the collected sample in river water to remove
               the sediment, wipe with filter paper on a plastic tray, let air
               dry and than pack in craft paper. The label should be enclosed
               in a polyethylene envelope and attached to the prepared sample.

  5            If you are at one of the two sites per country selected for
               duplicate sampling, take a second 1 kg sample, and package
               separately.

  6            Write down the names of the collected water plants in the field
               log book.

  7            Put all the samples in the appropriate transport containers, and
               label appropriately.

  8            Write the information on the COC form immediately after the
               collection of the sample.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Collection of Bottom Sediment Samples 

#### Guidelines:

-   Collect samples at the same location where the samples of water and
    plants were collected.

-   Keep everything clean. While collecting and packing the samples,
    wear clean rubber or latex gloves.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Collection   
  of the       
  Samples of   
  Bottom       
  Sediment     
  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step         Action

  1            Prepare polyethylene containers, labels, field log book, field
               forms, SAP, clean rubber gloves, digging tool, and distilled
               water.

  2            At the sample collection point, record the field environment in
               the field log book.

  3            Wearing gloves, collect bottom sediment samples by hand or with
               a small shovel. The mass of the collected sample should be no
               less than 2 kg dry weight.

  4            If you are at one of the two sites per country selected for
               duplicate sampling, take a second 1 kg sample, and package
               separately.

  5            Prepare and label containers for the samples, and label
               appropriately.

  6            Fill in the information required in the COC form.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Standard Operating Procedures for Collection of Soil Samples

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Collection   
  of Soil      
  Samples      
  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step         Action

  1            Prepare polyethylene containers, labels, field log book, field
               forms, SAP, clean rubber or latex gloves, digging tool.

  2            Wearing gloves, collect the soil sample at dry locations along
               the river banks, near the points of collection of water samples.

  3            The collection of the soil sample is conducted on a principle of
               an envelope with 10 cm sides. Collect soil within the square 10
               × 10 cm, 5 cm deep. As much as possible, remove stones and
               plants from the sample. The mass of the collected sample should
               be no less than two kg by dry weight.

  4            If you are at one of the two sites per country selected for
               duplicate sampling, take a second 1 kg sample.

  5            Prepare and label containers for the samples.

  6            Record the field environment in the field log book.

  7            Fill out separate COC form for each analytical laboratory.

  8            Fill in the information to the COC form immediately after
               collecting the sample
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Sample Location Photography

At the same time as the sampling is done, a series of four photographs
will be taken at each sampling location looking upstream, downstream, to
the left, and to the right. Photography locations should be noted and
documented in the field logbook. SNL/CMC provides digital cameras. The
images are sent via internet to the project database.

## Sample Location GPS Coordinates

GPS will be used to determine the latitude and longitude of each
sampling location, and to confirm the correct sample collection location
during subsequent sampling events. GPS meas­urements will be recorded on
the Hydrolab Field Data Collection Log (Appendix A) and in the field
logbook. Hand-held GPS units provided by SNL/CMC will be used and the
coordinates sent via internet to the project database.

# Field Sampling Quality Control

## Field Instrument Calibration

The Hydrolab instrument calibration should be performed at the start of
a sampling season and thereafter as needed based on the daily "Field
Checks." Calibration will be docu­mented on the e Hydrolab Calibration
Form (Appendix A). Instrument Field Checks will be performed twice daily
(before sampling begins in the morning and once before sampling begins
in the afternoon) and recorded on the Hydrolab Field Check Form
(Appendix A). These field checks are essential for the collection of
meaningful and accurate data. If the field check values are not within
the tolerance range, re-calibration of the Hydrolab instrument will be
necessary. The tolerances are provided in the SOP for Hydrolab Operation
located in Section 5.

## Field Logbooks

Each institution will receive a bound field logbook to document and
record sample collection events. Field logbook documentation should
include the following:

-   Dates and time of entry

-   Names of field team members collecting measurements and samples

-   General field observations at each location (weather condition,
    temperature, etc.)

-   General description of each sample location (landmarks, directions
    to sample location, fea­tures associated within the sample location
    such as mine tailings, industrial plants, etc.)

-   Comments on the sample collection processes

-   Comments and description on water, flora, soil, and sediment samples
    collected at each location

-   GPS information (latitude and longitude at each sample location).

## Field Forms

Field measurements and sample collection at each location will be
documented on the appropri­ate field forms.

-   Hydrolab Calibration Form (see Appendix A)

-   Hydrolab Field Data Collection Log (see Appendix A)

-   Hydrolab Field Check Form (see Appendix A)

-   Flow Measurement Form (see Appendix A)

The Laboratory Request/Chain-of-Custody Form will be completed for
laboratory analysis and will accompany the samples during transportation
to the laboratory. This form is located in Appendix A.

## Field Duplicates

Duplicate samples are collected to evaluate analytical and sampling
technique reproducibility. True duplicate samples are not entirely
possible for water, soil, sediments, and vegetation be­cause these media
are not homogeneous. For each sampling season, a duplicate sample will
be collected at a frequency of two sites per country. A duplicate sample
is collected immediately following the collection of the sample it is
intended to represent for water, soil, sediment, and vegetation samples.
As the name implies, this is a duplication of the "routine" or original
sample. To ensure the sample identification number is identified
correctly for duplicate samples, a "D" is added after the number. For
example, if a duplicate sample was collected at Location 14 in Bajkonur
town, Kazakhstan, the sample identification number would be
KZ-14-Date-WD-D (for water dissolved, duplicate sample), KZ-14-Date-WS-D
(for water suspended, duplicate sample), KZ-14-Date-S-D (for soil,
duplicate sample), KZ-14-Date-B-D (for bottom sediment, duplicate
sample), and KZ-15-Date-V-D (for vegetation, duplicate sample). See
Appendix B.

## Trip Blanks

The purpose of a trip blank is to determine whether factors present
during the transport of samples to the laboratory may have affected
sample quality. Trip blanks can be prepared and kept at the institution
before sample collection (within 1 to 2 days). The trip blank will
accom­pany and be handled during the entire sample collection event in
the same manner as the "real" samples. Refer to the procedure in Section
7.

# Laboratory Preparation of Water, Vegetation, Sediment, and Soil Samples

These procedures were prepared collaboratively by all Navruz partners.

## Procedures for Preparing Samples

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Preparation of 
  Water Samples  
  for Shipment   
  to Analytical  
  Laboratories   
  -------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step           Action

  1              Partially evaporate each water (dissolved) sample at a
                 temperature of 80°С from 5.0 liters to 50 mL.

  2              Split the concentrated water sample into two halves and transfer
                 into two polyethylene bottles that are labeled with the water
                 sample ID. Write the initial and final volumes on the COC.

  3              Ship the concentrated water samples, plus the filters from the
                 field (suspended portion), to the analytical laboratories of
                 Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Preparing   
  Trip Blanks 
  ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step        Action

  Intro       Trip blanks can be prepared and kept at the institution before
              sample collection (within 1 to 2 days). The trip blank will
              accompany and be handled during the entire sample collection
              event in the same manner as the "real" samples.

  1           Fill a plastic container approximately 500 mL in volume with
              de-ionized water or a reagent-grade water that is prepared in
              the laboratory.

  2           Secure the container lid.

  3           Prepare a sample label and attach it to the container.

  4           Place the plastic container in a sturdy shipping container on
              the morning of the sample collection event. **Do NOT open the
              trip blank** until it is ready to be analyzed at the laboratory
              at the end of the sample collection event.
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Laboratory    
  Preparation   
  and Shipment  
  of Aquatic    
  Vegetation    
  Samples       
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             In the laboratory, weigh the samples. Dry the samples, measure
                the dry weight and record the weight. Burn the sample to ash,
                and weigh the ash. Record the initial, dry, and ash weights for
                each sample on the COC.

  2             Pack the ash in polyethylene bags and label them with sample ID.

  3             Fill in the information required in the COC form (see Appendix
                A).

  4             Fill out a separate COC form for each analytical laboratory. At
                the end of the season, this form will be used to account for all
                collected samples.

  5             Ship the labeled samples to the analytical laboratories.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Laboratory    
  Preparation   
  of the        
  Samples of    
  Bottom        
  Sediment      
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Weigh the sample. Dry the samples of the bottom sediment in the
                laboratory and sieve them through 1 mm mesh. Weigh the dried
                sample. Record the wet and dry weights in the COC.

  2             For all analytical laboratories the mass of the prepared samples
                should be 300 g.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Preparation of 
  Soil Samples   
  for Shipment   
  to Analytical  
  Laboratories   
  -------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step           Action

  1              Weigh the sample. Dry the samples of the bottom sediment in the
                 laboratory and sieve them through 1 mm mesh. Weigh the dried
                 sample. Record the wet and dry weights in the COC.

  2              Sieve them through 1 mm mesh.

  3              For all analytical laboratories, the mass of the prepared
                 samples should be 300 g.

  4              Pack the sample and send it to a laboratory for analysis (refer
                 to following procedures).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Procedures for Packaging, Labeling, and Transporting Samples

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pr  |                                                                |
| epa |                                                                |
| rat |                                                                |
| ion |                                                                |
| of  |                                                                |
| the |                                                                |
| S   |                                                                |
| amp |                                                                |
| les |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Label each sample container with the following information:    |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Unique sample identification number (see Appendix B)       |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Date and time of selection                                 |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Project name ("NAVRUZ")                                    |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   The river name                                             |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Site of selection (range number, distance to the bank,     |
|     |     depth)                                                     |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Sample volume                                              |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Requested laboratory analysis                              |
|     |                                                                |
|     | -   Name of person who collected samples.                      |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Label vegetation and sediment samples in the same manner with  |
|     | an indication of vegetation or sediment type.                  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Package and label dried samples. Indicate the mass of the      |
|     | sample after drying.                                           |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | At the end of the sample season, each institution will have a  |
|     | maximum of three sturdy shipping containers for shipment to    |
|     | (1) Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kazakhstan, (2) Institute  |
|     | of Nuclear Physics in Uzbekistan, and (3) Sandia National      |
|     | Laboratories. The principal investigator will prepare the      |
|     | shipping containers for transport.                             |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Sh  |                                                                |
| ipp |                                                                |
| ing |                                                                |
| S   |                                                                |
| amp |                                                                |
| les |                                                                |
| to  |                                                                |
| San |                                                                |
| dia |                                                                |
| Na  |                                                                |
| tio |                                                                |
| nal |                                                                |
| Lab |                                                                |
| ora |                                                                |
| tor |                                                                |
| ies |                                                                |
+=====+================================================================+
| S   | Action                                                         |
| tep |                                                                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1   | Place samples in sturdy shipping containers and at the same    |
|     | time verify that the label information on each sample          |
|     | container matches the information on the Chain-of-Custody      |
|     | (COC) form.                                                    |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2   | Place sufficient amount of packing material around samples to  |
|     | prevent any damage or shifting of the samples during           |
|     | transport.                                                     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3   | Complete the DHL Worldwide Express shipping form (SNL/CMC will |
|     | provide pre-printed forms for each institution).               |
|     |                                                                |
|     | **IMPORTANT:** The samples for SNL can be cleared by U.S.      |
|     | Customs under General Article 651, which is "no duties and     |
|     | taxes" because there is no commercial value.                   |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4   | Declare ["no commercial value"]{.underline} for the samples on |
|     | the shipment form.                                             |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5   | To ensure compliance with the U.S. Food and Drug               |
|     | Administration (FDA) the description of the items must be      |
|     | shown as ["Environmental Testing Samples"]{.underline} on the  |
|     | agent's air waybill and the shipping container.                |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6   | The principal investigator should then contact the agent to    |
|     | arrange for a pick-up at the institution. See carrier          |
|     | information below.                                             |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| > []{#__RefHea    |        |              |       |      |         |
| ding___Toc6111321 |        |              |       |      |         |
| > .anchor}Table   |        |              |       |      |         |
| > 13. Carrier     |        |              |       |      |         |
| > Location and    |        |              |       |      |         |
| > Cost            |        |              |       |      |         |
| > Information     |        |              |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| Carrier           | Tel    | Hours of     | Se    | Tran | T       |
|                   | ephone | Operation    | rvice | sit\ | ranspor |
|                   |        |              |       | Time | tation\ |
|                   |        |              |       | (    | Cost\*\ |
|                   |        |              |       | busi | (US     |
|                   |        |              |       | ness | D       |
|                   |        |              |       | d    | ollars) |
|                   |        |              |       | ays) |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| DHL Worldwide     | 3272-  | Mon-Fri:     | Air   | 5-7  | \$97.42 |
| Express\          | 509416 | 0900-1800\   | Ex    |      |         |
| 157a Abaya Ave.\  |        | Sat-Sun:     | press |      |         |
| Almaty,           |        | Closed\      |       |      |         |
| Kazakhstan 480009 |        | Holidays:    |       |      |         |
|                   |        | Closed       |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
|                   |        |              |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| DHL Worldwide     | 312-   | Mon-Fri:     | Air   | 5-7  | \$97.42 |
| Express\          | 611111 | 0800-1800\   | Ex    |      |         |
| 107, Kievskaya\   |        | Sat:         | press |      |         |
| Bishkek,          |        | 0900-1600\   |       |      |         |
| Kyrgyzstan 720001 |        | Sun: Closed\ |       |      |         |
|                   |        | Holidays:    |       |      |         |
|                   |        | Closed       |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
|                   |        |              |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| DHL Worldwide     | 3772-  | Mon-Fri:     | Air   | 5-7  | \$97.42 |
| Express\          | 210280 | 0900-1800\   | Ex    |      |         |
| 18 Rudaki Ave\    |        | Sat-Sun:     | press |      |         |
| Dushanbe,         |        | Closed\      |       |      |         |
| Tajikistan 734025 |        | Holidays:    |       |      |         |
|                   |        | Closed       |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
|                   |        |              |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| DHL Worldwide     | 8712-  | Mon-Fri:     | Air   | 5-7  | \$97.42 |
| Express\          | 781436 | 0900-1800\   | Ex    |      |         |
| 42 Prospect       |        | Sat-Sun:     | press |      |         |
| Druzhby Narodov\  |        | Closed\      |       |      |         |
| Tashkent,         |        | Holidays:    |       |      |         |
| Uzbekistan 700097 |        | Closed       |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+

\* In most cases, a \$15.00 handling charge and a \$25.00 processing fee
will be charged in addition to the transportation cost.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Step   Action
  ------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
  7      The institution (principal investigator) signs the COC form in
         the "relinquished" box and the DHL Worldwide Express agent signs
         the COC form in the "received" box.

  8      Make two copies of the COC form for the project files.

  9      Place the original laboratory request/COC form in a plastic bag
         and tape it to the inside of the shipping container.

  10     Secure the shipping container with strong adhesive shipping tape
         and/or a metal-type strapping tape around both ends of the
         container.

  11     Write in large letters on the outside of the shipping container
         "ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING SAMPLES". The package is now ready for
         transport.

  12     **IMPORTANT:** For purposes of tracking the items to the United
         States, and preparation for Customs entry and clearance, a copy
         of the air waybill should be faxed to Howard Passell at SNL/CMC
         after the cargo agent has recovered the item for transportation.
         The fax number for Howard Passell is 505-284-5055.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

**NOTE**: United Parcel Service (UPS) is **not** recommended as a
carrier because they do not recognize Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA as a
port of entry. They will attempt to clear Customs in Louisville,
Kentucky and will refuse to transfer cargo in-bound to Albuquerque,
thereby resulting adding further costs. Suggested alternate carriers are
listed below.

+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| []{#__RefHea      |        |              |       |      |         |
| ding___Toc6111322 |        |              |       |      |         |
| .anchor}Table 14. |        |              |       |      |         |
| Suggested         |        |              |       |      |         |
| Alternate         |        |              |       |      |         |
| Carriers          |        |              |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| Alternate Carrier | Tel    | Hours        | Se    | Tran | T       |
|                   | ephone |              | rvice | sit\ | ranspor |
|                   |        |              |       | Time | tation\ |
|                   |        |              |       | (    | Cost\   |
|                   |        |              |       | busi | (US     |
|                   |        |              |       | ness | D       |
|                   |        |              |       | d    | ollars) |
|                   |        |              |       | ays) |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| **Airborne        | 7      | Not provided | Ex    | 7    | Not     |
| Express: Agent**  | 095-93 |              | press |      | pu      |
| Consulate Cargo   | 7-7277 |              |       |      | blished |
| International\    |        |              |       |      |         |
| 1^st^ Yamskovo    |        |              |       |      |         |
| Pola 17 Str 1\    |        |              |       |      |         |
| Moscow, Russia    |        |              |       |      |         |
| 125124\           |        |              |       |      |         |
| \*Service from    |        |              |       |      |         |
| all areas         |        |              |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| **FedEx: Agent**  | 7-     | Not provided | I     | 5-7  | \       |
|                   | 3272-5 |              | nt\'l |      | $210.75 |
| AO M&M Militzer & | 03-566 |              | Ex    |      |         |
| Munch\            |        |              | press |      |         |
| Germany\          |        |              |       |      |         |
| Service from      |        |              |       |      |         |
| Kazakhstan        |        |              |       |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| **RBS Inc.**      | 996    | Not provided | I     | 5-7  | \       |
|                   | (3312) |              | nt\'l |      | $210.75 |
| Service from      | 650128 |              | Ex    |      |         |
| Kyrgyzstan        |        |              | press |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+
| **Elf 91/FedEx**  | 7-     | Not provided | I     | 5-7  | \       |
|                   | 3712-5 |              | nt\'l |      | $210.75 |
| Service from      | 01-871 |              | Ex    |      |         |
| Uzbekistan        |        |              | press |      |         |
+-------------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+---------+

\*FedEx does not provide service from Tajikistan

\*FedEx costs do not include agent service fees or accessorial charges.

## Procedures and Requirements for Transferring Custody of Samples from Sample Collection in the Field to Arrival at Analytical Laboratories

Each principal investigator will select a field team member to take
custody of the samples at the end of the sampling season and to complete
the Laboratory Request/COC Form (located in Appendix A) as described
below:

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Completing    
  the           
  Laboratory    
  Request/COC   
  Form          
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Complete the COC form.

  2             The appointed team member (transferee) will sign and record the
                date and time in the "relinquished by" column at the bottom of
                COC form.

  3             The next person to receive the samples from the sample member
                becomes the new custodian or "caretaker" and will sign and
                record the date and time in the "received by" column at the
                bottom of the COC form.

  4             This process of "relinquished by" and "received by" repeats
                until the samples arrive at the laboratory. This provides an
                accurate written record of the transportation process to the
                laboratory to ensure the samples remain intact.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Sample Management and Chain of Custody (COC)

Use consistent nomenclature for identifying sample locations for every
part of the project. A Laboratory Analysis/COC form will be completed
and signed by the sample team members to ensure sample integrity during
transport to laboratories. This form also provides the necessary
information for the laboratories. The COC form is located in Appendix A.

Laboratory Instruments: Inspecting, Testing, Maintenance, Calibration
and Training

Section 9.1 and 9.2 were composed by Navruz Central Asian partners and
translated here from Russian to English.

## Uzbekistan Laboratory

### Facilities Available at Uzbekistan Laboratory

The laboratory at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) in Uzbekistan
has the capability to measure total β- and α- activity, and to carry out
γ-spectrometry to determine the content of naturally occurring and
man-made radionuclides. This laboratory also performs analysis of many
chemical elements by neutron activation. Instruments Available at
Uzbekistan Laboratory

  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111323   
  .anchor}Table 15. Instruments   
  Available at Uzbekistan         
  Laboratory                      

  **Multi-channel                 Type GGPC 25-185-R, #52599 with the following
  gamma-spectrometer with         characteristics: external diameter -- 57.7 mm;
  germanium detector**            length -- 45 mm; sensitive volume V -- 113 cm^3^;
                                  efficiency -- 26.6%; and measured resolution for
                                  122keV -- 0.66keV, 1332keV -- 1.75keV. This device
                                  is designed for environ­mental sample monitoring in
                                  laboratories. It accomplishes fast and effective
                                  collection of spectrometric data, including
                                  analysis, identi­fication of gamma spectra,
                                  determination of activity, quantitative and
                                  qualitative analysis, and determination of nuclide
                                  composition and their activities. The
                                  gamma-spectrometric system provides a practi­cal
                                  method of determining radionuclide composition in
                                  soil for pro­viding nuclear safety on rehabilitation
                                  sites or nuclear facilities sites.

  **Multi-channel                 DGDK -- 63, V -- 63 cm^3^, measured resolution for
  gamma-spectrometer with Ge-Li   1332keV -- 2.5keV and Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA)
  detector**                      AMA-02-F1, USSR, MCA PC/Card, Mod.9408.

  **Scintillation spectrometer of Dubna, Russia. This spectrometer was designed for
  gamma-radiation\                measuring and processing gamma radiation spectra
  "Gamma-01C"**                   from scintillation detectors; the energy resolution
                                  for 661keV is \< 7.6%.

  **Scintillation spectrometer of Dubna, Russia. This spectrometer provides
  beta-radiation\                 quantitative and qualitative analysis of various
  "Beta-01C"**                    samples on the presence of beta-emitting
                                  radionuclides. The energy resolution at conversion
                                  electron peak of Cs-137 (624keV) is \< 14.2%.

  **Alpha-beta-automate\          Designated for the automatic change and measuring of
  NNR-610**                       samples with low activity. Detector type -- POB 302,
                                  flowing proportional counting device with window.
                                  Low background level provides radioactivity
                                  measurements of 10^−2^ Bq and higher.
  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

### Calibrations Made at Uzbekistan Laboratory

All instruments are calibrated using standard sources (point and volume)
before each use.

### Equipment Checks Made at Uzbekistan Laboratory

All instruments receive equipment checks as listed in Table 4.

  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111324   
  .anchor}Table 16. Equipment     
  Checks Made at Uzbekistan       
  Laboratory                      

  **Gamma spectrometry**          Laboratory gamma sources are measured, and the
                                  position of photopeaks, their half-width (FWH) and
                                  count rates are determined. ^241^Am, ^137^Cs, and
                                  ^60^Co sources are usually measured. Standard
                                  International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) specimens
                                  and background are periodically measured. Results of
                                  measurements of standard specimens are compared with
                                  passport data.

  **Beta spectrometry**           A standard ^90^Sr + ^90^Y specimen and background
                                  are measured.

  **Alpha spectrometry**          A standard ^241^Am specimen is measured, the
                                  position of the alpha peak, its area and the
                                  half-width of the alpha line are determined, and the
                                  results are compared with passport data. The
                                  background is measured.
  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

### Training Available at Uzbekistan Laboratory

All laboratory employees work in the field of radioecology. Skill
advancement seminars are on-going.

## Kazakhstan Laboratory

### Facilities Available at Kazakhstan Laboratory

The Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) of NNC of Kazakhstan has the
following facilities: one room for measuring specimens, one room for
packaging specimens, two rooms for drying and ashing specimens, two
rooms for pulverizing samples, one room for evaporating water speci­mens,
and two rooms for measuring specimens.

### Instruments Available at Kazakhstan Laboratory

Radionuclide analysis (RNA) is based on α−, β−, γ−spectrometry of
natural or artificial objects. There are three basic types of RNA,
categorized by the determined radionuclides: the instrumen­tal
(γ−spectrometric) RNA for determination of artificial (Am-241, Eu-154,
Eu-152, Cs-137, Co‑60) and natural (U-238, Th-232, K-40) radionuclides;
the radiochemical RNA for determina­tion of Pu-239, Am-241, and Sr-90;
and the γ−spectrometric RNA (requires preliminary con­centrating) for
radon determination.

  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111325   
  .anchor}Table 17. Analysis      
  Methods Used at Kazakhstan      
  Laboratory                      

  Purpose                         Technique

  **Activation analysis (AA)**    AA is based on irradiation of an analyzed object by
                                  nuclear particles or quanta followed by
                                  investigation of the radiation spectrum of the
                                  produced radioactive nuclei. Two main types are
                                  used: (1) the instrumental AA and (2) the
                                  radiochemical AA (with radiochemical separation).
                                  The instrumental version is faster and less
                                  labor-intensive, whereas the radiochemical one
                                  provides a better detec­tion limit, but is rather
                                  labor-intensive. The **advantages** of AA are: low
                                  detection level; opportunity for determination of a
                                  whole group of elements within one series of
                                  analysis; opportunity for proximity assay of some
                                  elements, provided automation is used; and an
                                  opportunity for nondestructive analysis. The
                                  **disadvantages** of AA are: relatively high cost of
                                  analysis, large stationary equipment, and a need for
                                  highly qualified personnel.

  **X-ray fluorescent (XRF)       XRF analysis, or X-ray radiometric analysis, is
  analysis, or X-ray radiometric  based on the irradia­tion of an analyzed object by
  analysis**                      X-ray radiation or low-energy gamma-quanta followed
                                  by investigation of the secondary X-ray radiation
                                  spectrum. **Advantages**: the opportunity for
                                  relatively rapid (3 to 30 minutes) and comparatively
                                  simple element determination; low cost; and
                                  applicability to working in field conditions.
                                  **Disadvantages:** the technique is less accurate
                                  (compared to AA) in terms of detection limits
                                  (10^−4^ to 10^−5^ %).

  **Atom emission spectrometry    AES-ICP is based on the excitation of atoms in an
  with inductive coupled plasma   analyzed sample with high-frequency plasma and
  (AES-ICP)**                     investigation of its emission optical spectrum. At
                                  the INP, this technique is implemented by means of
                                  the spectrum analyzer «JY-70P» (France) that
                                  operates in polychromator and monochromator modes.
                                  AES-ICP **advantages:** low detection limit (to
                                  10^−11^ %) (which is similar to AA); in the
                                  monochromator mode, the technique allows the
                                  determination, in succession, of a large number of
                                  elements (more than 70), including those
                                  inaccessible for AA; in the polychromator regime, it
                                  provides determination of up to 23 elements; the
                                  technique is very rapid, provided a process of
                                  sample preparation is automated; and the technique
                                  is less labor intensive than other methods of
                                  analysis. **Disadvantages** of AES-ICP are: the
                                  analysis, as a rule, requires preliminary sample
                                  preparation (water is the only exception), which
                                  makes the technique more complicated and which
                                  affects resultant accuracy; relatively high cost of
                                  analysis; and the need for highly qualified
                                  personnel to operate it.
  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

**Technique Application**

The comparison of the characteristics between the element analysis
techniques results in the following conclusions:

  -------------------------------------- --------------------------------
  Purpose                                Preferred Technique

  For studying macro-composition of an   XRF is the most convenient.
  analyzed object...                     

  For determination of rare and trace    AA and AES-ICP are the most
  elements in geological samples, toxic  suitable.
  elements in environmental objects and  
  micro-admixtures in super-pure         
  materials...                           

  For analysis of water as well as the   AES-ICP is the most suitable.
  plant or biological materials...       
  -------------------------------------- --------------------------------

### Calibrations Made at Kazakhstan Laboratory

All measuring instruments are calibrated with respect to IAEA specimens
and specimens of Gosstandart RK (Office of State Standards, Republic of
Kazakhstan).

-   Gamma spectrometers are verified daily by the laboratory of
    Gosstandart RK. Specimens for verification contain radionuclides
    with emission energy from 59 keV to 2614 KeV.

-   The alpha spectrometer is calibrated and verified by the laboratory
    of Gosstandart RK in the range from 4 MeV (^232^Th) to 5.75 MeV
    (^236^Pu).

-   The beta spectrometer is verified daily by the laboratory of
    Gosstandart RK with respect to specimens of ^90^Sr + ^90^Y.

### Equipment Checks Made at Kazakhstan Laboratory

  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111326   
  .anchor}Table 18. Equipment     
  Checks Made at Kazakhstan       
  Laboratory                      

  **Gamma spectrometry**          Laboratory gamma sources are measured, and the
                                  position of photopeaks, their half-width and count
                                  rate are determined. ^241^Am, ^137^Cs and ^60^Co
                                  sources are usually measured. Standard IAEA
                                  specimens and background are periodically measured.
                                  Results of measurements of standard specimens are
                                  compared with passport data.

  **Beta spectrometry**           A standard ^90^Sr + ^90^Y specimen and background
                                  are measured.

  **Alpha spectrometry**          A standard ^241^Am specimen is measured, the
                                  position of the alpha peak, its area and the
                                  half-width of the alpha line are determined, and the
                                  results are compared with passport data. The
                                  background is measured.
  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

### Training Available at Kazakhstan Laboratory

All laboratory employees work in the field of radioecology. Skill
advancement seminars are on-going. In addition, laboratory employees
undergo internship at the analytical laboratory of the IAEA in
Seiberdorf (Austria).

## Sandia National Laboratories

### Facilities Available at SNL

Sandia National Laboratories has the following facilities:

-   One sample-receiving area with a fume hood.

-   Three fully equipped sample preparation laboratories with fume
    hoods, microwave digestion ovens, hot plates, muffle ovens, and
    other customary laboratory items.

-   Four sample analysis laboratories.

### Instruments Available at SNL

  ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111327   
  .anchor}Table 19. Instruments   
  Available at SNL                

  **8 laboratory gamma            Each spectrometer consists of a graded lead shield, a
  spectrometers**                 liquid nitrogen-cooled High Purity Germanium (HPGe)
                                  detector, pulse-shaping electronics, an Analog to
                                  Digital Converter (ADC), an 8,192-channel MCA,
                                  analysis computer, hardware control software, and
                                  analysis software for spectrum analysis and reporting.
                                  Three systems are equipped with sample changers for up
                                  to twelve samples each.

  **6 portable gamma              Each portable system consists of an HPGe detector , an
  spectrometers**                 integrated electronics/MCA system, a laptop, and
                                  analysis software for spectrum analysis and reporting.

  **5 Tennelec gas proportional   Five Tennelec gas proportional detectors (2 inches in
  detectors**                     diameter) equipped with sample changers. The system is
                                  a computer-controlled gas flow proportional counter
                                  using P-10 gas (90% argon/10% methane). The control
                                  panel allows for either automatic or manual operation
                                  of the sample changer. Low background capability is
                                  maintained by lead shielding around the detector, and
                                  a guard detector that effectively blocks events caused
                                  by cosmic radiation. It is used mostly for analyzing
                                  swipes and air filters.

  **8 Packard Liquid              Eight Packard LSC with automatic sample changers. All
  Scintillation Counters (LSC)**  systems are equipped with circuitry to separate alpha
                                  and beta pulses, which are stored in separate MCAs.
  ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------
  Table 7.          
  Instruments       
  Available at SNL, 
  continued         

  **20 alpha        Each spectrometer consists of a 450-mm^2^ surface
  spectrometers**   barrier detector, a vacuum chamber, pulse-shaping
                    electronics, MCA, analysis computer, hardware control
                    software, and analysis software for spectrum analysis
                    and reporting.

  **1 ICP-MS system One ICP-MS system and one ICP-AES system with auto
  and 1 ICP-AES     samplers.
  system**          
  ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------

### Calibrations Made at SNL

All instruments are calibrated using standards that are traceable to the
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST).

  ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111328   
  .anchor}Table 20. Calibration   
  Information for Instruments at  
  SNL                             

  Instrument                      Calibration Cycle

  **Gamma spectrometers**         Gamma spectrometers are calibrated once every two years
                                  for energy, shape, and efficiency for various
                                  geometries. Each standard contains a mix of
                                  radioisotopes ranging in energy from 46 keV to 1836
                                  keV. Routine geometries include: liquid 500 mL
                                  Marinelli beaker; solid 500 mL Marinelli beaker; solid
                                  200 mL jar; point source; one-inch and two-inch air
                                  filters; a 4-inch by 5-inch air filter; and an
                                  assortment of other specialized shapes.

  **Portable gamma                Portable gamma spectrometers are calibrated once every
  spectrometers**                 two years for energy, shape, and efficiency for a point
                                  source and in-situ measurements.

  **Gas proportional detectors**  Gas proportional detectors are calibrated once every
                                  three years for various beta energies (Ni-63, C-14,
                                  Tc-99, Cl-36, and Sr-90) and one alpha energy (Pu-238).
                                  Two-inch standards with the isotope of interest are
                                  prepared on two-inch planchets, similar to actual
                                  samples.

  **LSC systems**                 LSC systems are calibrated once every three years for
                                  H-3, Ni-63, Cl-36 (gross beta), and Cm-244 (gross
                                  alpha). The pulse-shape discrimination setting is
                                  optimized for the alpha/beta separation function. For
                                  each isotope, a quench set consisting of 10 vials is
                                  prepared and used to determine the quench curves.

  **Alpha spectrometers**         Alpha spectrometers are calibrated every three years
                                  for energy, shape, and efficiency for various distances
                                  from the detector. Each source is prepared by
                                  electroplating U-233 (4.8 MeV), Pu-239 (5.2 MeV),
                                  Am-241 (5.5 MeV), and Cm-244 (5.8 MeV) isotopes on a
                                  stainless steel disk with a diameter of 7/8".

  **ICP-AES and ICP-MS systems**  ICP-AES and ICP-MS systems are calibrated before each
                                  use with NIST traceable standards containing the metal
                                  of interest. At least three different concentrations
                                  are used to establish the instrument response before
                                  each use. The instrument calibration is re-checked
                                  after each batch of samples has been analyzed.
  ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

### Equipment Checks Made at SNL

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  []{#__RefHeading___Toc6111329   
  .anchor}Table 21. Equipment     
  Checks Made at SNL              
  ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------
  **Gamma Spectrometry**          A mixed gamma source is counted on a detector and an
                                  analysis is performed to determine the location,
                                  full-width at half-max (FWHM), and count rate for a set of
                                  photopeaks covering a range of interest. For most HPGe
                                  detectors, these are the 60 keV, 662 keV, and 1332 keV
                                  peaks. The background of the system is characterized by
                                  taking an empty shield spectrum for typically 1000
                                  minutes, or as long as the longest sample count time. A
                                  peak search is performed on the spectrum and peak areas
                                  are calculated. The routine QC check tracks the total
                                  count rate for all of the channels. In addition, the count
                                  rates for photopeaks associated with gamma ray emissions
                                  from natural sources and common contaminants are
                                  evaluated. Typically, these are the 93 keV, 511 keV, 609
                                  keV, 662 keV, and 1,61 keV peaks. The QC results are
                                  available as control charts to give operators a visual
                                  indication of system operation and calibration parameters
                                  over time. Control charts are helpful in evaluating when
                                  re-calibration may be required or when the system may be
                                  operating improperly.

  **Gas Proportional Detectors**  Routine QC tests are run to ensure that the instrument is
                                  maintaining the calibrated performance. A mixed check
                                  source with alpha- and beta-emitting isotopes is counted
                                  for five minutes or a count time that yields at least
                                  10,000 counts in each channel. The counts are compared to
                                  the limits established during the calibration process to
                                  ensure that the detector response has not changed. The
                                  intrinsic background of the system is characterized for
                                  both background subtraction from a sample count and system
                                  QC checks. The system background is determined by
                                  performing a 240-minute count without a source present. QC
                                  charts are used to track calibration values over long
                                  periods. Calibration checks are performed daily or before
                                  system use to ensure that the system is still within
                                  operating limits. These daily results are logged onto
                                  control charts. The control charts can give operators a
                                  visual indication of system calibration trends over time.
                                  The charts are very helpful in indicating when a
                                  re-calibration might become necessary or in spotting a
                                  system problem that may arise over time.

  **LSC Systems**                 Routine QC samples are used to provide continuous testing
                                  of the status of the instrument. A blank sample, an H-3
                                  standard, and a C-14 standard are counted and analyzed
                                  every time the system is used. These samples help the
                                  operator to determine if the instrument is maintaining the
                                  calibrated performance. Variations in the results for the
                                  QC samples may indicate a problem with the instrument and
                                  the variations should be investigated before the
                                  instrument is used again. A statistically significant
                                  shift in the QC sample results, such as two successive
                                  points outside the two sigma error limits of the sample
                                  mean or unusual statistical data trends, generally
                                  indicate a problem, such as the need for re-calibration.

  **Alpha Spectrometry**          A mixed alpha source is counted at least once a week to
                                  check the system's energy calibration, shape calibration,
                                  and efficiency. Results are stored in control charts.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### Training Available at SNL

All laboratory staff members are radiological workers. In addition, all
staff members are trained in the proper use of the specific instruments
and methods in use. All training is documented and maintained in
employee's files.

# Laboratory/Analytical Procedures 

## Uzbekistan Laboratory Analytical Procedures

Analysis on the following media will include:

-   the filter paper with the suspended solids left behind on it from
    the filtering process;

-   Concentrated water sample (dissolved solids) from evaporation
    process, measured by gross alpha and beta analysis in the LSC;

-   a minimum of 0.3 to 0.5 kg of dried vegetation;

-   1 kg of [dried]{.underline} bottom sediment measured by gamma
    spectrometry and gross alpha and gross beta analysis;

-   1 kg of [dried]{.underline} soil measured by gamma spectrometry and
    gross alpha and gross beta analysis;

## Kazakhstan Laboratory Analytical Procedures and Detection Limits

Instrumentation available at the INP includes an atomic reactor WWR-K
and an isochronous cyclotron U-150.

γ-, α-, β-spectrometry is provided with the following instruments:

-   Ge-detector "Ortec" GEM-20180 (20%-efficiency; 1.7 keV - resolution)

-   Ge-detector "Ortec" GLP-25325, planar (resolution -- 319 eV)

-   Ge-detector "Canberra" GX-1520 (15%-efficiency; 1.7 keV -
    resolution)

-   Ge-detector "Canberra" GLP-1010R (resolution -- 230 eV)

-   Ge-detector "Canberra" GCW-4023

-   Si- detector "Ortec" CLP-10180, for XRF (resolution -- 180 eV)

-   α-spectrometer "Canberra" 2-cameras, model 7401

-   α-spectrometer "Canberra" 8-cameras, model Alpha Analyst

-   β-spectrometer "Packard" TRI-CARB 3100TR

The software "Canberra," "GENIE-2000," "Alpha Analyst," "Packard," and
"Quanta Smart" are used in addition to software designed by employees of
the lab.

  --------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------------
  Type      Purpose of Analysis     Detection Limits

  AA        Provides determination  For sediments and biota sampling analysis,
            of many metals with     in ppm :\
            high sensitivity        Cr ‑ 0.08; As ‑ 0.04; Hg ‑ 0.02; Sb ‑
                                    0.001; Cu ‑ 0.2;\
                                    Zn ‑ 1.5; Ag ‑ 0.2; Au ‑ 0.01; Se ‑ 0.1;
                                    and U ‑ 0.1.

  AES-ICP   Used for analysis of    In ррb: Cr ‑ 1.0; As ‑ 15; Hg ‑ 10; Sb ‑
            water, as preliminary   20; Cu ‑ 1.0;\
            sample preparation is   Zn ‑ 0.5; Ag ‑ 2.0; Au ‑ 7; Se ‑ 30; U ‑
            not required            30; Cd ‑ 2;\
                                    P ‑ 20; Pb ‑ 8; Bi ‑ 10; and Th ‑ 3

  XRF       Used for the            Made in an interval of 5÷-1000 ррm
            determination of        
            macrocontent, (i.e.,    
            As, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, 
            Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sr,  
            Ti, V, and Zn).         

  RNA       Used both in            In Bq/kg: ^228^Th - 2; ^226^Ra - 2;
            instrumental and in     ^210^Pb - 10; ^214^Pb - 2;\
            radiochemical variant   ^214^Bi - 2; ^40^K - 100; ^241^Am - 3;
                                    ^137^Cs - 1; ^90^Sr - 10;\
                                    ^239+240^Pu - 0.05; ^3^H -- 5.
  --------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------------

## Sandia National Laboratories Analytical Procedures and Detection Limits

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) will perform independent verification
on duplicate samples from two locations per country per sampling event.
Each country will choose the locations for those duplicate samples and
SNL with the following:

-   the filter paper with the suspended solids left on it from the
    filtering process,

-   50 ml concentrated water sample (dissolved solids) from evaporation
    process,

-   a minimum of 0.3 to 0.5 kg of dried vegetation,

-   1 kg of [dried]{.underline} bottom sediment, and

-   1 kg of [dried]{.underline} soil.

### Gross Alpha Beta Analysis by Liquid Scintillation Counting

Samples that require gross alpha, gross beta, and/or tritium (or other
low-energy beta) analysis may be analyzed using an LSC. The sample is
added directly to the counting cocktail, counted, and analyzed. This
process allows a method for screening the amount of radioactive material
contained in a sample. While this method is only a screening technique,
the benefit is that it requires essentially no radiochemistry be
performed on the sample.

#### LSC Analysis

The Packard Tri-Carb Liquid Scintillation Counter is designed to perform
gross alpha, gross beta, and tritium analysis on a liquid scintillation
sample. The system provides several protocols that can be set up with
the specific requirements for each type of analysis. The group of
samples counted under any one protocol at any one time will have a blank
counted as the first sample, and that blank will be subtracted from the
final counting results. The counting results are saved in a computer
file named by the protocol number that was used. This name is used every
time that the protocol is used; therefore, it is necessary to move the
computer file that contains the data to another file before a protocol
can be reused. This is accomplished by analyzing the data for a protocol
off-line. During analysis, the sample quench number (tSIE) is used to
determine the counting efficiency for a sample. The efficiency is
applied to the count results, and the activity is calculated. This
information is then printed to obtain the final report.

#### LSC Detection Limits

Nuclide pCi/g pCi/L

Gross Alpha 1.0 4.0

Gross Beta 2.0 8.0

#### Laboratory Procedures

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Liquid Sample 
  Preparation   
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Don protective clothing. The protective clothing requirements
                are a lab coat, dispos­able gloves, and some type of eye
                protection (prescription glasses or safety glasses).

  2             Place a large area wipe in an appropriate-sized secondary spill
                container.

  3             Install a new pipette tip on a calibrated 5 mL pipette, and
                transfer 5 mL of sample into the LSC vial.

  4             Remove the disposable pipette tip and place it on a large area
                wipe.

  5             Using the repipetter, dispense 15 mL of Ultima Gold XR
                scintillation cocktail into the LSC vial containing the sample,
                and then place the cap on the vial.

  6             Write the laboratory batch number on the cap of the vial.

  7             Shake the loaded LSC vial for approximately 10 seconds (using
                the electric shaker or by hand) to thoroughly mix the sample and
                the cocktail.

  8             Inspect the samples for phase separation or excessive clouding.
                If a sample phase separates or if excessive clouding occurs,
                prepare another sample using a smaller sample aliquot. Consult
                the Project Leader, if necessary, to determine the size of the
                smaller aliquot.

  9             Clean the outside of the vials using an area wipe. Using clean
                wipes, hold the vial and wipe the outside of the vial including
                the cap. This should remove any radioactive material that may
                have been transferred inadvertently to the outside of the vials
                by contaminated gloves. Removing any external contamination is
                important, since the vials will later be handled without gloves.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Solid Sample  
  Preparation   
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Don protective clothing. The protective clothing requirements
                are a lab coat, dispos­able gloves, and some type of eye
                protection (prescription glasses or safety glasses).

  2             Place a large area wipe inside an appropriate-sized secondary
                container in the sample preparation area.

  3             Stretch out a cotton ball into a flat smooth rectangle and place
                the formed cotton ball into a labeled LSC vial. The cotton ball
                should fit throughout the vial. The cotton is used to suspend
                the solid sample.

  4             Place a fresh weighing paper on the analytical balance, then
                place the labeled LSC vial on the weighing paper and tare the
                balance.

  5             Using a clean disposable scoop, dispense 0.5 grams of sample
                into the LSC vial that is on the balance. Carefully transfer the
                sample so none is spilled outside the vial.

  6             Cap the vial and gently shake the vial to deposit the sample
                uniformly onto the flattened cotton ball. Uncap the vial.

  7             Use the re-pipetter to aliquot 18 mL of Ultima Gold XR
                Scintillation Cocktail and gently dispense into the LSC Vial.

  8             Screw the cap on the vial and write the laboratory batch number
                on the cap of the vial.

  9             If the sample has started to settle, re-shake the LSC vial
                gently for approximately 10 seconds by hand to thoroughly mix
                the sample and the cocktail.

  10            Inspect the samples for phase separation or excessive clouding.
                If a sample phase separates or if excessive clouding occurs,
                another sample should be prepared using a smaller sample
                aliquot. Consult the Project Leader, if required, to determine
                the size of the smaller aliquot.

  11            Clean the outside of the vials using an area wipe. Using clean
                wipes, hold the vial and wipe the outside of the vial including
                the cap. This should remove any radioactive material that may
                have been transferred inadvertently to the outside of the vials
                by contaminated gloves. Removing any external contamination is
                important, since the vials will later be handled without gloves.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### Gamma Spectrometry Analysis

Samples that require gamma spectroscopy analysis will be analyzed using
a High Purity Germa­nium detector (or equivalent) and gamma spectroscopy
software. This method is effective for screening a sample's
concentration of various gamma-emitting radionuclides. These methods
have been chosen to minimize the potential for contamination to
personnel, the laboratory, or its equipment.

Batch procedures are developed to automate sample analysis for the gamma
spectroscopy systems using the Canberra Genie-2K software. The batch
procedure used for routine sample analysis:

-   prompts the user for sample information,

-   automatically clears the MCA,

-   acquires a spectrum for the entered live time,

-   saves the spectrum,

-   analyzes the saved file, and

-   prints a detailed and summary report.

A similar batch procedure is written to reanalyze a saved spectrum. This
procedure prompts the user for sample information, analyzes the saved
file, and prints a detailed and a summary report.

In addition, a batch procedure is written to perform a laboratory
control sample (LCS) analysis. An LCS is a sample of known composition
and activity. For aqueous and solid LCSs, analysis is performed using
the same analytical methods employed for routine sample analysis. By
utilizing the LCS analysis, the usability of routine sample analysis
data is monitored by plotting the measured LCS activity for Am-241,
Cs-137, and Co-60 and comparing these values to control limits of ±25%
from the known activity for each isotope.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111330 .anchor}Table 22. Gamma Spectroscopy
Detection Limits

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Nuclide   | pCi/g     | pCi/L     | Nuclide   | pCi/g     | pCi/L     |
+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+
| > BE-7    | 9.43E−02  | 7.12E+01  | > CE-141  | 1.89E−02  | 1.35E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > NA-22   | 1.25E−02  | 8.92E+00  | > CE-144  | 8.23E−02  | 5.65E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > NA-24   | 4.65E−02  | 3.39E+01  | > ND-147  | 7.96E−02  | 5.87E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > K-40    | 1.39E−01  | 1.03E+02  | > EU-152  | 1.21E−01  | 8.34E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > AR-41   | 4.73E+02  | 3.38E+05  | > GD-153  | 3.38E−02  | 2.13E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > SC-46   | 1.41E−02  | 9.86E+00  | > EU-154  | 6.17E−02  | 4.32E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CR-51   | 8.45E−02  | 6.91E+01  | > EU-155  | 4.68E−02  | 2.96E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > MN-54   | 1.40E−02  | 9.68E+00  | > TA-182  | 4.14E−02  | 2.89E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CO-56   | 1.79E−02  | 1.24E+01  | > TA-183  | 8.38E−02  | 4.68E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > MN-56   | 3.28E+01  | 2.25E+04  | > IR-192  | 1.01E−02  | 8.28E+00  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CO-57   | 1.11E−02  | 7.34E+00  | > TL-201  | 4.92E−02  | 3.43E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > NI-57   | 2.72E−02  | 1.97E+01  | > HG-203  | 9.50E−03  | 7.88E+00  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CO-58   | 1.24E−02  | 8.55E+00  | > TL-207  | 5.14E+00  | 3.54E+03  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > FE-59   | 2.27E−02  | 1.58E+01  | > TL-208  | 2.91E-02  | 2.11E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CO-60   | 1.33E−02  | 9.58E+00  | > PB-210  | 1.59E+02  | 3.47E+03  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CU-64   | 1.28E+01  | 9.27E+03  | > PB-211  | 2.31E−01  | 1.81E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > ZN-65   | 2.79E−02  | 1.95E+01  | > BI-212  | 1.82E−01  | 1.27E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > SR-85   | 1.68E−02  | 1.25E+01  | > PB-212  | 1.46E−02  | 1.52E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > Y-88    | 1.23E−02  | 1.01E+01  | > BI-214  | 2.50E−02  | 1.80E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > NB-95   | 4.16E−02  | 3.44E+01  | > PB-214  | 2.08E−02  | 1.68E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > ZR-95   | 2.23E−02  | 1.56E+01  | > RN-219  | 8.38E−02  | 6.96E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > MO-99   | 1.27E−01  | 8.88E+01  | > RA-223  | 7.45E−02  | 4.85E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > TC-99m  | 2.18E−01  | 1.52E+02  | > RA-224  | 2.02E−01  | 1.68E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > RU-103  | 1.06E−02  | 7.95E+00  | > RA-226  | 1.86E−01  | 1.47E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > RU-106  | 1.19E−01  | 8.46E+01  | > AC-227  | 5.88E−01  | 4.37E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CD-109  | 1.00E+00  | 6.41E+02  | > TH-227  | 7.15E−02  | 5.92E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > AG-110m | 1.22E−02  | 8.66E+00  | > AC-228  | 4.90E−02  | 3.37E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CD-115  | 2.65E−02  | 2.16E+01  | > RA-228  | 5.63E−02  | 3.89E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > IN-115m | 1.46E+00  | 1.19E+03  | > TH-228  | 2.44E−01  | 2.01E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > SB-122  | 2.10E−02  | 1.53E+01  | > TH-229  | 9.33E−02  | 5.88E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > SB-124  | 1.41E−02  | 1.02E+01  | > PA-231  | 3.38E−01  | 2.79E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > SB-125  | 3.18E−02  | 2.46E+01  | > TH-231  | 2.22E−01  | 1.45E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > I-131   | 1.15E−02  | 9.19E+00  | > TH-232  | 7.54E−02  | 6.12E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > TE-132  | 1.15E−02  | 9.43E+00  | > PA-233  | 2.12E−02  | 1.74E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > BA-133  | 1.46E−02  | 1.17E+01  | > TH-234  | 2.21E-01  | 1.40E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > XE-133  | 6.34E−02  | 4.20E+01  | > U-234   | 1.62E+01  | 4.52E+03  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CS-134  | 1.44E−02  | 1.03E+01  | > U-235   | 8.18E-02  | 5.81E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CS-137  | 1.39E−02  | 9.82E+00  | > NP-237  | 1.63E-01  | 1.05E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > CE-139  | 1.02E−02  | 7.74E+00  | > U-238   | 5.73E-01  | 3.76E+02  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > BA-140  | 4.38E−02  | 3.22E+01  | > PU-239  | 9.31E+01  | 6.30E+04  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| > LA-140  | 2.27E−02  | 1.74E+01  | > AM-241  | 8.25E-02  | 4.67E+01  |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

#### 

#### Laboratory Procedures

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Liquid Sample 
  Preparation   
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Don protective clothing. The minimum protective clothing
                requirements are a lab coat, disposable gloves, and some type of
                eye protection (prescription glasses or safety glasses).

  2             Place a large area wipe in an appropriate secondary spill
                container (in a fume hood, if required).

  3             Insert a ruler into an empty Marinelli beaker, measure 8.5 cm
                (3¼") from the bottom of the beaker, and mark this point on the
                beaker with a permanent ink marker. Perform this for all of the
                Marinelli beakers that will be required.

  4             Place one beaker on the balance (include the cover and tape),
                and tare the balance. Do not tare this balance again until the
                sample is weighed again after loading (see below).

  5             Remove the beaker from the balance, and place it in the work
                area which was prepared for filling.

  6             Fill the beaker to the mark made in the above step with liquid
                from the sample container. This will yield approximately 450 mL
                of sample in the beaker.

  7             Snap the lid on the beaker, and tape the lid onto the beaker
                using an elastic tape. This will seal the lid on the container
                and prevent leakage.

  8             If any sample spilled on the outside of the container, use a
                large area wipe to clean the outside of the beaker.

  9             Place the sealed beaker back on the balance where the tare of
                the empty beaker was performed above. NOTE: It is important that
                another tare has not been performed on the balance before this
                measurement is made.

  10            Write the net weight (reading displayed on the balance) in the
                appropriate column of the Sample Analysis Request Form.

  11            Write the laboratory batch number on the top of the beaker using
                a permanent ink marker.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Solid Sample  
  Preparation   
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Don protective clothing. The minimum protective clothing
                requirements are a lab coat, disposable gloves, and some type of
                eye protection (prescription glasses or safety glasses).

  2             Place a large area wipe in an appropriate secondary spill
                container (in a fume hood, if required).

  3             Insert a ruler into an empty Marinelli beaker, measure 8.5 cm
                (3¼") from the bottom of the beaker, and mark this point on the
                beaker with a permanent ink marker. Perform this for all of the
                Marinelli beakers that will be required.

  4             Place one beaker on the balance (include the cover and tape),
                and tare the balance. Do not tare this balance again until the
                sample is weighed again after loading (see below).

  5             Remove the beaker from the balance, and place it in the work
                area which was prepared for filling.

  6             Fill the beaker to the mark made in the above step with solid
                from the sample container.

  7             Snap the lid on the beaker, and tape the lid onto the beaker
                using an elastic tape. This will seal the lid on the container
                and prevent spillage.

  8             If any sample spilled on the outside of the container, use a
                large area wipe to clean the outside of the beaker.

  9             Place the sealed beaker back on the balance where the tare of
                the empty beaker was performed above. It is important that
                another tare has not been performed on the balance before this
                measurement is made.

  10            Write the net weight (reading displayed on the balance) in the
                appropriate column of the Sample Analysis Request Form.

  11            Write the laboratory batch number on the top of the beaker using
                a permanent ink marker.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Analysis   
  of a Saved 
  File       
  ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step       Action

  1          Perform a peak search to locate all the peaks in the spectrum.

  2          Determine the net areas for each peak.

  3          Subtract the net area of the background (empty shield) peaks
             from the sample peaks.

  4          Compute the counting efficiency for each peak.

  5          The corrected peaks are matched against a user-defined library
             to identify candidate isotopes. Candidate isotopes are corrected
             for nuclides with interfering lines. The calculated activities
             are then decay-corrected to the time of sample collection. A
             detailed report is generated. Lastly, a sorting program is
             executed that generates a summary report that includes sample
             information, activity, and the 2-sigma error associated with the
             isotopes found, and an MDA value for all nuclides in the
             library.
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

### Metals Analysis

The samples are digested or leached using a microwave oven and are
analyzed using an Induc­tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectrometer (ICP-AES).

ICP-AES Sample Analysis

Samples are analyzed using a Leeman spectrometer for the metals of
interest and a report is generated.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc6111331 .anchor}Table 23. ICP-AES Detection Limits

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Analyte     mg/kg       mg/L        Analyte     mg/kg       mg/L
  ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Aluminum    0.2         10          Lead        0.3         0.15

  Antimony    0.06        3           Magnesium   5           250

  Arsenic     0.01        0.5         Manganese   0.5         0.75

  Barium      0.2         10          Nickel      0.4         0.2

  Beryllium   0.5         0.25        Potassium   5           250

  Cadmium     0.5         0.25        Selenium    0.5         0.25

  Chromium    0.5         0.5         Silver      0.1         0.5

  Cobalt      0.5         2.5         Thallium    0.1         0.5

  Copper      0.2         1.3         Vanadium    0.5         2.5

  Iron        0.1         5           Zinc        0.02        2.0
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

#### Laboratory Procedures

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Liquid Sample 
  Preparation   
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Carefully acid wash and rinse all digestion vessels and
                volumetric ware with reagent water.

  2             Measure a 15 mL aliquot of a well-shaken sample in a graduated
                cylinder.

  3             Pour this aliquot into the digestion vessel and record the
                number of the vessel on the preparation sheet.

  4             Add 5 mL of concentrated nitric acid to each vessel that will be
                used.

  5             Tighten the caps to a uniform torque pressure to the
                manufacturer's recommended specifications.

  6             Weigh each capped vessel to the nearest 0.01 g.

  7             Program the microwave unit according to the manufacturer's
                recommended speci­fications. Choose a sequence that will bring
                the samples to 160ºC ±4ºC in 10 minutes and will permit a slow
                rise to 165 to 170 ºC during the second 10 minutes.

  8             Start the turntable motor Ensure the vent fan is running on high
                and the turntable is turning.

  9             Start the microwave generator.

  10            At the end of the microwave program, allow the vessels to cool
                for at least 5 minutes in the unit before removal to avoid
                possible injury if a vessel vents immediately after heating.

  11            When the vessels have cooled to room temperature, weigh and
                record the weight of each vessel assembly. If the weight of the
                sample plus acid has decreased by more than 10%, discard the
                sample.

  12            If the digested sample contains particulates that may clog
                nebulizers or interfere with injection of the sample into the
                instrument, the sample may be centrifuged, allowed to settle, or
                filtered.

  13            The concentration values obtained from analysis must be
                corrected for the dilution factor from the acid addition.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Solid Sample  
  Preparation   
  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  Step          Action

  1             Carefully acid wash and rinse all digestion vessels and
                volumetric ware with reagent water.

  2             Aliquot 0.500 g of a well-mixed sample into the sample vessel.

  3             Add 10 mL of concentrated nitric acid in a fume hood.

  4             If a vigorous reaction occurs, allow the reaction to stop before
                capping the vessel.

  5             Cap the vessel and weigh the vessels to the nearest 0.001 g.

  6             Place the vessels in the microwave carousel.

  7             Irradiate each group of sample vessels for 10 minutes. The
                temperature of each sample should rise to 175ºC in less than 6
                minutes and remain between 170 to 180ºC for the balance of the
                10-minute irradiation period. The pressure should peak at less
                than 6 atm for most samples. The pressure will exceed these
                limits in the case of high concentrations of carbonate or
                organic compounds. In these cases, the pressure will be limited
                by the relief pressure of the vessel to 7.5 ± 0.7 atm. All
                vessels should be sealed according to the manufacturer's
                recommended specifications.

  8             At the end of the microwave program, allow the vessels to cool
                for a minimum of 5 minutes before removing them from the
                microwave unit.

  9             When the vessels have cooled to room temperature, weigh and
                record the weight of each vessel assembly. If the weight of acid
                plus sample has decreased by more than 10 percent from the
                original weight, discard the sample.

  11            If the digested sample contains particulates that may clog
                nebulizers or interfere with injection into the instrument, it
                may be centrifuged, allowed to settle, or filtered.

  12            Calculations: The concentrations determined are to be reported
                on the basis of the actual weight of the original sample.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#  Laboratory Quality Control

## Uzbekistan Laboratory Control

In analytical laboratories, the quality control (QC) information
obtained during the determination of chemical characteristics, measuring
of gross alpha, beta-activity, and determination of isotope composition
of samples analyzed should be provided.

The laboratory utilizes IAEA standard samples for calibration and QC to
determine the effec­tiveness of obtained measurements of radionuclide
content in environmental samples. The laboratory is prepared to
participate in national inter-comparison programs for independent
demonstration of technical proficiency.

## Kazakhstan Laboratory Control

QC is done as analyses are being conducted in analytical laboratories.
For each batch of 10 to 15 specimens, measurements are done on
background specimens that do not contain certain radionuclides or
elements. In addition, measurements are done periodically both on
standard IAEA specimens and on laboratory standards in which the content
of elements to be analyzed is known.

Once a year, representatives of Gosstandart RK verify procedures and
measurements.

## SNL/CMC Laboratory Control

In analytical laboratories, the QC information obtained during the
determina­tion of chemical characteristics, measuring of gross alpha,
beta-activity, and determination of isotope composition of samples
analyzed should be provided.

The QC samples for each batch of samples (maximum of 15 samples per
batch) shall consist of a laboratory blank, a matrix blank, and a lab
control sample. The results of the QC samples will be reported with the
sample results.

***Blank Sample*** -- A sample that is the same matrix as the actual
samples and is known **not** to contain the isotope or element of
interest. Blank analysis results are assessed to determine the existence
and magnitude of sample contamination problems. The criteria for
evaluation of blanks apply to any blank associated with the samples. If
problems with any blank exist, all data associated with the blank shall
be carefully evaluated to determine whether or not there is an inherent
variability in the data, or if the problem is an isolated occurrence not
affecting other data.

***Laboratory Control Sample (LCS)*** -- A sample matrix similar to the
actual samples with a known amount of the isotope or element under
investigation, the LCS serves as a monitor of the overall accuracy and
performance of all steps in the analysis, including the sample
preparation. The LCS should contain greater than 10 times the
radionuclide's detection limit activity.

The laboratory participates in national inter-comparison programs such
as the DOE-EML program, the NIST Radiochemistry Inter-Comparison
Program, and the AIHA PAT and ELPAT programs for independent
demonstration of technical proficiency.

The laboratory performs an internal systems audit at least once a year.

# Data Management

## Software and Formatting

SNL/CMC will provide, through the Navruz website
(http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/Central/ centralasia.html), a set of Excel
spreadsheets formatted for the transmittal of the laboratory and field
data to SNL. Partners should download the required spreadsheet, enter
data into it, and then send the spreadsheet by email to project staff at
the CMC at SNL in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

After review by SNL staff, these data are loaded into the Navruz website
for data sharing among partners and the public. Having undergone no peer
review, these data are labeled "provisional" and the public is advised
to contact project principal investigators (PIs) before using the data
in any way.

Subsequent public reports and data analysis will appear on the website
as well.

This page intentionally left blank.

# Data Analysis 

## Objectives for Data Analysis

The objectives for data analysis are to provide a framework to ensure
that data is confirmed and verified accordingly. It is our objective to
obtain information that provides a qualitative and quantitative measure
of site conditions, so that appropriate recommendations can be taken
relative to the overall long-term project goals.

## Analysis of Quality Control Data, and Its Use in Other Analysis

Each PI and laboratory should incorporate QC measures to ensure accuracy
and precision in the analysis of the data. For example, each PI should
incorporate a peer review and/or discussion on the data analysis and
interpretation.

## Software and Techniques to be Used

Software and techniques to perform data analysis and validation is at
the discretion of each PI and laboratory. However, Microsoft Office
Version 6 is the project's choice for receiv­ing/send­ing files among the
project colleagues.

## Products to be Generated

Annual reports on the results of data analysis will be prepared by each
partner and distributed via the Central Asia Project World Wide Web Site
<http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/>Central/centralasia.html

This page intentionally left blank.

# References {#references .Heading}

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2001. ToxFAQs:
Frequently Asked Questions About Contaminants Found at Hazardous Waste
Sites. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

Chenoweth, J. 1999. Effective multi-jurisdictional river basin
management: data collection and exchange in the Murray-Darling and
Mekong River basins. *Water International* 24(4):368-376.

Correia, F.N., and J.E. Da Silva. 1999. International framework for the
management of transboundary water resources. *Water International*
24(2):86-94.

Dieperink, C. 2000. Successful international cooperation in the Rhine
catchment area. *Water International* 25(3)347-355.

Eaton, A.D., L.S. Clesceri and A.E. Greenberg, editors, *Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater*, American Public
Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water
Environment Federation, Washington, D.C., 1995.

Eisenbud, M. and T. Gessell, *Environmental Radioactivity from Natural,
Industrial and Military Sources*, Fourth Edition, Academic Press, San
Diego, 1997.

Elhance, A. 1999. *Hydropolitics in the third world; conflict and
cooperation in international river basins*. U.S. Institute of Peace
Press, Washington, D.C.

Lueck, A.H. 1999. Transboundary water resources management and the
European Union's (EU) water policy. *Water International* 24(1):70-72.

Naiman, R.J. and R.E. Bilby, *River Ecology and Management*,
Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998.

Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), U.S. Congress, 1995.
Environmental Monitoring for Nuclear Safeguards*,* OTA-BP-ISS-168, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC:, September 1995.

Salman, M.A. and L. B. de Chazournes, editors. *International
watercourses: enhancing cooperation and managing conflict: proceedings
of a World Bank seminar*. World Bank Technical Paper No. 414. World
Bank, Washington, D.C.

Tidwell, V.C., R.M. Salerno, H.D. Passell, K.L. Larson, E. Kalinina,
A.T. Wolf, J. A. Cooper, J. Curtis, S.H. Conrad, D.P. Thomas and O.H.
Paananen. 2001. *Integrating monitoring and decision modeling within a
cooperative framework: Promoting transboundary water management and
avoiding regional conflict.* SAND2001-0756. Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M.

United Nations/Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE). 1992. Convention
on the protection of transboundary watercourses and international lakes.
http://www.unece.org/env/water/.

United States Geological Survey, *National Field Manual for the
Collection of Water Quality Data*, Handbooks for Water Resources
Investigations, United States Geological Survey, Wash­ington, D.C., 1999.

Wogman, N. A.; M. S. Wigmosta, D. W. Swindle, and P. W. Krey, 2001.
Wide-area aquatic sampling and analysis for the detection of nuclear
proliferation, *Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry* 248
(3): 611-615.

Wolf, A.T. 1999. The transboundary freshwater dispute database project.
*Water International* 24(2):160-163.

# Appendix A. Forms {#appendix-a.-forms .App-Head-1}

# ![](media/image2.wmf)A.1 Hydrolab Calibration Form {#a.1-hydrolab-calibration-form .App-Head-2}

# A.2 Hydrolab Field Data Collection Log {#a.2-hydrolab-field-data-collection-log .App-Head-2}

![](media/image3.png){width="5.8597222222222225in"
height="8.39236111111111in"}

# A.3 Hydrolab Field Check Form {#a.3-hydrolab-field-check-form .App-Head-2}

![](media/image4.wmf)

# A.4 Laboratory Request/Chain of Custody Form {#a.4-laboratory-requestchain-of-custody-form .App-Head-2}

![](media/image5.png){width="6.093055555555556in" height="8.08125in"}

# A.5 Hydrolab Service Form {#a.5-hydrolab-service-form .App-Head-2}

![](media/image6.png){width="6.266666666666667in"
height="7.252083333333333in"}

![](media/image7.png){width="6.725694444444445in" height="7.775in"}

# A.6 Sample Minisonde Service Form {#a.6-sample-minisonde-service-form .App-Head-2}

![](media/image8.wmf){width="5.066666666666666in"
height="0.3194444444444444in"}

**RGA-number: [1-TJ]{.underline}**

> **1. Instrument type: [MiniSonde 4a]{.underline}**
>
> **2. Model and serial number: [37919]{.underline}**
>
> **3. Parameters' settings (in the Main Menu, under *Setup* and
> *Display* for the multiprobes, and under *Tabular:Display* for the
> surveyor 4):**
>
> **The parameters were not established**
>
> **4. Deployment and site information:**

Having kept within 24 hours the Surveyor 4a in normal temperature we had
failure with its starting (shimmering of the screen and absence of
picture). We opened the instrument in order to check the Internal
Battery. Internal Battery's contacts were damp. Its voltage was 7.8 V.
We made dry all contacts. We tried several times to start the Surveyor
4a by pressing of hidden and "ON" keys at the same time (according to
Surveyor 4a User's Manual ADDENDUM, April 1999 (Upgrades manual to
revision D,1. Front Panel)). There was a failure.

# A.7 Sample Surveyor Service Form {#a.7-sample-surveyor-service-form .App-Head-2}

![](media/image8.wmf){width="5.066666666666666in"
height="0.3194444444444444in"}

**RGA-number: [1-TJ]{.underline}**

> **1. Instrument type: [Surveyor 4a]{.underline}**
>
> **2. Model and serial number: [S1993]{.underline}**
>
> **3. Parameters' settings (in the Main Menu, under *Setup* and
> *Display* for the multiprobes, and under *Tabular:Display* for the
> surveyor 4):**
>
> **4. The parameters were not established**
>
> **5. Deployment and site information:**

Having kept within 24 hours the Surveyor 4a in normal temperature we had
failure with its starting (shimmering of the screen and absence of
picture). We opened the instrument in order to check the Internal
Battery. Internal Battery's contacts were damp. Its voltage was 7.8 V.
We made dry all contacts. We tried several times to start the Surveyor
4a by pressing of hidden and "ON" keys at the same time (according to
Surveyor 4a User's Manual ADDENDUM, April 1999 (Upgrades manual to
revision D,1. Front Panel)). There was a failure.

# A.8 Free Entry to U.S. Form {#a.8-free-entry-to-u.s.-form .App-Head-2}

![](media/image9.png){width="5.992361111111111in"
height="8.178472222222222in"}

This page intentionally left blank.

# Appendix B. Sample Location Identification {#appendix-b.-sample-location-identification .App-Head-1}

The sample identification code used in this database:
**KG-01-081201-WD**. A description follows of the various components of
the code.

In each sample identification code, the five participating nations are
abbreviated as follows: Kyrgyzstan = KG; Kazakhstan = KZ; Tajikistan =
TJ; Uzbekistan = UZ; United States, US. So, in the example above,
"KG-01" identifies sampling location 1 in Kyrgyzstan. The term "081201"
indicates the sample was collected on 8 December 2001.

Five kinds of samples were collected at each site, and they are
abbreviated as follows:

Water, dissolved fraction = WD; water, suspended fraction = WS; Bottom
sediment = B; Vegetation = V; Soil = S. So, the sample in the example
above is for water, dissolved fraction. If the above sample was a
duplicate sample, the last terms of the code would be WD-D.

(For further reference click on "Map of Sampling Locations" at
<http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/Central/centralasia.html>.)

**Kyrgyzstan**

**KG-01**, Kichi-Naryn River before the confluence with the Chong-Naryn
River, Kyrgyzstan

**KG-02**, Chong-Naryn River before the confluence with the Kichi-Naryn
River, Kyrgyzstan

**KG-03**, Naryn River before the confluence of the Kichi-Naryn,
Kyrgyzstan

**KG-04**, At-Bashy River before its confluence into the Naryn River,
Kyrgyzstan

**KG-05**, Naryn River after the confluence of the At-Bashy tributary,
Kyrgyzstan

**KG-06**, Chychkan River before the confluence into the Toktogul water
pool, Kyrgyzstan

**KG-07**, Naryn River before its confluence in the Toktogul reservoir
(hydrological post Uch-Terek), Kyrgyzstan

**KG-08**, Toktogul reservoir, Kyrgyzstan

**KG-09**, Naryn River after the Toktogul reservoir (region of Kara-Kul
town), Kyrgyzstan

**KG-10**, Naryn River, southeast part of the town of Tashkumyr,
Kyrgyzstan

**KG-11**, Mailuu-Su River, on the bridge (boundary with Uzbekistan),
Kyrgyzstan

**KG-12**, Mailuu-Su River at the departure from Mailuu-Su town,
Kyrgyzstan

**KG-13**, Mailuu-Su River near the transformer factory, Kyrgyzstan

**KG-14**, Mailuu-Su River, right tributary, Kyrgyzstan

**KG-15**, Mailuu-Su River 200 meters from the tributary, Kyrgyzstan  

**Kazakhstan**

**KZ-01**, Chardarya reservoir, southeastern coast between the Keles and
Kurukkeles Rivers, Kazakhstan

**KZ-02**, Chardarya reservoir, northeastern coast near Chardarya,
Kazakhstan

**KZ-03**, Keles River, Saryagash town (upstream), Kazakhstan

**KZ-04**, Keles River, Saryagash town, (downstream), Kazakhstan

**KZ-05**, Badam River, Chymkent (upstream), Kazakhstan

**KZ-06**, Arys River before the confluence with the Badam River,
Chymkent (downstream), near Obruchevka, Kazakhstan

**KZ-07**, Syrdarya, Chernak village (below Turkestan town), Kazakhstan

**KZ-08**, Syrdarya, Chyily (upstream), Tomlnaryk village, Kazakhstan

**KZ-09**, Syrdarya, Chyily, Kazakhstan

**KZ-10**, Syrdarya, Chyily (downstream), Zhulek village, Kazakhstan

**KZ-11**, Syrdarya, Kyzyl-Orda (upstream), Belkul village, Kazakhstan

**KZ-12**, Syrdarya, Kyzyl-Orda (downstream), Abaj village, Kazakhstan

**KZ-13**, Syrdarya, Korkyt village, below Zhusa town, Kazakhstan

**KZ-14**, Syrdarya, Bajkonur town, below Torwtam village, near
Bay-Kozha, Kazakhstan

**KZ-15**, Syrdarya, Kazalinsk, Kazakhstan

**Tajikistan**

**TJ-01**, Varzob River, 18 kilometers above Dushanbe city, Tajikistan

**TJ-02**, Varzob River, 9 kilometers below Dushanbe city, Tajikistan

**TJ-03**, Kafirinigan River, 1 kilometer above the confluence with the
Varzob River, Tajikistan

**TJ-04**, Kafirnigan River, 3 kilometers below its confluence with the
Elok River, Tajikistan

**TJ-05**, Kafirnigan River, at the Shaartuz railway bridge, Tajikistan

**TJ-06**, Elok River, 1 kilometer above its flow into the Kafirnigan
River, Tajikistan

**TJ-07**, Vakhsh River, at the Dzhilikul bridge.

**TJ-08**, Vakhsh River, "Chiluchor chashma," the spring, Tajikistan

**TJ-09**, Vakhsh River, 1 kilometer below Norak City, Tajikistan

**TJ-10**, Yekhsu River, at hydrological post "Vose", the settlement
Vose, Tajikistan

**TJ-11**, Kyzylsu River, 5 kilometers from the settlement Vose, before
its confluence with the Yekhsu River, Tajikistan

**TJ-12**, Kyzylsu River, Gulistan Village, Tajikistan

**TJ-13**, Syrdarya, 60 kilometers above the Kayrakkum reservoir,
(unfinished frontier bridge), settlement Bulok, Tajikistan

**TJ-14**, Syrdarya, the bridge on the entrance of Khudzhand city,
Tajikistan

**TJ-15**, Isfara River, the settlement Yangiobod between Rabot city and
Nefteobod city, Tajikistan

**Uzbekistan**

**UZ-01**, Amudarya, Kyzyldzhar village, Karakalpakstan, 1 km above the
terminating range of the Amudarya River (the nearest town is Kungrad),
Uzbekistan

**UZ-02**, Amudarya, Kipchak town, Karakalpakstan, 0.5 km above the
town, Uzbekistan

**UZ-03**, Amudarya, Tuyamuyun site, 8 km below the dam (Khorezm
region), Uzbekistan

**UZ-04**, Karadarya, Namangan region, 20 km southwest from Namangan, at
Kol' village, Uzbekistan

**UZ-05**, Syrdarya, Bekabad, Tashkent region, 0.9 km below the dump of
drainage waters of "Vodokanal" enterprise, Uzbekistan

**UZ-06**, Syrdarya, Chinaz town, Tashkent region, 3.5 km SSW from
Chinaz, Uzbekistan

**UZ-07**, Ankangaran River, Yangiabad town, Tashkent region, 5.5 km
below Dukant village, Uzbekistan

**UZ-08**, Akhangaran River, Angren town, Tashkent region, 5.5 km below
the Angren dam, Uzbekistan

**UZ-09**, Akhangaran River, Tuyabuguz, Tashkent region, Soldatskoe
village, 0.5 km above the outfall of the Akhangaran River, Uzbekistan

**UZ-10**, Chirchik River, Gazalkent town, Tashkent region, 3.5 km below
the town, Uzbekistan

**UZ-11**, Chirchik River, Kibraj village, Tashkent region, 3 km below
the UZKTZhM enterprise sewage effluent, Uzbekistan

**UZ-12**, Chirchik River, Tashkent City, Tashkent region, 3 km below
the sewage effluent from the Segeli KSM plant, 

**UZ-13**, Zaravshan River, Ravatkhodzha, Samarkand region, 3.7 km below
the outfall of the Taligulyan dump, Uzbekistan

**UZ-14**, Zaravshan River, Kattakurgan, Samarkand region, 0.8 km below
the outfall of the Chegonak collector, Uzbekistan

**UZ-15**, Zaravshan River, Navoi City, Navoi region, 0.8 km below the
sewage effluent from "NavoiAzot" enterprise, Uzbekistan

# Distribution {#distribution .Head}

1 MS 1371 Howard Passell, 5324

6 MS 1371 Adriane Littlefield, 5324

19 MS 1373 CMC Library, 5341

1 MS 9018 Central Tech Files, 8945-1

2 MS 0899 Technical Library, 9616

1 MS 0612 Review & Approval Desk, 9612 for DOE/OSTI

#### Kazakhstan Principal Investigator

Vladimir Solodukhin, INP NNC,

480082, Almaty

Telephone No: (3272) 546507

E-mail: <Solodukhin@npi.sci.kz>

Fax No: (3272) 546467

#### Kyrgyzstan Principal Investigator

Vasil'ev Ivan,

Manager, Institute of Physics,

720071, Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Chuj av. 265à Telephone No: (996-312)
253907

E-mail: <Vacuum@freenet.kg>

Fax No (996-312) 243693

#### Tajikistan Principal Investigator

Djuraev Akram, Atomic Energy Agency at the

Tajik Academy of Sciences;

33 Rudaki Ave., 734025,

Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Telephone No: (992-372) 252969

E-mail: Anwar@ac.tajik.net

Fax No. (992-372) 214911

#### Uzbekistan Principal Investigator

Bekhzad Yuldashev, Institute of Nuclear Physics, AS RU, Ulugbek,
Tashkent --702132, Uzbekistan

Telephone No: (998712) 641552

E-mail: yuldashev@iae.tashkent.su

Fax No: (998712) 642590

#### Sandia National Laboratories/Cooperative Monitoring Center Project Manager

Dave Barber, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA

Phone No: (1-505) 845-3487

E-mail: Dsbarbe@sandia.gov

Fax No: (1-505) 284-5055