Appendix C

**Everything You Wanted to Know About Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Testing of *S. aureus ***

**References**

1.  Arbique, J., K. Forward, D. Haldane, and R. Davidson. 2001.
    Comparison of the Velogene Rapid MRSA Identification Assay, Denka
    MRSA-Screen Assay, and BBL Crystal MRSA ID System for rapid
    identification of methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*.
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 40:5-10

2.  Blanc, D. S., C. Petignat, P. Moreillon, J. M. Entenza, M. C.
    Eisenring, H. Kleiber, A. Wenger, N. Troillet, C. H. Blanc, and P.
    Francioli. 1999. Unusual spread of a penicillin-susceptible
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* clone in a geographic
    area of low incidence. Clin Infect Dis. 29:1512-18.

3.  CDC. 2003. Methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* infections
    among competitive sports participants \-\-- Colorado, Indiana,
    Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000-2003. Morb Mortal Wkly
    Rep. 52:793-795.

4.  CDC. 2003. Outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant
    *Staphylococcus aureus* skin infections \-- Los Angeles County,
    California, 2002-2003. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 52:88.

5.  CDC. 2002. Public Health Dispatch: Vancomycin-resistant
    *Staphylococcus aureus* Pennsylvania. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
    51:902-903.

6.  CDC. 2002. Update: *Staphylococcus* *aureus* Resistant to
    Vancomycin\--United States. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 51:565-67.

7.  CDC. 1997. Interim guidelines for prevention and control of
    staphylococcal infection associated with reduced susceptibility to
    vancomycin. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 46:626-28:35.

8.  Chambers, HF. 1997. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci:
    molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications. Clin
    Microbiol Rev. 10:781-791.

9.  Chang, S., D. M. Sievert, J. C. Hageman, M. L. Boulton, F. C.
    Tenover, F. P. Downes, S. Shah, J. T. Rudrik, G. R. Pupp, W. J.
    Brown, D. Cardo, and S. K. Fridkin. 2003. Infection with
    vancomycin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* containing the *vanA*
    resistance gene. N Engl J Med. 348:1342-7.

10. Cui, L. X. Ma, K. Sato, K. Okuma, F. C. Tenover, E. M.
    Mamizuka, C. G. Gemmell, M. Kim, M. Ploy, N. El Solh, V. Ferraz,
    and K. Hiramatsu. 2003. Cell wall thickening is a common feature of
    vancomycin resistance in *Staphylococcus aureus*. J Clin Microbiol.
    41: 5-14.

11. Diekema D.J., Pfaller M.A., Schmitz F.J., Smayevsky J., Bell J.,
    Jones R.N., Beach M.; SENTRY Partcipants Group. 2001. Survey of
    infections due to *Staphylococcus* species: frequency of occurrence
    and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United
    States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific
    region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999.
    Clin Infect Dis. 15(Suppl 2):S114-32.

12. Drinkovic, D., E. R. Fuller, K. P. Shore, D. J. Holland, and R.
    Ellis-Pegler. 2001. Clindamycin treatment of *Staphylococcus aureus*
    expressing inducible clindamycin resistance. J Antimicrob
    Chemother*.* 48:315-6.

13. Dufour, P., Y. Gillet, M. Bes, G. Lina, F. Vandenesch, D. Floret, J.
    Etienne, and H. Richet. 2002. Community-acquired
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* infections in France:
    emergence of a single clone that produces Panton-Valentine
    leukocidin. Clin Infect Dis. 35:819-24.

14. Eliopoulos, G. M. 2003. Quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid:
    evidence and opinion. Clin Infect Dis. 36:473-81.

15. Felten, A., B. Grandry, P. H. Lagrange, and I. Casin. 2002.
    Evaluation of three techniques for detection of low-level
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA): a disk
    diffusion method with cefoxitin and moxalactam, the Vitek 2 system,
    and the MRSA-screen latex agglutination test. J Clin Microbiol.
    40:2766-71.

16. Fey, P. D., B. Said-Salim, M. E. Rupp, S. H. Hinrichs, D. J.
    Boxrud, C. C. Davis, B. N. Kreiswirth, and P. M. Schlievert. 2003.
    Comparative molecular analysis of community- or hospital-acquired
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*. Antimicrob Agents
    Chemother. 47:196-203.

17. Frank, A. L., J. F. Marcinak, P. D. Mangat, J. T. Tjhio, S.
    Kelkar, P. C. Schreckenberger, and J. P. Quinn. 2002. Clindamycin
    treatment of methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*
    infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis. J. 21:530-4.

18. Fridkin, S. K. 2001. Vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant
    *Staphylococcus aureus*: what the infectious disease specialist
    needs to know. Clin Infect Dis*.* 32:108-15.

19. Fridkin, S. K., J. Hageman, L. K. McDougal, J. Mohammed, W.R.
    Jarvis, T. M. Perl, and F. C. Tenover, for the
    Vancomycin-Intermediate *Staphylococcus aureus* Epidemiology Study
    Group. 2003. Epidemiological and microbiological characterization of
    infections caused by *Staphylococcus aureus* with reduced
    susceptibility to vancomycin, United States, 1997-2001. Clin Infect
    Dis. 36:429-39.

20. Gillet, Y., B. Issartel, P. Vanhems, J. C. Fournet, G. Lina, M.
    Bes, F. Vandenesch, Y. Piemont, N. Brousse, D. Floret, and J.
    Etienne. 2002. Association between *Staphylococcus aureus* strains
    carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal
    necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet.
    359:753-9.

21. Gonzalez-Zorn, B., and P. Courvalin. 2003. *VanA*-mediated high
    level glycopeptide resistance in MRSA. Lancet Infect Dis. 3:67-8.

22. Hageman, J. C., D. A. Pegues, C. Jepson, R. L. Bell, M.
    Guinan, K. W. Ward, M. D. Cohen, J. A. Hindler, F. C. Tenover, S. K.
    McAllister, M. E. Kellum, and S. K. Fridkin. 2001.
    Vancomycin-intermediate *Staphylococcus aureus* in a home
    health-care patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 7:1023-1025.

23. Hiramatsu, K. 2001. Vancomycin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*: a
    new model of antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 1:147-55.

24. Jernigan, J. A., A. L. Pullen, C. Partin, and W. R. Jarvis. 2003.
    Prevalence of and risk factors for colonization with
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* in an outpatient
    clinic population. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 24:445-50.

25. Johnson, L. B., A. Bhan, J. Pawlak, O. Manzor, and L. D.
    Saravolatz. 2003. Changing epidemiology of community-onset
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* bacteremia. Infect
    Control Hosp Epidemiol. 24:431-5.

26. Koning, S., A. van Belkum, S. Snijders, W. van Leeuwen, H.
    Verbrugh, J. Nouwen, M. Op \'t Veld, L. W. van Suijlekom-Smit, J. C.
    van der Wouden, and C. Verduin. 2003. Severity of nonbullous
    *Staphylococcus aureus* impetigo in children is associated with
    strains harboring genetic markers for exfoliative toxin B,
    Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and the multidrug resistance plasmid
    pSK41. J Clin Microbiol. 41:3017-21.

27. Labarca, JA, M Miller, JA Hindler. 1998. Correlation of *mecA* with
    oxacillin results from four different susceptibility test methods in
    *Staphylococcus aureus* with borderline oxacillin resistance.
    Abstracts of Annual Meeting #C-417. ASM, Atlanta, GA.

28. Leclercq R. 2002. Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and
    lincosamides: nature of the resistance elements and their clinical
    implications. Clin Infect Dis. 34:482-92.

29. Lina G., Quaglia A., Reverdy M.E., Leclercq R., Vandenesch F.,
    Etienne J. 1999. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to
    macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among staphylococci.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 43:1062-6.

30. Livermore, D. M. 2003. Linezolid in vitro: mechanism and
    antibacterial spectrum. J Antimicrob Chemother. 51 Suppl 2:II9-II16.

31. Marcinak, J. F., and A. L. Frank. 2003. Treatment of
    community-acquired methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus* *aureus*
    in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 16:265-9.

32. Marlowe, E. M., M. D. Cohen, J. F. Hindler, K. W. Ward, and D. A.
    Bruckner. 2001. Practical strategies for detecting and confirming
    vancomycin-intermediate *Staphylococcus aureus*: a tertiary-care
    hospital laboratory\'s experience. J Clin Microbiol. 39:2637-9.

33. Martinez-Aguilar, G., W. A. Hammerman, E. O. Jr, and S. L.
    Kaplan. 2003. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by
    community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and
    methicillin-susceptible *Staphylococcus aureus* in children. Pediatr
    Infect Dis J. 22:593-599.

34. Montanari, MP, O Massidda, M Mingoia, and PE Varalco. 1996.
    Borderline susceptibility to methicillin in *Staphylococcus aureus*:
    a new mechanism of resistance? Microb Drug Res. 2:257-260.

35. Muto, C. A., J. A. Jernigan, B. E. Ostrowsky, H. M. Richet, W. R.
    Jarvis, J. M. Boyce, and B. M. Farr. 2003. SHEA guideline for
    preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of
    *Staphylococcus aureus* and enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp
    Epidemiol. 24:362-86.

36. NCCLS Standards:

> M2-A8 and M100-S13 (M2). 2003. Performance standards for antimicrobial
> disk susceptibility tests. Eighth edition. Approved Standard.
>
> M7-A6 and M100-S13 (M7). 2003. Methods for dilution antimicrobial
> susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Sixth
> edition. Approved Standard.

37. Okuma, K., K. Iwakawa, J. D. Turnidge, W. B. Grubb, J. M.
    Bell, F. G. O\'Brien, G. W. Coombs, J. W. Pearman, F. C. Tenover, M.
    Kapi, C. Tiensasitorn, T. Ito, and K. Hiramatsu. 2002. Dissemination
    of new methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* clones in the
    community. J Clin Microbiol. 40:4289-94.

38. Pefanis, A, C Thauvin-Eliopoulos, GM Eliopoulos, and RC Moellering,
    Jr. 1993. Activity of ampicillin-sulbactam and oxacillin in
    experimental endocarditis caused by ß-lactamase-hyperproducing
    *Staphylococcus aureus*. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 37:507-511.

39. Pillai, S. K., G. Sakoulas, C. Wennersten, G. M. Eliopoulos, R. C.
    Moellering, Jr., M. J. Ferraro, and H. S. Gold. 2002. Linezolid
    resistance in *Staphylococcus aureus*: characterization and
    stability of resistant phenotype. J Infect Dis. 186:1603-7.

40. Resende, CA and AM Figueiredo. 1997. Discrimination of
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* from
    borderline-resistant and susceptible isolates by different methods.
    J Med Microbiol. 46:145-149.

41. Richet, H. M., M. Benbachir, D. E. Brown, H. Giamarellou, I.
    Gould, M. Gubina, P. Heczko, S. Kalenic, M. Pana, D. Pittet, S. B.
    Redjeb, J. Schindler, C. Starling, M. J. Struelens, W. Witte,
    and W. R. Jarvis. 2003. Are there regional variations in the
    diagnosis, surveillance, and control of methicillin-resistant
    *Staphylococcus aureus*? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 24:334-41.

42. Said-Salim, B., B. Mathema, and B. N. Kreiswirth. 2003.
    Community-acquired methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*: an
    emerging pathogen. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 24:451-5.

43. Salgado, C. D., B. M. Farr, and D. P. Calfee. 2003.
    Community-acquired methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*: a
    meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis.
    36:131-9.

44. Skov R., Smyth R., Clausen M., Larsen A.R., Frimodt-Moller N.,
    Olsson-Liljequist B.,and G. Kahlmeter. 2003. Evaluation of a
    cefoxitin 30 ug disc on Iso-Sensitest agar for detection of
    methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus.* Antimicrob Chemother.
    52:204-207.

45. Swenson, J. M., P. P. Williams, G. Killgore, C. M. O\'Hara,
    and F. C. Tenover. 2001. Performance of eight methods, including two
    new rapid methods, for detection of oxacillin resistance in a
    challenge set of *Staphylococcus aureus* organisms. J Clin
    Microbiol. 39:3785-3590.

46. Swenson, J. M. 2002. New tests for the detection of
    oxacillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus.* Clin Microbiol
    Newsletter. 24:159-163

47. Swenson, J. M., J. Spargo, F. C. Tenover, and M. J. Ferraro. 2001.
    Optimal Inoculation Methods and Quality Control for the NCCLS
    Oxacillin Agar Screen Test for Detection of Oxacillin Resistance in
    *Staphylococcus aureus*. J Clin Microbiol. 39:3781-3590.

48. Tenover, F.C., Lancaster M.V., Hill B.C., Steward C.D., Stocker
    S.A., Hancock G.A., et al. 1998. Characterization of staphylococci
    with reduced susceptibilities to vancomycin and other glycopeptides.
    J Clin Microbiol. 36:1020-7.

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
                                      

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------