**Glossary of terms and definitions**

The following definitions are used in this document:

**Acceptable entry conditions** - the circumstances that must exist in a
permit-required confined space to allow authorized entrants to safely
enter into and work within the space

**Administrative control** - any procedure that limits hazard exposure
(such as noise) by control of work schedules

**Affected employee** - an employee who operates or directly uses
equipment that is serviced or maintained under lockout/tagout

**Air, makeup** - outdoor air supplied to replace exhaust air

**Air-purifying respirator** - a canister, cartridge, dust mask, or the
like used to remove contamination from an atmosphere that contains a
normal oxygen level

**Article** - a material that meets the following criteria:

-   It is in a specific shape or design as a result of its manufacture

-   It has an end-use function(s) dependent, in whole or in part, upon
    its shape or design during end use

-   It doesn't release, or otherwise result in exposure to, a hazardous
    chemical under normal conditions of use

**Asbestos** - a group of naturally occurring minerals that separates
into fibers; this group include chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite,
anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite

**Asbestos abatement** - management activities that occur when it is
likely that the action level (0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter (f/cc))
will be exceeded, such as during encapsulation or removal

**Asbestos-containing material (ACM)** - any material that contains 1%
or more, by weight, of asbestos

**Asbestos worker** - an employee who is involved in asbestos abatement
activities

**Attendant** - an individual stationed outside one or more
permit-required confined spaces who monitors the authorized entrants and
who performs the attendant's duties

**Audiogram** - a chart, graph, or table resulting from an audiometric
test; an audiogram shows an individual's hearing threshold level as a
function of frequency

**Authorized employee** - a person who locks out or tags out machines or
equipment to service or maintain that machine or equipment. An affected
employee becomes an authorized employee when that employee\'s duties
include servicing or maintenance covered under this section

**Authorized entrant** - an employee who is authorized by the employer
to enter a permit-required confined space

**Battery** - one or more cells in a single package to provide direct
current (DC) power source

**Blanking or blinding** - the absolute closure of a pipe, line, or duct
by fastening a solid plate (such as a spectacle blind or a skillet
blind) that completely covers the bore and that can withstand the
maximum pressure of the pipe, line, or duct with no leakage beyond the
plate

**Bloodborne pathogens** - pathogenic microorganisms that are present in
human blood and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include
hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

**Bonding** - minimizing the potential difference between conductive
objects to prevent static discharge

**\"Capable of being locked out\"** - an energy-isolating device is
capable of being locked out if it has a hasp or other means of
attachment to which, or through which, a lock can be attached, or it has
a locking mechanism built into it. Other energy-isolating devices are
capable of being locked out if lockout can be achieved without the need
to dismantle, rebuild, or replace the energy-isolating device or
permanently alter its energy control capability

**Cell** - basic unit for conversion of chemical energy to electrical
energy and also for the reverse for rechargeable cells

**Certifying officer** - the person designated by the cognizant JSC line
organization to administer the certification program

**Chemical** - any element, compound, or mixture of elements or
compounds

**Classes of fires** -

-   **Class A** - a fire involving ordinary combustible materials such
    as paper, wood, cloth, and some rubber and plastic materials

-   **Class B** - a fire involving flammable or combustible liquids,
    flammable gases, greases and similar materials, and some rubber and
    plastic materials

-   **Class C** - a fire involving energized electrical equipment

-   **Class D** - a fire involving combustible metals such as magnesium,
    titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, and potassium

**Close call** - an occurrence in which there is no injury, no property
or equipment damage, and no significant interruption of productive work,
but which possesses a high potential for any of the mishaps as defined
in paragraph 106.3; for JSC, this will include mishaps resulting in only
property damage less than \$1,000 in value

**Combustible liquid** - any liquid having a closed cup flash point at
or above 100°F (37.8°C), but below 200°F (93.3°C), except any mixture
having components with flash points of 200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the
total volume of which makes up 99% or more of the total volume of the
mixture; combustible liquids are subdivided as follows:

-   **Class II** - those having flash points at or above 100°F (37.8°C)
    and below 140°F (60°C)

-   **Class IIIA** - those having flash points at or above 140°F (60°C)
    and below 200°F\
    (93.4°C)

-   **Class IIIB** - those having flash points at or above 200°F
    (93.4°C)

**Compensation** - compensation payable under the Federal Employees
Compensation Act; includes lost wage replacements, scheduled awards,
medical expenses, money paid on account of death, and payments for
approved vocational rehabilitation to employees who are disabled as a
result of their employment

**Competent person** (for Chapter 7.2 only) - a person who has
demonstrated the knowledge and skills necessary to administer certain
aspects of JSC's respiratory protection program, such as emergency
rescue from confined spaces, hazard assessments, air monitoring,
fit-testing, and training

**Confined space** - a space of any size or shape that meets all the
following conditions:

-   It is large enough and so configured that an employee can enter and
    perform assigned work

-   It has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (e.g., tanks,
    vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces
    that may limit means of entry)

-   It isn't designed for continuous employee occupancy

**Container** - any bag, barrel, bottle, box, can, cylinder, drum,
reaction vessel, storage tank, or the like that may contain a hazardous
chemical; in Chapter 9.2, pipes or piping systems, and engines, fuel
tanks, or other operating systems in a vehicle that aren't considered to
be containers

**Contaminated** - having the presence, or the reasonably anticipated
presence, of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item
or surface

**Continuation of pay (COP)** - payment of employee's regular wages by
the employing agency for time lost due to job-related, disabling
traumatic injuries, with no charge to the employee's sick or annual
leave; this period must never exceed 45 calendar days and doesn't need
to be consecutive days; in cases where there is no immediate time loss,
the first time loss following, due to the injury, is the first day of
COP; this time loss must be taken within 90 days from the date of injury
to begin using any balance of the 45 COP days

**Contracting Officer** - a designated person who performs
administrative functions listed in the NASA Procurement Regulations

**Contractor** - a non-federal employer working under a NASA contract,
whether as prime contractor or subcontractor

**Cooling tower** - a system used to dissipate heat from a building; it
removes heat from water-cooled condensers of air-conditioning systems;
the water in a closed loop is usually cooled by contact with outside air
or by spray ponds

**Costs** (for Chapter 2.7 only) - direct costs of repair, retest,
program delays, replacement, or recovery of NASA materials including
hours, material, and contract costs, but excluding indirect costs of
cleanup, investigation (either by NASA, contractor, or consultant), and
injury, and by normal operational shutdown; materials or equipment
replaced by another organization at no cost to NASA will be calculated
at "book" value, including those mishaps covered by insurance

**Credible failure** - a failure that can occur and is reasonably
expected to occur; in this handbook, failures of structure, pressure
vessels, and pressurized lines and fittings aren't considered credible
failure modes if those elements follow applicable safety factor
requirements

**Critical system** - any facility support system or test system the
loss of which could result in injury to test personnel, property damage,
or failure to detect or shut off a hazardous condition

**Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD)** - a health disorder from repeated
biomechanical stress due to ergonomic hazards; CTDs are a class of
musculoskeletal disorder involving damage to the tendons, tendon
sheaths, and the related bones, muscles, and nerves of the hands,
wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck and back or synovial lubrication of the
tendon sheaths

**Decibel (dB)** - a unit of measurement of sound pressure level; the
decibel level of a sound is the logarithm of the ratio of sound pressure
to a reference pressure; dB has meaning only when the reference is
known; the internationally accepted reference pressure used in acoustics
is 20 micropascals

**Decibels, A-weighted (dBA)** - a sound level reading in decibels made
on the A-weighted network of a sound pressure level meter (SLM) at slow
response

**Disability** - loss of ability to perform work; such loss may be
partial or total and temporary or permanent

**Disinfect** - to remove contaminants and inhibit the action of agents
that cause infection or disease

**Dive team** - underwater swimmers and support employees involved in an
underwater operation, including the designated person in charge

**Diver** - an employee swimming in water using underwater apparatus
that supplies compressed breathing gas at the ambient pressure

**Double block and bleed** - to close a line, duct, or pipe by:

-   Closing and locking or tagging two in-line valves

-   Opening and locking or tagging a drain or vent valve in the line
    between the two closed valves

**Drop line -** a vertical line from a fixed anchorage, independent of
the work surface, to which a lanyard is affixed

**Emergency** (for Chapter 6.10 only) - any occurrence, including any
failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment, internal or external
to the permit-required confined space that could endanger entrants

**Emergency Preparedness Plan** - a written document intended to:
mitigate the effects of a hazard; prepare (including preplanning)
measures to be taken that will preserve life and minimize damage;
describe responses to emergencies requiring the use of JSC resources and
provide necessary assistance; and establish a recovery system that
returns the center to normal operations after an incident

**Emergency rescue services** - the personnel designated to rescue
employees from permit-required confined spaces

**Employee representative** - any official of any labor bargaining unit
(such as a union) that represents civil service or contractor employees

**Employer -** under the JSC safety and health program, an "employer,"
as used by OSHA, is the company for contractor employees and the
supervisor for civil service employees

**Enclosed environment** - a test environment in a closed structure that
has no venting, flow-through, or introduction of outside gases

**Energized** - connected to an energy source or containing residual or
stored energy; any energy level above the magnitude listed below is
automatically energized; any lesser magnitude or form of energy not
listed must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine whether
this procedure is necessary to ensure safety

-   **Electrical** - 50 volts

-   **Thermal** - 130°F

-   **Radiation** - any regulated source of ionizing or nonionizing
    radiation

-   **Chemical** - explosive, flammable, corrosive, or toxic solids,
    liquids, or gases

-   **Mechanical** - flywheels, springs, suspended weights must be
    evaluated

-   **Hydraulic or Pneumatic** - 150 psi

**Energy control** - an energy-isolating device placed on a system to
isolate that system from operation. This form of energy control is used
on various occasions to include long-term shutdown of the system for
maintenance, construction, mothball, or demolition of the system.
\[**Note:** Energy control will not be accepted as the lockout
protection for any employee. Each employee must use his or her own lock
and tag to provide personal protection.\]

**Energy-isolating device** - a mechanical device that physically
prevents the transmission or release of hazardous energy, including, but
not limited to:

-   A manually operated electrical circuit breaker

-   A disconnect switch

-   A manually operated switch where the circuit conductors can be
    disconnected from all ungrounded supply conductors and no pole can
    be operated independently

-   A slide gate

-   A slip blind

-   A line valve

-   A block

-   Any similar device used to block or isolate energy

Devices not included:

-   Pushbuttons

-   Selector switches

-   Other control circuit-type devices

**Energy source** - any source of electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic,
chemical (toxic, flammable, or corrosive material), thermal, or other
energy

**Engineering controls** (for Chapter 7.2 only) - any method of
controlling employee exposures to toxic materials by eliminating or
modifying the source or reducing the quantity of contaminants released
into the work environment

**Engineering controls** (for Chapter 7.4 only) - any method for
isolating or removing a hazard from the workplace

**Engineering controls** (for Chapter 5.5 only) - engineered CTD risk
control measures that include, but aren't limited to, devices such as
workstations, tables, chairs, equipment, tools, and physical
modifications to workstations, equipment, tools, production processes,
or any other aspect of the work environment

**Engulfment** - the surrounding and effective capture of a person by a
liquid or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that can be
aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system
or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by
strangulation, constriction, or crushing

**Entry** - the action by which a person passes through an opening into
a permit-required confined space; entry includes work activities in that
space and is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the
entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening into the space

**Entry permit** - the written document JSC Form 1476, which is a
checklist that provides a systematic review of operational exposures in
confined spaces

**Entry procedure** - the written document that details the required
procedures and equipment required for safe entry into a specific
confined space

**Entry supervisor** - the person who is responsible for determining
whether acceptable entry conditions are present at a permit-required
confined space where entry is planned, for authorizing entry, and
overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as required by
this program. (**Note:** An entry supervisor may also serve as an
attendant or authorized entrant, as long as that person is trained and
equipped as required by this program for each role that he or she fills.
Also, the duties of an entry supervisor may be passed from one
individual to another during the course of an entry operation.)

**Ergonomic hazard** - any workplace condition that poses a
biomechanical stress to the worker; such hazardous workplace conditions
include faulty workstation layout, improper work methods, improper
tools, excessive tool vibration, and job design problems that include
aspects of workflow, line speed, posture and force required, work/rest
regimens, and repetition rate

**Ergonomics** - a multidisciplinary activity dealing with the
interactions between a person and his or her total working environment,
plus such traditional environmental elements as atmosphere, heat, light,
and sound as well as all tools and equipment of the workplace

**Explosive** - a chemical compound, mixture, or device that causes a
sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when
subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature; the term
includes, but isn't limited to, dynamite, black powder, pellet powder,
initiating explosives, detonators, safety fuses, squibs, detonating
cord, igniter cord, and igniters, any material determined to be within
the scope of Title 18, United States Code, Chapter 40, "Importation,
Manufacture, Distribution, and Storage of Explosive Materials," and also
includes any material classified as an explosive by the Hazardous
Materials Regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation (NFPA
495, "Explosive Materials Code")

**Exposure** or **Exposed** - means that an employee is subjected to a
hazardous chemical in the course of employment through any route of
entry (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact or absorption, etc.), and
includes potential (e.g., accidental or possible) exposure

**Facility organization** (for Chapter 6.9 only) - an organization that
is responsible for operating and maintaining a test facility and that
conducts tests for test-requesting organizations

**Fire area** - an area of a building separated from the rest of the
building by construction with a fire resistance of at least 1 hour and
having all communicating openings properly protected by an assembly
having a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour

**Fire extinguisher** - a portable device containing powder, liquid, or
gases that are expelled under pressure to suppress a fire

**First aid** - any one-time treatment, and any follow-up visit for the
purpose of observation, for minor scratches, cuts, burns, splinters,
etc., that don't ordinarily require medical care; such one-time
treatment, and follow-up visit for the purpose of observation, is
considered first aid even when it is provided by a physician or
registered professional personnel

**Fit factor** - a quantitative measure of the fit or sealing
performance of a particular respirator to a particular individual;
usually expressed as the ratio of challenge concentration outside the
respirator to the concentration inside the respirator

**Fit test** - a test to determine an individual's ability to obtain a
good face-to-face piece fit with a particular respirator. The outcome
determines whether the required fit factor was achieved under a given
set of physical conditions

**Fixed anchorage** - a secure point of attachment, not part of the work
surface, for attaching drop lines, lifelines, or lanyards

**Flammable** - a chemical that falls into one of the following
categories:

-   **Aerosol, flammable** - an aerosol that, when tested by the method
    described in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame projection exceeding 18
    inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back
    to the valve) at any degree of valve opening

-   **Gas, flammable** - (1) a gas that ignites at ambient temperature
    and pressure when in a mixture of 13% by volume or less of air;
    or (2) a gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a
    range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12% by volume,
    regardless of the lower limit

-   **Liquid, flammable** - any liquid with a flash point below 100°F
    (37.8°C), except any mixture of components with flash points of
    100°F (37.8°C) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or more of
    the total volume of the mixture (see classes below)

-   **Solid, flammable** - a solid, other than a blasting agent or
    explosive as defined in 29 CFR 1910.109(a), that could cause a fire
    through friction, absorbing moisture, spontaneous chemical change,
    or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or that can be
    ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and
    persistently as to create a serious hazard; a chemical must be
    considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method
    described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a
    self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per
    second along its major axis

**Flammable liquid** - a liquid having a closed cup flash point below
100°F (37.8°C) and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia (2068
mmHg) at 100°F (37.8°C) must be known as a Class I liquid with
subdivisions as follows:

-   **Class IA** - those having flash points below 73°F (22.8°C) and
    having a boiling point below 100°F (37.8°C)

-   **Class IB** - those having flash points below 73°F (22.8°C) and
    having a boiling point at or above 100°F (37.8°C)

-   **Class IC** - those having flash points at or above 73°F (22.8°C)
    and below 100°F (37.8°C)

**Flash point** - the temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor
sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of
the liquid or within the vessel used (as determined by appropriate test
procedure and apparatus specified in NFPA 30) but insufficient to
sustain a flame. It is also the minimum temperature at which a liquid
gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite when tested as
follows:

-   **Tagliabue Closed Tester** (see "American National Standard Method
    of Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester," Z11.24-1979 \[ASTM D
    56-79\]) for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt
    University Seconds (SUS) at 100°F (37.8°C), that don't contain
    suspended solids and don't have a tendency to form a surface film
    under test

-   **Pensky‑Martens Closed Tester** (see "American National Standard
    Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester,"
    Z11.7-1979 \[ASTM D 93-79\]) for liquids with a viscosity equal to
    or greater than 45 SUS at 100°F (37.8°C), or that contain suspended
    solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface film under test

-   **Setaflash Closed Tester** (see "American National Standard Method
    of Test for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester" \[ASTMD
    3278-78\]) organic peroxides, which undergo auto-accelerating
    thermal decomposition, are excluded from any of the flash point
    determination methods specified above

**Flight hardware** - hardware intended to be used in space flight

**Food** - any raw, cooked, or processed edible substance, ice,
beverage, or ingredient used or intended for use or for sale in whole or
in part for human consumption

**Food contact surface** - those surfaces of equipment and utensils with
which food normally comes in contact, and those surfaces from which food
may drain, drip, or splash back onto surfaces normally in contact with
food

**Food service employee** -- AN individual having supervisory or
management duties and any other person working in a food service
establishment

**Food service establishment** - any place where food is prepared and
intended for individual portion service, and includes the site at which
individual portions are provided

**Government vehicle** - a commercially leased or U.S. government
agency-owned motor vehicle that is being used in support of federal
operations

**Grounding** - minimize potential difference between object and ground
to prevent static discharge

**Ground-level ambient atmosphere** - the normal pressure and gas
composition of the air surrounding the test facility or any other
building

**Group lockout/tagout (LO/TO)** **-** when one individual, the group
task representative, has placed red LO/TO tags and red LO/TO locks at
all necessary points of energy isolation. All energy-isolation lock keys
are placed in a group lockbox. The group task representative then places
a red LO/TO tag and red LO/TO lock on the lockbox and maintains control
of lockbox for the duration of the maintenance or service task. All
authorized personnel will install their individual red LO/TO locks and
tags on the lockbox to maintain their control during work. The task
group representative is responsible for control of the lock box and key.
The control responsibility of the task group representative can be
transferred between shift changes and job reassignments

**Hazard assessment** - an evaluation by the Occupational Health and
Human Test Support Office of the potential health hazards posed by a
specific task or operation

**Hazardous activity** - one that involves credible risks or dangers to
personnel or facilities and equipment of JSC; includes, but isn't
limited to, activities associated with human-tended hypobaric chambers,
zero-g testing, and the Energy Systems Test Area

**Hazardous atmosphere** (for Chapter 6.10 only) - an atmosphere that
may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of
ability to escape unaided from a permit-required confined space, injury,
or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:

-   Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10% of its lower
    explosive limit (LEL)

-   Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds
    its LEL

-   Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%

-   Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a
    permissible exposure limit is published in 29 CFR 1910 Subpart G,
    "Occupational Health and Environmental Control," or in 29 CFR 1910
    Subpart Z, "Toxic and Hazardous Substances," and that could result
    in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure

> **Note:** An atmospheric concentration of any substance that isn't
> capable of causing death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to
> escape unaided, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects
> isn't covered by this provision.

-   Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to
    life or health

> **Note:** For air contaminants for which OSHA hasn't determined a dose
> or permissible exposure limit, other sources of information, such as
> Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), can provide guidance in
> establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions

**Hazardous chemical** - any chemical that is a physical danger or a
health danger

**Hazardous material** - any element, chemical compound, or mixture of
elements or compounds that poses a physical or health threat to
personnel, the environment, or the general public through planned or
unplanned events; included in this definition are articles that fail any
of the three tests under the definition of "Article" above

**Hazardous material** (for Chapter 9.1 only) - a substance that poses a
danger to human health, safety, or the environment, or that meets the
definition of a "hazardous chemical" under the hazard communication
program (see OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 and Chapter 9.2 of this handbook)

**Hazardous noise** - a danger from noise exists whenever an operation,
process, or procedure generates noise of sufficient duration and
intensity to be capable of producing a permanent loss of hearing in an
unprotected person

**Hazardous operation** - an operation that involves materials,
conditions, or equipment that could result in personnel or property
damage if special precautions aren't followed

**Hazardous test** - a test where any test subject, test team member,
observer, or member of the public is exposed to or has the potential to
be exposed to a hazardous condition

**Health hazard** - a material "for which there is statistically
significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance
with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health
effects may occur in exposed employees; includes chemicals which are
carc­ino­gens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins,
irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, agents
which act on the hematopoietic system, and agents which damage the
lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes" (29 CFR 1910.1200, Nov. 1983)

**Hot-tap** - a procedure that involves welding a piece of equipment
while under pressure to install connections or appurtenances

**Hot work permit** - JSC Form 1475, "Hot Work, Welding, Cutting Permit"
(Appendix 3B), which provides written authorization to perform
operations (such as welding, riveting, cutting, burning, and heating)
that could provide an ignition source

**Human test facility** - a facility testing hardware or procedures
involving a human test subject

**Hyperbaric environment** - any atmosphere at an absolute pressure
greater than ground-level ambient pressure by more than 0.1 psia

**Hypobaric environment** - see "Vacuum environment"

**Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)** - any condition that
poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause
irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an
individual's ability to escape unaided from a permit-required confined
space. **Note:** Some materials---e.g., hydrogen fluoride gas and
cadmium vapor---may produce immediate transient effects that, even if
severe, may pass without medical attention, but are followed by sudden,
possible fatal collapse 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Such materials in
hazardous quantities are considered to be "immediately" dangerous to
life or health

**Imminent danger** - conditions or practices in any NASA/JSC or
contractor workplace where a risk exists that could reasonably be
expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before
the imminence of such risk can be eliminated through normal procedures;
these will be identified by Risk Assessment Code (RAC) 1 (see Chapter
3.2)

**Impulse or impact noise** - variations in noise levels that involve
peaks of intensity that occur at intervals of greater than 1 second; if
the noise peaks occur at intervals of 1 second or less, the noise is
considered continuous

**Infectious waste** - blood and blood products, contaminated sharps,
pathological refuse, and microbiological refuse

**Inspection** - a comprehensive survey of all or part of a workplace by
qualified employees to detect safety or health hazards; inspections are
normally performed during the regular work hours of the agency, except
as special circumstances may require

**Institutional program** - a distinct institutional activity or task
conducted on JSC or contractor property and that requires the use of
government or contractor ground-based resources; examples include
facility design, construction, modification, demolition, repair,
facility operations, test operations, manufacturing (fabrication)
operations, service operations, and maintenance operations; space flight
program operations conducted on orbit are excluded from this definition

**Isolation** (for Chapter 6.10 only) - the process by which a
permit-required confined space is removed from service and completely
protected against the release of energy and material into the space by
such means as blanking or blinding; misaligning, or removing sections of
line, pipes, or ducts; a double block and bleed system; lockout or
tagout of all sources of energy; or blocking or disconnecting all
mechanical linkages

**Label** - any written, printed, or graphic material that is displayed
on or affixed to containers of hazardous chemicals

**Label** (for Chapter 9.3) - the written, printed, or graphic matter on
or attached to a pesticide or device or any of its containers or
wrappers

**Labeling** - a paper or written, printed, or graphic matter prepared
by a registrant

-   Accompanying the pesticides or device at any time; or

-   To which reference is made on a printed paper or tag or in
    literature accompanying or referring to a pesticide or device,
    except accurate, non-misleading references made to a current
    official publication of a federal or state institution or agency
    authorized by law to conduct research in the field or pesticides

**Laboratory** - a facility concerned with the analysis of or
experimentation with materials, substances, and equipment; also included
are certain equipment, repair, and calibration operations and the
processing of materials

**Laboratory** (for Chapter 6.6 only) - a facility in which individually
operated, small-scale chemical operations are conducted or performed

**Lanyard** - a flexible line to secure a wearer of a safety belt or
harness to a drop line, lifeline, or fixed anchorage

**Lead** - a heavy, soft, malleable, bluish-gray metal that may be in
its metallic state, in inorganic compounds, and in organic soaps;
excluded are all other organic compounds (e.g., the standard isn't
designed to protect you from exposure to leaded gasoline)

**Lifeline** - a horizontal line between two fixed anchorages,
independent of the work surface, to which the lanyard is secured either
by tying off or by means of a suitable sliding connection

**Lockout** - placing a lockout device on an energy isolating device
under established procedures and ensuring that the energy-isolating
device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the
lockout device is removed.

**Lockout device** - a device that uses a positive means such as a lock,
either key or combination type, to hold an energy-isolating device in
the safe position and prevent the energizing of a machine or equipment;
included are blank flanges and bolted slip blinds

**Lockout/tagout lock** (red LO/TO lock) -- Red-colored lock that is
individually keyed and numbered. Used by an authorized employee to
provide for securing energy isolation devices and isolating energy from
their active work area. Also, used by the task group representative for
group LO/TO

**Lockout/tagout tag** **--** red-colored form JF1291 specifically used
for energy isolation. Wording "DANGER, LOCKOUT TAGOUT"

**Lost time case** - a nonfatal traumatic injury that causes any loss of
time from work beyond the day or shift on which it occurred; or a
nonfatal nontraumatic illness or disease that causes disability at any
time; for civil service employees, the time lost may be less than a
full, 8-hour workday; for all other employees, only a full workday lost
is counted

**Lost workday cases** - injuries and illnesses that involve days away
from work or days of restricted work activity; this classification
applies to contractor or private sector employees, not to civil service
employees

**Lost workday cases − away from work** - the number of workdays
(consecutive or not) during which the employee would have worked but
couldn't because of an occupational injury or illness

**Lost workday cases − restricted work activity** - the number of
workdays (consecutive or not) during which, because of injury or
illness,

-   The employee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis

-   The employee worked at a permanently assigned job less than full
    time

-   The employee worked at a permanently assigned job but couldn't
    perform all duties normally connected with the job

**Lower explosive limit (LEL)** - the minimum concentration of a
combustible or flammable gas or vapor that will ignite if an ignition
source is present; the terms "lower explosive limit" and "lower
flammable limit" have the same meaning

**Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)** - written or printed material
about a hazardous chemical that describes the characteristics,
properties, associated hazards, and other relevant material

**Medical care** - for civil service employees, if an injury is accepted
as compensable under FECA, the injured employee is entitled to all
medical care that is required to cure, give relief, or reduce the degree
or period of disability; it will be provided as long as the evidence
indicates that it is needed for the effects of the job-related injury

**Medical treatment** - treatment administered by a physician, or by
licensed or registered professional personnel under the standing orders
of a physician, for an occupational injury or illness that doesn't
result in days away from work or days of restricted work activity;
doesn't include first-aid treatment, even though provided by a physician
or licensed or registered professional personnel; this definition
applies to all employees, both civil servant and private sector

**Mishap** **-** any unplanned occurrence, event, or anomaly that meets
one of the definitions below; injury to a member of the public while on
JSC facilities is also defined as a NASA mishap:

-   **Type A mishap** - a mishap causing death or damage to equipment or
    property equal to or greater than \$1M; mishaps resulting in damage
    to aircraft or space hardware, i.e., flight and ground support
    hardware, meeting this criterion are included; this definition also
    applies to a test failure if the damage was unexpected or
    unanticipated or if the failure is likely to have significant
    program impact or visibility

-   **Type B mishap** - a mishap resulting in permanent disability to
    one or more persons, or hospitalization, for other than observation
    of three or more persons, or damage to equipment or property equal
    to or greater than \$250,000 but less than \$1M mishaps resulting in
    damage to aircraft or space hardware that meets this criterion are
    included, as are test failures where the damage was unexpected or
    unanticipated

-   **Type C mishap** - a mishap resulting in damage to equipment or
    property equal to or greater than \$25,000 but less than \$250,000,
    or causing occupational injury or illness that results in a lost
    workday case; mishaps resulting in damage to aircraft or space
    hardware and test failures that meet these criteria are also
    included

-   **Mission failure** - any mishap or event of such a serious nature
    that it prevents accomplishment of a majority of the primary mission
    objectives; a mishap of whatever intrinsic severity that, in the
    judgment of the Program Associate Administrator---in coordination
    with the Associate Administrator for Safety, Reliability,
    Maintainability, and Quality Assurance, NASA Headquarters---prevents
    the achievement of primary mission objectives as described in the
    Mission Operations Report

-   **Incident** - a mishap consisting of less than Type C severity of
    injury to personnel, but more than first-aid severity, or property
    damage equal to or greater than \$1,000 but less than \$25,000;
    events that have small property loss, less than \$1,000, should be
    reported as incidents if they have significantly greater potential
    or high visibility

**Mist** - finely divided liquid suspended in air, usually generated by
condensation or by dispersion of a liquid (e.g., by splashing, foaming,
or atomizing)

**Mixture** - any combination of two or more chemicals if the
combination isn't, in whole or in part, the result of a chemical
reaction

**Motor vehicle** - a motor-propelled conveyance of a commercial design
that provides transportation (personnel and cargo) and is capable of
being licensed by the state or local authority having jurisdiction
(e.g., automobiles, pickup trucks, buses, stake-bed trucks, and vans)

**Must** - indicates that the rule is mandatory; noncompliance with a
"must" statement requires approval of a variance

**NASA employee** - any person other than detailed members of the Armed
Forces and contractor employees required to work by NASA

**Neutral Buoyancy Facility** - test facility designed for simulating
weightless conditions underwater involving personnel either in a
pressure suit or wearing scuba gear

**Noise hazard area** - any work area with a noise level of 85 dBA or
greater

**Nominal** - the root mean square (RMS) of the voltage; the RMS is a
value assigned to represent the effective voltage and current levels of
a power system

**Nonopen water operations** - underwater operations conducted in
controlled environments under carefully prescribed laboratory or test
conditions (such as swimming pools) that don't exceed depths beyond the
no-decompression limit and that meet the exemption criteria of OSHA 29
CFR 1910.401(a)(2), Subpart T

**Non-permit-required confined space** - a confined space that doesn't
contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to
contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm

**Occupancy** -

-   **Assembly** - includes, but isn't limited to, all buildings or
    portions of buildings used for gathering together 50 or more persons
    for such purposes as deliberation, entertainment, amusement, or
    awaiting transportation

-   **Business** - facilities used for the transaction of business, for
    the keeping of accounts and records, and for similar purposes

-   **Industrial** - facilities devoted to operations such as
    processing, assembling, mixing, packaging, finishing or decorating,
    and repairing, including, among others, laboratories, power plants,
    pumping stations, and hangars (for servicing or maintenance)

-   **Storage** - all buildings or structures used primarily for the
    stocking or sheltering of goods, merchandise, products, or vehicles;
    included, among others, are warehouses, freight terminals, and
    hangars (for storage only)

**Occupational illness** - an abnormal condition produced by systemic
infection, continued or repeated stress or strain, exposure to toxins,
radiation, high noise levels, etc., or other continued and repeated
exposure to conditions of the work environment over a period of time
longer than 1 day or work shift

**Open water operations** - operations conducted under any of the
following conditions:

-   In uncontrolled environments such as the open sea, in waterways, in
    lakes, and in rivers, which are strongly influenced by changes in
    the local environment

-   At depths beyond the no-decompression limit

-   Not otherwise exempt by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.401(a)(2), Subpart T,
    "Commercial Diving Operations" (see paragraph 220.4.2)

**Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) recordable
mishaps** - an occupational death, injury, or illness that must be
recorded subject to OSHA requirements in 29 CFR 1960 and 29 CFR 1904 on
OSHA Form 300, the "Log of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses;" these
are occupational deaths, nonfatal occupational illnesses, and those
nonfatal occupational injuries that involve one or more of the
following: loss of workdays -- loss of consciousness; restriction of
work or motion; transfer to another job; or medical treatment other than
first aid; by OSHA definition, hospitalization of an employee for
observation purposes only, without subsequent injury determination,
isn't a recordable injury

**Other employee** - an employee whose duties are routinely performed in
an area or a facility where energy or material control procedures are
used, but neither service nor operate the equipment requiring energy or
material controls

**Other potentially infectious materials** - includes

-   Semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid,
    pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid,
    saliva in dental procedures, and any body fluid that is visibly
    contaminated with blood

-   Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than dead skin) from a human
    (living or dead)

-   HIV- or HBV-containing cells or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and
    culture medium; and blood, organs, or other tissues from
    experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV

**Oxygen-enriched environment** - from ASTM G 63-99 1999, a fluid (gas
or liquid) that contains more than 25 mol % oxygen (oxygen greater than
25% by volume).

**Permissible exposure limit (PEL)** - the maximum time-weighted
concentration of asbestos generally considered or recognized as having
no adverse long- or short-term effects; OSHA has established 0.2 f/cc on
an 8-hour basis and a 1.0 f/cc excursion limit on a 30-minute basis as
the PEL and has structured the regulatory program for control of
asbestos accordingly

**Permit-required confined space** - a confined space that has one or
more of the following characteristics:

-   Contains, or has the potential to contain, a hazardous atmosphere

-   Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant

-   Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped
    or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that
    slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross section

-   Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard

**Personal protective equipment** (PPE) - clothes, padding, gloves,
devices, equipment, or other items worn on or attached to the body that
are used for the purpose of controlling CTD risk (lumbar supports aren't
PPE)

**Pesticide** - a substance or mixture of substances intended to
prevent, destroy, or mitigate any pest, or any substance or mixture of
substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or
desiccant

**Physical hazard** - a chemical for which there is scientifically valid
evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a gas, an explosive, a
flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, a pyrophoric, unstable
(reactive), or water-reactive

**Physiological training** - training to familiarize personnel who are
exposed to a lowered or increased barometric pressure with the
physiological stresses encountered and the means for overcoming these
stresses

**Powered air-purifying respirator** - an air-purifying respirator that
supplies cartridge-filtered breathing air to the facepiece by means of a
battery-operated pump

**Primary** - cell or battery that isn't to be recharged

**Primary cause** - the major anomalous event immediately preceding a
mishap in the absence of which the mishap wouldn't have occurred

**Probability** - the likelihood that an identified hazard will result
in a mishap based on an assessment of such factors as location, exposure
in terms of cycles or hours of operation, and affected population

**Produce** - to manufacture, process, formulate, or repackage

**Prohibited conditions** - any condition in a permit-required confined
space that isn't allowed during the period when entry is authorized

**Prohibited material** - a hazardous material that is extremely
hazardous to human health, safety, or the environment and must never be
purchased or used for any purpose without a waiver from the Hazardous
Review Subcommittee

**Propellants** - explosive substances that normally function by
deflagration and are used for propulsion purposes; such substances may
be Class A or Class B explosives, depending on susceptibility to
detonation (Class A explosives pose detonating or otherwise maximum
hazard, such as dynamite or desensitized nitroglycerin; Class B
explosives pose flammability hazards, such as smokeless propellants or
photographic flash powders)

**Protective clothing** - an article of clothing worn essentially for
personal safety and protection while performing work assignments in
hazardous areas, under hazardous conditions, or under controlled
environmental conditions of clean rooms, laboratories, etc. Typical
items of protective clothing are steel-toe shoes, hardhats,
fire-retardant and acid-resistant clothing, cryogenic handler suits,
gloves, aprons, etc.

**Protective equipment** - a device or item that is worn or used for the
safety and protection of personnel or the public when entering or
working in hazardous areas or under hazardous conditions; devices or
items include, but aren't limited to, respirators and gas masks, welding
helmets and shields, safety goggles and spectacles, safety belts and
lifelines

**Pyrophoric** - a chemical that will ignite spontaneously in air at a
temperature of 130°F (54.4°C) or below

**Qualified person** - for purposes of verifying isolation under
paragraph 9.b, this is an employee that an employer has specifically
identified as having sufficient training to verify previously energized
parts are free of energy.

**Reactive** - a chemical that, in the pure state or as produced or
transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become
self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure, or temperature

**Reprisal** - any act of restraint, interference, coercion, or
discrimination against any employee for exercising his or her rights
under Executive Order 12196, 29 CFR 1960, or for participating in JSC's
safety and health programs

**Respirator users** - personnel who use any type of respirator for any
purpose, regardless of frequency (includes routine, emergency, and
escape-only users)

**Restricted material** - a hazardous material that is identified as
posing a significant risk to human health and safety or the environment,
therefore requiring the special attention of management.

**Retrieval equipment** - the equipment (including rescue line, chest or
full-body harness, wristlets, if appropriate, and a lifting device or
anchor) used for nonentry rescue of persons from permit-required
confined spaces

**Safety and Health Inspector** - a safety or occupational health
specialist or other trained person authorized to carry out inspections
and who has the equipment and competence to recognize safety or health
hazards in the workplace

**Safety and health training** - imparting safety and health knowledge
or skills to an individual or group of individuals; this may be done by
various methods, such as classroom instruction, safety meetings,
videotape or multimedia programs, etc.

**Safety belt or harness** - a device for the specific purpose of
securing, suspending, or retrieving a worker in or from a hazardous work
area; examples include the following:

-   **Body belt** - a simple or compound strap with means for securing
    it about the waist and a lanyard to it

-   **Body harness** - a design of simple or compound straps that may be
    secured about the wearer in such a manner as to distribute the
    stopping forces over the thighs, buttocks, chest, and shoulders, or
    any combination thereof, and with provisions for attaching a lanyard
    in the back between chest and shoulder level

-   **Chest harness** - a design of simple or compound straps with means
    for securing it about the rib cage, with shoulder straps to ensure
    proper chest strap positioning, and with provisions for attaching a
    lanyard in the back between chest and shoulder level

-   **Suspension belt** - a design of simple or compound straps that may
    be secured about the wearer's body as an independent work support;
    these are commonly referred to as saddle belts, bosuns' chairs, or
    tree trimmers' belts

**SCUBA diving** - a diving mode independent of surface supply in which
the diver uses open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus

**Sealed** - free of cracks or other openings that allow moisture to
enter or leave

**Secondary** - cell or battery that is rechargeable

**Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA)** - a respirator
that supplies breathing air from a compressed air cylinder carried by
the user

**Serious** - as used in "serious hazard," "serious violation," or
"serious condition;" means a hazard, a violation, or conditions such
that there is a substantial probability that death or life-threatening,
or long-term or permanent disabling physical harm could result should a
mishap occur while the hazard, violation, or conditions exist

**Servicing or maintenance** **-** constructing, installing, setting up,
adjusting, inspecting, modifying, maintaining, or servicing equipment or
machines. These activities include lubrication, cleaning, un-jamming,
making adjustments to machines or equipment, or tool changes where an
employee is exposed to unexpected energizing or startup of the equipment
or release of hazardous energy

**Shift change** (Chapter 8.2) - the period during which one group of
workers is replaced by another group of workers. This can also be when
an individual no longer remains in the work area, leaving to work
elsewhere, or leaves the site or facility for the day. At these times,
the individual must remove the individual red LO/TO tags and locks. Tags
may be put in place or already in place through group LO/TO and
controlled by the group task representative

**Note:** Other organizations may define shift change differently in
their health and safety plan policies and procedures

**Should** - indicates that the rule is a recommendation, the
advisability of which depends on the facts in each situation;
implementation of a "should" statement is at the discretion of the local
officials

**Sound level meter (SLM)** - an electronic instrument for measuring
sound levels that conforms to the requirements for a Type II sound level
meter as specified in ANSI S1.4‑1971

**Supplied air respirator** - a respirator that supplies breathing air
under positive pressure from a clean source to the face piece

**Survivor benefits** - survivors of employees who die as a result of
job-related injuries or illnesses are entitled to income continuation
and reimbursement for medical and burial expenses; the portion of the
employee's salary that is awarded to survivors depends on the survivor
number and dependency status; annual cost of living adjustments are
provided

**System** (for Chapter 8.2 only) **-** equipment such as piping,
wiring, or ducting designed to store, process, or deliver utilities or
commodities. Some examples of hazards associated with systems are fluid
pressure, temperature, hazardous liquids and gasses, and electricity

**Tagout** - placing a tagout device on an energy-isolating device
according to procedure to indicate that the energy-isolating device and
equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device
is removed

**Tagout device** - a prominent warning device such as a tag and means
of attachment that can be securely fastened to an energy-isolating
device under an established procedure to indicate that the
energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be
operated until the tagout device is removed

**Test** - an activity conducted to accomplish any of the following
where persons or hardware are subjected to one or more test
environments:

-   Acquire data

-   Evaluate, qualify, or certify hardware

-   Train space flight crews

-   Demonstrate capabilities

Laboratory analysis, research, and experimentation that doesn't involve
human subjects, flight hardware, prototype hardware, explosives, and
oxygen-enriched atmospheres isn't considered testing

**Test chamber** - altitude chambers, vacuum chambers, and hyperbaric
chambers, together with their ancillary systems and equipment, that
provide an atmosphere deviating from ground-level ambient pressure or
oxygen content or that involve a closed-loop life support system

**Test environment** - a condition to which a test system or test
subject is subjected; a test environment may involve deviation from
normal ground-level ambient atmosphere, the application of higher forces
or energy levels (i.e., acoustic, potential, thermal, etc.) than
normally experienced, or exposure to hazardous materials

**Test facility** - structures in which testing operations are
conducted; the test facility includes the housing structure and all
permanently installed systems specifically for test support; not
included are generic utilities servicing other parts of the building or
other facilities

**Test facility support systems** - permanently installed equipment that
support testing operations

**Testing** - the process by which the hazards that may confront
entrants of permit-required space are identified and evaluated,
including specifying the tests that are to be performed in the space

**Test subject** - a human being who is subjected to a test environment,
often with little or no control over the test process

**Time-weighted-average (TWA) sound level** - the sound level that, if
constant over an 8‑hour workday exposure, would result in the same noise
dose as is measured

**Users of hazardous material** - personnel who open the incremental
hazardous material shipping container and thereby expose the material
for the purpose of mixing, transferring, burning, freezing, pouring,
venting, reacting, disposing of, or otherwise using or altering the
material

**Vacuum environment** - any atmosphere at an absolute pressure less
than ground-level ambient pressure by 0.5 psia; also known as hypobaric
environment

**Vapor** - a gaseous form of a substance that is normally in the solid
or liquid state at standard temperature and pressure

**Variance** - documented and approved permission to perform some act
contrary to established requirements

**Work area** - a room or defined space in a workplace where hazardous
chemicals are produced or used, and where employees are present

**Workplace** - a physical location where NASA's work or operations are
done

**Workplace** (for Chapter 9.2 only) - an establishment, job site, or
project, at one geographical location containing one or more work areas