### **ITEM P-609 SEAL COATS AND BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS**

DESCRIPTION

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> **GENERAL NOTE: Although this type of surface sealant is approved for
> use on general aviation airports, we remind the user that this method
> of treatment may leave excessive amounts of loose aggregate on the
> surface of the pavement.**

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**609-1.1**  This item shall consist of a bituminous surface treatment
as  a wearing course composed of **\[a single application\]\[multiple
applications\]** of bituminous material and aggregate cover placed on
the prepared primed base or properly cured wearing surface, in
accordance with these specifications, and shall conform to the
dimensions and typical cross section shown on the plans.

**609-1.2 QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS PER SQUARE YARD.**  The approximate
amounts of materials per square yard (square meter) for the bituminous
surface treatment shall be as provided in Table 1 for the treatment
specified on the plans or in the special provision.  The exact amounts
to be used shall be determined by the Engineer.

**TABLE 1. QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS**

+-----------+---+--------------+----+---------------+---------------+
| **Appl    | * |              | ** |               | **Type of     |
| ication** | * |              | Qu |               | Asphalt^1^**  |
|           | Q |              | an |               |               |
| **No.**   | u |              | ti |               |               |
|           | a |              | ty |               |               |
|           | n |              | of |               |               |
|           | t |              | A  |               |               |
|           | i |              | sp |               |               |
|           | t |              | ha |               |               |
|           | y |              | lt |               |               |
|           | o |              | ** |               |               |
|           | f |              |    |               |               |
|           | A |              | ** |               |               |
|           | g |              | ga |               |               |
|           | g |              | l/ |               |               |
|           | r |              | sq |               |               |
|           | e |              | yd |               |               |
|           | g |              | (  |               |               |
|           | a |              | l/ |               |               |
|           | t |              | sq |               |               |
|           | e |              | m) |               |               |
|           | * |              | ** |               |               |
|           | * |              |    |               |               |
|           |   |              |    |               |               |
|           | * |              |    |               |               |
|           | * |              |    |               |               |
|           | l |              |    |               |               |
|           | b |              |    |               |               |
|           | / |              |    |               |               |
|           | s |              |    |               |               |
|           | q |              |    |               |               |
|           | y |              |    |               |               |
|           | d |              |    |               |               |
|           | ( |              |    |               |               |
|           | k |              |    |               |               |
|           | g |              |    |               |               |
|           | / |              |    |               |               |
|           | s |              |    |               |               |
|           | q |              |    |               |               |
|           | m |              |    |               |               |
|           | ) |              |    |               |               |
|           | * |              |    |               |               |
|           | * |              |    |               |               |
+-----------+---+--------------+----+---------------+---------------+
| 1         |   | 40-50        |    | 0.35-0.45     | Asphalt       |
|           |   |              |    |               | Cement        |
|           |   | (21.7-27.1)  |    | (1.58-20.3)   |               |
+-----------+---+--------------+----+---------------+---------------+
|           |   |              |    | 0.40-0.50     | Emulsified    |
|           |   |              |    |               | Asphalt       |
|           |   |              |    | (1.81-2.26)   |               |
+-----------+---+--------------+----+---------------+---------------+
| 2         |   | 20-25        |    | 0.15-0.25     | Asphalt       |
|           |   |              |    |               | Cement        |
|           |   | (10.9-13.6)  |    | (0.68-1.13)   |               |
+-----------+---+--------------+----+---------------+---------------+
|           |   |              |    | 0.20-0.35     | Emulsified    |
|           |   |              |    |               | Asphalt       |
|           |   |              |    | (0.90-1.58)   |               |
+-----------+---+--------------+----+---------------+---------------+
| 3         |   | 15-20        |    | 0.15-0.20     | Emulsified    |
|           |   |              |    |               | Asphalt       |
|           |   | (8.1-10.9)   |    | (0.68-0.90)   |               |
+-----------+---+--------------+----+---------------+---------------+

^1^ See Table 3 for grades of asphalt and spraying temperatures.

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> **The quantities of asphalt shown in Table 1 cover the average range
> of conditions that include primed granular bases and old pavement
> surfaces.  The quantities and types of materials should take into
> consideration local conditions and experience.**
>
> **The lower application rates shown in Table 1 should be used for
> aggregate having gradations on the fine side of the specified limits. 
> The higher application rates should be used for aggregate having
> gradations on the coarse side of the specified limits.**
>
> **The asphalt content selected should reflect the condition of the
> pavement.  If the pavement is highly oxidized, badly cracked, or
> coarse more asphalt should be used.**

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MATERIALS

**609‑2.1  AGGREGATE MATERIALS.**  The aggregate material shall be
either crushed stone, crushed gravel, or crushed slag.  The cover
material shall be screenings; sand may be used when specified.

If the material is to be crushed stone, it shall be manufactured from
sound, hard, durable rock of accepted quality and crushed to
specification size.  All strata, streaks, and pockets of clay, dirt,
sandstone, soft rock, or other unsuitable material accompanying the
sound rock shall be discarded and not allowed to enter the crusher.

If the material is to be crushed gravel, it shall consist of hard,
durable, fragments of stone or gravel of accepted quality and crushed to
specification size.  All strata, streaks, and pockets of sand,
excessively fine gravel, clay, or other unsuitable material including
all stones, rocks, and boulders of inferior quality shall be discarded
and not allowed to enter the crusher.  The crushing of the gravel shall
result in a product in which the material retained on the separate No.
4, 3/8 inch, and 1/2 inch (4.75 mm, 9 mm, and 12 mm) sieves shall have
at least 75% of particles with at least one fractured face.

Crushed slag shall be air‑cooled, blast furnace slag, reasonably 
uniform in density and quality, and shall weigh not less than 70 pounds
per cubic foot (1.12 mg/cubic meter) as determined by ASTM C 29.

The crushed aggregate shall not contain more than 8%, by weight, of
elongated or flat pieces and shall be free from wood, roots, vegetable,
organic, or other extraneous matter.  The crushed coarse aggregate shall
have a percentage of wear not more than 40 at 500 revolutions, as
determined by ASTM C 131.

The aggregate shall show no evidence of disintegration or show a total
loss greater than 12% when subjected to five cycles of the sodium
sulphate accelerated soundness test specified in ASTM C 88.

The crushed aggregate for the applications shall meet the requirements
for gradation given in Table 2 when tested in accordance with ASTM C
136.

TABLE 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADATION OF AGGREGATE

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Aggregate for first application   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Sieve Designation                 | Percentage by Weight              |
|                                   |                                   |
| (square openings)                 | Passing Sieves                    |
|                                   |                                   |
| 1 inch (25.0 mm)                  | 100                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| 3/4 inch (19.0 mm)                | 90‑100                            |
|                                   |                                   |
| 1/2 inch (12.5 mm)                | 20‑55                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| 3/8 inch (9.5 mm)                 | 0‑15                              |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 4 (4.75 mm)                   | 0‑5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Aggregate for second application  |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Sieve Designation                 | Percentage by Weight              |
|                                   |                                   |
| (square openings)                 | Passing Sieves                    |
|                                   |                                   |
| 1/2 inch (12.5 mm)                | 100                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| 3/8 inch (9.5 mm)                 | 85‑100                            |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 4 (4.75 mm)                   | 10‑30                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 8 (2.36 mm)                   | 0‑10                              |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 16 (1.18 mm)                  | 0‑5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Aggregate for third application   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Sieve Designation                 | Percentage by Weight              |
|                                   |                                   |
| (square openings)                 | Passing Sieves                    |
|                                   |                                   |
| 3/8 inch (9.5 mm)                 | 100                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| 1/4 inch (6.2 mm)                 | 90‑100                            |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 4 (4.75 mm)                   | 60‑85                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 8 (2.36 mm)                   | 0‑25                              |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 16 (1.18 mm)                  | 0‑5                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| No. 200 (0.075 mm)                | 0‑2                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

The gradations in the table represent the limits that shall determine
suitability of aggregate for use for the specified applications from the
sources of supply.  The final gradations decided on, within the limits
designated in the table, shall be uniformly graded from coarse to fine.

The cover aggregate used in the third application shall be a
light‑colored material whose color and reflectivity shall be approved by
the Engineer.

The aggregate to be used shall show no evidence of stripping or swell
when tested in accordance with AASHTO T 182.  The use of antistrip
agents for the control of stripping shall be used if necessary.

**609-2.2 BITUMINOUS MATERIAL.**  The types, grades, controlling
specifications, and application temperatures for the bituminous
materials are shown in Table 3.  The Engineer shall designate the
specific material to be used.

**TABLE 3. BITUMINOUS MATERIALS**

+---------------------+---+----------------+---+---------+---+----------+
| Type and Grade      | S |                | S |         |   |          |
|                     | p |                | p |         |   |          |
|                     | e |                | r |         |   |          |
|                     | c |                | a |         |   |          |
|                     | i |                | y |         |   |          |
|                     | f |                | i |         |   |          |
|                     | i |                | n |         |   |          |
|                     | c |                | g |         |   |          |
|                     | a |                | T |         |   |          |
|                     | t |                | e |         |   |          |
|                     | i |                | m |         |   |          |
|                     | o |                | p |         |   |          |
|                     | n |                | e |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | r |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | a |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | t |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | u |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | r |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | e |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | ^ |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | 1 |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                | ^ |         |   |          |
+---------------------+---+----------------+---+---------+---+----------+
|                     |   |                | D |         | D |          |
|                     |   |                | e |         | e |          |
|                     |   |                | g |         | g |          |
|                     |   |                | . |         | . |          |
|                     |   |                | F |         | C |          |
+---------------------+---+----------------+---+---------+---+----------+
| Asphalt Cement      |   | ASTM D 3381    |   | 275+    |   | 135+     |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
| AC 2.5, AC‑5        |   | ASTM D 3381    |   | 280+    |   | 140+     |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|   AR‑1000, 2000     |   | ASTM D 946     |   | 270+    |   | 130+     |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|   120‑150, 200‑300  |   | ASTM D 977     |   | 70‑140  |   | 20‑60    |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
| Emulsified Asphalt  |   | ASTM D 977     |   | 125-175 |   | 50‑80    |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|   RS‑1              |   | ASTM D 977     |   | 70-160  |   | 20‑70    |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|   RS‑2              |   | ASTM D 2397    |   | 125-175 |   | 50‑80    |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|   MS‑1, HFMS‑1      |   | ASTM D 2397    |   | 125-175 |   | 50‑80    |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|   CRS‑1             |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|                     |   |                |   |         |   |          |
|   CRS‑2             |   |                |   |         |   |          |
+---------------------+---+----------------+---+---------+---+----------+

^1^ The maximum temperature for asphalt cements shall be below that at
which fogging occurs.

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**609-3.1 WEATHER LIMITATIONS.**  Bituminous material shall be applied
only when the existing surface is dry and the atmospheric temperature is
above 60°F (15°C).  No material shall be applied when rain is imminent
or when dust or sand is blowing.

**609-3.2 OPERATION OF PITS AND QUARRIES.**  The aggregate material
shall be obtained from sources approved by the engineer.  The Contractor
shall make all necessary arrangements for obtaining the material, and
all work involved in clearing and stripping pits or quarries and
handling unsuitable material shall be performed by the Contractor at
his/her own expense.  The material in the pits shall be handled so that
a uniform and satisfactory product shall be secured.  Unless otherwise
directed, pits shall be adequately drained and shall be left in a neat
and presentable condition with all slopes dressed uniformly.  Quarries
shall be left as neat and presentable as practicable.

**609-3.3 EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS.**  The Contractor shall furnish all
equipment, tools, and machines necessary for the performance of the
work.

**a. Pressure Distributor.**  The distributor shall be designed,
equipped, maintained, and operated so that bituminous material at even
heat may be applied uniformly on variable widths of surface at the
specified rate.  The allowable variation from the specified rate shall
not exceed 10 percent. Distributor equipment shall include a tachometer,
pressure gages, volume‑measuring devices or a calibrated tank, and a
thermometer for measuring temperatures of tank contents.  The
distributor shall be self‑powered and shall be equipped with a power
unit for the pump and full circulation spray bars adjustable laterally
and vertically.

**b. Aggregate Spreader.**  The aggregate spreader shall be a
self‑propelled mechanical spreader or truck‑attached mechanical spreader
capable of uniformly distributing aggregate at the specified rates.

**c. Roller.**  The roller shall be a pneumatic‑tired roller with an
effective rolling width of at least 60 inches (152 cm) and capable of
exerting a minimum contact pressure of 40 pounds per square inch
(280,000 newtons per square meter).

**d. Power Broom.**  A power broom and/or blower shall be provided for
removing loose material from the surface to be treated.

**609-3.4 PREPARING UNDERLYING COURSE.**  The surface of the underlying
course shall be prepared, shaped, and conditioned to a uniform grade and
section, as shown on the plans and as specified.  Loose dirt and other
objectionable material shall be removed from the surface.

On those type of bases where a prime coat is required and specified, the
prime shall be applied and satisfactorily cured before starting the
bituminous surface treatment.

When specified, the Contractor shall be required to patch, with premixed
material, any holes or other malformations deviating from the true cross
section and grade.  The premixed material shall be made of the
bituminous material specified in the proposal or plans and prepared by
the method as directed by the Engineer.  All small patches shall be
thoroughly hand tamped while the large patches shall be rolled with a
power or pneumatic roller.

**609-3.5 APPLICATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIAL.**  Bituminous material
shall be applied upon the properly prepared surface at the rate and
temperature specified using a pressure distributor to obtain uniform
distribution at all points.  To insure proper drainage, the strips shall
begin along the centerline of the pavement on a crowned section or on
the high side of the pavement with a one‑way slope.  During all
applications, the surfaces of adjacent structures shall be protected in
such manner as to prevent their being spattered or marred.  Bituminous
materials shall not be discharged into borrow pits or gutters or upon
the airport area.

**609-3.6 APPLICATION OF AGGREGATE MATERIAL.**  Immediately after the
application of the bituminous material or when directed, the aggregates
at the rate specified for each designated application shall be spread
uniformly over the bituminous material.  Trucks spreading aggregate
shall be operated backward so that the bituminous material will be
covered before the truck wheels pass over it.  The aggregate shall be
spread in the same width of application as the bituminous material and
shall not be applied in such thickness as to cause blanketing. 
Back‑spotting or sprinkling of additional aggregate material, and
pouring additional  bituminous material over areas that show up having
insufficient cover or bitumen, shall be done by hand whenever
necessary.  Additional spreading of aggregate material shall be done by
means of a motor‑patrol grader equipped with broom moldboard, a broom
drag, or a power broom, as directed by the Engineer.

Immediately after spreading each application, the aggregate shall be
rolled.  The rolling shall be continued until no more aggregate material
can be worked into the surface.  In the construction of the second and
third application, blading with the wire‑broom moldboard attachment or
broom dragging shall begin as soon as possible after the rolling has
started and after the surface has set sufficiently to prevent excessive
marking.  Further blading and rolling on the strip being placed and on
adjacent strips previously placed, shall be done as often as necessary
to keep the aggregate material uniformly distributed.  These operations
shall be continued until the surface is evenly covered and cured to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.

Succeeding applications shall not be applied until the preceding
application has set and in no case until at least 24 hours have
elapsed.  If dust, dirt, or other foreign matter accumulates on the
surface between the applications, the Contractor shall be required to
sweep and clean the surface as specified herein.  The bituminous
material and the aggregate shall be spread upon the clean and properly
cured surface and handled as required.  Extreme care shall be taken in
all applications to avoid brooming or tracking dirt or any foreign
matter on any portion of the pavement surface under construction.

All surplus aggregate from the final application shall be swept off the
surface and removed prior to final acceptance of the work.

**609-3.7 CORRECTION OF DEFECTS.**  Any defects, such as raveling, low
centers, lack of uniformity, or other imperfections caused by faulty
workmanship, shall be corrected immediately to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.

All defective materials resulting from over‑heating, improper handling,
or application shall be removed by the Contractor and replaced with
approved materials as provided for in these specifications.

**609-3.8 BITUMINOUS MATERIAL CONTRACTOR\'S RESPONSIBILITY.**  Samples
of the bituminous materials that the Contractor proposes to use,
together with a statement as to their source and character, shall be
submitted and approval obtained before use of such materials begins.

The Contractor shall furnish vendor\'s certified test reports for each
carload, or equivalent, of bitumen shipped to the project.  The report
shall be delivered to the Engineer before permission is granted for use
of the material.  The furnishing of the vendor\'s certified test report
for the bituminous material shall not be interpreted as a basis for
final acceptance.  All such test reports shall be subject to
verification by testing sample materials as received for use on the
project.

**609-3.9 FREIGHT AND WEIGH BILLS.**  Before the final estimate is
allowed the Contractor shall file with the Engineer receipted bills
where railroad shipments are made, and certified weight bills when
materials are received in any other manner, of the bituminous and
covering materials actually used in the construction covered by the
contract.  The Contractor shall not remove bituminous material from the
tank car or storage tank until the initial outage and temperature
measurements have been taken by the Engineer, nor shall the car or tank
be released until the final outage has been taken by the Engineer.

Copies of all freight bills and weigh bills shall be furnished to the
Engineer during the progress of the work.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**609-4.1**  The bituminous material shall be measured by the
**\[gallon(liter)\]\[ton (kg)\]**.  Volume shall be corrected to the
volume at 60°F (15°C) in accordance with ASTM D 1250 for cutback asphalt
and Table IV‑3 of The Asphalt Institute\'s Manual MS‑6 for emulsified
asphalt.  Water added to emulsified asphalt will not be measured for
payment.

**609-4.2**  The quantity of aggregate materials for the first
application to be paid for shall be the number of tons (kg) of aggregate
used for the accepted work.

**609-4.3**  The quantity of aggregate material for the second
application to be paid for shall be the number of tons (kg) of aggregate
used for the accepted work.

**609-4.4**  The quantity of aggregate material for the third
application to be paid for shall be the number of tons (kg) of aggregate
used for the accepted work.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**609-5.1**  Payment shall be made at the contract unit price per
**\[gallon\]\[ton\]** for bituminous material for surface treatment and
per ton for the first, second and third aggregate application.  These
prices shall be full compensation for furnishing all materials and for
all preparation, hauling and application of the materials, and for all
labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the item.

Payment will be made under:

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
  Item P‑609‑5.1     Bituminous Material---per **\[gallon (liter)\]\[ton
                     (kg)\]**

                     

  Item P‑609‑5.2     First Application Aggregate---per ton (kg)

                     

  Item P‑609‑5.3     Second Application Aggregate---per ton (kg)

                     

  Item P‑609‑5.4     Third Application Aggregate---per ton (kg)
  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

TESTING REQUIREMENTS

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
  ASTM C 29          Unit Weight of Aggregate

                     

  ASTM C 88          Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or
                     Magnesium Sulfate

                     

  ASTM C 131         Resistance to Abrasion of Small Size Coarse
                     Aggregate by Use of the Los Angeles Machine

                     

  ASTM C 136         Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

                     

  AASHTO T 182       Coating and Stripping of Bitumen-Aggregate Mixtures
  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
  ASTM D 946         Penetration‑Graded Asphalt‑Cement for Use in
                     Pavement Construction

                     

  ASTM D 977         Emulsified Asphalt

                     

  ASTM D 1250        Petroleum Measurement Tables

                     

  ASTM D 2397        Cationic Emulsified Asphalt

                     

  ASTM D 3381        Viscosity‑Graded Asphalt‑Cement for Use in Pavement
                     Construction

                     

  Asphalt Institute  Asphalt Pocketbook of Useful Information
  Manual MS-6 Table  (Temperature-Volume Corrections for Emulsified
  IV-3               Asphalts)
  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

END OF ITEM P-609