**(Part 4 of 5)**

**ALARA Training for**

**Technical Support Personnel**

**Appendices**

![](media/image1.png){width="1.4375in" height="2.03125in"}

**Coordinated and Conducted**

**for**

**Office of Safety, Health and Security**

**U.S. Department of Energy**

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**APPENDIX A - APPLICATION OF ALARA TO FACILITY SYSTEM DESIGN**

**I. AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY AND HVAC SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS**

> Ventilation systems deserve separate ALARA considerations because of
> the possibility of increased doses due to internal uptake of airborne
> and surface contamination. Routinely requiring workers to wear
> respiratory devices is not the preferred solution to reducing internal
> deposition of airborne radioactive materials.
>
> The facility ventilation system(s) are a major means for controlling
> airborne radioactivity levels in occupied areas under both normal and
> abnormal conditions.
>
> **A. Essential Features.**
>
> Ventilation systems have two tasks: to direct airborne radioactivity
> away from personnel and to provide an adequate method to capture any
> airborne radioactive materials that are accidentally released. To
> attain these objectives, ventilation systems usually incorporate two
> essential features:
>
> 1\. Appropriate differential pressure (DP) between ventilated areas
> and outside areas, and
>
> 2\. High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtration.
>
> **B. Area-Specific Requirements.**
>
> Similar areas do not always require identical ventilation
> characteristics, especially differential pressure and filtration.
> Ventilation design criteria need a measure of flexibility since
> conditions may change as work changes and since local or portable
> ventilation may be effective at reducing local airborne radioactivity
> levels significantly.
>
> **C. Eliminate/Reduce Airborne Sources.**
>
> To ensure control of airborne radioactivity, design for the following
> as appropriate:
>
> 1\. Properly seal and pressurize equipment and ducts with continuously
> welded seams and flange gaskets.
>
> 2\. Leak-test HVAC equipment after installation and repair.
>
> 3\. Select filters appropriate to the operation and radionuclides
> present (e.g., charcoal filters are good for iodine, but they don\'t
> last as long if they get loaded with non-radioactive particulates and
> dust; you may also need a prefilter for dust and/or a HEPA filter for
> particulates).
>
> 4\. Provide differential pressure detectors across filters to monitor
> dust loading.
>
> 5\. Avoid open-topped tanks or tanks with vent lines lower than tank
> overflow lines.
>
> 6\. Generally avoid hard-piping tank vents directly to ducts if the
> tank may become pressurized.
>
> 7\. Use good contamination control practice in designing for such
> tasks as filter change-out, wet layup of equipment, and machining
> contaminated parts.
>
> 8\. Use water for back flushing and unplugging in preference to
> compressed gases.
>
> 9\. Properly place and seal penetrations, gratings, openings, etc.,
> which are open to areas of potential airborne radioactive materials.
>
> 10\. Specify sealed bearing motors with the motor mounted external to
> the exhaust.
>
> 11\. Provide intake air filters to minimize exhaust filter loading and
> dust accumulation in radiological areas.
>
> 12\. Provide drains and/or dryers and/or moisture separators upstream
> of filters and charcoal beds.
>
> 13\. Provide auxiliary or temporary ventilation systems for sampling
> stations used to sample highly radioactive fluids (e.g., reactor
> primary coolant) and for repair of equipment that when opened, has a
> potential for airborne releases. (Consider both temporary ductwork
> attached to existing systems and independent, portable HEPA-filtered
> ventilation systems.)
>
> **D. Air Flow.**
>
> A system of differential pressure should be used to direct the flow of
> any airborne radioactive material that escapes containment.
>
> 1\. Room air may be recirculated if adequate filtration and monitoring
> are provided.
>
> 2\. Direct air flow from areas with no or less potential contamination
> to areas with greater potential for contamination.
>
> 3\. Primary confinement shall always have the least pressure in a
> facility (relative to the outside atmosphere).
>
> 4\. A gradient should be established, on a facility and room basis, so
> that the lowest pressure and exhaust collection points are located in
> areas with potentially dispersible material.
>
> 5\. Ducts carrying potentially contaminated air should be at a
> negative pressure when passing through a clean area.
>
> 6\. Locate ventilation supply points above the worker or work area and
> away from the sources of contamination, or otherwise place as
> appropriate for the work activity (e.g., for work tables, gloveboxes,
> and hoods).
>
> 7\. Avoid drawing contaminated air across walkways, doorways,
> entrances, work areas, and, especially, breathing zones.
>
> 8\. Locate ventilation exhausts near the floor and away from entrances
> or openings to clean areas.
>
> 9\. Locate ventilation fans as close as possible to the discharge,
> downstream of filters so as to avoid contaminating the fans and
> pressurizing the filters.
>
> 10\. Exhaust through a filtration system from areas with greatest
> potential for contamination.
>
> 11\. Minimize the number of elbows in ventilation ducts to reduce the
> plateout of radioactivity and to reduce flow losses. Alternatively,
> consider flow straighteners.
>
> 12\. Size ducts and fans to have high enough flow rates to reduce
> plateout.
>
> 13\. Select smooth materials or consider coating inner surfaces to
> reduce plateout.
>
> 14\. Ensure that the opening of doors and removal of shield plugs does
> not disrupt proper air flow.
>
> 15\. Provide connections to attach temporary ventilation systems where
> additional ventilation flow may be needed.
>
> 16\. Design ventilation so as to minimize the use of respirators.
>
> 17\. Use airlocks where appropriate.
>
> **E. Filtration Systems.**
>
> 1\. Select proper type, size, and quantity of air filtration devices.
>
> 2\. Locate filters as close to the source as possible and upstream of
> any fans to reduce contamination buildup in ductwork and fans.
>
> 3\. Provide roughing filters upstream of HEPAs, and HEPAs upstream of
> charcoal filters.
>
> 4\. Provide flushing ports and drains for decontamination of filter
> housings and ventilation ducts.
>
> 5\. Place filters for highly contaminated ventilation systems in
> shielded housings and locate filter banks in low-occupancy areas.
>
> 6\. Design filter housings and filters so that filters can be removed
> remotely or quickly in the event of an incident.
>
> **F. Maintenance.**
>
> 1\. Design ventilation systems for ease of maintenance, inspections,
> testing, and operations.
>
> 2\. Locate ventilation motors in low-dose-rate areas whenever
> possible.
>
> 3\. The proper design of the ventilation system permits filters to be
> changed easily and with a minimum potential for the release of
> radioactivity and worker exposure.
>
> 4\. The design shall provide the capability for in-place testing of
> the filtration system.
>
> **G. Monitoring.**
>
> 1\. All airborne and potentially airborne radioactivity areas shall be
> vented to a monitored release point.
>
> 2\. The design should allow for continuous particulate sampling before
> the first testable stage and after the last stage, to provide direct
> evidence of filter performance.
>
> 3\. Areas with a high potential for airborne radioactivity may require
> sampling between intermediate stages to verify the performance of each
> stage.
>
> **H. Emergencies.**
>
> 1\. Key ventilation systems in a radiological facility must be
> provided with emergency power to assure continued operation if normal
> power is lost.
>
> 2\. Ensure adequate air flow throughout the area to provide quick
> cleanup of air during spills or leaks.

**II. CONTAINMENT CONSIDERATIONS**

> **A. Containment.**
>
> A containment is an area enclosed by a set of barriers. These can be
> passive barriers, like walls, or active barriers, like valves and
> ventilation flow.
>
> 1\. The primary containment is the barrier or set of barriers most
> intimately in contact with the radioactivity.
>
> 2\. The secondary containment encloses the primary and receives and
> handles any leakage from it.
>
> 3\. A tertiary containment may also need to be provided.
>
> One constraint on defining these is that it usually must not be
> possible for a single failure to compromise two containments at once
> (e.g., a primary and its secondary).
>
> **B. Primary Containment.**
>
> Containment is a way of thinking about a system configuration at a
> given time or in a given mode of operation, as well as having a
> physical meaning. For example, for a tank containing radioactive
> liquid, the tank itself is the primary containment, together with its
> intake and outlet piping up to the nearest isolation valves. When
> these valves are open, the primary containment extends to the next
> valve and so on. Also, a tank farther along may be a separate primary
> containment but can be considered, while the valves between it and the
> first tank are open, to be an extension of the first tank and,
> therefore, part of a single primary containment.
>
> **C. Secondary Containment.**
>
> The room(s) or vault enclosing the tank and piping are the secondary
> containment and should be so designed; the outer wall of a
> double-walled tank may be the secondary. The building itself may be
> the tertiary containment.
>
> **D. Gloveboxes.**
>
> Gloveboxes and other handling enclosures are primary containments when
> radioactivity in them is not completely enclosed or is enclosed in
> containers that cannot be assumed to be well sealed. Gloveboxes are
> secondary containments when the radioactivity is actually contained in
> a piping system, vessel, instrument, etc., inside the box. In the
> latter case, the room may be designed as the tertiary containment.
>
> **E. Primary Containment Penetrations.**
>
> Primary containment penetrations must be carefully laid out and
> minimized in number and size. They should be carefully sealed with
> regard to radiation streaming, air-flow control, fire protection, and
> flooding as applicable. Permeation of these seals should be
> considered. Transfer ports for passing items in and out should, in
> general, be airlocks or mini-airlocks, with purging capabilities.
>
> **F. Isolation Systems.**
>
> A principle of good confinement is good isolation; systems with widely
> differing levels of actual or potential radioactivity content should
> be isolated from one another by check valves or
>
> other reverse-flow control devices. Pressure relief devices should be
> required, and leak detection devices should be provided as appropriate
> to the process.
>
> **G. Check Valves.**
>
> Check valves on tritium systems leak when closed and don\'t provide
> good confinement.

Because check valves have problems, they are often used in pairs. Their
good points cause them to be extensively used, but they must be used
wisely.

**III. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS**

> This section discusses six areas: piping, valves, pumps, filtration,
> tanks, and heat exchanger systems.
>
> **A. Piping and Tubing.**
>
> The following guidance should be applied in piping and tubing design.
>
> 1\. [Eliminate/Reduce Radiation Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Route piping to minimize the length and number of pipe fittings
> and bends.
>
> b\. Tee branch piping above the main flow piping or slope the teed
> branch upwards.
>
> c\. Design piping to avoid dead legs and minimize tees.
>
> d\. Provide a continuous slope on the piping to prevent backflow and
> settling of crud.
>
> e\. Provide smooth surfaces to avoid crud traps and facilitate
> decontamination and flushing.
>
> f\. Use materials with low nickel and cobalt content for reactor
> facilities or other facilities where neutron activation may occur.
>
> g\. Route piping carrying highly radioactive fluids away from
> equipment requiring frequent maintenance.
>
> 2\. [Eliminate/Reduce Contamination Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Segregate radioactive and non-radioactive piping.
>
> b\. Provide adequate controls to prevent and/or detect
> cross-contamination of clean non-radioactive systems.
>
> c\. Plumb pipe and leakage to floor drains and vents to ventilation
> ducting, where possible. But beware of pressurization that may send
> liquid or solid materials out of vents.
>
> d\. Select piping and components that will maintain containment over
> the environmental qualification range to prevent release of
> radioactivity to the offsite environment.
>
> e\. Avoid the field routing of piping that transports radioactive
> materials.
>
> 3\. [Maintenance]{.underline}
>
> a\. Select low-dose-rate areas for installation whenever possible.
>
> b\. Provide adequate vents and drains to allow for system testing,
> maintenance, and operation.
>
> c\. Use consumable inserts for welding in lieu of backing rings for
> pipes carrying radioactive materials.
>
> d\. Use butt welds rather than socket welds for pipes \>1.5 inches. If
> a choice of welds is given in the welding specifications and if it is
> for a highly radioactive system, use a butt weld.
>
> e\. Specify pipe bends of at least five pipe diameters in radius for
> the transfer of resin and sludge.
>
> f\. Provide remote methods to unclog drain lines.
>
> g\. Specify removable pipe insulation in areas where welds require
> in-service inspection.
>
> h\. Provide connections on piping and components to allow flushing,
> hydrolazing, or chemical decontamination on piping that contains
> resins, sludge, or highly radioactive fluids.
>
> **B. Valves.**
>
> Since operation and maintenance of valves are two of the major
> contributors to workers\' dose, the design engineer should apply the
> following guidance:
>
> 1\. [Eliminate/Reduce Radiation Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Install valves with stems in the upright position to minimize crud
> buildup.
>
> b\. Select valves with internal surfaces and configurations that
> minimize crud buildup.
>
> c\. Use materials with low nickel and cobalt content for reactor
> facilities or other facilities where neutron activation may occur.
>
> d\. Provide steps in installation procedures to control stellite
> filings that are in valve internals (e.g., dams and/or vacuuming after
> grinding for reactor facilities or other facilities in which neutron
> activation may occur).
>
> 2\. [Eliminate/Reduce Contamination Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Provide packing and seals that result in minimal contamination
> leakage and maximum reliability.
>
> b\. Consider packless valves or those using live-loaded packing;
> valves above 2.5 inches should generally have double packing and a
> lantern ring.
>
> c\. Locate valves away from low points in piping.
>
> d\. Provide check valves to prevent radioactive fluid backup.
>
> e\. Provide catch pans, floor and equipment drains, or curbing under
> valves that have a significant potential for leakage.
>
> f\. Separate valves carrying highly radioactive fluids from associated
> equipment and components.
>
> g\. Consider future decontamination when providing isolation valves
> for fluid systems.
>
> 3\. [Maintenance]{.underline}
>
> a\. Select valve materials that are compatible with contact materials.
>
> b\. Locate valves in low-dose-rate areas whenever possible.
>
> c\. Provide remote operators or reach rods for valves located in areas
> of elevated dose rates.
>
> d\. Locate valves in an area with adequate work space to provide easy
> maintenance, inspection, and operation.
>
> e\. Consider maintenance requirements on valves, operators, and reach
> rods (e.g., select those that are easily removed).
>
> f\. Generally provide flanged connections on valves that may require
> removal from the radiation areas (e.g., pressure relief or isolation
> valves) however, welded connections may be preferable in some cases.
>
> g\. Provide rigging and lifting points for heavy valves requiring
> removal for repair or inspection.
>
> **C. Pumps.**
>
> Pump design should include the following considerations:
>
> 1\. [Eliminate/Reduce Radiation and Contamination Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Provide a mechanism to flush seals on pumps carrying highly
> radioactive fluids.
>
> b\. Install catch pans or curbing around pumps that transport
> radioactive fluids and have a significant potential for leakage.
>
> c\. Provide drain connections on pump casings as well as smooth
> surfaces on impellers.
>
> 2\. [Maintenance]{.underline}
>
> a\. Consider maintenance requirements on pumps, such as access and
> pull space for the motor shaft.
>
> b\. Provide rigging and lifting points for heavy pump parts requiring
> removal for repair or inspection.
>
> c\. Provide flange connections to facilitate removal of pumps located
> in areas of elevated dose rates to facilitate removal.
>
> d\. Select pumps with mechanical rather than packing seals
> (canned-rotor pumps or magnetic-driven pumps).
>
> **D. Filtration.**
>
> Maintenance, inspection, and operational requirements for
> filtration/cleanup systems as well as shielding and isolation of
> highly radioactive systems must be considered.
>
> 1\. [Eliminate/Reduce Radiation Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Provide filters upstream of deep-bed demineralizers to extend
> resin life and thus reduce radioactive waste volume.
>
> b\. Provide strainers downstream of filters and demineralizers to
> entrain stray fines.
>
> c\. Lay out demineralizers and resin storage components to assist
> resin flow and minimize piping (straight runs of piping with a minimal
> number of elbows).
>
> d\. Provide filters and strainers that are back-flushable.
>
> e\. Provide back-flushing capabilities sufficient to relieve plugged
> lines in resin slurry piping.
>
> 2\. [Eliminate/Reduce Contamination Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Provide containment or ventilation to prevent spread of
> contamination during filter, strainer, and resin changes.
>
> b\. Provide screens, filters, or other catch devices over resin or
> sludge overflows and vents.
>
> 3\. [Dose Rate]{.underline}
>
> a\. Isolate or shield filtration systems that contain high
> radioactivity.
>
> b\. Locate filtration systems in low-occupancy and low-traffic areas.
>
> 4\. [Maintenance]{.underline}
>
> a\. Ensure that filters, strainers, evaporators, ion exchangers and
> routinely serviced items are compatible with existing equipment.
>
> b\. Ensure that filters, strainers, and evaporator tubes are easily
> removable and adequate space is provided.
>
> c\. Provide space for pallets to support temporary decontamination
> equipment that chemically cleans the system.
>
> d\. Provide remote methods for draining filter housings on systems
> processing offgas and radioactive water.
>
> e\. Provide remote and/or shielded methods for replacement of hot
> filters, strainers, and resins.
>
> f\. Provide flush connections that will facilitate high-velocity
> chemical flushes.
>
> **E. Tanks, Sumps, and Floor and Equipment Drains**
>
> 1\. [Radioactive Material Handling Equipment]{.underline}
>
> Choose radioactive material handling equipment carefully. Consider
> decontamination and eventual decommissioning. Apply the following
> design guidance.
>
> a\. Never undersize a tank used for holding radioactive material.
>
> b\. Select tanks with sloped or dished bottoms to facilitate
> flow/draining and to eliminate corners as potential low-flow areas
> where crud may accumulate.
>
> c\. Install top mixers, spargers, or spray systems as appropriate to
> mix the contents for transfer and representative sampling, and for
> decontamination prior to inspection or maintenance.
>
> d\. Ensure overflow lines are lower than the tank's vent.
>
> e\. Provide screens or strainers on tank vents and overflow for tanks
> containing resin or sludges.
>
> f\. Provide a slope from tank, drain, and sump bottom to outlet.
>
> g\. Provide curbing or other containment to restrict spread of
> leakage.
>
> h\. Locate radioactive material tanks and sumps in low-occupancy and
> low-traffic areas or shield to reduce personnel dose.
>
> i\. Locate tanks containing high radioactivity in shielded tank farms
> or cubicles.
>
> 2\. [Transfer Systems.]{.underline}
>
> Prevent plugging in transfer systems:
>
> a\. Avoid long vertical runs ending in a turn to the horizontal, which
> may lead to plugging.
>
> b\. Reduce crud deposition by using pipes with at least 1-1/2 inch
> diameter, long bend radii, no right-angle bends, and sloping runs.
>
> c\. Choose full-ported valves, especially when the stream has a
> high-solids content.
>
> d\. Provide turbulent flow to maintain homogeneity and keep solids in
> suspension.
>
> e\. Choose full-ported valves when the fluid has a high solids
> content.
>
> f\. Consider automation of valve operation so that flow does not stop
> after a backwash or pre-coat.
>
> g\. Provide a \"recirc\" line to ensure good mixing before transfer.
>
> h\. Interior surfaces should be smooth and free of pockets to
> facilitate transfer and decontamination.
>
> i\. When transporting liquid radioactive waste by pipes, the pipe
> route should be isolated from uncontrolled areas.
>
> j\. Locate transfer lines in low-occupancy and low-traffic areas.
>
> 3\. [Maintenance/Decontamination]{.underline}
>
> a\. Provide adequate space for maintenance and repair of tank support
> equipment (e.g., pumps, agitators, gear boxes, etc.).
>
> b\. Select preferred cleaning methods. Hydrolazing is preferred to air
> blowout, which is preferred to rodding out. Screens or filters should
> be provided when using air blowout. Stringent contamination control
> measures should be used during rodding out.
>
> c\. Avoid lap joints and backing rings on welds.
>
> **F. Heat Exchangers, Moisture Separators, and Heaters.**
>
> Modifications or replacement of heat exchangers carrying radioactive
> fluids should consider the following:
>
> 1\. [Eliminate/Reduce Radiation and Contamination Sources]{.underline}
>
> a\. Provide drains at low points to facilitate flushing and cleaning.
>
> b\. Design vessels to reduce crud traps in those areas that require
> access during inspection and cleaning.
>
> c\. Select the proper material for the operating environment to
> minimize corrosion (e.g., titanium tubes for brackish water).
>
> d\. Orient heat exchangers in the vertical position, where feasible,
> to reduce deposition along the length of it.
>
> e\. Maintain radioactive fluids at lower pressures to ensure that
> leakage would be from the non-radioactive side into the radioactive
> side.
>
> f\. Provide curbing and drains to contain radioactive fluids during
> repair and cleaning.
>
> 2\. [Dose Rate]{.underline}
>
> a\. Pump fluids with the higher concentration of radioactivity inside
> the tubes to utilize the water in the shell as shielding.
>
> b\. Place heat exchangers that are expected to be highly radioactive
> inside shielded cubicles.
>
> c\. Provide adequate space to allow for removal and cleaning of the
> tubes and shell.

**IV. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM CONSIDERATION**

> The ALARA design considerations that follow are geared toward the
> power systems engineering discipline:
>
> **A. Routing/Location**
>
> 1\. Perform walk downs or utilize photographs in low-dose-rate and
> low-interference areas to aid in locating conduit runs.
>
> 2\. Route cable and conduit in low-dose areas.
>
> 3\. Evaluate routing of electrical cabling through potentially
> contaminated areas in light of installation doses and accessibility
> requirements.
>
> 4\. Locate breaker boxes, power control centers, and electrical
> cabinets in low-dose rate areas.
>
> 5\. Physically separate local control and alarm stations from
> associated electrical equipment located in areas of elevated-dose
> rates.
>
> **B. Maintenance**
>
> 1\. Select long-life bulbs to decrease maintenance time in radiation
> and contamination areas.
>
> 2\. Select electrical equipment with features that minimize
> inspection, calibration, testing, and preventative maintenance (e.g.,
> quick disconnects).
>
> 3\. Select high-quality electrical equipment with proven reliability
> records and low maintenance requirements.
>
> 4\. Provide external access for fault location determination
> capability for those electrical systems that are difficult to inspect
> or troubleshoot.
>
> 5\. Prefabricate conduit, supports, brackets, cable trays, junction
> boxes, and other electrical components to be installed in areas of
> elevated-dose rates.
>
> 6\. Provide sufficient electrical outlets for air-sampling devices as
> well as for electrically operated maintenance tools, welding machines,
> and temporary power distribution boxes.
>
> 7\. Provide adequate lighting as well as provisions for supplemental
> temporary lighting.
>
> 8\. Ensure that the conduit and electrical equipment do not interfere
> with the maintenance or operations of nearby equipment.

**V. SAMPLING, MONITORING, AND INSTRUMENTATION**

> **A. Sampling.**
>
> It is important that the sample is representative of the material
> sampled with respect to location, physical state, and chemical
> composition.
>
> Therefore, avoid having the sample deposit inside sample lines and
> equipment because it and subsequent samples might then be
> unrepresentative. The design engineer should apply the following
> guidelines to ensure representative sampling.
>
> 1\. Follow the guidelines for reduction of crud deposition, especially
> considering the reactivity of the line material with the sample. For
> example, plastic piping may be best in many
>
> cases because of low-chemical reactivity but may not be suitable for
> airborne particulates due to static charge buildup.
>
> 2\. Provide sample lines that have few bends. Any necessary bends
> should have a large radius and be able to be isolated and flushed.
>
> 3\. Provide a strong and continuous purge of sample lines in
> high-radioactivity systems.
>
> 4\. Consider very carefully the proper flow velocity in the system,
> given the physical and chemical characteristics of the stream.
>
> 5\. In gaseous systems, ensure continuous flow or well-tracked flow
> (consider flow meters, totalizers, constant-flow regulators, and
> recorders).
>
> **B. Sampling Station**
>
> The following design criteria is applicable to radioactive material
> handling areas.
>
> 1\. Make sure any ventilation hoods have a face velocity of 100-150
> linear feet per minute with the hood window in its full open position.
>
> 2\. Direct ventilation hood exhaust to the facility vent upstream of
> the filters.
>
> 3\. Route any sink drains in sampling or radioactive material handling
> areas to radioactive waste or retention tanks. Sinks should be free of
> any potential crud traps.
>
> 4\. Construct or coat sinks and surfaces of sampling areas with
> materials that are easily decontaminated.
>
> 5\. Separate or shield sampling stations from other radioactive
> components.
>
> 6\. Provide adequate shielding or separation for high dose rate
> activities.
>
> 7\. Minimize potential for cross-contamination of non-radioactive
> systems.
>
> **C. Monitoring.**
>
> Sufficient and carefully chosen radiation and air monitors should be
> provided to cover all areas where there is a potential for dose rates
> or airborne concentrations to exceed the limits of the respective
> areas. The design engineer should apply the following guidelines for
> selection and location of monitors.
>
> 1\. Make sure that there are no obstructions or blocking of any
> monitor.
>
> 2\. Provide methods to perform remote sampling and monitoring for
> airborne radioactivity, where appropriate.
>
> 3\. Locate process and effluent monitors to provide enough detection
> lead time so as to divert or isolate a process stream, if that is
> their function.
>
> 4\. Provide manual friskers, portal monitors, and half-body
> contamination monitors in suitable locations. Be sure to provide
> services for them; for example, a gas-flow proportional counter needs
> room for its gas bottle and, perhaps, storage for another nearby.
>
> 5\. Make sure that all airborne monitors are able to detect 8
> DAC-hours (under laboratory conditions) as recommended by the
> Radiological Control Standard.
>
> 6\. Make sure that all monitors have circuitry that automatically can
> detect monitor failure and indicate whether the dose rate is
> off-scale.
>
> 7\. Provide readouts and alarms that are local, remote, or both, as
> appropriate (make sure the alarms are both visible and audible where
> required).
>
> **D. Instrumentation.**
>
> The ALARA design considerations that follow apply to the
> instrumentation and control systems disciplines.
>
> 1\. Select instruments that contain minimal quantities of contaminated
> working fluid and isolate whenever possible by choosing pressure
> transducers over bellows-type instruments.
>
> 2\. Follow good practices for crud deposition reduction.
>
> 3\. Locate instrument tubing taps on the top half of instrument lines
> carrying radioactive fluids.
>
> 4\. Locate all instrumentation, except for primary sensing elements,
> in low-dose-rate areas and provide for in-place calibration from
> low-dose-rate areas.
>
> 5\. Locate pagers, telephones, and other communication systems in a
> low-dose-rate area.
>
> 6\. Ensure instruments that must be located in areas of
> elevated-dose-rates are easily removable for remote repair and
> calibration in a low-dose-rate area.
>
> 7\. Provide remote viewing of local readout instruments.
>
> 8\. Select instruments with features that minimize inspection,
> calibration, and testing functions.
>
> 9\. Select high-quality sensors with proven reliability records and
> low-maintenance requirements for monitoring systems.
>
> 10\. Provide for logical groupings of readout instruments to decrease
> time needed for surveillance and logging.
>
> 11\. Consider using computers for automatic logging.
>
> 12\. Consider using computers for sensor reliability checks or
> calibration checks (e.g., smart transmitters).
>
> 13\. Provide adequate warning systems via flashing light, speakers, or
> siren for high-radiation sources that can change with time.

ALARA Protective Measures Used for D&D

The decontamination, deactivation, decommissioning and demolition of
radiological work facilities presents new challenges to personnel who
manage, plan, and accomplish work on these facilities. Decisions need to
be made early on, what is to be done with each facility. The choice
might be to decontaminate a facility, release it from radiological
controls and then return it to the public. Another choice might be to
remove everything from a facility, apply fixatives to contain
contamination and other hazardous products, and then demolish the
facility. A cultural change is necessary as everyone learns to make
risk-based decisions and how to use new techniques to accomplish the
different phases of D&D work.

Personnel who plan and accomplish D&D work are required to implement
ALARA protective measures to ensure the workers and the environment
remains safe. In the past, most people thought about ALARA as finding
ways to reduce dose. In D&D work, most of the emphasis has changed to
controlling contamination spread and, instead of minimizing waste, how
to deal with the large amounts of waste that can be created. The
following information should help personnel understand the new
challenges of D&D work.

The use of new and different technology requires different skills for
managers and workers. Managers need to look at different options on
accomplishing the work and select the best choice. Often times the
choice is based on "How much risk are you willing to accept? Managers
have to ensure the work can be accomplished without spreading
contamination outside posted boundaries.

Characterization of the facility is the first step in identifying the
hazards so that planning can proceed using the ISMS process. The
characterization establishes a baseline concerning the physical,
chemical, and radiological conditions. This provides a technical basis
for work and project decisions on cost, risk, and waste estimates.

The D&D of old facilities presents several challenges. Most of the older
buildings were not built with D&D in mind. Many are constructed of
concrete and some walls may be several feet thick. High levels of fixed
and removable contamination may be found throughout facilities.
Thousands of feet of piping and ventilation ducting may be encapsulated
in concrete or underground. The piping and ventilation may contain
residual acids. Some materials may be pyrophoric or be fissile
materials. Insulation in older facilities is usually asbestos and other
products like lead and beryllium may be present. Existing cranes and
other equipment may not be operational. Large equipment may not fit
through existing doors, and that means that it has to be size-reduced or
the openings enlarged.

Personnel who plan the work and want to implement ALARA protective
measures have to become familiar with new processes, tools, equipment
and work practices used in D&D work. New skills for workers include:

-   Use of new equipment to characterize a facility,

-   Use of new decontamination products to decontaminate floors, walls,
    gloveboxes and other surfaces,

-   Use of hand-tools to size-reduce materials so they will fit into
    waste containers,

-   How to apply fixatives to keep contamination from spreading,

-   Use of misting to reduce airborne contamination,

-   Use of robots, manipulative arms and remote tools to accomplish work
    in high radiation areas or areas containing high levels of
    contamination and other hazardous materials,

-   Use of video equipment and closed circuit television

-   Use of specialized tools such as hydrolasing equipment, thermal
    cutting techniques, scabbling and expandable foam,

-   New methods to package and ship waste, and

-   Use of point-source ventilation and containments to reduce
    contamination spread.

The work practices used to accomplish D&D work can result in the
creation of large amounts of Low Level, Mixed, Transuranic and chemical
waste. Often, the waste stream dictates how the D&D work has to be
accomplished. Waste planning usually starts early and personnel are
encouraged to look for "opportunities" to streamline the process or
reduce the amount of waste created.

The work practices, tools, and ALARA Protective measures used in D&D
work have to ensure that no contamination is spread outside posted
boundaries. Workers may need specialized training using the new tools
and work practices. New types of protective clothing and respiratory
equipment may be required to enter some areas. More attention has to be
directed at ensuring workers do not harm themselves during component or
building demolition. Often time's workers will be required to wear cut
and puncture resistant clothing or clothing that is designed for "hot"
work.

Understanding the lessons learned from past D&D projects can help
personnel who are trying to implement ALARA protective measures on new
projects. See the list below:

-   Need detailed review of facility history and locations of past
    spills, where hazardous materials were stored and actual work was
    accomplished. Older workers can be consulted to help identify how
    the facility was operated and the locations of past problems.

-   During characterization, it is important that planning personnel
    understand what isotopes are present and if they behave differently.
    For example; Tritium contamination may pass through concrete.

-   If the work operations generate airborne contamination, the work is
    normally shutdown until contamination controls are in place to fix
    the contamination or remote technology used to accomplish the work.

-   Decontaminating a facility so that it can be released from
    radiological controls is time consuming and may require thousands of
    surveys and samples. It may be better to "fix" the contamination and
    demolish the facility using multiple engineered controls.

-   The location of a facility affects what measures are taken to
    accomplish D&D. If the facility is located near a public road,
    river, or town, less aggressive measures are used to D&D the
    facility. In addition, if other buildings surround the facility, the
    number of Project Design choices of measures that can be used, are
    reduced.

-   Facilities undergoing D&D normally have a posted barrier around the
    facility to isolate the potentially contaminated area from areas
    with lesser controls. If contamination is detected outside these
    barriers, it is typically understood that the D&D project is "out of
    control". During preplanning, a study needs to be done to determine
    where these barriers need to be placed.

-   Base planning on what is "probably" going to happen rather than
    "worst case". Have contingency plans available though in case the
    "worst case" happens.

-   Whatever options are chosen, they need to be flexible and adapt to
    changing work conditions. Consider each activity a new and
    potentially different opportunity.

-   Weather conditions will affect the choice of controls used during
    D&D and can make counting surveys difficult. For example; damp
    smears and air sample filters are difficult to measure if they are
    wet.

-   More difficult phases of the work should be done by subcontractors
    who are specialists. The subcontractor workers may need training on
    radiological work practices.

-   Taking "shortcuts" can lead to increased costs due to delays,
    events, or shutdowns.

-   Base planning on current surveys, whenever possible. If current
    conditions are unknown, be conservative until current surveys are
    taken and evaluated.

-   Facilities that do a through job of characterizing before work
    starts have less job stoppages and increase their chance they will
    complete the work on schedule.

-   During demolition, contamination control and monitoring is
    difficult. Removing walls creates lack of containment and changes
    the work environment. Radiological conditions can change rapidly
    when contamination is disturbed. Pu contamination seems to migrate
    quickly even when there is no apparent cause.

-   Training workers in mockups is effective in teaching new skills and
    the donning and doffing of protective clothing. Full-scale mockup
    training needs to be as realistic as practical.

-   Thorough pre-job briefings are important to make workers understand
    what has been done, is the procedure correct, are the tools
    available, what is expected from them and the work practices they
    will use to accomplish the job.

-   Use of videotape and digital photos is an effective way to brief
    workers on changing conditions and to create an historical record.

-   Expect to find lead-based paint, asbestos gaskets, asbestos tile,
    PCBs, and other hazardous materials in old facilities.

-   Contaminated vent ducting may contain several inches of dust or
    chemical residues. Spills have occurred when sections of ducting
    were removed.

-   HEPA filters may have leaked and spread contamination into areas
    that should be uncontaminated.

-   Piping systems may contain liquids and be pressurized.

-   Have full-time safety, industrial hygiene, and Radcon personnel
    assigned to the project.

-   Work will likely extend over many months. Consider debriefing the
    work periodically to capture lessons learned and get recommendations
    on improvements. Maintain open lines of communication between
    managers, planners, workers, RCTs, IH, and Safety professionals.

-   There are more stringent regulations for shipping hazardous or
    radioactive wastes than disposing it.

-   Need to constantly consider Criticality Safety issues regarding the
    geometry of waste containing fissile material.

-   The use of large amounts of misting or spraying dust suppressants
    during demolition prevents airborne contamination.

-   It is difficult to predict where concrete will fracture during
    demolition due to its thickness and rebar.

-   Expandable foam can be used to reduce contamination during piping
    and ventilation removal. Other fixatives can be effective in coating
    the inside of long runs of piping prior to removal.

-   Soil contamination may be present near radiological work facilities
    where storm run-off occurs, storage pads, asphalt parking and liquid
    waste treatment areas.

-   Complex equipment can be wrapped in plastic wrap and sprayed with a
    product like polyurea to provide a "strong-tight" container for
    shipping.

-   Decontaminate or fix high levels of removable contamination before
    securing building HEPA filtered ventilation. On one project the
    ventilation was secured before high levels of surface contamination
    decontaminated and this resulted in airborne contamination.

-   The protective clothing requirements for D&D may include plastic
    suits, bubble suits, and supplied air respiratory equipment.
    Planners need to understand the impact of adding layers of PPE and
    its affect on the workers. For example; It may be better to pad a
    worker's knees instead of adding another suit.

-   During D&D, workers may be required to handle materials with sharp
    edges that could puncture or cut the worker. This wound could be
    contaminated and require flushing, surgery, or other actions to
    reduce the worker's exposure. Cut and puncture resistant gloves, arm
    sleeves or aprons may be needed to protect the workers.

-   Throughout the project, good housekeeping, eliminating safety
    hazards and combustible materials are priorities.

-   There has been many examples of the benefits of planning carefully,
    listening to the workers, and looking for opportunities. Expect the
    Unexpected.

> *This page intentionally left blank.*

**APPENDIX B - ALARA ENGINEERING DESIGN PRINCIPLES**

**I. ASSESSING RADIATION DOSES**

> Radiation designs should provide for anticipated dose by including
> analysis of the tasks and processes that occur in these areas, the
> anticipated dose rates for the area, and the proposed inventories of
> radioactive materials.
>
> **A. Workers and Time.**
>
> Moreover, the numbers of workers and the amount of time they are
> expected to spend in the area should be taken into consideration.
>
> 1\. For example, general (low-level) operations areas consist of those
> areas with small or moderate inventories of radioactive materials.
> Examples are general radionuclide research labs, rooms containing
> properly shielded X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy units, and
> operation areas with low contamination and low dose-rate potential.
>
> 2\. Work in higher-level operation areas, however, typically involves
> more radioactive material than does work in general operation areas.
> Examples of process operation areas are glovebox and hot-cell
> operating areas, control areas for high-dose rooms, and selected areas
> of accelerator facilities where experiments with moderate dose or
> contamination potential cannot be remote-controlled.
>
> **B. Multiple Sources.**
>
> It is important in building layout to minimize simultaneous dose from
> multiple sources at locations where maintenance personnel may be
> required to work. Similarly, individual work stations should be
> shielded from one another if work by one individual may expose others
> in the same area to unnecessary dose.
>
> **C. Remote Operations.**
>
> Functions in remote operation areas are usually remotely or
> automatically controlled. Occupancy in these areas is predominately
> for process monitoring or the adjustment of operations occurring in
> areas of high hazard and restricted access. Examples of this type of
> area are hot-cell service and maintenance areas and transfer areas
> where highly dispersible materials of high-dose rate are introduced
> into the process system or hot cell.
>
> **D. Isolation Areas.**
>
> Isolation areas include areas with high-dose rates or airborne
> contamination levels. Unauthorized and unmonitored entry in these
> areas is forbidden, and design features shall prevent the unauthorized
> entry of personnel. All personnel are prohibited from entering when
> conditions in the area present an immediate hazard to human life.
> Physical controls are required to limit doses when these areas are
> occupied.

**II. ACCESS CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS**

> Building layout is an important factor in controlling personnel dose
> by regulating the flow of personnel and material. Proper layout
> reduces casual or transient exposures to radiation fields by
> segregating heavily used corridors and the work areas of
> nonradiological workers from the areas of high radiation and
> contamination. The layout should effectively limit occupational dose
> to areas where the performance of an assigned task requires some
> degree of radiation dose. Controlled areas defined in 10 CFR 835 are
> addressed in Module 103. A general discussion follows.
>
> **A. Sequential Areas.**
>
> An acceptable technique for achieving proper building layout is to
> establish a system of sequential areas. This concept is frequently
> used because it is adaptable to the physical control of external and
> internal dose equivalents. In addition, the design is an excellent
> precursor to planning and establishing operational radiological
> control areas.
>
> **B. General Access and Controlled Areas.**
>
> Two major types of areas are included in any nuclear facility:
> uncontrolled areas and controlled-access areas.
>
> 1\. [General access]{.underline}: General access areas are normally
> places to which public access is restricted but where direct radiation
> exposure is not necessary for job performance, such as the work areas
> of administrative and nonradiological support personnel. These areas
> include conference rooms, file rooms, clerical and other support
> offices, lunch rooms, and rest rooms.
>
> 2\. [Controlled areas]{.underline}: Controlled areas are areas to
> which access is managed to protect individuals from exposure to
> radiation and/or radioactive material. Individuals who enter
>
> only the controlled areas without entering radiological areas are not
> expected to receive a total effective dose equivalent of more than 100
> mrem (0.001 sievert) in a year.
>
> Controlled areas may include corridors that are adjacent to, or
> connected with, areas that contain radioactive materials, change
> rooms, or special offices for radiation workers.
>
> 3\. [Radiological Area]{.underline}: Any area within a Controlled Area
> that meets the definition of a Radiation Area, Contamination Area,
> High Contamination Area, Airborne Radioactivity Area, or High
> Radiation or Very High Radiation Areas. For the purpose of access
> control, we can divide Radiological Areas into buffer areas (also
> called contingent areas) and areas of contamination or elevated dose
> rates.
>
> 4\. [Buffer/contingent areas]{.underline}: Buffer areas should contain
> offices only if the facility design criteria specify that the offices
> must be near radiological areas. The primary functions of buffer areas
> are to control contamination and to isolate radiological areas from
> general access areas.
>
> **C. Traffic.**
>
> Locate frequently used pathways in low-radiation areas and
> non-contaminated areas. (Note: Use common sense and logic. If the
> pathway is in \"clean areas\" but in a long and illogical route,
> people will not use it and may take \"short cuts\" through hot areas.)
>
> 1\. Plan transport routes inside and between buildings so that
> non-radioactive material does not have to pass through radiological
> areas and *vice versa*.
>
> 2\. Plan personnel traffic routes so that clean or general access
> areas are not isolated and do not have to be reached by passing
> through a radiological area.
>
> 3\. Plan personnel traffic routes so that access paths between
> contaminated areas do not pass through clean areas.
>
> 4\. Consider the sizes and locations of monorails, cranes, doorways,
> corridors, and hatches in relation to the radiological or
> non-radiological areas they will serve.
>
> 5\. Be sure to consider the paths that firefighters will take in
> entering a radiological area. Try to provide paths that will keep them
> farthest away from areas of high-dose rate while providing adequate
> access to the most likely area for a fire.
>
> **D. Access.**
>
> 1\. Provide adequate space around components for inspections and
> maintenance activities.
>
> 2\. Locate supports so as not to interfere with inspections and
> maintenance, and facilitate removal of equipment.
>
> 3\. Provide space and rigging path so that equipment can easily be
> removed from areas of elevated dose rates for maintenance.
>
> 4\. Ensure that wide and large enough doorways and access areas are
> provided so that components can be easily removed for maintenance or
> inspection.
>
> 5\. Provide permanent platforms, rigging devices, etc., for easy
> access to components in hard-to-reach places.
>
> 6\. Provide laydown space to allow equipment and components to be
> disassembled.
>
> 7\. Minimize the number of personnel access control points, and size
> and equip them for the expected number of workers who will use them.
>
> 8\. Areas with significant concentration of airborne radioactive
> materials should be provided with physical barriers to prevent the
> entry of unauthorized individuals.
>
> 9\. Provide one of the following features for each entrance or access
> point to High Radiation Areas:
>
> a\. A control device that prohibits entry when high radiation levels
> exist, or upon entry causes radiation levels to be reduced below High
> Radiation Area levels;
>
> b\. A device that prevents operation of the radiation source;
>
> c\. A control device that energizes a conspicuous visible or audible
> alarm;
>
> d\. A locked entry-way; or
>
> e\. Continuous surveillance capable of preventing entry.
>
> Additionally, Very High Radiation Areas must prohibit entry when dose
> rates are greater than posting requirements.
>
> 10\. Provide panic exit bars on the insides of locked doors as well as
> locks, alarms, and interlocks as appropriate for areas requiring them.
>
> 11\. Provide space for temporary access control points where it is
> anticipated they will be needed from time to time.
>
> 12\. Provide space, support, and electrical hookups for personnel
> contamination monitors as needed at each access control point.
>
> **E. Radiological Areas.**
>
> 1\. Make contamination and radiation areas as small as possible.
>
> 2\. Provide for posting of radiological areas and anticipated hot
> spots.

**III. CONTAMINATION CONTROL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS**

> **A. Contamination Control.**
>
> 1\. Slope floors toward sumps or floor drains and use curbs, dikes,
> berms, and trenches as appropriate to remove leakage promptly.
>
> 2\. Hard-pipe drains, tank overflow, valve stem leakage, etc., to
> sumps.
>
> 3\. Route drains directly to proper radwaste sumps or tanks.
>
> 4\. Provide stainless steel collection pans as needed and direct
> leakage to drains via tubing or piping (stainless steel resists
> corrosion and facilitates decontamination).
>
> 5\. Always consider whether flooding (due to leakage, backup of a
> sump, etc.) may cause the contamination of equipment, and elevate such
> equipment above flood levels.
>
> 6\. Use raised sleeves in floor penetrations; consider sealing the
> penetrations or providing a hood.
>
> 7\. Avoid using open gratings for stairs or platforms in potentially
> contaminated areas.
>
> 8\. Provide space and support for the use of glove bags and other
> containments over the space created when the head of a heat exchanger
> is removed, or where a pipe is opened, and in similar cases.
>
> 9\. Allow room inside and/or near contaminated or potentially
> contaminated areas for friskers, step-off pads, and used protective
> clothing bins.
>
> **B. Decontamination.**
>
> Plan for eventual decontamination. If decontamination is done in
> place, the worker may experience a high-dose rate from other equipment
> in the area; he may not have much room to work in; and the
> decontamination fluids, cloths, and removed parts will have to be
> collected. If the equipment is removed for decontamination at another
> location, it may have to be bagged up, lifted, loaded, and moved along
> a path, possibly passing through general access areas or areas of
> narrow clearance.
>
> There are several ways to facilitate decontamination during the design
> phase:
>
> 1\. Provide smooth, nonporous, and nonreactive surfaces on equipment
> (inside and out), floors, insulation, walls, trenches, doors, plugs,
> and tools.
>
> 2\. Make generous provisions for services to be used for anticipated
> decontamination: water, air, electricity, and other connections.
>
> 3\. Provide cleanout openings, taps for hydrolasing or chemical
> \"decon,\" hatches, collection pans, and means for flushing and
> draining (be aware that the cleanouts are themselves a crud trap).
>
> 4\. Consider a central decontamination station for a large facility or
> operation; size, equip, and locate it for the types, sizes, number,
> and locations of the equipment it is to handle.

**IV. RADIOACTIVE WASTE CONSIDERATIONS**

> **A. Temporary Radwaste Storage.**
>
> 1\. Location for the temporary storage of radioactive wastes must be
> designed into both the building plan and the plan for each area where
> radioactive materials are handled.
>
> 2\. Radioactive material handling areas should be designed with a
> special area for waste accumulation. This area should be removed from
> the generally occupied areas of the facility.
>
> 3\. Special attention should be paid to fire prevention, spill
> control, and (if necessary) vapor or odor control.
>
> **B. Bulk Radwaste Storage.**
>
> 1\. Operating areas should not be the principal areas for interim bulk
> waste storage. Instead, all major facilities should be designed with a
> special bulk storage area.
>
> This area should be located so that wastes being removed from the
> building will not have to be transported along major personnel traffic
> routes or through uncontrolled-access areas.
>
> 2\. To prevent accumulations of waste in operating areas if normal
> disposal methods are temporarily interrupted, the waste storage area
> should be large enough to accommodate more than the expected volume of
> waste.
>
> **C. Transport.**
>
> 1\. Plan routes over which solid and liquid wastes in containers must
> be transported to avoid general access areas as much as possible.
>
> 2\. Minimize distances over which moderately and highly radioactive
> wastes are transported from operating areas to disposal points.
>
> **D. Drainage of Liquid Systems.**
>
> Design drain basins, curbs, and catch or retention tanks for efficient
> and complete drainage.
>
> **E . Monitoring.**
>
> Install monitoring systems to detect any leaks or spills in areas
> where drainage or retention is unattended or is remote-controlled.
>
> **F. Fire Suppression.**
>
> Install fire-suppression systems in areas where combustible
> radioactive material may accumulate or be stored. Consider the effects
> of fires not only in the Radiological Areas, but also in the
> non-Radiological Areas.

**V. SHIELDING, PENETRATIONS, AND ROUTING CONSIDERATIONS**

> **A. Shielding.**
>
> 1\. Obtain information on shielding types, thicknesses, and layout
> from a radiological specialist (a radiological engineer, ALARA
> specialist, or health physicist, as appropriate for your project or
> operation).
>
> 2\. Don\'t be reluctant to ask if another type of shielding will do,
> or if there is a way to accomplish what you want without so much
> shielding.
>
> 3\. Labyrinth entrances should be considered for some Radiation Areas,
> and for all High Radiation and Very High Radiation Areas.
>
> 4\. Take into account the buildup of the source or other source
> accumulation over the years (install more shielding than is
> immediately necessary, or provide space and support for shielding to
> be added later as the source builds up).
>
> 5\. Consider removable shielding, such as block walls and ceiling
> hatches for large equipment, but remember that the removal and
> re-emplacement will cost some dose. Use proper overlapping and
> stepping in the design and emplacement of such shielding.
>
> 6\. Consider temporary shielding when it would be needed only briefly
> or infrequently (allow for space, support, and transport
> requirements).
>
> 7\. Consider special shielding such as shield doors, leaded glass
> windows, covers for hot spots, transport casks, and shielded carts or
> forklifts.
>
> 8\. Add permanent hooks, latches, fasteners, and structural supports
> to secure temporary shielding.
>
> 9\. Design shielding to separate components used for processing or
> storage of radioactive materials to allow for routine operations and
> maintenance.
>
> **B. Penetrations.**
>
> 1\. Have experts from all affected disciplines review a planned
> penetration before the hole is made.
>
> 2\. Minimize the size and number of penetrations (several small
> penetrations are usually better than one big one).
>
> 3\. Place penetrations in the thinnest shield wall, near a corner, as
> high up as possible, and not in a line of sight with a source.
>
> 4\. Place penetrations so they do not line up with accessible areas,
> including stairways, doorways, and elevators.
>
> 5\. Place penetrations so they do not line up with any
> radiation-sensitive equipment, such as electronics, attached to a wall
> or ceiling on the low-dose-rate side of the penetration.
>
> 6\. Consider offset penetrations.
>
> 7\. Provide labyrinths or shadow shields behind penetrations to reduce
> streaming or scattering through the penetration.
>
> 8\. Seal penetrations, where justified, for dose-rate reduction,
> air-flow control, and leakage control.
>
> **C. Routing of Ducts, Pipes, Cables, and Conduit (DPCs).**
>
> 1\. Have DPCs enter through a labyrinth or door, if possible.
>
> 2\. Don\'t route DPCs containing contaminated fluids through general
> access areas, or clean DPCs through potentially contaminated or
> high-dose-rate areas.
>
> 3\. Locate connections, pull spaces, junction boxes, panels, valve
> operators, and taps in low-dose-rate areas or at least on the
> low-dose-rate side of the wall.
>
> 4\. Provide as short a run of sample and other potentially
> contaminated lines as possible into the accessible areas.
>
> 5\. Do not regard the X-Y-Z grid as sacred. Minimize runs of piping by
> routing diagonally, using bends other then 90 degrees, and sloping
> lines.
>
> 6\. Route clean and radioactivity-containing pipes in separate areas,
> especially pipe tunnels. A worker servicing clean systems should
> generally not receive significant dose.
>
> 7\. Route to provide adequate clearance for maintenance, inspection,
> and insulation.
>
> 8\. Do not field-route radioactivity-containing DPCs (if it is
> necessary, guidance should be given to the routers as to the path and
> areas in which the pipe may go).
>
> 9\. Make as-built drawings of field-routed piping to ensure that lines
> containing radioactivity are known and identified.

**VI. EQUIPMENT SEPARATION, SEGREGATION, PLACEMENT, AND ISOLATION**

> **CONSIDERATIONS**
>
> **A. Separation.**
>
> 1\. Put shield walls between components sharing the same cubicle to
> reduce the dose to a worker maintaining one of them (the equipment
> should be placed so that the worker does not have to pass close to one
> to get to the other).
>
> 2\. Separate passive equipment, such as tanks, from active or
> frequently maintained equipment with shielding.
>
> 3\. Consider multi-skid designs for appropriate pieces of equipment to
> allow interstitial shielding (e.g., place shielding between pumps and
> their motors in highly radioactive streams because the pumps get
> \"hot\" while the motors do not).
>
> **B. Segregation.**
>
> 1\. Segregate highly radioactive equipment from moderately radioactive
> equipment, and both from clean equipment. Similarly, segregate
> equipment with high airborne potential from equipment with less
> airborne potential, and both from clean equipment.
>
> 2\. Segregate radioactive equipment of different systems so that both
> systems will not have to be flushed, drained, or decontaminated to
> reduce the dose when only one needs maintenance.
>
> **C. Placement.**
>
> 1\. Even with shielding, lay out equipment in an area or equipment
> cubicle so that the worker enters, progresses from low-dose-rate areas
> to moderate to high-dose-rate areas, and from active to passive
> equipment.
>
> 2\. Place inspection, control, and readout devices and panels in
> low-dose-rate areas.
>
> 3\. Place services (demineralized water, electricity, etc.) near
> entrances or at least in the lowest-dose-rate areas.
>
> **D. Isolation.**
>
> 1\. Properly place isolation valves to minimize dead legs.
>
> 2\. Minimize pipe runs in valve aisles (consider reach rods and valve
> operators).
>
> 3\. Thoroughly review any proposed interconnection between systems of
> different radioactivity potential (consider having only temporary
> connections between radioactive and clean systems, such as the
> demineralized water supply).
>
> **E. Redundancy.**
>
> Provide adequate redundancy and backup capability, especially in
> systems of high radioactivity content and safety systems. Provide
> appropriate cross-connections to achieve this.

**VII. ACCESSIBILITY, LAYDOWN, AND STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS**

> **A. Accessibility.**
>
> 1\. Allow adequate working space around major components, usually at
> least 3 feet. Do not allow this space to be filled by reach rods,
> shields, pipes, scaffolds, etc.
>
> 2\. Provide more space if many workers or large tools are necessary
> for maintenance, and consider the space taken by protective clothing
> and respirators.
>
> 3\. Size labyrinths and doorways to allow the passage of workers,
> carts, forklifts, and tools.
>
> 4\. Provide cranes or monorails for large pieces of equipment, pad
> eyes or anchor points for smaller ones, and lifting lugs on all
> components of significant weight.
>
> 5\. Consider permanent galleries or scaffolding where maintenance is
> frequent or prolonged; provide space and attachments for temporary
> structures where it is not.
>
> 6\. Select tanks that have manways sized for a worker wearing a full
> set of protective clothing, including respirator (preferably at least
> 24 inches).
>
> 7\. Supply adequate access around welds by providing prescribed
> separation between welds and between welds and penetrations.
>
> 8\. Minimize the number of stops, hangers, supports, and snubbers, and
> orient them to maximize access space in the area.
>
> 9\. Consider sectional or modular design (e.g., snap-on segments of
> insulation on heat-traced lines that require frequent maintenance).
>
> 10\. Provide space for removal of filters into plastic bags or
> shielded containers.
>
> **B. Laydown and Storage.**
>
> 1\. Provide laydown space in a low-dose-rate area (besides equipment,
> consider such items as tool boxes, carts, and hoses).
>
> 2\. Store hot tools (fixed contamination) and tools waiting for
> decontamination in appropriately posted, locked, shielded, and
> ventilated areas.
>
> 3\. Properly store nonradioactive items to be used in radiological
> areas, such as dosimeters, filters, insulation, and so forth, so that
> they will not be degraded by radiation, light, moisture, etc.

**VIII. SNUBBER, STRUT, HANGER, AND ANCHOR CONSIDERATIONS**

> 1\. Locate and design snubbers, struts, hanger, and anchors so as to
> facilitate removal and replacement.
>
> 2\. Locate snubbers, struts, hangers, and anchors so as not to
> interfere with inspections and maintenance.
>
> 3\. Replace snubbers with struts or energy absorbers whenever
> possible.
>
> 4\. Paint and tag snubbers, struts, hangers, and anchors to facilitate
> location for repair and inspection.

**IX. HUMAN FACTORS**

> **A. Consider Visual Factors.**
>
> 1\. Make sure that signs, indicators, readouts, etc., are clearly
> legible from a reasonable distance away.
>
> 2\. Avoid the use of nonstandard lettering.
>
> 3\. Provide adequate lighting and consider auxiliary lighting where
> equipment is located in a corner or behind other equipment, or where
> remotely operated cameras are used (provide automatic emergency
> lighting in areas where the dose rate may be elevated).
>
> **B. Consider Auditory Factors.**
>
> 1\. Provide alarms numerous and loud enough to be heard everywhere in
> the subject area. Also minimize background noise.
>
> 2\. Provide adequate communications measures, especially in areas
> where maintenance and inspection workers or health physics technicians
> may need to communicate with their supervisor or health physicist
> during a job.
>
> **C. Consider Human Physical Characteristics.**
>
> 1\. Familiarize yourself with an appropriate reference on human sizes
> and physical capacities, and apply this guidance to all design and
> operations work.
>
> 2\. Consider the use of lifting devices and special tools so that
> fewer workers can accomplish a job.
>
> 3\. Consider the effects of heat stress, particularly with protective
> equipment such as respirators and/or non-porous protective equipment.
>
> 4\. Consider provisions for lifelines to pull accidentally injured or
> unconscious workers from tanks, pools, or other areas of high dose
> rates or high airborne activity.
>
> **D. Help Prevent Human Error.**
>
> 1\. Make permanent alignment marks on the equipment or floor.
>
> 2\. Color-code tools, conduit, bolts, and pipes.
>
> 3\. Place identification on insulation to show what is underneath it.
>
> 4\. Clearly mark system lineup indication of valve position, breaker
> settings, etc., near controls or equipment.
>
> 5\. Locate valves, valve operators, controls, etc., in a logical
> manner.
>
> 6\. Consider automation of operational sequences, or use interlocks
> and warning lights for dangerous choices in manual sequences (also use
> interlocks as an aid to memory, such as automatically starting sample
> hood HVAC when the sample draw starts).
>
> 7\. Make it cheap in terms of dose for operations to be accomplished
> safely (e.g., in areas where the "buddy system" is used for safety,
> provide a low-dose-rate area where the watcher can observe, perhaps in
> the labyrinth entrance with a mirror).
>
> 8\. Consider providing mockups and simulators on which operators can
> practice for long or complex jobs.
>
> 9\. Special tools or equipment specific to one area should be provided
> and kept near that area.

**X. OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS**

> **A. Operations.**
>
> 1\. Provide adequate space around components, permanently installed
> platforms, lighting, ladders, outlets, etc., for operation of
> equipment.
>
> 2\. Locate remote operators or reach rods on high-dose-rate valves
> outside contaminated areas.
>
> 3\. Locate instrument readouts in low-dose-rate areas and away from
> contaminated areas whenever possible.
>
> 4\. Provide for operations and surveillance from outside a High
> Radiation Area through the use of remote readout devices, viewing
> ports, radiation detector ports, or TV cameras.
>
> 5\. Provide access to equipment or instruments requiring frequent
> manual operation or surveillance via areas with the lowest possible
> dose rates.
>
> **B. Maintenance.**
>
> 1\. Provide adequate space around components, permanently installed
> platforms, lighting, ladders, outlets, etc., for maintenance.
>
> 2\. Select the components or systems with long service life, ease of
> maintenance, reliability, and operating record of low maintenance
> frequency.
>
> 3\. Ensure components requiring frequent maintenance (e.g., small
> pumps and valves) are designed to permit prompt removal (e.g., flanged
> connections) to facilitate repairs in lowdose- rate areas.
>
> 4\. Eliminate or minimize periodic maintenance items (e.g., O-rings,
> gaskets, packing, protective coatings, lighting components).
>
> 5\. Consider using lubricating systems or self-lubricating units.
>
> 6\. Provide a mechanism to allow rigging of the component (e.g., pad
> eyes).
>
> 7\. Provide access to equipment and components requiring frequent
> maintenance via areas with lowest dose rates practicable.
>
> 8\. Ensure that the valve maintenance procedure controls stellite
> filings to reduce cobalt where neutron activation of the stellite is
> possible.
>
> 9\. Design and orient components to minimize crud buildup.
>
> **C. Inspection.**
>
> 1\. Provide adequate space around components, permanently installed
> platforms, lighting, ladders, outlets, etc.
>
> 2\. Ensure that insulation design allows for rapid removal and
> replacement (e.g., match marks, fiberglass blankets).
>
> 3\. Locate equipment with consideration given to facilitating
> inspections required by Section XI of the ASME Code, Appendix J,
> Appendix R, and other inspection requirements of the ISI leak rate and
> fire protection programs.
>
> 4\. Provide there visible tags and levels to identify equipment,
> snubbers, welds, penetrations, valves, and other items requiring
> inspection.
>
> 5\. Locate access to equipment or components requiring frequent
> inspections via areas with lowest possible dose.

**APPENDIX C - CALCULATIONS INVOLVING THE QUANTITIES USED IN 10 CFR**

**PART 835**

Perhaps the best way to understand the dosimetric methodology of 10 CFR
835 (which is based on ICRP Publication 68) is to learn the way the
calculations are performed. Anyone who has mastered simple arithmetic
and is willing to give some thought to the subject can perform these
computations.

**I. DEFINITIONS AND BASIC RELATIONSHIPS**

> Definitions
>
> In 10 CFR 835, the rem is used as the unit of measurement for the
> physical quantities listed below. Remember that just as the *meter* is
> the unit for the quantity *distance*, and the *liter* is the unit for
> the quantity *volume*, so too is the *rem* (or *sievert, Sv*) the unit
> for the quantity *equivalent dose*.
>
> **A. [Equivalent Dose (H~T~)]{.underline}**: The product of average
> absorbed dose (D~T,R~) in rad (or gray) in a tissue or organ (T) and a
> radiation (R) weighting factor (W~R~). For external dose, the
> equivalent dose to the whole body is assessed at a depth of 1cm in
> tissue; the equivalent dose to the lens of the eye is assessed at a
> depth of 0.3 cm in tissue, and the equivalent dose to the extremity
> and skin is assessed at a depth of 0.007 cm in tissue. Equivalent dose
> is expressed in units of rem (or Sv).
>
> **B. [Deep Equivalent Dose (DED)]{.underline}**: The equivalent dose
> derived from external radiation at a depth of 1 cm in tissue.
>
> **C. [Lens of the Eye Equivalent Dose (LED)]{.underline}**: The
> external exposure of the lens of the eye; it is taken as the dose
> equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 cm.
>
> **D. [Shallow Equivalent Dose (SED): ]{.underline}**The dose
> equivalent deriving from external radiation at a depth of 0.007 cm in
> tissue.
>
> **E. [Committed Equivalent Dose (HT,50)]{.underline}**: The equivalent
> dose calculated to be received by a tissue or organ over a 50-year
> period after the intake of a radionuclide into the body. It does not
> include contributions from radiation sources external to the body.
> Committed equivalent dose is expressed in units of rem (orSv).

1Tissues and organs include: gonads, breasts, red bone marrow, lungs,
thyroid, bone surfaces, and remainder organs.

> **F. [Effective Dose ( E)]{.underline}**: The summation of the
> products of the equivalent dose received by specified tissues or
> organs of the body (HT) and the appropriate tissue weighting factor
> for that tissue or organ (w~T~)^2^ - that is E=Σw~T~H~T.~
>
> **G. [Committed Effective Dose (E~50~)]{.underline}**: The sum of the
> committed equivalent doses to various tissues and organs in the body
> (HT,50), each multiplied by the appropriate weighting factor (wT) -
> that is E~50~= ΣwTHT,50 + w~remainder~H~remainder,50~.
>
> **H. [Total Effective Dose (TED)]{.underline}**: The sum of the
> effective dose (E) for external exposures and the committed effective
> dose ( E~50~) for internal exposures.
>
> Other important definitions listed in 10 CFR 835 that are important in
> dosimetry calculations include:
>
> **I. [Annual Limit on Intake (ALI)]{.underline}**: The derived limit
> for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult
> worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. ALI is the smaller value
> of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the Reference Man (ICRP
> Publication 23) that would result in a Committed Effective Dose of 5
> rem or a Committed Equivalent Dose of 50 rem to any individual organ
> or tissue. Since the ALI is a radioactivity quantity, its units are
> *curies (Ci)*.
>
> **J. [Derived Air Concentration (DAC)]{.underline}**: The airborne
> concentration of radionuclides that equals the ALI for an individual
> radionuclide divided by the volume of air breathed by an average
> worker for a working year of 2,000 hours assuming a breathing volume
> of 2400 m^3^. The DAC is a concentration quantity with typical units
> of *microcurie per milliliter (µCi/ml)*.
>
> A useful quantity that is not defined in 10 CFR 835, but is very
> useful in the application of these dosimetry concepts is the DAC-hour:
>
> **K. [DAC-hour (DAC-hr)]{.underline}**: The time spent by a worker in
> an airborne radioactivity concentration multiplied by the ratio of
> that concentration to the appropriate DAC. For example, a worker

2Weighting factors, W, are listed in 10 CFR 835 for specific organs and
tissues.

who works for 8 hours in an area with an airborne radioactivity
concentration of 1 DAC would have spent 8 DAC-hrs in the area. If the
worker worked for 8 hours in an area with an airborne radioactivity
concentration of 10 DAC, he would have spent 80 DAC hours in the area. A
total of 2,000 DAC-hrs would result in a Committed Effective Dose of 5
rem or a Committed Equivalent Dose of 50 rem to any individual organ or
tissue.

**II. CALCULATIONS INVOLVING THE DOSIMETRY QUANTITIES**

> **A. 10 CFR 835 Limits.**
>
> 10 CFR 835 sets the following annual limits with regards to
> occupational exposure of general employees:
>
> 1\. Total Effective Dose
>
> TED [\<]{.underline} 5 rem
>
> 2\. Deep Equivalent Dose and Committed Equivalent Dose to any organ or
> tissue.
>
> DED + HT,50 [\<]{.underline} 50 rem (T other than lens of eye)
>
> 3\. Lens of Eye Equivalent Dose
>
> LED [\<]{.underline} 15 rem
>
> 4\. Shallow Equivalent Dose
>
> SED [\<]{.underline} 50 rem (to the skin or any extremity)
>
> **B. Combining Internal and External Exposures.**
>
> The TED during a year shall be determined by summing Effective Dose
> from external exposures and the Committed Effective Dose from intakes
> during the year. For purposes of compliance, the Deep Equivalent Dose
> to the whole body may be used as Effective Dose for external
> exposures.
>
> TED = E + E~50~

or

> TED = DED + E~50~
>
> **C. Calculating Internal Exposure Using ALIs and DACs.**
>
> Internal exposures are typically determined by evaluation of bioassay
> results. For the purposes of ALARA planning, it is beneficial to be
> able to calculate or estimate what an individual's internal exposure
> would be based on air concentrations.
>
> Begin by understanding the relationship between the DAC and the ALI:
>
> DAC (µCi/ml) = [ALI (Ci)]{.underline}

2400 m3

> The average worker breathes approximately 2400 m^3^ of air during a
> 2,000-hour working year.
>
> If C is the actual radioactivity concentration in which a worker is
> breathing, the Committed Effective Dose (E~50~) may be calculated
> directly from air concentration measurements and using the DAC value
> found in 10 CFR 835 for the radionuclide being inhaled and the time
> that was spent in the area.
>
> For example: Where the limiting ALI is based on 5 rem CEDE:
>
> E~50~ (rem) = [C (µ*C*i/ml)]{.underline} X [time (hrs)]{.underline} X
> 5 rem

DAC (µCi/ml) 2000 hrs

> Individuals may enter areas with airborne radioactivity concentrations
> greater than the DAC for specific radionuclides; however, their time
> spent in such an area must be limited so that TED [\<]{.underline} 5
> rem and CED [\<]{.underline} 50 rem. In this case, it is easier to use
> the DAC-hour quantity to calculate E~50~.
>
> For example: Where the limiting ALI is based on 5 rem CED:
>
> E~50~(rem) = [DAC-hrs]{.underline} X 5 rem

2000 hrs

or

> E~50~(mrem) =DAC-hrs × 2.5 mrem/hr
>
> If a worker spent 8 hours in an area in which the airborne
> radioactivity concentration was 3 DAC, based on the limiting ALI of 5
> rem CED, his Committed Effective Dose (E~50~) would be calculated as
> follows:
>
> DAC-hrs =3 DAC × 8 hrs =24 DAC-hrs
>
> E~50~(mrem) =24 DAC-hrs × 2.5 mrem/hr = 60 mrem

*This page intentionally left blank.*

**APPENDIX D - ALARA DESIGN REVIEW CHECKLIST**

(Insert facility-specific checklist or documents or substitute
facility-specific information, as applicable.)

> **A. Overview.**
>
> As an aid in performing an ALARA Design Review, series checklists have
> been provided here.
>
> The first part (Sections I) is a list of preliminary questions called
> "First Level Screening Questions" that serves to sort out which groups
> of questions in the main checklist will need to be answered. The
> second part (Section II-XXI) is the main checklist, a series of
> questions grouped by subject. These checklists include space where
> individual answers may be discussed and resolutions may be recorded.
>
> **B. Filling Out the Checklist.**
>
> 1\. If there is any doubt regarding the applicability of an issue or
> an ALARA principle being neglected, the reviewer should answer
> conservatively (i.e., answer to indicate an issue IS involved or that
> ALARA IS being neglected).
>
> 2\. Where a question is not applicable, the reviewer should answer
> "N/A."
>
> 3\. The reviewer can call the ALARA Review Coordinator for guidance in
> responding to questions.
>
> 4\. The questions are to be answered considering not only new or newly
> added features, but also existing features that might be affected. The
> impact of nonradiological additions on radiological items also must be
> considered.

**I. ALARA PRELIMINARY SCREENING QUESTIONS**

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  A. Does the                                                    YES   NO   
  facility,                                                                 
  system or                                                                 
  subject                                                                   
  include:                                                                  

  1\.         Entry into or activity in or near a radiological              
              Area?                                                         

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  2\.         Shielding; penetrations; equipment separation or              
              segregation; or routing of pipes, conduit or                  
              ducts?                                                        

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response                                                      

  3\.         Location of sensors, readouts, or like                        
              manual-access or visual-access components in a                
              Radiological Area?                                            

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  4\.         Activities which may affect ventilation equipment             
              (such as selection and maintenance), produce                  
              airborne contamination, or other local ventilation            
              or airborne controls?                                         

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  5\.         Construction or assembly techniques, materials,               
              shapes, flow patterns, or choices of equipment                
              which potentially contribute to crud or other                 
              radioactivity production or accumulation?                     

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     
  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  A. Does the                                                    YES   NO   
  facility,                                                                 
  system or                                                                 
  subject                                                                   
  include:                                                                  

  6\.         Flow paths or contact surfaces which might require            
              isolation or decontamination, or measures to                  
              facilitate decontamination?                                   

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  7\.         Radiation monitoring or sampling systems, or                  
              modifications which may result in the need to                 
              alter or add such systems?                                    

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response                                                      

  8\.         Radwaste collecting or processing systems, or                 
              modifications which will result in additional                 
              radwaste or different forms of radwaste being sent            
              to these systems?                                             

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  9\.         Access, laydown, or storage space for                         
              installation, removal, maintenance, inspection, or            
              calibration?                                                  

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  10\.        Lighting, access sizing, noise levels,                        
              communications, signaling, labeling, or other                 
              human factor considerations?                                  

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     
  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  A. Does the                                                    YES   NO   
  facility,                                                                 
  system or                                                                 
  subject                                                                   
  include:                                                                  

  11\.        Component or design features that may cause                   
              significant radiation exposures during                        
              installation, removal, maintenance, or operation,             
              or measures to reduce such exposures?                         

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  12\.        Component or design features that may cause a                 
              significant change in the dose to the public,                 
              whether by direct radiation or by releases to the             
              environment?                                                  

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response                                                      
  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

**II. GENERAL ALARA CHECKLISTS**

  -------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  A. Materials                                                      YES   NO   
  of                                                                           
  Construction                                                                 

  1\.            Are material specifications established to                    
                 decrease the formation of activated materials                 
                 (e.g., by specifying materials low in cobalt and              
                 nickel content where applicable?                              

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response:                                                     

  2\.            Are surfaces smooth and/or painted for easy                   
                 decontamination?                                              

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response                                                      

  3\.            Are rough surface finishes such as crevices,                  
                 holes, notches, recesses, socket-head cap screws,             
                 and knurled finishes avoided?                                 

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response:                                                     
  -------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  B.                                                             YES   NO   
  Shielding                                                                 

  1\.         Is shielding placed between serviceable components            
              and any substantial radiation source in the area?             

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  2\.         If permanent shielding is not feasible, are                   
              provisions incorporated for rapid installation of             
              temporary shielding (i.e., shield racks or                    
              supports)?                                                    

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response                                                      

  3\.         Are shields employed to prevent streaming of                  
              radiation through doors, pipes, and duct                      
              penetrations (e.g., labyrinths or shadow shields)?            

  4\.         Is an adequate safety margin applied to seismic               
              load analysis to accommodate the additional load              
              from temporary shielding?                                     

                                                                            

  C. Access                                                      YES   NO   
  Control                                                                   

  1\.         Are traffic pathways and areas that will be                   
              frequently used located in low radiation zones?               

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response:                                                     

  2\.         Are areas of the facility that exhibit high                   
              occupancy, or are presently uncontrolled,                     
              adequately protected from new or increased                    
              radiation sources?                                            

              Resolution:                                                   

              Response                                                      
  ----------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  C. Access                                                          YES   NO   
  Control                                                                       

  3\.             Is maximum distance provided between serviceable              
                  components and any substantial radiation sources              
                  in the area?                                                  

                  Resolution:                                                   

                  Response:                                                     

  D.                                                                 YES   NO   
  Contamination                                                                 
  Control                                                                       

  1\.             Can containment be established to reduce the                  
                  spread of contamination (i.e., glovebags, cribs,              
                  catch pans, drip pans, or cofferdams)?                        

                  Resolution:                                                   

                  Response:                                                     

  2\.             Are HEPA filters and/or charcoal used on the                  
                  exhaust in areas that have the potential for                  
                  airborne radioactivity?                                       

                  Resolution:                                                   

                  Response                                                      

  3\.             Are the pressure gradient and airflow such that               
                  air flows from areas of low potential for airborne            
                  radioactivity to areas of higher potential for                
                  airborne radioactivity?                                       

                  Resolution:                                                   

                  Response:                                                     

  4\.             Does the design incorporate features that will                
                  reduce the likelihood of cross-contamination of               
                  clean systems and unmonitored release pathways?               

                  Resolution                                                    

                  Response:                                                     
  --------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  E. Service                                                         YES   NO   
  Readiness                                                                     

  1\.             Is the equipment ready for service as received?               

                  Resolution:                                                   

                  Response:                                                     

  2\.             Does the equipment require modification prior to              
                  installation? If so, is the modification reflected            
                  in applicable documents, and can the modification             
                  be performed in a nonradiologically controlled                
                  area?                                                         

                  Resolution:                                                   

                  Response                                                      

  F.                                                                 YES   NO   
  Documentation                                                                 

  1\.             Are all changes, revisions, modifications, and                
                  configurations clearly reflected in applicable                
                  documents?                                                    

                  Resolution:                                                   

                  Response:                                                     
  --------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

**III. ALARA INSTALLATION REVIEW QUESTIONAIRE**

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  A.                                                               YES   NO
  Engineering                                                            
  Techniques                                                             

  1\.           Have special equipment, tools, convenience               
                features (e.g., lighting, communications, staging,       
                laydown areas, etc.), and engineering techniques         
                that may minimize exposures been considered?             

                Resolution:                                              

                Response:                                                
  ------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

  -------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  A. Engineering                                                    YES   NO   
  Techniques                                                                   

  1\.            Have other engineered controls (such as                       
                 prefabrication of work outside radiation area,                
                 robotic equipment, snap-tight connectors, etc.)               
                 Been considered to reduce exposure?                           

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response:                                                     

  B.                                                                YES   NO   
  Installation                                                                 
  Procedures                                                                   

  1\.            Have installation procedures been prepared or                 
                 modified to minimize exposures?                               

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response:                                                     

  2\.            Have radiation protection hold points,                        
                 radiological requirements for the job, listing of             
                 tools used on the job, and a step-by-step                     
                 installation process been included in installation            
                 procedures?                                                   

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response                                                      

  C. Shielding                                                      YES   NO   

  1\.            Have components/areas where shielding (including              
                 shadow and portable) might be effectively used to             
                 reduce exposures been considered?                             

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response:                                                     

  2\.            For installations or modifications in                         
                 high-dose-rate areas, have special or customized              
                 shields been designed and fabricated to reduce the            
                 dose to workers, where appropriate?                           

                 Resolution:                                                   

                 Response                                                      
  -------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  ----------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  D.                                                                   YES   NO   
  Decontamination                                                                 
  and Contamination                                                               
  Control.                                                                        

  1\.               Have components, systems, and areas been                      
                    considered for decontamination to reduce exposures            
                    and the spread of contamination (e.g.,                        
                    hydrolyzing, chemical decontamination, flushing,              
                    etc.)?                                                        

                    Resolution:                                                   

                    Response:                                                     

  2\.               Have any special local ventilation, containment,              
                    or spray systems been considered that can reduce              
                    the spread of radioactivity (e.g., tents,                     
                    gloveboxes, filtered blowers, etc.)?                          

                    Resolution:                                                   

                    Response                                                      

  E. Planning                                                          YES   NO   

  1\.               Have installation and construction plans been                 
                    developed to optimize the efficiency of the work?             

                    Resolution:                                                   

                    Response:                                                     

  2\.               Have installation and construction plans taken                
                    advantage of facility system (not specific enough)            
                    configuration and operating conditions (e.g.,                 
                    resin transfer, fuel out of vessel, etc.)?                    

                    Resolution:                                                   

                    Response                                                      

  3\.               Have installation and construction plans included             
                    measures to minimize radwaste generation by                   
                    unpacking equipment outside of radiological areas,            
                    pre-treating wood, etc.?                                      

                    Resolution:                                                   

                    Response:                                                     
  ----------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
  F.                                                               YES   NO   
  Scheduling.                                                                 

  1\.           Have radiological hold points and ALARA controls              
                been factored into the installation and                       
                construction schedule (e.g., surveys, decon,                  
                shielding, containment, ventilation systems,                  
                etc.)?                                                        

                Resolution:                                                   

                Response:                                                     

  2\.           Has work been scheduled so as not to interfere                
                with concurrent work in the same area?                        

                Resolution:                                                   

                Response                                                      
  ------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

**IV. HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING CHECKLISTS**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are welded seams employed in ductwork carrying                
           contaminated air?                                             

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Has HVAC equipment been leak tested after                     
           installation and repair?                                      

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Are filters appropriate to the operation and                  
           radionuclides present?                                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  4\.      Are differential pressure detectors provided                
           across filters to monitor dust loading?                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  5\.      Have open-topped tanks or tanks with vent lines             
           lower than overflow lines been avoided?                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  6\.      Has hard-piping to HVAC of relief valves and vents          
           been avoided, where appropriate, except with                
           proper additional provisions?                               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Have filters on highly radioactive systems been             
           designed to minimize dose from the spread of                
           contamination during changeout (e.g., filter                
           bagout, located for each access, etc.)?                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Is water used for back-flushing and unplugging,             
           rather than compressed gas?                                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  9\.      Have penetrations, gratings, construction                   
           openings, etc., been evaluated for proper                   
           placement and sealing when open to areas of                 
           potential airborne activity?                                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  10\.     Are sealed-bearing motors with the motor mounted            
           external to the exhaust duct provided? Are the              
           motors located in a low-dose-rate area?                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  11\.     Is intake air filtered to minimize dust                     
           accumulation in radiological areas and exhaust              
           filter loading?                                             

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  12\.     Have auxiliary or temporary ventilation systems             
           been provided for sampling stations for highly              
           radioactive fluids (e.g., primary coolant) and for          
           repair of equipment that, when opened, has a                
           potential for airborne releases? (Consider both             
           temporary ductwork attached to existing systems             
           and independent, portable HEPA-filtered                     
           ventilation systems.)                                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  13\.     Does ventilation from areas of lower potential              
           airborne radioactivity flow to areas of higher              
           potential activity?                                         

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  14\.     Are all ducts carrying potentially contaminated             
           air operated at negative pressure when they pass            
           through clean areas?                                        

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  15\.     Are ventilation supply points located above the             
           worker or work area and away from the sources of            
           contamination, or otherwise placed as appropriate           
           for the work activity (e.g., for work tables,               
           gloveboxes, and hoods)?                                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  16\.     Has the drawing or exhausting of potentially                
           contaminated air across walkways and work areas             
           been avoided?                                               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  17\.     Are ventilation exhausts located near the floor             
           and away from entrances of openings to clean                
           areas, or otherwise placed as appropriate for the           
           work activity (e.g., for work tables, gloveboxes,           
           and hoods)?                                                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  18\.     Are ventilation fans located as close as possible           
           to the discharge point and downstream of the                
           filters?                                                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  19\.     Has the number of elbows in the ventilation ducts           
           been minimized to reduce plateout?                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  20\.     Are the direction changes in ductwork gradual and           
           minimized?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  21\.     Are ducts and fans sized so that flow rates are             
           high enough to reduce plateout?                             

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  22\.     Has special materials or coating of inner surfaces          
           been considered to reduce plateout?                         

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  23\.     In flow balancing, have effects such as opening             
           and closing of large doors, which may occur during          
           normal operation or shutdown, been considered, and          
           are the capacity and flexibility of the                     
           ventilation system(s) capable of overcoming these           
           effects?                                                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  24\.     Is ventilation flow sufficient to keep airborne             
           radioactivity concentrations below prescribed               
           levels?                                                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  25\.     Have connections been provided to attach temporary          
           ventilation systems where additional ventilation            
           flow may be needed?                                         

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  26\.     Is the ventilation system designed to minimize the          
           use of respirators?                                         

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  27\.     Have HEPAs, charcoal filters, electrostatic                 
           precipitators, molecular sieves, or other                   
           aircleaning devices been provided as appropriate?           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  28\.     Are filters located as close to the source as               
           practicable, and upstream of any fans, to reduce            
           contamination buildup in the ductwork and fans?             

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  29\.     Are roughing filters provided upstream of HEPA              
           filters, and are HEPA filters provided upstream of          
           charcoal filters?                                           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  30\.     Are there drains/dryer/moisture separators                  
           upstream of filters and charcoal?                           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  31\.     Are there provisions for decontamination of filter          
           housing and ventilation ducts?                              

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  32\.     Are filters for highly contaminated ventilation             
           systems located in shielded housing or in low               
           occupancy and low-traffic areas?                            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  33\.     Can airborne activity and filter radiation levels           
           be monitored or sampled without physically                  
           entering the area? Are differential pressure                
           gauges provided across filters to monitor the need          
           for filter change?                                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  34\.     Are ventilation motors located in low-dose areas?           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  35\.     Does the ventilation system permit filters to be            
           changed easily and with a minimum potential for             
           release of radioactivity and worker exposure?               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  36\.     Is there the capability for in-place testing of             
           the filtration system?                                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  37\.     Are all airborne and potentially airborne                   
           radioactivity areas vented to a monitored release           
           point?                                                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  38\.     Are connections provided for sampling probes in             
           isokinetic locations, where required?                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  39\.     Can filter housing and filters be removed remotely          
           or quickly in the event of an accident?                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  40\.     Are key ventilation systems provided with                   
           emergency power?                                            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  41\.     Have adequate capacity and volume of HEPA and            
           charcoal filters been provided to handle                 
           conditions during abnormal operations?                   

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**V. PIPING AND TUBING CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are piping run lengths, tees, elbow joints, and               
           horizontal runs minimized?                                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Has tee-branched piping been routed above the main            
           flow piping or sloped upwards?                                

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Are sharp constrictions, sharp bends crud traps,              
           and stagnant legs avoided?                                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Are surfaces smooth and continuously sloped?                  

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  5\.      Has piping carrying resin or sludge been designed           
           to reduce the chance of plugging?                           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  6\.      Are materials selected to minimize activation               
           products?                                                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  7\.      Has piping carrying highly radioactive fluids been          
           routed away from equipment and components                   
           requiring frequent maintenance or repairs?                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Has piping carrying highly radioactive fluids been          
           routed in shielded chases or inside shielded                
           cubicles that have restricted access?                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  9\.      Has piping carrying radioactive fluids been                 
           segregated from piping not carrying radioactive             
           fluids?                                                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 10\.   | Have adequate controls been established to       |     |   |   |
|        | prevent cross-contamination of clean,            |     |   |   |
|        |                                                  |     |   |   |
|        | nonradioactive systems?                          |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 11\.   | Are pipes and leakage plumbed to drains; and     |     |   |   |
|        | vents to ventilation ducting? Has pressurization |     |   |   |
|        | of the system been considered?                   |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response                                         |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 12\.   | Have piping and components been selected that    |     |   |   |
|        | will maintain containment over the environment   |     |   |   |
|        | qualification range to prevent release of        |     |   |   |
|        | radioactivity to the offsite environment?        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 13\.   | Has field routing of piping carrying radioactive |     |   |   |
|        | fluids been avoided?                             |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 14\.   | Have piping and components requiring maintenance |     |   |   |
|        | been located in low-dose-rate areas?             |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  15\.     Has an adequate number of vents and drains been             
           required to allow system testing, maintenance, and          
           operations?                                                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  16\.     Have consumable inserts for welding been specified          
           for pipes carrying radioactive materials?                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  17\.     Have butt welds rather than socket welds been used          
           for pipes greater than 1.5 inches?                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  18\.     Are pipe bends at least five pipe diameters in              
           radius for the transfer of resin and sludge?                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  19\.     Is instrument tubing that taps into pipes carrying          
           primary coolant located on the top half of the              
           pipe?                                                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  20\.     Are remote techniques available to unclog plugged           
           drain lines or instrumentation tubing?                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  21\.     Has removable pipe insulation been specified in          
           areas requiring in-service inspection?                   

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  22\.     Are techniques available to periodically flush,          
           hydrolase, or chemically decontaminate piping? Is        
           the flush connection equipped with quick                 
           disconnect fittings?                                     

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**VI FILTER, STRAINER, EVAPORATOR, AND ION EXCHANGER CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are filters provided upstream of deep-bed                     
           demineralizers to extend resin life and reduce                
           radioactive waste volume?                                     

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Are strainers provided downstream of filters and              
           demineralizers to entrain stray fines?                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Have demineralizers and resin storage tanks been              
           located so as to facilitate resin flow and reduce             
           the length of pipe needed?                                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  4\.      Are filters or strainers backflushable?                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  5\.      Does resin slurry piping have backflushing                  
           capabilities with sufficient velocity to relieve            
           plugged lines?                                              

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  6\.      Can containment or ventilation be established to            
           reduce the spread of contamination during filter,           
           strainer, or evaporator tube cleaning resin                 
           changes?                                                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Are screens filters, or other catch devices placed          
           in the vent and overflow lines? Is pressurization           
           of the system considered?                                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Is concentrate and distillate piping on                     
           evaporators kept separated and segregated?                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  9\.      Are filters, strainers, evaporators, and ion                
           exchangers that contain high radioactivity                  
           isolated or shielded?                                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  10\.     Are filters, strainers, evaporators, and ion                
           exchangers located in low-occupancy and                     
           low-traffic areas?                                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  11\.     Have filters, strainers, evaporators, ion                   
           exchangers, and other related routinely serviced            
           items been selected to be compatible with existing          
           equipment?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  12\.     Are filter and strainer easily removable?                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  13\.     Has adequate space been provided for removal of             
           filters, strainers, and heating tube bundles?               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  14\.     Have quick disconnects been provided for quick              
           flush connection?                                           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  15\.     Do filters that process high radioactivity               
           containing water or off gas have remote methods to       
           isolate and drain filter housing?                        

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  16\.     Have remote or shielded methods for replacement of       
           hot filters, strainers, and resins been                  
           considered?                                              

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  17\.     Are systems supplied with flush connections that         
           will facilitate high-velocity                            
           decontamination/chemical flushes?                        

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**VII. TANK, SUMP, AND FLOOR AND EQUIPMENT DRAIN CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  1\.      Are tanks generously sized?                              

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  2\.      Is the tank, drain, or sump bottom sloped to the         
           outlet?                                                  

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  3\.      Are corners in tanks eliminated or minimized?               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  4\.      Is adequate tank mixing provided to prevent crud            
           from settling on the bottom?                                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  5\.      On tanks containing resins or sludge, are screens           
           or strainers provided on tank vents and overflows?          
           Is the overflow line lower than the tank's vent?            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  6\.      Is the tank vent outlet located near a plant                
           ventilation system inlet?                                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Has curbing or other containment been considered            
           to restrict the spread of leakage? Is curbing or            
           other containment required to prevent an                    
           unmonitored release?                                        

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Are radioactive tanks or sumps located or shielded          
           so as to minimize personnel exposure?                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  9\.      Are piping run lengths, tees, elbow joints, and             
           horizontal runs minimized?                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  10\.     Are pipes sized to reduce crud deposition?                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  11\.     Is the flow adequate to maintain homogeneity and            
           keep solids in suspension?                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  12\.     Are full-ported valves used in radioactive fluid            
           streams with high-solids contents?                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  13\.     Are automated valves used to ensure continued flow          
           after a backwash or precoat?                                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  14\.     Is a "recirc" line provided to ensure good mixing           
           before tank transfer?                                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  15\.     Are the interior surfaces smooth and free of                
           pockets to facilitate decontamination?                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  16\.     Are pipes containing radioactive material isolated          
           from uncontrolled areas?                                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  17\.     Are transfer lines located in low-occupancy and             
           low-traffic areas?                                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  18\.     Does adequate space exist for maintenance and               
           repair of tank support equipment (e.g., pumps,              
           agitators, gear boxes)?                                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  19\.     Have decontamination methods been considered?               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  20\.     Are lap joints and backing rings avoided on welds?          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  21\.     Is a built-in spray system, manway with adequate         
           laydown space, drain or flush system included for        
           cleanout?                                                

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**VIII. HEAT EXCHANGER, MOISTURE SEPARATOR, AND HEATER CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are drains provided at the low point so as to                 
           drain out radioactive crud and facilitate                     
           cleaning?                                                     

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Are vessels designed such that crud traps are                 
           minimized in those areas where access is needed               
           for inspection and cleaning?                                  

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Have materials been selected to minimize                      
           corrosion?                                                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Are heat exchangers oriented in the vertical                  
           position?                                                     

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  5\.      Is the pressure higher on the side with the lower           
           concentration of radioactivity so that leakage              
           would result in nonradioactive water leaking into           
           the radioactive system rather than the reverse?             

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  6\.      Have curbing and drains been provided to contain            
           radioactivity during repair and cleaning?                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  7\.      Is the fluid with the high concentration of                 
           radioactivity inside the tube so that the water on          
           the shell side provides shielding?                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Are heat exchangers that are expected to become             
           highly radioactive placed inside shielded cubicles          
           and provided with a flushing or decontamination             
           capability?                                                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  9\.      Has adequate space and component design been                
           provided to facilitate removal and cleaning of              
           tube bundles and/or shell?                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

**IX. ELECTRICAL CABLE AND CONDUIT CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Has a walkdown or photographs that may aid in                 
           locating conduit runs in low-dose-rate and                    
           low-interference areas been considered?                       

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Have cable and conduit been routed in                         
           low-dose-rate areas?                                          

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Have breaker boxes, power control centers, and                
           electrical cabinets been located in low-dose rate             
           areas?                                                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Are long-life bulbs used in radiation and                     
           contamination areas?                                          

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  5\.      Has electrical equipment been selected that                   
           minimizes inspection, calibration, testing, and               
           preventative maintenance?                                     

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  6\.      Do electrical connectors to equipment have                    
           quick-disconnect features, where appropriate?                 

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  7\.      For electrical systems that are difficult to                  
           inspect or troubleshoot, has external analysis                
           capability been considered for fault location                 
           determination?                                                

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  8\.      Can busses, conduit, supports, trays, and                     
           electrical cabinets be prefabricated in a                     
           low-dose-rate area?                                           

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  9\.      Are sufficient electrical outlets provided for                
           air-sampling devices, electrical tools, welding               
           machines, and temporary distribution boxes?                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  10\.     Have adequate lighting and electrical outlets, as             
           well as provisions for supplementary and emergency            
           lighting, been provided?                                      

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  11\.     Does conduit or other electrical equipment               
           interfere with the maintenance or operation of           
           other equipment?                                         

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**X. INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROLS CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are bends in sample lines minimized?                          

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Are sample lines in high radioactivity systems                
           provided with a strong and continuous purge?                  

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Does the ventilation hood have a face velocity of             
           100-150 linear feet per minute with the hood                  
           window in its full open position?                             

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Is the ventilation hood exhaust directed to the               
           facility vent upstream of the filters?                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  5\.      Are sampling sink drains for radioactive samples            
           routed to radwaste and free of potential crud               
           traps?                                                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  6\.      Are the sampling sinks for radioactive materials            
           constructed of a material or coated such that they          
           will be easy to decontaminate?                              

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  7\.      Are routine sampling stations for radioactive               
           materials separated or shielded from other                  
           radioactive components?                                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Are the sample stations adequately shielded?                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  9\.      Is cross contamination of nonradioactive systems            
           minimized and/or monitored?                                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  10\.     Are monitors visible?                                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  11\.     Have methods been provided to perform remote                
           sampling and monitoring for airborne                        
           radioactivity?                                              

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  12\.     Are process and effluent monitors located as to             
           provide enough detection leak time to divert or             
           isolate a process stream?                                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  13\.     Are personnel monitors provided?                            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  14\.     Are airborne radioactivity monitors capable of              
           detecting 8 DAC-hours?                                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  15\.     Do all monitors automatically detect monitor                
           failure and indicate if the dose rate is                    
           off-scale?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 16\.   | Are monitors visible?                            |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 17\.   | Are flush connections provided for               |     |   |   |
|        | instrumentation lines carrying radioactive fluid |     |   |   |
|        | in which crud traps cannot be avoided?           |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response                                         |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 18\.   | Do instruments contain minimal quantities of     |     |   |   |
|        | contaminated working fluids?                     |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 19\.   | Are instrument tubing taps located on the top    |     |   |   |
|        | half of instrument lines carrying radioactive    |     |   |   |
|        | fluids?                                          |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
| 20\.   | When access is necessary, is instrumentation     |     |   |   |
|        | located in what will be a low background area?   |     |   |   |
|        |                                                  |     |   |   |
|        | Have remote readouts (or closed circuit TV       |     |   |   |
|        | monitoring) and calibrations been considered?    |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Resolution:                                      |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+
|        | Response:                                        |     |   |   |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------+-----+---+---+

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  21\.     Have communication devices such as pagers and               
           telephones been located in low-dose-rate areas and          
           low-noise areas?                                            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  22\.     Are instruments located in High Radiation Areas             
           easily removable for repair and calibration?                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  23\.     Are instruments grouped functionally to minimize            
           time for surveillance and calibration?                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  24\.     Does the instrument selected take into account              
           frequency of maintenance, repair, testing, and              
           calibration?                                                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  25\.     Have instruments been selected with features of             
           computerized or automated data loggings                     
           (applicable)?                                               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  26\.     Are warning systems such as lights, alarms, and          
           sirens provided in areas where high radiation            
           levels can change with time?                             

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  27\.     Have instruments been chosen that are radiation          
           qualified for the areas they are to function in?         

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**XI. PUMP CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Is there a capability to flush seals and cooling              
           lines that carry radioactive fluids?                          

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Have catch pans or floor and equipment drains or              
           curbing berms been installed around radioactive               
           pumps that have a potential for leakage?                      

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Do pump casings have drain connections, and are               
           impellers fabricated with smooth surface finishes?            

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  4\.      Have pump maintenance requirements been                     
           considered?                                                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  5\.      Have canned pumps or mechanical seals been                  
           considered instead of standard packing glands?              

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  6\.      Are pump seals easily accessible and replaceable?           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Can the pump be removed without affecting the               
           surrounding components?                                     

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Is there adequate pull space for motor shafts?              

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  9\.      Are pumps that are located in High Radiation Areas          
           and require periodic repair or maintenance been             
           provided with flanged connections to make them              
           easy to remove?                                             

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  10\.     Have rigging and lifting points been provided to         
           life heavy pump parts during repair?                     

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  11\.     Are pumps oriented to permit easy access?                

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**XII. VALVE CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are valves full-ported (e.g., ball valves),                   
           without bonnet cavities, installed stem up, and               
           located away from low points in piping?                       

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Are valves selected with internal surfaces and                
           configurations that will minimize crud buildup?               

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Are materials selected to minimize activation                 
           products and are stellite filings controlled?                 

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  4\.      Do specified valve packing and seals result in              
           minimal contaminated coolant leakage and maximum            
           reliability (e.g., live-loaded packing)?                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  5\.      Are check valves included with appropriate caution          
           to prevent radioactive fluid backup?                        

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  6\.      Are catch pans, floor and equipment drains, and             
           drip pans or curbing installed under valves that            
           have a significant potential for leakage of                 
           radioactive liquids?                                        

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Are valves carrying primary coolant separated from          
           associated equipment and components operated and            
           maintained from the floor or a platform?                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Are valves located in low-dose areas?                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  9\.      Do highly radioactive valves that are                       
           manually-operated have remote operating reach rods          
           and/or are located in shielded cubicle or shielded          
           valve galleries?                                            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  10\.     Are any modifications required that can be                  
           performed in a low-dose-rate area prior to                  
           installation (e.g., removal and plugging of gland           
           seal leakoff lines)?                                        

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  11\.     Are valves located so as to be easily operated and          
           maintained from the floor or a platform?                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  12\.     Is quick access to packings provided?                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  13\.     Can the valve operator be quickly removed?                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  14\.     Are pressure relief or isolation valves provided            
           with flanged connections to facilitate testing?             

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  15\.     Are rigging and lifting points provided for heavy        
           valve removal?                                           

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  16\.     Has future decommissioning been considered (e.g.,        
           isolation valves for fluid systems)?                     

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**XII. ACCESS CONTROL CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Have frequently used pathways been located in                 
           low-dose rate and noncontaminated areas?                      

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Are routes laid out so nonradioactive material                
           does not have to pass through radiological areas              
           and vice versa?                                               

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Are traffic routes such that individuals do not               
           have to pass through radiological areas when                  
           traveling between two clean or general access                 
           areas?                                                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  4\.      Is the path for emergency personnel planned and             
           clearly delineated?                                         

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  5\.      Have frequently used pathways been located in               
           low-dose rate and noncontaminated areas?                    

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  6\.      Is entry prohibited to areas where conditions are           
           an immediate hazard to human life?                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Is there a control device to prevent entry to               
           areas when high radiation levels exist or upon              
           entry causes the radiation level to be reduced              
           below that level defining a high radiation area?            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Is access prohibited to very high radiation areas?          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  9\.      Are there physical barriers to prevent the entry            
           of unauthorized individuals into areas with                 
           significant concentrations of airborne radioactive          
           materials?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  10\.     Are panic exit bars provided on insides of locked           
           doors?                                                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  11\.     Is the number of personnel access control points            
           minimized?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  12\.     Are personnel access control points adequate in             
           size and associated equipment (e.g., personnel              
           monitoring, card readers)?                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  13\.     Are temporary access control points available               
           where it is anticipated they will be needed?                

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  14\.     Is there adequate space (including maintenance and          
           inspection), support, electrical hookups for                
           personnel contamination monitors?                           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
  15\.     Are supports located so as not to interfere with         
           inspections, maintenance and removal of equipment?       

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  16\.     Are permanent platforms, rigging devices, etc.,          
           for easy access to components in hard-to-reach           
           places?                                                  

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                

  17\.     Are sequential areas (e.g., general access to            
           controlled to radiological) utilized?                    

           Resolution:                                              

           Response:                                                
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -----

**XIV. CONTAMINATION CONTROL DESIGN CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Have surfaces that are likely to become                       
           contaminated been painted or prepared so as to                
           facilitate decontamination?                                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Have walls or curbing and floor or equipment                  
           drains been installed around equipment that has a             
           high potential for leakage?                                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  3\.      Are contaminated drains directed to the proper              
           sump or tank?                                               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  4\.      Has space and support for glove bags and other              
           containment devices been provided maintenance of            
           heat exchangers, piping, valves, etc.?                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  5\.      Is hard piping to sumps used for tank overflows,            
           valve stem leakage, etc.?                                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  6\.      Are floors sloped to direct leakage to floor                
           drains or sumps?                                            

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Are raised sleeves used for floor penetrations?             

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Are open gratings for stairs or platforms avoided           
           in potentially contaminated areas?                          

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  9\.      Are contaminated drains directed to the proper              
           sump or tank?                                               

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  10\.     Has space and support for glove bags and other              
           containment devices been provided maintenance of            
           heat exchangers, piping, valves, etc.?                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  11\.     Is hard piping to sumps used for tank overflows,            
           valve stem leakage, etc.?                                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

**XV. RADIOACTIVE WASTE CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Is there a designated area for storage of                     
           radioactive waste, with proper containment,                   
           shielding, monitoring, etc.?                                  

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Is the waste storage area large enough to                     
           accommodate twice the expected volume of waste?               

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  3\.      Are distances minimized over which moderately and           
           highly radioactive material is transported?                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  4\.      Are there monitoring systems to detect any leaks            
           or spills where drainage or retention is                    
           unattended or is remote-controlled?                         

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  5\.      Are fire-suppression systems installed in all               
           areas where combustible material may accumulate or          
           be stored?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

XVI. **SHIELDING, PENETRATIONS, AND ROUTING CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are labyrinth entrances used for High Radiation               
           and Very High Radiation Areas?                                

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Is shielding adequate for potential buildup of                
           crud?                                                         

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  3\.      Have provisions been made for overlapping and               
           stepping for removable shielding?                           

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  4\.      Have permanent hooks, latches, fasteners, and               
           structural supports been added to secure temporary          
           shielding?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  5\.      Are penetrations minimized in number and size?              

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  6\.      Are penetrations placed in the thinnest shield              
           wall, near a corner, as high up as possible, and            
           not in a line of sight with a source?                       

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  7\.      Have offset penetrations been considered?                   

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  8\.      Are primary containment penetrations sealed with            
           respect to streaming, air-flow control, fire                
           protection and flooding as applicable?                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----
  9\.      Are labyrinths or shadow shields used?                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  10\.     Have provisions been made so that no direct or              
           reflected radiation escapes a shielded cubicle              
           without passing through a suitable shield?                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response                                                    

  11\.     Are all serviced components (e.g., connections,             
           junction boxes, panels) located in low-dose rate            
           areas or at least on the low-dose side of the               
           wall)?                                                      

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  12\.     Are run lengths of potentially contaminated pipes           
           minimized?                                                  

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   

  13\.     Is there adequate clearance for maintenance,                
           inspection, and insulation?                                 

           Resolution:                                                 

           Response:                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- -- ----

**XVII. SEPARATION, SEGREGATION, PLACEMENT AND ISOLATION OF**

> **EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are labyrinth entrances used for High Radiation               
           and Very High Radiation Areas?                                

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Is shielding adequate for potential buildup of                
           crud?                                                         

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Is highly radioactive equipment segregated from               
           moderately radioactive equipment, and both from               
           clean equipment?                                              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Are different systems segregated so that both                 
           systems do not have to be flushed, drained or                 
           decontaminated to reduce the dose when only one               
           needs maintenance?                                            

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  5\.      Are equipment areas laid out so that workers enter            
           and progress from low-dose rate areas to moderate             
           to high dose rate areas, and from active to                   
           passive equipment?                                            

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  6\.      Are inspection, control and readout devices and               
           panels located in low-dose rate areas?                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  7\.      Are services (e.g., demineralized water,                      
           electricity) located near entrances or at least in            
           the lowest-dose rate areas?                                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  8\.      Are isolation valves located as to minimize dead              
           legs?                                                         

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  9\.      Are pipe runs minimized?                                      

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  10\.     Are temporary interconnections used between                   
           systems of difference radioactivity potential?                

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  11\.     Are redundancy and backup capabilities employed in            
           system of high radioactivity content and safety               
           systems?                                                      

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

**XVIII. ACCESSIBILITY, LAYDOWN AND STORAGE CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Have wide and large enough doorways and access                
           areas been provided so that components can be                 
           easily removed for maintenance and inspection?                

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Has adequate laydown space been provided to                   
           accommodate equipment and component disassembly?              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Is highly radioactive equipment segregated from               
           moderately radioactive equipment, and both from               
           clean equipment?                                              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Is adequate working space provided around major               
           components?                                                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  5\.      Are lifting devices provided for equipment?                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  6\.      Are permanent galleries or scaffolding provided               
           where maintenance is frequent or prolonged?                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  7\.      Is there adequate access around welds?                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  8\.      Has the number of stops, hangers, supports and                
           snubbers been minimized and are they orientated to            
           maximize access space?                                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  9\.      Have sectional or modular designs been considered             
           (e.g., snap-on segments of insulation on                      
           heat-traced lines that require frequent                       
           maintenance)?                                                 

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  10\.     Are laydown spaces in low-dose rate areas?                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  11\.     Has storage been provided for hot tool and is it              
           appropriate posted, locked, shielded and vented?              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- ----
  12\.     Has proper storage been provided for                       
           nonradioactive items?                                      

           Resolution:                                                

           Response                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- ----

**XIX. SNUBBERS, STRUT HANGERS, AND ANCHORING CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are snubbers, struts, hanger and anchors designed             
           and located so as to facilitate removal and                   
           replacements?                                                 

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Have snubbers, struts, hangers, and anchors been              
           located so as not to interfere with inspections               
           and maintenance?                                              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Have snubbers been replaced with struts or energy             
           absorbers whenever possible?                                  

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Have snubbers, struts, hangers, and anchors been              
           painted and tagged to facilitate location for                 
           repair and inspection?                                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

**XX. HUMAN FACTORS CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Are signs, indicators, readouts, etc., clearly                
           legible from a reasonable distance away?                      

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Has nonstandard lettering been avoided?                       

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  3\.      Is lighting adequate?                                         

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Is background noise minimized around audible                  
           alarms?                                                       

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  5\.      Are audible alarms of sufficient decibels and                 
           placed to include all potentially occupied areas?             

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  6\.      Has equipment that reduces number of workers                  
           (e.g., lifting devices, special tools) been                   
           considered?                                                   

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  7\.      Is there a provision for lifelines for tanks,                 
           pools or other areas with high dose rates or high             
           airborne radioactivity?                                       

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  8\.      Are permanent alignment marks on the equipment or             
           floor?                                                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  9\.      Are tools, conduit, bolts, and pipes color coded?             

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  10\.     Is insulation identified as to what is under it?              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  11\.     Are valve position, breaker settings, etc.,                   
           clearly marked as to system lineup?                           

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- ----
  12\.     Are valves, valve operators, controls, etc., in a          
           logical manner?                                            

           Resolution:                                                

           Response                                                   

  13\.     Has automation or use of interlocks and warning            
           been considered for manual sequences of high               
           consequence?                                               

           Resolution:                                                

           Response                                                   

  14\.     Are mockups and simulators available?                      

           Resolution:                                                

           Response                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- ----

**XXI. OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION CHECKLIST**

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  1\.      Has adequate space around components, permanently             
           installed platforms, lighting, ladders, outlets,              
           etc., been considered for operation of equipment?             

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  2\.      Have remote operators or reach rods on high-dose              
           rate valves been located outside contaminated                 
           areas?                                                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  3\.      Have instrument readouts been located in low-dose             
           rate areas and away from contaminated areas                   
           whenever possible?                                            

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  4\.      Can operations and surveillance be performed from             
           outside a High Radiation Area through the use of              
           remote readout devices, viewing ports, radiation              
           detector ports or TV cameras?                                 

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  5\.      Is access to equipment or instruments requiring               
           frequent manual operation or surveillance via                 
           areas with the lowest possible dose rate?                     

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  6\.      Has adequate space around components, permanently             
           installed platforms, lighting, ladders, outlets,              
           etc., been considered for maintenance of                      
           equipment?                                                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  7\.      Has the component or system been selected based on            
           long-service life?                                            

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  8\.      Are components requiring frequent maintenance                 
           (e.g., small pumps and valves) designed to permit             
           prompt removal (e.g., flanged connections) to                 
           facilitate repairs in low-dose rate areas?                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  9\.      Have periodic maintenance items been eliminated               
           whenever possible (e.g., O-rings, gaskets, packing            
           protective coatings, lighting components)?                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  10\.     Have lubricating systems of self-lubricating units            
           been considered?                                              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  11\.     Are provisions incorporated to allow rigging of               
           the component? (E.g., pad eyes)?                              

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  12\.     Is access to equipment and components requiring               
           frequent maintenance via areas with lowest dose               
           rates practicable?                                            

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----
                                                              YES   NO   

  13\.     Does the valve maintenance procedure control                  
           stellite filings to reduce cobalt where neutron               
           activation of the stellite possible?                          

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  14\.     Are components designed and oriented to minimize              
           crud buildup?                                                 

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  15\.     Has adequate space around components, permanently             
           installed platforms, lighting, ladders, outlets,              
           etc., been considered for inspections?                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response:                                                     

  16\.     Does insulation design allow for rapid removal and            
           replacement (e.g., match marks, fiberglass                    
           blankets)?                                                    

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      

  17\.     Has equipment been laid out with consideration                
           given to facilitating inspections required by                 
           Section XI of the ASME Code, Appendix J, Appendix             
           R, and other inspection requirements of the ISI               
           leak rate and fire protection program?                        

           Resolution:                                                   

           Response                                                      
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ----

  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- ----
  18\.     Are there visible tags and levels to identify              
           equipment, snubbers, welds, penetrations, valves           
           and other items requiring inspection?                      

           Resolution:                                                

           Response                                                   

  19\.     Is access to equipment or components requiring             
           frequent inspections via areas with lowest                 
           possible dose?                                             

           Resolution:                                                

           Response                                                   
  -------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- ----

This page intentionally left blank.

**APPENDIX E - METHODS OF PERFORMING AN ALARA OPERATIONAL REVIEW**

**I. METHODS OF PERFORMING AN ALARA OPERATIONAL REVIEW**

> The following method is suggested as a practical way of accomplishing
> and documenting the review of a new or revised operation or job
> campaign, the "Operation" or the "Project."
>
> **A. Operations Team.**
>
> 1\. Consists of people who are providing input into the project,
> whether continuously or intermittently.
>
> 2\. The Operations Team may include a member with radiological work
> experience, such as a radiological engineer, ALARA engineer, and a
> health physicist.
>
> **B. Contributor Group.**
>
> 1\. Consists of representatives of other groups who may not provide
> formal input to the operation, but whose comments and suggestions are
> considered relevant.
>
> 2\. These may include maintenance, process, and research groups.
> Members of the Operations Team and representative members of the
> Contributor Group may both participate in the ALARA Operational
> Review.
>
> **C. ALARA Review Coordinator.**
>
> There may also be an ALARA Review Coordinator appointed by the
> Radiological Control Manager or the Operations Manager. This
> individual may be an ALARA specialist, radiological engineer, or
> health physicist; for small or routine jobs, the individual may be a
> job supervisor trained in ALARA.
>
> The ALARA Review Coordinator, with input from the Operations Manager,
> is responsible for seeing that the ALARA Review is performed,
> completed, and documented.
>
> **D. Information Gathering.**
>
> The beginning of the process is information gathering by the ALARA
> Coordinator.
>
> 1\. The Coordinator should be knowledgeable about the functions,
> layout, equipment, and limiting factors associated with the operation,
> particularly:
>
> a\. Layout and location of the area;
>
> b\. Number and types of workers in each known or possible radiological
> area associated with each step of the operation;
>
> c\. Nature of each task workers are to do;
>
> d\. Time spent by each worker on each task;
>
> e\. Paths to and from the radiological area(s) and the transit time;
>
> f\. Physical features such as ladders, manholes, or hoods; and
>
> g\. Work-area-dose rates and wall thicknesses (in case shielding is
> needed).
>
> 2\. Such information may come from systems descriptions, drawings, and
> other descriptive design documents, but could also come from walkdowns
> of the subject area, interviews with the manager of the operation and
> members of the Operations Team as appropriate, and discussions with
> vendors or contractors.
>
> 3\. In particular, the Radiological Control Organization should be
> asked to provide historical dose and dose rate information, or to
> perform an appropriate radiological study of the area.
>
> 4\. Based on this information, the ALARA Review Coordinator or
> designee (e.g., the local HP) should estimate doses and dose rates
> associated with the operation, taking credit for any engineered
> controls to be used.
>
> 5\. The ALARA Review Coordinator should then describe the radiological
> features and implications in writing.
>
> 6\. Small or Routine Jobs
>
> For small or routine jobs only, if a review such as this is done, the
> Radiological Control Organization may provide simple dose and dose
> rate information to the Coordinator, and the write-up of the job can
> be omitted if it is covered by routine job procedures, standard
> practice, or information on an RWP prepared for this job.
>
> **E. Preoperational Review (Planning Checklist).**
>
> 1\. The ALARA Review Coordinator sends or presents to the Operations
> Team and representative members of the Contributor Group the written
> information regarding the operation, proposed engineering and
> administrative controls, and the estimated doses.
>
> 2\. The team and the representative Contributor Group members may use
> the Prejob (planning) section of the ALARA Operations Review Checklist
> as a tool to review and comment on this information.
>
> 3\. The checklists they complete are sent to the Coordinator, who
> records the information in a report, as amended by the review,
> including all comments, their resolutions, and a listing of hold
> points.
>
> A hold point is a step in the operation where work is stopped for
> evaluation of progress of analysis of data or for radiological surveys
> and evaluations, pending a decision by named groups or individuals as
> to how or whether or not to proceed. "Named" means that their title or
> job classification is given in a procedure (e.g., "Do not proceed
> until HP has taken an air sample" or "If any individual dose exceeds
> 200 mrem at this point, do not proceed until the Facility Manager has
> approved a further dose increment").
>
> 4\. The Coordinator combines the checklists from the various reviewers
> into a single-draft version of the ALARA Checklist, noting any
> discrepancies and resolutions of reviewer comments. (Note that only
> the Planning section is completed at this point.)
>
> 5\. This checklist and other associated written information serves as
> documentation of the Prejob Review. As a report, it should be sent to:
>
> a\. Members of the Operations Team,
>
> b\. Members of the Contributor Group,
>
> c\. Radiological Control section (including the area/facility safety
> representative if not on the Operations Team),
>
> d\. ALARA Program group, and
>
> e\. Other interested parties.
>
> 6\. In the case of required ALARA reviews (e.g., by procedure), this
> can be written up as an ALARA plan for the operation. (For small or
> routine jobs, of course, no plan is required.)
>
> 7\. Further revisions can be made to the Checklist write-up as
> necessary.
>
> 8\. The Report eventually should be attached to the official copy of
> the RWP for future reference.

**II. PREJOB REVIEWS**

> **A. Preparation and Review of the Radiological Work Permit (RWP).**
>
> 1\. The RWP is prepared by the appropriate person(s) according to
> procedure, and necessary approvals are secured.
>
> 2\. A further review of the RWP may be required in accordance with the
> RWP procedure.
>
> 3\. After the RWP is written, the ALARA Review Coordinator, in
> consultation with the Operations Manager and the area/facility safety
> representative, establishes the dose and other applicable ALARA goals
> for the operation. These should be circulated to the same parties who
> received a copy of the Review Report and should eventually be attached
> to the official copy of the RWP.
>
> 4\. The ALARA Review Report, the RWP, and the goals write-up together
> are referred to here as the "RWP Package."
>
> **B. Prejob Briefing.**
>
> 1\. The briefing is for supervisors, workers, an area/facility safety
> representative, and Radiological Control personnel.
>
> 2\. It could range from a simple rundown of the radiological
> conditions to a more complete presentation that covers RWP
> requirements and the work procedure to be followed.
>
> 3\. It could be a complete series of training sessions, including
> practice on mockups.
>
> 4\. The radiological controls, which should be in place before the
> operation is started, should also be covered so that those people who
> are briefed will understand them before the operation is started.
>
> 5\. Other operations conducted simultaneously, which could affect this
> operation, should also be described.
>
> 6\. The ALARA Review Coordinator and the Operations Manager should
> determine the scope of the briefing based on advice from the
> Radiological Control Section or the ALARA Program group, or both, and
> information contained on the RWP Package.
>
> **C. Prejob Check (Start of Job Checklist).**
>
> 1\. This ensures that radiological controls are in place before an
> operation starts.
>
> 2\. The Prejob Check should be performed by the Operations Manager or
> other designated person(s).
>
> 3\. The work supervisor and area/facility safety representative in
> charge should also verify that radiological controls are in place.
>
> 4\. The performance of these checks and verifications should be
> recorded in writing and signed by the individuals who performed them
> (there may be operating procedures for documenting this).
>
> 5\. The Operations Manager should report to the ALARA Review
> Coordinator that the check has been done.
>
> 6\. The ALARA Review Coordinator then completes the Start of Job
> section of the ALARA Operational Review Checklist.

**III. OPERATIONAL REVIEWS**

> During the Operation (substitute site-specific titles as appropriate).
>
> 1\. Tracking of dose and man-hours during the operation will normally
> be done by radiological control personnel.
>
> 2\. The radiological control personnel may recommend or order that the
> work be stopped due to unexpected circumstances that may result in
> excessively high doses:
>
> a\. Dose rates higher than anticipated.
>
> b\. Airborne radioactivity levels higher than anticipated.
>
> c\. Slow work completion rates.
>
> d\. Unsafe working conditions.
>
> 3\. The radiological control personnel may require simple alterations
> to the RWP if the circumstances are not likely to result in
> significant increases above the expected doses, or may request a
> revisitation of the ALARA review in view of the actual situation.
>
> 4\. The scope of such a review should be decided by the Radiological
> Control Manager, the Operation Manager, and the ALARA Program Manager.
>
> 5\. Facility operational management should cooperate in this review,
> whatever its scope.

**IV. POST OPERATIONAL REVIEW**

> Substitute site-specific information as applicable.
>
> 1\. Finally, when complete, the operation should be reviewed against
> the RWP Package by management, the Radiological Control personnel, and
> the ALARA program group.
>
> 2\. The last section of the ALARA Operational Review Checklist
> (Postjob Review) should be filled out by the Operation Manager, the
> area/facility safety representative, and other parties, as
> appropriate.
>
> 3\. These should be collated by the ALARA Review Coordinator into a
> final version of this section that should be circulated for final
> review and comment to appropriate parties, including the area/facility
> safety representative.
>
> 4\. The ALARA Review Coordinator then produces the final version of
> the Postjob Review section of the ALARA Operational Review Checklist,
> adds it to the other sections, and sends it to appropriate parties. It
> is attached to the RWP to form the RWP Package or Work Package of
> record. Copies are retained as part of the required documentation.
>
> 5\. Note that a formal job review even beyond the scope of this one
> may be procedurally required for some jobs.
>
> 6\. If any ALARA goals, administrative levels, or regulatory limits
> were exceeded, the Radiological Control Organization and ALARA Review
> Coordinator should be informed, even if they were not involved up to
> this point (e.g., on a small job). The following should then be
> determined by the Operation Manager, area/facility safety
> representative, and ALARA Review Coordinator in consultation with
> these groups:
>
> a\. Which ALARA goals were exceeded and why.
>
> b\. Which administrative limits were exceeded and why.
>
> c\. Which regulatory limits were exceeded and why.
>
> d\. The effectiveness of dose reduction measures employed.
>
> e\. Recommendations for future performances of this or similar
> operations.
>
> 7\. The ALARA Review Coordinator should pool the findings in a
> memorandum or report to be presented to the Operation Division
> management, the appropriate committees, and other interested parties.

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**APPENDIX F - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS**

**I. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS**

> Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) involves estimating the costs and benefits
> associated with a design change or modification to choose among
> alternatives or to select the optional value of a parameter. These
> costs and benefits must be estimated over the life of the new measure,
> feature, or practice. In addition, if adjustment is needed to correct
> for inflation, the techniques of engineering economics, such as the
> use of future value adjustment and annualization, can be used.

**II. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY (CBA WORKSHEET)**

> **A. (Dollar) Value of a Person-Rem.**
>
> In a CBA, all of the items to be considered must be expressed in the
> same units, usually dollars. Thus, to convert doses in a CBA to
> dollars, we must have a conversion factor. Such a conversion factor is
> called the (dollar) value of a person-rem. There may be actually
> several different values for different purposes. DOE has specified
> that this value(s) is to be set on a site-by-site basis; at (your
> site), this value(s) is \$ per person-rem.
>
> For comparison, note that NUREG-1530 states that the NRC now uses a
> value of \$2,000 per person-rem, makes future value adjustments, and
> restricts the basis of this figure to health effects only.
>
> **B. Formal Methodology.**
>
> The point of optimization is to maximize the net benefit of an
> activity or design or of a feature of an activity or design. Thus, we
> have the following general equation:
>
> B = V - P - X - Y
>
> where B is the net benefit, V is the gross benefit, P is the costs of
> production not including radiation protection costs, X is the
> radiation protection costs, and Y is the dose cost. As can be seen, we
> can maximize B by maximizing V and minimizing P, X, and Y.
>
> In practice, it is sometimes difficult to place a value on benefits
> and costs; for example, what is the value of a research activity that
> does not produce a marketable "product" but does produce useful
> information? For this reason, we try to look at only those components
> of B (i.e., V, P, X, and Y) that change and compare those. For
> example, if the only question is "one foot or two" of shielding and we
> can rule out effects on efficiency of operation, pipe routing, etc.,
> as
>
> insignificant, then we could look at only X and Y. This is true
> because with more shielding the cost goes up but the dose goes down,
> and vice versa. In this case, V and P would not depend on the value of
> the thickness, and we could write
>
> dB/dt = d/dt (V - P - X - Y) = - d/dt (X+Y)
>
> We can set this equal to zero so as to solve for the value of t that
> makes B a maximum and the sum of X + Y a minimum. Note that neither X
> nor Y is necessarily a minimum, but rather the sum must be a minimum.
> This approach works where X and Y (and possibly V and P as well) are
> functions of a continuous variable.
>
> If we are comparing separate alternatives, we can again start from the
> B equation. For two alternatives, we have
>
> B1 [\>]{.underline} V1 - P1 - X1 - Y1
>
> B2 [\>]{.underline} V2 - P2 - X2 - Y2
>
> For B2 [\>]{.underline} B1, we must have (V2 - P2 - X2 - Y2)
> [\>]{.underline} ( V1 - P1 - X1 - Y1), or
>
> (V2 - V1) [\>]{.underline} (P2 + X2 + Y2) - (P1 + X1 + Y1)
>
> That is, the net benefits of choosing Alternative 2 over Alternative 1
> must exceed the net costs.
>
> Note that where V and P are essentially the same in the two
> alternatives, this boils down to a shorter cost expression:
>
> X1 + Y1 [\>]{.underline} X2 + Y2
>
> Finally, note that if there is one new feature to be considered, we
> really have two alternatives: adopting the new feature or measure and
> not adopting the new feature (i.e., keeping the status quo). However,
> given a value of a man-rem, one can look at the "marginal" value of
> the alternative as follows. First,
>
> B1 - (V1 - P1 - X1) = Y1
>
> B2 - (V2 - P2 - X2) = Y2
>
> Then,
>
> B2 - (V2 - P2 - X2) - {B1 - (V1 - P1 - X1)} = Y2 - Y1
>
> We see that the expression to the left of the equals sign boils down
> to the net savings or net costs, depending on whether the value is
> positive or negative. Similarly, the expression on the right is the
> net dose savings or net dose cost. Let us call the expressions the net
> cost and the net dose cost, with the understanding that these might
> actually be savings if the value is negative. We could proceed
> directly to this point by writing this ratio:
>
> ![](media/image2.wmf) Costs/![](media/image3.wmf) Dose = ?
>
> If the ratio is positive, then the cheaper option also has the lowest
> dose. If the ratio is negative and its absolute value exceeds the
> site's ALARA criteria (in units of dollar/man-rem), then the measure
> is not cost-effective and should be not adopted. If the value is less,
> then it is cost-effective to adopt it. Many people prefer this "ratio
> of differences" method to the X + Y comparison method, but the former
> does not always give unique results and can be more difficult to
> interpret if there are more than two options or if optimization is to
> be done on a continuous variable.
>
> **C. Implementation of the Methodology.**
>
> There are four main steps in performing a CBA, as given below.
>
> 1\. Describe each feature or measure, including the status quo where
> applicable. This should include the radiological implications of its
> adoption.
>
> 2\. Estimate or calculate the applicable costs, benefits, and doses
> for each feature or measure. If any dose exceeds a regulatory limit or
> a contract provision, or there is any other such absolute barrier,
> then the feature or measure can be ruled out at once and the analysis
> need not be completed.
>
> 3\. Determine the net benefit or a shorter cost expression of each
> feature or measure and then compare them. Or, where applicable, form
> the cost-dose difference ratio and compare it to the value of a
> person-rem.
>
> 4\. Where the results are close or where there are uncertainties,
> perform a subjective factors analysis or a sensitivity analysis or
> both.
>
> **D. Description of a Feature, Measure, or Practice.**
>
> In describing a feature, measure, or practice, only information that
> has a bearing on the analysis should be provided. This would include
> the area or facility at which or for which the feature, measure, or
> practice would be adopted; the effects on radiological protection,
> such as increased need for shielding, reduction of respirator use,
> etc.; the applicable lifetime or period of use of the feature, etc.;
> and known costs, doses, and dose rates associated with the adoption of
> the feature or measure. The same should be done for each alternative
> to the feature, etc., including the status quo.
>
> Note that sometimes constraints will limit alternatives. For example,
> since a dose of greater than 5 rem to 1 person would exceed the
> (annual) regulatory limit, it would not be acceptable to consider that
> as an option.
>
> **E. Production of Costs and Doses.**
>
> Once the known costs and doses have been produced, then the unknown
> costs and doses can be estimated or calculated from other information.
> For example, the known capital cost now may have to be annualized to
> compare it to operating costs in other years. Or the doses may have to
> be estimated from projected stay times and dose rates.
>
> **F. Comparison of Results and Use of Subjective Factors Analysis.**
>
> Once all of the costs and doses have been produced, they can be
> combined appropriately to produce the net benefit, a shorter cost
> expression, or the cost-dose differences ratio for each feature or
> measure. The results should be compared among alternatives or with the
> value of a man-rem, as applicable. The alternative with the highest
> net benefit or lowest cost expression should be chosen or, where the
> cost-dose difference ratio is used, features or measures with a ratio
> less than the cost of a person-rem may be chosen.
>
> Where the results are close or where an analysis of more subjective
> factors is desirable, a sensitivity analysis might be performed in
> which the most important or most uncertain cost(s) or dose(s) is
> varied slightly to see how much difference variability or uncertainty
> makes. In addition or instead, a subjective factors analysis may be
> done. This is a ranking of the feature or alternative according to
> factors that are difficult to quantify but which are nevertheless
> important, such as schedule flexibility, reduction of the potential
> for a reportable occurrence, and good public relations.
>
> **G. Example.**
>
> Workers were doing an important job in a hot but uncontaminated area.
> A nearby valve suddenly started leaking radioactive water. This
> produced airborne radioactivity, so now the workers should probably
> wear respirators in the area while completing the hot job. Or should
> they? The leak has stabilized at a low but steady rate, and since it
> is an essential system, the valve system can\'t be turned off.
>
> Consider an example with the following paramters:
>
> Without the respirators, the job would take 2 workers 2 more hours to
> complete, with a resulting external dose of 100 mrem and 20 mrem
> internal (CEDE) to each.
>
> With respirators, the time and the external dose for the job would
> also increase by 50 percent. Assume there would be no internal
> exposure.
>
> The cost of an hour for a worker or HP is \$75, and the cost of a
> person-rem is \$2,000.
>
> Here, doing the job right now is not presented as an option, but as a
> must. This may be because the job is the principal function of the
> facility, or the job may be required for safety or another important
> reason. So we start this example by assuming that we
> [must]{.underline} do the job and that we are then trying to make the
> optimal choice regarding ways of doing the job. We are not given any
> information regarding contributions to P or V, so we will simply find
> the value of U = X + Y.
>
> Option 1: Without Respirators
>
> Without respirators, the cost of the job is calculated by
>
> X1 = (2 workers) (2 hrs) (\$75 hr) = \$300
>
> The dose cost is
>
> Y1 = (2 workers)(0.100 rem+0.020 rem)(\$2000/person-rem)=\$480
>
> Thus, the sum is
>
> U1 = X1 + Y1 = \$780
>
> Option 2: With Respirators
>
> With respirators, the cost of the job is
>
> X2 = (2 workers) (2 hrs \* 1.5) (\$75/hr) = \$450
>
> The dose cost is
>
> Y2 = (2 workers) (0.100 rem \* 1.5) (\$2000/person-rem) = \$600
>
> Thus, the sum is
>
> U2 = X2 + Y2 = \$450 + \$600 = \$1050
>
> Since U1 gives the minimum value of U (i.e., the lowest total cost),
> this is the option that should be chosen. For this option, both the
> total dose and total cost is lower. Note that we ignored the cost of
> the respirators themselves (e.g., cleaning after use), but in a more
> complete analysis, this should be included.
>
> Let\'s try this using the cost-dose difference ratio and the
> difference between (1) not using and (2) using respirators.
>
> ![](media/image4.wmf) Costs = X2 - X1 = \$450 - \$300 = \$150
>
> ![](media/image5.wmf) Dose = D2 - D1 = 0.300 rem - 0.240 rem = 0.060
> rem
>
> ![](media/image6.wmf)Costs/![](media/image7.wmf) Dose = \$150/0.060
> rem = \$2,500/(person-)rem
>
> Since this is a greater than \$2,000/person-rem, the first option, not
> using respirators, is the one to choose. Since the ratio is positive,
> the lowest dose option and the lowest cost option are the same. There
> is no trade-off, and [not]{.underline} using respirators is the
> correct choice to make.
>
> If the above example had a higher internal dose component, the cost
> for not wearing a respirator would have been greater. For example,
> using option 1 (without respirators), an internal dose component of
> 100 mrem to each of the two workers would result in a total cost (U1)
> of \$1100 if respirators were not used. This exceeds the cost of
> \$1050 when respirators are worn.
>
> Keep in mind that the example presented here was simplified for
> instructional purposes. In practice, one must consider the following:
>
> 1\) Studies may not have consistently demonstrated that using a
> respirator will result in an increase in the time it takes to perform
> a task.
>
> 2\) The radionuclide and chemical form involved, as well as the
> measures taken to ensure that workplace conditions do not deteriorate,
> must be factored into any controls implemented during the task.
>
> 3\) Dose rates in a facility are variable, airborne radioactivity
> concentrations and worker practices.
>
> 4\) There may be considerable management and worker opposition to
> accepting internal exposures, especially with respect to radionuclides
> with long biological half-lives, such as transuranics.

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