**I**ONOPSHERIC **C**OMMUNICATIONS

**E**NHANCED **P**ROFILE **A**NALYSIS & **C**IRCUIT

(**ICEPAC**)

####### 

####### PREDICTION PROGRAM

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######## USER'S MANUAL

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& HF ANTENNA MODEL PROGRAM

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Provided in the

######### "ITS HF Propagation Package" 

**PREFACE**

The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences and its predecessors in the
U.S. Department of Commerce have been collecting ionospheric data and
developing methods to use these data in the prediction of the expected
performance of high-frequency (HF) sky-wave systems since the start of
World War II.

Much of these data and the techniques for using the data are stored for
use by computers. Several \"standard\" output formats have also emerged
to assist in the planning and operation of high-frequency systems using
sky-waves. This report describes the use of the latest developed
method - The \"[I]{.underline}onospheric [C]{.underline}ommunications
[E]{.underline}nhanced [P]{.underline}rofile [A]{.underline}nalysis and
[C]{.underline}ircuit Prediction Program\" (ICEPAC). The input and
output characteristics in this report relate to ICEPAC version .10. The
version number was generated to historically document the ICEPAC program
as it currently exists and to facilitate a means of identifying
subsequent versions of the program.

For many years, numerous organizations have been employing the HF
spectrum to communicate over long distances. It was recognized in the
late thirties that these communication systems were subject to marked
variations in performance. The effective operation of long-distance HF
systems increased in proportion to the ability to predict variations in
the ionosphere, since such an ability permitted the selection of optimum
frequencies, antennas, and other circuit parameters. A worldwide network
of ionosoundes was established to measure ionospheric parameters.
Worldwide noise measurement records were taken, and observed variations
in signal and amplitudes were recorded over various HF paths. The
results of this research established that most variations in HF system
performance were directly related to changes in the ionosphere, which in
turn are affected in a complex manner by solar activity, seasonal and
diurnal variations, as well as latitude and longitude. By 1948, a
treatise of ionospheric radio propagation was published by the Central
Radio Propagation Laboratory (CRPL) of the National Bureau of Standards.
This document (CRPL, l948) outlined the state of the art in HF
propagation. Manual techniques were given for analyzing HF circuits of
short, intermediate, and long distances. Because the manual methods were
laborious and time consuming, various organizations developed computer
programs to analyze HF circuit performance. All these programs were
based on manual methods for short or intermediate distances and used
various numeric representations of the ionospheric data. The IONCAP
program was the latest program developed and used in HF prpagation
predictions. The IONCAP prediction program had poor performance in the
polar region and used some of the older profile structures. The program
described here is a direct descendant of the IONCAP program. Use of the
[I]{.underline}onospheric [C]{.underline}ommunications
[E]{.underline}nhanced [P]{.underline}rofile [A]{.underline}nalysis and
[C]{.underline}ircuit Prediction Program (ICEPAC) is described in this
report.

The [I]{.underline}onospheric [C]{.underline}ommunications
[E]{.underline}nhanced [P]{.underline}rofile [A]{.underline}nalysis and
[C]{.underline}ircuit Prediction Program (ICEPAC) is in modular form and
coded in simple FORTRAN, following as much as possible the ANSI 77
standard. The modular form allows any subsection to be replaced without
affecting the rest of the program. As much as possible, table look-up
techniques are used to reduce computer run time, to facilitate the
modular structure, and to assist in the detection of errors in any
subsection. The program is divided into seven largely independent
sections:

1 input subroutines,

2 path geometry subroutines,

3 antenna subroutines,

4 ionospheric parameter subroutines,

5 maximum usable frequency subroutines,

6 system performance subroutines, and

7 output subroutines.

The input subroutines handle the various input options. There are four
inputs: Line command disk file, a long-term data disk file, corrected
geomagnetic disk file, and an antenna disk file. The line command disk
file contains the circuit parameters and control run options. The
long-term data disk file contains numeric coefficients for ionospheric
parameters and for atmospheric noise as well as tables of parameters
needed for circuit performance. The corrected geomagnetic coordinate
file provides geomagnetic latitude and longitude for the polar model.
The antenna disk file contains optional antenna patterns which can
either be generated by the ICEPAC program or obtained from some other
source.

The path geometry subroutines determine the circuit geometry, select
areas to sample the ionosphere, and evaluate the magnetic field at these
sample areas.

The antenna subroutines process antenna data command lines, calculate
antenna gains, and output antenna patterns. The program has the simple
subroutine from ITSA-1 (Lucas and Haydon, 1966) for the basic antenna
models. These assume the antennas are associated with existing systems
that have been properly designed.

The ionospheric parameter subroutines evaluate the ionospheric
parameters needed by the program. Previous programs assumed an implicit
two parabola ionosphere. An explicit electron density profile is used in
this program. Observation indicates that absorption equations using the
secant law require modification when frequencies do not traverse the
entire absorbing region, i.e., with reflection heights lower than 90 km.
An empirical modification to the secant law is included in this program.

The maximum usable frequency (MUF) subroutine is a direct determination
of the junction frequency based on an electron density profile derived
from monthly median parameters of the ionosphere rather than an
iterative search. A corrected form of Martyn\'s theorem (Martyn, 1969)
is used. The E, Fl, and F2 layer MUFs are considered. There is also a
separate sporadic-E MUF.

The system performance subroutines evaluate all the usual circuit
performance parameters. There are two basic subroutines: one for shorter
distances and one for long distances (greater than 10,000 km). The
models for the shorter distances and the long distance models have
previously been incorporated in the IONCAP computer program and are
continued in the ICEPAC program. The short-distance models correspond to
the manual method given by Haydon et al. (1969). A manual method
somewhat like the long-distance models is given in NBS Report 462,
(CRPL, 1948). The short-distance model evaluates all possible ray paths
for the circuit, including high and low angle modes; E, Fl, and F2
modes; above the MUF modes; and sporadic-E modes. Losses include regular
D-E absorption (CCIR-252 loss), deviative losses, and sporadic-E losses.
The CCIR-262 loss is basically for F2 modes. For E-layer modes, an
adjustment of the absorption is required, and for frequencies which have
low reflection heights (less than 90 km) a further correction to the
frequency dependence is added. The noise at the receiver site is
evaluated and combined with signal statistics to estimate the
signal-to-noise statistics.

An extension of the single-hop model to long paths would lead to the
expectation that failure of propagation at any of the reflection areas
would cause propagation to fail altogether. Empirically, however,it has
been found that propagation does not fail until the ionosphere either
fails to launch a sky-wave or does not permit sky-wave reception; i.e.,
these are control areas about 2,000 km from each end of the path. The
long-distance model evaluates a sky-wave launch capability at the
transmitter and a sky-wave intercept capability at the receiver, using
an antenna-gain-minus-ionosphere-loss function at each end of the path.
Losses are the same as for the short paths at each end of the path, with
a loss per kilometer function used to fill in the path. Noise and signal
statistics are the same for the short-distance or the long-distance
paths.

The output subroutines generate all the output options as line printer
images which can be printed or saved on disk. The available output
options and the corresponding input required to generate the output is
described in this report.

Much of the work completed is an incorporation of the combined efforts
of various laboratories, both government and private, domestic and
foreign. Although this program is coded so that revision of any sub-part
is relatively easy, it is difficult to join so many diverse sub-models
while maintaining consistency and continuity of the entire program. The
whole in this case is much more than a sum of the parts.

The use of the program with a description of input and output options is
described in this report. The underlying assumptions and the
mathematical-physical models are described in a companion report.

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

**[Page]{.underline}**

# 

# LIST OF FIGURES ix

**LIST OF TABLES xii**

**LIST OF COMMAND LINES xiii**

**ANTENNA COMMAND LINES xiv**

**LIST OF SYMBOLS xv**

## Ionospheric Communications Enhanced Profile Analysis and

## Circuit (ICEPAC) Prediction Program User\'s Manual

**1. INTRODUCTION 1**

**2. PRIMARY PROGRAM RELATED REQUIREMENTS 2**

2.1 Computer Implementation Requirements 2

2.2 Files Used by ICEPAC 3

2.3 Program Operation Review 4

**3. INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS 5**

3.1 General Data Requirements 5

3.2 Input Language Definition 6

3.3 Description of the User-Defined Input Data 7

3.3.1 Program Control, Execution, and

Termination Command Lines 7

3.3.2 Diurnal, Month, and Solar Activity Command Lines 9

3.3.3 System Configuration Command Lines 10

3.3.4 User-Defined Data Base and System

Override Command Lines 15

3.3.5 Input, Output, and Comment Command Lines 19

**4. OUTPUT OPTIONS 23**

4.1 Ionospheric Parameters Output Options, METHOD = 1 or 2 23

4.2 MUF Output Options, METHOD = 3 through 12 25

4.3 Systems Performance Output Options, METHOD = 16 through 24 26

4.4 Antenna Output Options, METHOD = 13, 14, or 15 29

**TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)**

#  [Page]{.underline}

# 

# 5 APPLICATIONS 29

5.1 Ionospheric Parameters Applications 30

5.2 MUF Applications 30

5.3 System Performance Applications 30

5.3.1 Selecting an Optimum Frequency 31

5.3.2 Selecting a Frequency Complement for a Single Circuit

in the Absence of Other Circuit Interference 31

5.3.3 Standard Frequency Complement 32

5.3.4 Two-Frequency Complements 33

5.3.5 Three-Frequency Complements 35

5.3.6 Four-Frequency Complements 37

5.3.7 Time Sharing on Circuits Separated Geographically 40

5.3.8 Time Sharing in the Same Geographic Area 40

5.3.9 Frequency Sharing 40

5.3.10 Broadcast Coverage 40

5.3.11 Optimum Times for Communication 41

5.3.12 Selection of Relay Locations 41

5.3.13 Determination of Lowest Effective Transmitter Power 41

5.4 Antenna Selection or Design 42

**6. PROGRAM DATA FILES 42**

6.1 BCD Program and Data Base Tape 42

6.2 Long-Term Prediction File 43

6.3 Antenna Patterns Stored on File 44

**7. SPECIFIC INPUT EXAMPLES 45**

7.1 Ionospheric Parameter Example 45

7.2 Antenna Pattern Example 45

7.3 MUF Example 46

7.4 System Performance Example 46

7.5 User-Selected Output Example 47

7.6 LUF Example 48

7.7 Outgraph Example 49

7.8 External Antenna File Example 49

**8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 51**

**9. REFERENCES 154**

**LIST OF FIGURES**

**[Page]{.underline}**

Figure 1. Input data lines for all output options. 52

Figure 2. Ionospheric parameters output. (METHOD=l) 54

Figure 3. Ionogram output. (METHOD=2) 55

Figure 4. MUF complete output table. (METHOD=7) 57

Figure 5. MUF-FOT graph. (METHOD=8) 59

Figure 6. MUF-FOT-HPF graph. (METHOD=9) 60

Figure 7. MUF-FOT-ANG graph. (METHOD=10) 61

Figure 8. MUF-FOT-Es MUF graph. (METHOD=11) 62

Figure 9. Transmitter antenna pattern. (METHOD=15) 63

Figure 10. Receiver-antenna pattern. (METHOD=15) 65

Figure 11. System performance. (METHOD=16) 67

Figure 12. Condensed system performance, reliabilities. (METHOD=17) 68

Figure 13. Condensed system performance, service probability.(METHOD=18)
69

Figure 14. Propagation path geometry. (METHOD=19) 70

Figure 15. Complete system performance. (METHOD=20) 71

Figure 16. Forced long-path model. (METHOD=21) 72

Figure 17. Forced short-path model. (METHOD=22) 73

Figure 18. User-selected system performance. (METHOD=23) 74

Figure 19. Reliability table output. (METHOD=24) 75

Figure 20. All modes output (user-defined freq.). (METHOD=25) 76

Figure 21. All modes output (MUF). (METHOD=25) 77

Figure 22. LUF-FOT graph. (METHOD=26) 78

Figure 23. LUF-FOT graph. (METHOD=27) 79

Figure 24. LUF-MUF-FOT graph (METHOD=28) 80

Figure 25. LUF-MUF graph (METHOD=29) 81

**LIST OF FIGURES (cont.)**

**[Page]{.underline}**

Figure 26. MUF complete output table (long-path example). (METHOD=7) 82

Figure 27. User-selected system performance (long-path example)

(METHOD=23) 83

Figure 28. Antenna pattern input lines. 84

Figure 29. Horizontal rhombic structure (1). 86

Figure 30. Horizontal rhombic pattern. 87

Figure 31. Vertical monopole structure (2). 89

Figure 32. Vertical monopole pattern. 90

Figure 33. Horizontal dipole structure (3). 92

Figure 34. Horizontal dipole pattern. 93

Figure 35. Horizontal Yagi structure (4). 95

Figure 36. Horizontal Yagi pattern 96

Figure 37. Vertical log periodic structure (5) 98

Figure 38. Vertical log periodic pattern. 99

Figure 39. Curtain structure (6). 101

Figure 40. Curtain pattern. 102

Figure 41. Sloping vee structure (7). 104

Figure 42. Sloping vee pattern. 105

Figure 43. Inverted L structure (8). 107

Figure 44. Inverted L pattern. 108

Figure 45. Sloping rhombic structure (9). 110

Figure 46. Sloping rhombic pattern. 111

Figure 47. Interlaced rhombic structure (11). 113

Figure 48. Interlaced rhombic pattern. 114

Figure 49. Constant gain pictorial pattern (12). 116

**LIST OF FIGURES (cont.)**

**[Page]{.underline}**

Figure 50. Constant gain pattern. 117

Figure 51. Constant gain receiver antenna with antenna efficiency. 119

Figure 52 Relationship between Effective Q index and effective Kp value
132

**LIST OF TABLES**

**[Page]{.underline}**

Table 1. ICEPAC Files 121

Table 2. Valid Name Identifiers 122

Table 3. Available Output Methods 123

Table 4. Required SNR\'s for Radiotelephone Service 124

Table 5. Required SNR\'s for Radio-teletype Service 125

Table 6. Typical values of Ground Electrical Characteristics 126

Table 7. Output Combinations for the OUTGRAPH Command 127

Table 8. Header Line Options for the TOPLINES Command 128

Table 9. System Performance Output Line Options for

the BOTLINES Command 129

Table 10. System Performance Output Line Options as

Preset by METHOD Number 130

Table 11. Input Data Required for Output Methods 131

Table 12. Effective Q and Kp relationships 132

**LIST OF COMMAND LINES**

**[Page]{.underline}**

Command Line 1. METHOD command 133

Command Line 2. MONTH command 133

Command Line 3. SUNSPOT command 133

Command Line 4. CIRCUIT command 133

Command Line 5. SYSTEM command 134

Command Line 6. TIME command 134

Command Line 7. FREQUENCY command 135

Command Line 8. LABEL command 135

Command Line 9. INTEGRATE command 136

Command Line 10. EXECUTE command 136

Command Line 11. EFVAR command 136

Command Line 12. ESVAR command 137

Command Line 13. EDP command 137

Command Line 13a. Electron density commands, true height 137

Command Line 13b. Electron density commands, square of plasma frequency
138

Command Line 14. ANTOUT command 138

Command Line 15. COMMENT command 138

Command Line 16. QUIT command 138

Command Line 17. OUTGRAPH command 139

Command Line 18. FPROB command 139

Command Line 19. TOPLINES command 140

Command Line 20. BOTLINES command 141

**ANTENNA COMMAND LINES**

**[Page]{.underline}**

Command Line 21. Terminated rhombic command 142

Command Line 22. Vertical monopole command 143

Command Line 23. Horizontal dipole command 144

Command Line 24. Horizontal Yagi command 145

Command Line 25. Vertical log periodic command 146

Command Line 26. Curtain command 147

Command Line 27. Sloping vee command 148

Command Line 28. Inverted L command 149

Command Line 29. Sloping rhombic command 150

Command Line 30. Interlaced rhombic command 151

Command Line 31. Constant gain command 152

Command Line 32. Antenna pattern read from file 153

**LIST OF SYMBOLS**

The meanings of the most commonly used symbols are as follows (except as
otherwise defined within the text for local usage) (where feasible the
symbol definition is the same as in the list in Davies, 1969):

**GREEK LETTERS**

α Coefficient used in exponential tail of electron density profile,
Section 3.2.

\_ Euler constant 0.57721.

∆ Angle of elevation or take-off measured from earth\'s surface to ray.

ε Permittivity.

ε~o~,ε~r~, Permittivity of free space.

ε\'~h~, ε~o~, ε Errors used in correction of Martyn\'s theorem; Section
4.4.

Θ Angle measured from true ray path to earth\'s normal.

(Positive for up going ray, negative for down going ray.)

θ~j~ A sampled θ in true ray path model, Section 5.0.

λ Wavelength in a medium.

µ Refractive index (real part of n).

µ~o~ Permeability of free space.

µ\' Group refractive index.

µ\'(h, f) Corresponds to a particular true height h and operating
frequency f, Section 4.2.

ν Electron collision frequency.

ν Average ν in a region, used in loss equations, Section 6.1.

ξ \_f^2^ -ff~h~

π Pi, 3.14159\...

ρ Reflection coefficient.

σ Standard deviation of various distributions.

τ Time constant.

φ~t~ Angle between virtual ray and earth\'s normal at true reflection
height.

φ Angle between virtual ray and earth\'s normal at virtual reflection
height. (Usually at one-half path distance.)

φ~j~ Angle between virtual ray and earth\'s normal at a virtual height
corresponding to a sampled ground distance, Section 5.0.

χ Absorption index.

χ Sun\'s zenith angle.

χ~m~ Maximum sun\'s zenith angle at which median predicted Fl layer
exists, Section 2.4.2.

Ψ One-half of the angle subtended by a radio path at the center of the
earth, i.e., one-half path ground distance divided by the radius of the
earth.

ω Angular frequency.

ω~H~ Angular gyro-frequency.

**ROMAN LETTERS**

A(f~v~) Absorption factor corresponding to fv, Section 6.1.

A Averaged absorption factor, Section 6.1.

A~D~ Deviative loss absorption factor, Section 6.2.

A~E~ E mode absorption factor for corrected loss, Section 6.2.

A~T~(f~v~) Sum of absorption factors, Section 6.2.

a Radius of the earth.

B(f~v~) Absorption factor for A~D~, includes averaged collision
frequency (ν) profile, Section 6.2.

C~E~ Coefficient for B(f~v~) in E region, Section 6.3.

C~F~ Coefficient for B(f~v~) in F2 region.

C~1~ Coefficient for B(f~v~) in Fl region, Section 6.3.

C~2~ Coefficient for B(f~v~) in F2 region when Fl layer is present,
Section 6.3.

c Velocity of waves in free space.

D Ground distance of a radio path.

D~j~ Ground distance to a sampled point of a radio path, Section 5.0.

E RMS field strength referred to one microvolt per meter.

e Charge on the electron.

F Coefficient used in exponential tail of electron density profile,
Section 3.2.

fbEs Sporadic E blanketing frequency.

f~c~ Critical or penetration frequency.

f~H~ Gyro-frequency.

f~N~ Plasma frequency.

f~ob~ Frequency of oblique radio path.

f~v~ Vertical sounding frequency.

f~p~E Penetration frequency of E layer.

fmEs Equivalent oblique frequency corresponding to foEs.

foE Critical frequency of the ordinary component of the E layer.

foEs Highest frequency of the ordinary component of the sporadic E
layer.

foFl Critical frequency of the ordinary component of the Fl layer.

foF2 Critical frequency of the ordinary component of the F2 layer.

f~u~, f~v~ Plasma frequencies used for filling in the valley in an
electron density profile, Section 3.4.

G~t~ Transmitting antenna power gain relative to an isotropic antenna in
free space.

G~r~ Receiving antenna power gain relative to an isotropic antenna in
free space.

h True or real height.

h\' Virtual height, equivalent height, group height.

h~p~ Phase height.

h\'Es The minimum virtual height of the sporadic E layer.

hmE, Height of maximum electron density of E layers.

hmFl,hmF2 Height of maximum electron density of Fl or F2 layers.

h\'E The minimum virtual height of the E layer.

h\'F The minimum virtual height of the F layer (Fl or F2).

h\'F2 The minimum virtual height of the F2 layer.

hpF2 The virtual height of the F2 layer at a vertical sounding frequency
fv = 0.834 foF2.

h\'~v~ Virtual height from vertical sounding as used in corrected
Martyn\'s theorem, Section 4.3.

h\'~ob~ Corrected virtual height for an oblique radio path, Section 4.3.

h~o~ Minimum height of electron density profile, Section 4.2.

h~r~ True height upper limit of integration for a virtual height,
Section 4.2.

h~j~ A sampled true height integration for a virtual height, Section
4.2.

h~2~ True height of F2 layer at foFl, Section 3.5.

h~u~ True height of F2 layer at a frequency of f~u~ = X~u~ foE, used in
valley of electron density profile, Section 3.4.

h~v~ True height of top of E layer at f~v~ = X~u~ foE, Section 3.4.

(h\'-h)~N~ Normalized height difference factor used in non-deviative
loss, Section 6.2.

I Absorption index.

k Correction factor in oblique transmission curve.

L~bf~ Free space basic transmission loss.

L~b~ Basic transmission loss, i.e., system loss, L~s~, where actual
antennas are replaced by isotropic, loss-free antennas.

L(f~v~) Ionospheric loss for an oblique radio path at frequ, f~v~,
Section 6.1.

L(f~ob~) Ionospheric loss for an oblique radio path at freq, f~ob~,
Section 6.1.

L~c~ Loss correction factor for E modes, Section 6.2.

L~i~ Losses caused by ionospheric absorption.

L~o~ Sporadic-E obscuration loss for a mode passing through the layer,
Section 6.3.

L~R~ Sporadic-E reflection loss for a mode reflection for the layer.

L~s~ Signal power available at the receiving antenna terminals relative
to the available power at the transmitting antenna terminals, in
decibels. This excludes any transmitting or receiving antenna
transmission line losses.

M(D) M factor of a ground distance D, the ratio of f~ob~ to f~c~.

M(3000)F2 M factor for F2 layer at a distance of 3000 km.

m Exponent of nonlinear transformation used in integration, Section 42.

N Electron density.

n Complex refractive index, (µ-iχ).

o Ordinary wave.

P Phase path; power; probability.

P\' Virtual path; equivalent path; group path.

R Sunspot number; retardation.

SSN Sunspot number.

S Quantity relating hpF2 and M(3000)F2 (usually taken as 1490.) Section
2.4.2.

S~1~ Slope of a linear Fl layer, at a frequency of foFl, Section 3.5.

S~2~ Slope of a parabolic F2 layer, at a frequency of foFl, Section 3.5.

t Time.

X~u~ Frequency ratio at F2 layer for valley fill, Section 3.4. que radio
path at frequency, f-, Section 6.1.

X~v~ Frequency ratio at E layer for valley fill, Section 3.4

X~j~ An abscissa for Gaussian integration, Section 4.2.

w~j~ Weight for Gaussian integration, Section 4.2.

ym Half thickness of a parabola.

ymE Half thickness of a parabola for E layer.

ymFl, ymF2 Half thickness of a parabola for F1 or F2 layer.

## 

## Ionospheric Communications Enhanced Profile Analysis and

## Circuit Prediction Program User\'s Manual

This report describes the operation and use of the Ionospheric
Communications Enhanced Profile Analysis and Circuit Prediction Program
(ICEPAC). The computer program is an integrated system of subroutines
designed to predict high-frequency (HF) sky-wave system performance and
analyze ionospheric parameters. These computer-aided predictions may be
used in the planning and operation of high-frequency communication
systems using sky-waves.

This report contains instructions for the use of ICEPAC. A description
of the input data requirements, including data definition, organization,
and instructions for setup of the various analysis tasks, is presented.
Procedures and formats are given for preparing the input data and
executing the program. The various outputs are presented and described
with an interpretation of the analysis results.

***Key Words:** communications; computer model; high frequency;
ionosphere; LUF; MUF; sky-wave; user\'s manual.*

**1. INTRODUCTION**

In the initial planning or in the modification of many communication
systems, there may be an appreciable delay between the circuit planning
and the actual circuit construction or modification. This is of
particular importance for high frequency circuits which have marked time
and geographic variations in optimum frequency, required power, and
system performance. Predictions of ionospheric characteristics and
techniques for using these characteristics are, however, available and
may be used to anticipate the performance of HF communication circuits
and thereby provide the lead time for necessary equipment selection,
frequency selection, and frequency and time-sharing arrangements.

High-frequency radio communication depends upon the ability of the
ionosphere to return the radio signals back to earth. Prediction of
ionization levels in the various regions of the ionosphere is,
therefore, essential to any prediction of HF sky-wave circuit
performance. The maximum frequency returned from the ionosphere usually
establishes the upper limit of the useful HF range. The degree of
ionization in the various regions is useful in estimating probable
modes, and the transmission loss for these modes is combined with the
antenna performance and transmitter power available to estimate the
expected HF sky-wave signal available anywhere at any time.

The expected sky-wave signal may be compared with the expected radio
noise environment to predict the likelihood that the circuit will
operate satisfactorily. This likelihood may be used to select optimum
frequencies, proper antennas, required transmitter power, optimum time
of operation, and broadcast coverage as a function of time and/or
frequency.

This user\'s manual is subdivided into several sections. Section 2
describes the primary program-related requirements, including a program
operation review, computer implementation requirements, and data files
used by ICEPAC. The input language definition, input data description,
command line image formats, and input requirements (including data
organization, maximum system size, restrictions, and default values) are
presented in Section 3. The various ICEPAC task options and control
parameters are also discussed in Section 3. Section 4 describes the
output options and possible program termination error messages. Several
applications for system performance predictions are presented in Section
6 along with a sample test case. The geometry of the internal antenna
package, ITSA-1, and typical antenna patterns generated are presented in
Figures 29 through 51. Section 5 also contains a summary of the tabular
and graphical outputs available with the ICEPAC version IC.10 computer
program. Section 6 briefly describes the data base file used with the
program. Section 7 contains input examples to assist the user in
constructing ICEPAC input.

**2. PRIMARY PROGRAM RELATED REQUIREMENTS**

This section briefly describes the primary program related requirements
of the ICEPAC program. Included are computer implementation
requirements, data files used by ICEPAC, and a program operation review.

**2.1 Computer Implementation Requirements**

The ICEPAC program was developed on the IBM PS2 Model 80 computer using
FORTRAN 77. The computer code is as close to being ANSI 77 Standard
FORTRAN as was possible to ease adaptation to other computers. The
computer resources required to run this program are 512K bytes of memory
with a hard disk or floppy disk. A math co-processor is not required for
Version .10. The program resides on disk as a single run module and does
not require overlays.

**2.2 Files Used By ICEPAC**

The primary input is from a disk file with records resembling card
images. The file name is requested interactively from the user. The
program execution is then controlled by the data on the disk file and
operator intervention is not allowed until the complete file has
executed. Each Command Line format consists of an alpha-numeric name of
up to 10 characters, followed by up to 14 data fields of 5 columns each.
Each floating point variable may have a decimal point inserted, while
the integer variables must be right justified in the field. The name
identifiers mentioned above constitute an input language which is the
primary communications link between the user and the actual program
analyses. It provides a means of controlling the extent of an analyses
as well as the type and amount of output desired.

The secondary input is the long term ionospheric coefficients which are
stored on disk files in monthly segments. Each segment represents one
month for low and high sunspot number and all hours of the day. When the
month and sunspot number are read from the primary input file, the
coefficients for the particular month are read and interpolated for the
sunspot number. The resulting coefficient data base is used for further
ionospheric parameter calculation relative to time and geographic
location. A complete description of these data base files can be found
in Section 6. These data are not user-defined input.

The magnetic coordinate file is used in the polar model evaluation for
converting from geomagnetic coordinates to corrected geomagnetic
coordinates. The file is not specified by the user.

The output from the program is written to a disk file in an 80 column
format. When the output format requires more than 80 columns, the output
is either folded in half or out put as two separate pages. The output
from MUF-FOT calculations for the full ionosphere has been completely
reformatted to conform to the column limitations.

The antenna output file is created if specified by the user. This file
contains antenna patterns created by the ICEPAC antenna package
(ITSA-1). These antenna patterns can be saved as a permanent file and
used as input to the ICEPAC program at a later date or possibly used as
input to some other analysis program. This is discussed in Section 3.4.

The antenna input file is a permanent file used to read antenna patterns
that have previously been created by ICEPAC or by some other antenna
package or routine. If specified by the user, the antenna patterns are
read from this file instead of being computed by the ICEPAC program (see
ANTENNA control line subsection). Use of this option to input antenna
patterns not generated by ICEPAC generally requires the user to create a
software interface to ICEPAC.

**2.3 Program Operation Review**

The first step in using the ICEPAC program is to assemble the
appropriate data for the system configuration to be analyzed. These data
are then prepared on command lines which are read as input directly to
the computer program or perhaps stored on a disk file for reading as
input to the program at a later date.

Each command line contains a name identifier that is used as a label to
identify the specific type of data on that particular command line. A
listing of all valid name identifiers is given in Table 2, and a
complete description of each name identifier and the associated input
data is given in Section 3.3.

The computer program checks the name identifier of each command on the
input file with the internal table of valid name identifiers. If an
invalid name identifier is located, the program responds with a command
line error and terminates execution. Errors in the name identifier are
most often caused by a spelling error in the identifier name.

At this time, there is little or no diagnostic check of the
[data]{.underline} contained on any command line. Only the name
identifier is examined. Thus, program execution will continue if there
are no name identifier errors [even though]{.underline} there may
possibly be errors in the actual input data. It is, therefore, essential
for the user to examine each command line image to insure that it is
typed correctly and that it contains the necessary data before
attempting to execute the ICEPAC program. Once the configuration is
complete, the analysis is performed.

The ICEPAC program performs four basic analysis tasks which are
discussed in detail in the ICEPAC theoretical report and summarized
below:

\(1\) Ionospheric Parameters. The ionosphere is predicted using
parameters which describe four ionospheric regions: E, Fl, F2, and Es.
For each sample area, the location, time of day, and all ionospheric
parameters are derived. These may be used to find an electron density
profile, which may be integrated to construct a predicted ionogram.
These options are specified by methods 1 and 2 which are briefly
described in Table 3.

\(2\) Antenna Patterns. The user may precalculate the antenna gain
pattern needed for the system performance predictions. These options are
specified by methods 13, 14, and 15, which are briefly described in
Table 3. If the pattern is precalculated, then the antenna gain is
computed for all frequencies (1-30 MHz) and elevation angles. If the
pattern is not precalculated, then the gain value is determined for a
particular frequency and elevation angle as needed.

\(3\) [M]{.underline}aximum [u]{.underline}sable [f]{.underline}requency
(MUF,. The maximum frequency at which a sky-wave mode exists can be
predicted. The 10% (FOT), 50% (MUF), and 90% (HPF) levels are calculated
for each of the four ionospheric regions predicted. These numbers are a
description of the state of the ionosphere between two locations on the
earth and not a statement on the actual performance of any operational
communications circuit. These options are specified by methods 3 to 12,
which are briefly described in Table 3.

\(4\) Systems Performance. A comprehensive prediction of radio system
performance parameters (up to 22) is provided. Emphasis is upon the
statistical performance over a period of a month. A search to find the
lowest usable high frequency (LUF) is provided. These options are
specified by methods 16 to 29, which are briefly described in Table 3.

**3. INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS**

This section describes the general data requirements and the input
language definition. It also includes a complete description of all
user-defined input data and the corresponding command line input
formats. The minimum input requirements and default values for each
analysis and prediction method are presented, as are the data
organization and input restrictions.

**3.1 General Data Requirements**

The data requirements of the ICEPAC program consist of a fixed data base
and user-defined input data. Much of the basic data required to use the
ICEPAC program is stored on the ionospheric long-term data base files.
These data base files includes geographic and time variations of the
ionosphere and of atmospheric noise levels, the relationship between the
ionospheric characteristics and the propagation path geometry and signal
attenuation, and the theoretical performance of common antenna systems.
The data base is fixed to the user and is not part of the user-defined
input data. A complete description of the ionospheric long-term data
base is contained in Section 6. The user-defined input data consist of
line commands and perhaps an optional antenna file and the input depends
primarily on the complexity of the analysis or system performance
prediction requested (see Section 3.4). As an example, to determine the
upper useful frequency limits, only the geographic location of the
circuit terminals and the time are required. For more complex
predictions such as the expected reliability of communications,
additional user-defined input data are required. This data would include
frequency of operation, the type of antenna used, the transmitter power,
the type of service required, and the man-made noise environment, among
others. A complete description of all user-defined data is presented in
Section 3.3, and the required user-defined input data for each analysis
or prediction method are summarized in Section 3.4. The input required
for each run option is given in Table 13. The details of each command
line format are given in Section 3.5.

**3.2 Input Language Definition**

The name identifiers mentioned in Section 2.3 constitute an input
language which is the primary communication link between the user and
the actual program analysis. The language provides the user with the
means of describing complex Physical configurations in somewhat familiar
terms. It also provides a means of controlling the type and the extent
of the analysis to be performed as well as the type and amount of output
desired. Desirable characteristics of the input language include (1)
format simplicity of the input statement and (2) quasi-order
independence of the input data for a particular system configuration.
Thus, the input line commands can often be presented to the program in
any order (with some restrictions) to describe the topology of a system
configuration, the type of analysis to be performed, and the output
desired. Once these characteristics for a particular configuration have
been defined, the program can be executed. Another desirable
characteristic is the ability to alter certain characteristics of the
configuration without having to redefine all other characteristics. This
allows the user to alter certain parameters in the system configuration
while keeping other parameters fixed. The benefit of this is that it
allows the user to execute the program for several configurations that
have common characteristics in the same run without redefining all
characteristics of the system configuration.

**3.3 Description of the User-defined Input Data**

The user-defined input data are in the form of line commands and perhaps
an optional antenna data file. As mentioned in Section 2.3, each input
line command contains a name identifier that is used as a label to
identify the specific type of data on that particular line command. A
listing of all valid name identifiers is presented in Table 2, and a
complete description of each name identifier and the associated data is
given in the following subsections along with line command formats and
examples. Each input line command will henceforth be called a control
line with the name identifier used as the name of the control line.
Formats for each line command are given in Section 3.5. All commands
start with a 10 column identifier. All data fields are five columns
long.

**3.3.1** [Program Control, Execution, and Termination Command
Lines]{.underline}

The following command line defines the analysis task to be performed,
indicate when the task will be performed for the current system
configuration, and indicate how the program will reach a normal
termination.

[METHOD command line]{.underline}

The METHOD command defines the analysis task to be performed for a
particular system configuration. The parameter on the METHOD command
line is (see Command Line 1. References to the command line contain an
example of each command along with a table of the contents of the line):

(a) METHOD is the parameter which controls the type of program analysis
    and predictions performed. At the present time there are 30 task
    options available. Many of these tasks differ only in the
    representation of the output and require the same (or nearly the
    same) computations. The basic tasks consist of (1) tabulation of
    ionospheric parameters and ionograms from the ionospheric data base
    file, (2) MUF-FOT calculation and graphs, (3) computation and
    tabulation of antenna patterns, (4) system performance predictions,
    and (6) LUF calculation and graphs. A brief description of each
    method available is given in Table 3, and a presentation of the
    output generated by each method is given in Section 4.

[EXECUTE command line]{.underline}

The EXECUTE command causes the program to perform the indicated analysis
task for the currently defined system configuration. This requires the
user to specify the program control command line and the system
configuration command line prior to the EXECUTE command (see Command
Line 10). There is only one parameter on the EXECUTE command line
described as follows:

(a) KRUN is the parameter that indicates the layers at the ionospheric
    parameters that are calculated. If KRUN is less than or equal to
    zero, then the parameters of all layers (E, Fl, F2, and Es) are
    calculated; if KRUN = 1, then the parameters of the E layer, Fl
    layer, and F2 layers are calculated; if KRUN = 2, the parameters for
    the Es layer only are calculated; if KRUN is greater than or equal
    to three, then no ionospheric parameters are calculated. This allows
    the user to skip the calculation of ionospheric parameters and use
    the last set previously calculated or a set of ionospheric
    parameters entered with the command lines. The use of the KRUN
    option may require additional consideration beyond that presented
    here.

It is also often possible to cause program analysis to be performed by
having two [consecutive]{.underline} command lines with the same name
identifier. The command lines that allow this are:

> METHOD
>
> CIRCUIT
>
> EXECUTE

Thus, if the user desires to have both a tabulation of two circuits, he
may accomplish this by having two consecutive CIRCUIT commands on the
input file. The remainder of this system configuration is unchanged if
this technique is used.

[QUIT control command]{.underline}

The QUIT command causes termination of the ICEPAC program. It must,
therefore, be the last physical command line on the user-defined input
file. This command is essential to the program since it is used as the
program termination indicator. There are no data parameters on the QUIT
command line (see Command line 16).

**3.3.2** [Diurnal, Month, and Solar Activity Control Lines]{.underline}

The following command lines define the time of day, the month, year, and
sunspot number (solar activity) period of interest for which the
analyses and predictions are performed.

[TIME command line]{.underline}

The TIME command indicates the time of day for which the analysis and
predictions are to be performed. The hours can be either universal time
or local mean time at the transmitter, depending on an input parameter.
There are four parameters on the TIME command line, described as follows
(see Command line 6):

\(a\) IHRO indicates the starting hour in universal time or in local
mean time at the transmitter.

\(b\) IHRE indicates the ending hour in universal time or in local mean
time at the transmitter.

\(c\) IHRS indicates the hourly increment. The hourly increment is added
to the starting hour to determine the next hour. This incremental
process continues until the ending hour is reached.

(d) ITIM indicates that the specified time is universal time or local
    mean time. If ITIM is negative, then the specified times are local
    mean times (LMT) at the transmitter, otherwise the specified times
    are universal time (UT).

[MONTH command line]{.underline}

The MONTH command indicates the year and months for which the analysis
and prediction are to be performed. The year is used for identification
purposes only and has no effect on the program calculations. June and
December are typical of seasonal extremes for long-range planning. The
parameters on the MONTH command line are as follows (see Command line
2):

\(a\) NYEAR indicates the year, but has no effect on the program
calculations.

\(b\) MONTH is a variable where 1 represents January, 2 represents
February, etc. The program analysis and predictions are performed for
each of the months the user specifies. The desired month can be
specified in any order. This, for example, allows the user to perform
the analysis and predictions for December before January if he so
desires.

[SUNSPOT command line]{.underline}

The sunspot command line indicates the sunspot numbers of the solar
activity period of interest and is the 12-month smoothed mean for each
of the months specified. The second is the \"effective\" geomagnetic
activity index (Q~E~). This parameter is derived from the value of the
effective Kp. (See table 12 and figure 52 for derivation of Q~E~ from
Kp. A sunspot number of 10 is typical for low solar activity and sunspot
numbers between 110 and 130 are typical of high solar activity.
[NOTE]{.underline}: [monthly]{.underline} or [daily]{.underline} solar
activity indices are not used, only the expected 12-month running
average is used. When Q~E~ is not available, the value 0.0 is used, thus
depicting an undisturbed period.

**3.3.3** [System Configuration Command Lines]{.underline}

The following command lines identify and define the system configuration
to be analyzed. This includes a label to identify the system
coordinates, the location of the transmitter and the receiver, and the
actual system parameters necessary to define the system configuration.

[LABEL command line]{.underline}

The LABEL command contains alphanumeric information used to describe the
system location on both the input and output. A recommended usage of the
LABEL command is to specify a label for each transmitter-receiver
configuration used, where the alphanumeric information describes the
location of the coordinates given on the CIRCUIT command line. The
parameters on the LABEL command line are as follows (see Command Line
8):

\(a\) ITRAN is an array of 20 alphanumeric characters used to describe
the transmitter location.

\(b\) IRCVR is an array of 20 alphanumeric characters used to describe
the receiver location.

It should be noted that the information on the LABEL command line is
used for identification purposes only. Thus, the user is allowed a
maximum of 40 alphanumeric characters to describe the
transmitter-receiver location and need not be concerned with which
characters are stored in ITRAN and which are stored in IRCVR.

[CIRCUIT command line]{.underline}

The CIRCUIT command contains the geographic coordinates of the
transmitter and receiver and a variable to indicate the user\'s choice
between shorter or longer great circle paths from the transmitter to the
receiver. Normally the short circle path is desired by the user. On the
CIRCUIT command line, the symbol N denotes northern hemisphere, S
denotes southern hemisphere, W denotes western hemisphere, and E denotes
eastern hemisphere (the directions may be spelled out if desired; such
as NORTH). The parameters on the CIRCUIT command lines are as follows
(see Command Line 3):

\(a\) TLATD indicates the latitude at the transmitter in degrees.

\(b\) ITLAT indicates the northern (N) or southern (S) hemisphere at the
transmitter.

\(c\) TLONGD indicates the longitude at the transmitter in degrees.

\(d\) ITLONG indicates the eastern (E) or western (W) hemisphere at the
transmitter.

\(e\) RLATD indicates the latitude at the receiver in degrees.

\(f\) IRLAT indicates the northern (N) or southern (S) hemisphere at the
receiver.

\(g\) RLONGD indicates the longitude at the receiver in degrees.

\(h\) IRLONG indicates the eastern (E) or western (W) hemisphere at the
receiver.

(i) NPSL indicates the user\'s choice between shorter or longer great
    circle paths from the transmitter to the receiver. The longer great
    circle path is used if the user specifies NPSL = 1, otherwise the
    shorter great circle path is used. Often desired is the shortest
    distance between transmitter and receiver. This is accomplished by
    leaving the variable NPSL blank, therefore, selecting the shorter
    great circle path by default.

[SYSTEM command line]{.underline}

The SYSTEM command line includes parameters necessary to define the
system configuration. This includes the transmitter power, man-made
noise level, minimum take-off angle, required circuit reliabilities,
required signal-to-noise ratio, the maximum difference in delayed signal
power for multi-path, and the maximum difference in delay time for
multi-path. The parameters defined on the SYSTEM commands are described
below (see Command Line 4):

\(a\) PWR indicates the transmitter power in kilowatts. Note that this
is the power delivered to the transmitting antenna. (The program
internally converts this to decibels (db) above a kilowatt as needed for
computations.)

\(b\) XNOISE indicates the expected man-made noise level at the receiver
in dBW (decibels below lW) in a 1 Hz bandwidth at 3 MHz. XNOISE should
be input as a positive value unless the user desires to designate the
receiving location area as industrial, residential, rural, or remote
un-populous by specifying:

XNOISE = -1. for industrial (the program then uses -125. dBW)

XNOISE = -2. for residential (the program then uses -136. dBW) XNOISE =
-3. for rural (the program then uses -148. dBW)

XNOISE = -4. for remote un-populous (the program then uses -164. dBW).
In remote un-populous areas, cosmic noise will normally dominate over
man-made noise.

\(c\) AMIND indicates the minimum takeoff angle in degrees. The value is
normally very small unless antenna performance is expected to be so poor
at low angles that these angles should not be used in the estimation of
upper useful frequencies, or if the horizon is so obstructed that low
takeoff and reception angles appear unlikely. The program uses a default
value of 3^o^ if this parameter is not set by the user. A value of 0.001
will effectively give the full range of possible radiation angles and
should be specified by the user if the 3^o^ default is not required.

\(d\) XLUFP indicates the required circuit reliability, which is an
estimate of the percentage of days within the month that the signal
quality will be acceptable, and should be specified for calculation of
the LUF or time availability for service probability. (NOTE: XLUFP is
expressed as a percentage.) The program uses a default value of 90 if
this parameter is not set by the user.

\(e\) RSN indicates the required signal-to-noise and is the ratio of the
hourly median signal power in the occupied bandwidth relative to the
hourly median noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth, which is necessary to provide
the type and quality of service required (expressed in decibels). Table
4 and Table 6 show typical required S/N ratios for radiotelephone
service and radio-teletype service. NOTE: The S/N values in this report
and in the computer model are the ratio of signal in occupied bandwidth
to noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth.

\(f\) The user may choose the multi-path computations. The multi-path
probability is an estimate of the likelihood that two or more sky-wave
modes will exist within the specified power tolerance and outside the
time delay tolerance.

PMP indicates the maximum difference in delayed signal power in decibels
between sky-wave modes to permit satisfactory system performance in the
presence of multiple signals. If PMP is blank or zero, multi-path is not
considered.

(g) DMPX indicates the maximum difference in delay time in milliseconds
    between sky-wave propagation modes to permit satisfactory system
    performance in the presence of multiple signals. The program uses a
    default value of .86 if this parameter is not set by the user.

[FREQUENCY command line]{.underline}

The FREQUENCY complement command line contains up to 11 user-defined
frequencies that are used in the calculation. The FREQUENCY command is
not necessary with the analysis and prediction options dealing only with
ionospheric parameters, ionograms, MUFs, antennas, or LUFs. system
performance requires the FREQUENCY command. The parameter on the
FREQUENCY command is as described below (see Command Line 7):

FREL is the array of up to 11 user-defined frequencies in megahertz. If
the first frequency on the command line is left blank, then the FOT is
inserted as the first frequency. If the entire FREQUENCY command line is
left blank, then the 11 frequencies used in the calculation are computed
for each hour by the program. The computed frequency range then begins
at 2 MHz and ends at the HPF on a non-linear scale based on the E-MUF
and F-MUF values. It should be noted that, in this manner, a different
frequency complement is generated for each hour.

[ANTENNA command line]{.underline}

The ANTENNA command line defines whether the antenna is transmitting or
receiving, specifies the type of the antenna, the ground conductivity,
and dielectric constants in addition to the other parameters necessary
to compute the necessary antenna patterns. Typical values for selected
ground types are given in Table 6 where typical good ground is low hills
with unforested rich soil or flat wet coastal regions; fair ground is
medium hills or forested heavy soil; and typical poor ground includes
rocky steep hills, sandy dry coastal regions, and city industrial areas.
The ground constants are optional on each antenna command. If not
specified by the user, they will be calculated with the land mass map
from the ionospheric long-term data base file. The ground constants will
be set to poor ground as a default if they are not specified by the user
and the land mass map is not available. It is permissible for the user
to specify up to three transmitter antennas and three receiver antennas
to cover the frequency range considered for each system configuration.
It is also possible to indicate that the antenna is to be input from an
external antenna file instead of being calculated by the program. The
input parameters required vary with antenna type. The basic ANTENNA
command line parameters are described below, and the geometric
description of each available antenna type is given in Figures 29
through 51, and Command lines 21 through 32:

\(a\) IAT indicates whether the antenna is transmitting or receiving,
IAT = 1 for transmitting, IAT = 2 for receiving.

\(b\) IANTR indicates the number which corresponds to the antenna type
desired. The user has the option to input the antenna pattern from the
optional external antenna file as discussed in Section 3.4.

\(c\) AETA indicates the antenna bearing in degrees from east of north.
Negative denotes the off azimuth angle from the circuit path. Positive
denotes the main beam direction.

\(d\) ASIG indicates the ground conductivity (o) in mhos per meter.

(e) AEPS indicates the relative dielectric constant.

The following parameters describe various characteristics dependent on
the antenna type specified. The user should refer to Section 3.4 for the
description of the following antenna parameters and the antenna
characteristics required for each antenna type:

\(f\) AND

\(g\) ANL The definition and description of these parameters

\(h\) ANH depend on the antenna type specified.

\(i\) AEX

\(j\) AFQB indicates the ending frequency when the user specifies more
than one transmitting type or receiving antenna type for the frequency
range considered. The next antenna type used for the transmitter or
receiver would then begin at 1 MHz greater than the ending frequency
specified here.

(k) IAIN indicates the antenna number (up to 3) when the user specifies
    more than one transmitter or receiver antenna for the frequency
    range considered. This parameter is also used as a control parameter
    to specify the location on the optional external antenna file if one
    is used. This usage is discussed in Section 3.4.

**3.3.4** [User-defined Data Base and system Override
Commands]{.underline}

The following command lines allow the user to specify an external data
base consisting of (1) the geographical and geomagnetic parameters
relating to a specified sample area, (2) the critical frequency,
semi-thickness, and height of maximum ionization for the E, Fl, and F2
layers, (3) lower, median, and upper decile values of the critical
frequency and the virtual height of reflection, and (4) the true height
and electron density. The ionospheric long-term data base file is not
necessary when these ionospheric parameters are defined by the user. The
user may also override internal program characteristics such as (1) the
integration scheme used for the E and F2 layers and (2) the critical
frequency multipliers to adjust the heights of the ionospheric layers.
These values can be obtained using METHOD equal to 1 in a previous run.
Use of the command lines in this section require in-depth information of
ionospheric parameters and would be avoided by most users. These command
lines are used to alter the use of predefined ionospheric data.

[EFVAR command line]{.underline}

The EFVAR command line allows the user to indicate the critical
frequency, semi-thickness, and the height of maximum ionization for the
E, Fl, and F2 layers for a specified sample area. The user may specify
the following parameters for each of the sample areas defined on the
SAMPLE command lines (see Command Line 11):

\(a\) I indicates the specific sample area number, 1 to 5.

\(b\) FI(1,I) indicates the critical frequency for the E layer, foE, in
megahertz for the specified sample area.

\(c\) YI(1,I) indicates the semi-thickness for E layer, ymE, in
kilometers for the specified sample area.

\(d\) HI(1,I) indicates the height of maximum ionization for the E
layer, hmE, in kilometers for the specified sample area.

\(e\) FI(2,I) indicates the critical frequency for the Fl layer, foFl,
in megahertz for the specified sample area.

\(f\) YI(2,I) indicates the semi-thickness for the Fl layer, ymFl, in
kilometers for the specified sample area.

\(g\) HI(2,I) indicates the height of maximum ionization for the Fl
layer, hmFl, in kilometers for the specified sample area.

\(h\) FI(3,I) indicates the critical frequency for the F2 layer, foF2,
in megahertz for the specified sample area.

\(i\) YI(3,I) indicates the semi-thickness for the F2 layer, ymF2, in
kilometers for the specified sample area.

(j) HI(3,I) indicates the height of maximum ionization for the F2 layer,
    hmF2, in kilometers for the specified sample area.

[ESVAR command line]{.underline}

The ESVAR command line allows the user to indicate lower, median, and
upper decile values for the Es layer and the virtual height of
reflection for a specified sample area. The user may specify the
following parameters for each of the sample areas defined on the SAMPLE
command lines (see Command line 12).

\(a\) I indicates the specific sample area number, 1 to 5.

\(b\) FS(1,I) indicates the lower decile critical frequency for the Es
layer, foEs, in megahertz for the specified sample area (example lowest
value = 2 MHz).

\(c\) FS(2,I) indicates the median decile critical frequency for the Es
layer, foEs, in megahertz for the specified sample area (example median
value = 4 MHz).

\(d\) FS(3,I) indicates the upper decile critical frequency for the Es
layer, foEs, in megahertz for the specified sample area (example highest
value = 6 MHz).

(f) HS(I) indicates the virtual height of reflection for the Es layer in
    kilometers for the specified sample area (example vertical height =
    110 kilometers).

[EDP command line]{.underline}

The EDP command line allows the user to read and use an external
electron density profile for a specified sample area. Current
implementation restrictions prohibit defining more than one sample area
if an external electron density profile is used. The user may specify
the following parameters for one sample area (see Command line 13). A
temporary parameter is used to switch to the internal electron density
profile if desired.

\(a\) JSAMP indicates the specific sample area number (=l).

\(b\) ITEMP is a temporary parameter which causes the internal electron
density profile to be used if the user specifies the word \"OFF.\" Thus,
this parameter acts as a switch to \"turn off\" the external electron
density profile and \"turn on\" the internal electron density profile.
If not \"OFF,\" then the EDP command line is followed by eight lines
which contain:

HTR is the array of 50 that indicates the true heights in kilometers
(four lines, see Command line 13a).

FNSQ is the array of 50 that indicates plasma frequency squared in
\'MHz)2 (four lines, see Command line 13b).

[INTEGRATE command line]{.underline}

The INTEGRATE command line allows the user to specify model segment
integration for the F2 layer instead of the slower Gaussian integration.
Thus, the user can request fast integration for the E layer and for the
F2 layer when the Fl is not present. The D-E layer is preset using
calculations from the Gaussian integration. A temporary parameter is
used to allow the user to alternate between the model-segment and
Gaussian integration. The program performs the slow Gaussian integration
as a default if no INTEGRATE command is present.

(a) INTEG is the temporary parameter used to specify the integration
    method. If the user specifies \"-l\" on the INTEGRATE command line,
    then Gaussian integration is performed. If the user specifies a
    value greater than or equal to zero, then model-segment integration
    is performed. If \"OFF\" is specified (variable ITEMP), the program
    returns to the fast integration (see Command line 9).

[FPROB command line]{.underline}

The FPROB command line allows the user to adjust the heights of the E,
Fl, F2, and Es ionospheric layers. The predicted critical frequencies
are multiplied by the parameters on the FPROB command to raise or lower
each corresponding ionospheric layer. If the user-defined parameter is
greater than one, the critical frequencies used by the program will be
larger than the predicted critical frequencies. If the user-defined
parameter is less than one, the critical frequencies used by the program
will be smaller than the predicted critical frequencies. The user may
[remove]{.underline} the Fl and Es layers [entirely]{.underline} by
specifying the value \"0.0\" for the critical frequency multiplier for
either layer. The user should [not]{.underline}, however, specify the
value \"0.0\" for the critical frequency multiplier for the E or F2
layers. The following default values are used if (1) the critical
frequency multipliers are not specified by the user or (2) the value
specified for the E or F2 layer is negative or zero. The program uses
the default value of 1.0 for the critical frequency multipliers for the
E, Fl, and F2 layers. Thus, the actual predicted critical frequency
values are used by the program and the corresponding ionospheric layer
ionization is neither raised nor lowered. The default value of the
critical frequency multiplier for the Es layer is 0.7 to allow for
median losses. A temporary parameter is specified if the user desires to
use the default values for the actual frequency multipliers rather than
the values previously specified on the FPROB command. If the user
indicates \"OFF\" on a subsequent FPROB command line, the default
critical frequency multiplier values are used. The user may also
redefine the critical frequency multipliers previously defined by
providing a subsequent FPROB command line. The following parameters are
on the FPROB command line (see Command line 18):

\(a\) PSC(1) indicates the critical frequency multiplier for the E
layer.

\(b\) PSC(2) indicates the critical frequency multiplier for the Fl
layer.

\(c\) PSC(3) indicates the critical frequency multiplier for the F2
layer.

(d) PSC(4) indicates the critical frequency multiplier for the Es layer.

**3.3.5** [Input, Output, and Comment Command Lines]{.underline}

The following command lines allow the user to place comments in the
input file, use auxiliary input and output files, and identify
additional input/output options available to the user. These command
lines are used to (1) create an external antenna pattern file and (2)
allow the user to request the outputs of various program options without
re-computing parameters.

[COMMENT command line]{.underline}

The COMMENT command line permits the user to place comments anywhere in
the user-defined input file. This may benefit the user in specifying the
system configuration in terms of descriptive text, and any number of
comment lines may be used. During program execution, the comment lines
are listed along with the other command lines, but otherwise they have
no effect on execution of the program (see Command line 15).

[ANTOUT command line]{.underline}

The ANTOUT command line allows the user to write antenna patterns
generated by the ICEPAC program to a separate binary file if the program
option to generate antenna patterns is used (methods 13, 14, 15). This
file could then be saved as a permanent file for use at a later date
with the ICEPAC program, or possibly with some other analysis program.
This may be a desirable capability for the user who plans to use the
same antennas for several sets of read data or to use the same antenna
configuration for several periodic runs. The user could generate and
save the antenna patterns on a permanent file, then read the antennas
from the permanent file when running each of his data sets. It is also
possible for the file to be used as a working file for direct input to
some other analysis program. The process of reading the antenna file is
discussed in Section 6.

A temporary alphanumeric parameter on the ANTOUT command line is used to
specify when antenna patterns are output to the antenna file (see
Command line 14). If the temporary parameter is left blank, then all
antenna patterns generated following the ANTOUT command are written to
the file. If the temporary parameter is set to \"OFF,\" then none of the
antenna patterns generated following the ANTOUT command are written to
the file. It is often more efficient to generate the desired antenna
patterns before performing other program analysis or predictions. This
process is demonstrated in Figure 12, where transmitter/receiver antenna
pattern pairs are generated.

The user should be aware that the antenna patterns are generated and
written on the antenna file [only]{.underline} if methods 13, 14, or 15
are specified. Thus, if the user has an ANTOUT command line but does not
specify methods 13, 14, or 15, [no]{.underline} antenna patterns are
generated for output and consequently none are written to the antenna
file. Also, should the user specify methods 13, 14, or 16 but not
include an ANTOUT command line, then the antenna patterns
[are]{.underline} generated and written to the primary (or auxiliary)
output file along with any other program generated output, but the
patterns are not written to the binary antenna file. A method of using
antenna patterns generated by the IONCAP program or by other means
available to the user, is described in Section 6.3.

[OUTGRAPH command line]{.underline}

The OUTGRAPH command line allows the user to specify the output of
several methods without re-computing the variables. This is of
particular use if several line printer graphs or other output forms are
needed for various combinations of variables. A temporary alphanumeric
parameter on the OUTGRAPH command line is used to indicate if additional
output is requested for the current system configuration (see Command
line 17). If the word \"OFF\" is specified, then no additional output is
desired. If the user desires additional output, he simply indicates the
method numbers (up to 12) of the output desired on the OUTGRAPH command.
As an example, if method 7 is run, the output from methods 8, 9, and 10
can be obtained without any additional computing as is demonstrated in
Figure 13.

KTOUT is an array of up to 12 method numbers of the desired output.The
user should be aware that the particular program option specified on the
METHOD command dictates the output that [can]{.underline} be requested
on the OUTGRAPH command. There are two limitations as to the output
available with certain program analysis options. (1) The user may not
request output on the OUTGRAPH command that requires computations which
were not performed during the program analysis. As an example, the user
may not request output for methods which require system performance if
only the MUF was computed. (2) Several of the analysis options are
performed within loops where the variables are [not]{.underline} saved
throughout the duration of the loop. Such analysis options cannot be
requested with the OUTGRAPH command since the loops are terminated
before the output requested on the OUTGRAPH line is generated. This
implies that the user cannot always obtain the additional output by
using the OUTGRAPH command. It is, therefore, optimal to run the program
analysis options (specified with the METHOD command) that are performed
within the loops and specify any additional desired output with the
OUTGRAPH command.

Should the user specify output for a method with the OUTGRAPH command
which violates one of the above restrictions, the program ignores the
particular request and attempts to process any additional user requests
for output. Thus, as an example, if the user should specify output for
methods which require system performance and only the MUF was computed,
the program would ignore the requests. Table 7 indicates the output
available for methods specified on the OUTGRAPH line for each of the
program analysis task options and also indicates the optimal
combinations. The user may request LUF output (methods 26-29) if system
performance has been calculated by methods 16-25. The LUF obtained would
not be the computed LUF but would be the first frequency in the
frequency complement that has a computed reliability greater than or
equal to the required circuit reliability. If none if the reliabilities
are as large as the required reliability, the frequency with the largest
reliability is chosen as the LUF. A designator is printed to indicate
the reliability. The user would compute the actual LUF by specifying
methods 26-29 rather than specifying this on the OUTGRAPH command line.

The OUTGRAPH command acts as a software implemented \"sense switch.\"
Once the user specifies a desired output on an OUTGRAPH line, the user
\"enables\" the software implemented \"sense switch\" and will continue
to obtain the specified output options (when permissible) for every
program analysis task he performs. This process continues until the user
specifies either (1) an additional OUTGRAPH command or (2) an OUTGRAPH
command with the word \"OFF\" specified, which disables the software
implementation \"sense switch.\" Should the user obtain much more output
than he believes he has requested when using an OUTGRAPH command and
when processing several system configurations, it is probable that he
needs an OUTGRAPH \"OFF\" command somewhere (usually following an
EXECUTE command). Should the user obtain less output than he has
requested on an OUTGRAPH line, it is caused by an invalid user request
that the program has ignored. The OUTGRAPH command may be specified
anywhere before the EXECUTE command to request additional output
options; however, the additional output will be generated
[after]{.underline} the current task option has been completed. If no
OUTGRAPH command appears, the user receives only the output of the task
option indicated on the METHOD command. The output requested on the
OUTGRAPH command line may be written to the auxiliary output file by
specifying a negative method on the OUTGRAPH command line.

[TOPLINES command line]{.underline}

The TOPLINES command line allows the user to select the output header
lines he desires to print when running method 23. The information
output, for the most part, consists of the user-defined system
configuration. This command line, along with the BOTLINES command line,
allows the user to indicate the specific output lines he desires and
thus together they constitute a user-defined output option. The user can
select the output desired rather than those defined by other method
numbers. There is one parameter array on the TOPLINES command line. This
option may be useful if the user does not desire the exact output
generated by the task options implemented (see Command line 19).

LINTP is an array of up to 8 user-selected header lines.

Table 8 describes the header lines available to the user, along with the
corresponding values of the parameter LINTP. The user may redefine the
header lines desired at any point in the input deck by specifying an
additional TOPLINES command which overrides the previous specified
lines. The user may also cancel the header lines previously selected by
indicating the word \"OFF\" as the value of a temporary parameter on the
TOPLINES command. The program has one default header line which consists
of the program task option (METHOD), the program name and version
number, as well as the page number. If the user does not include a
TOPLINES command or specifies TOPLINES \"OFF,\" the default header line
is the only one printed when method 23 is indicated. The TOPLINES
command has no effect on any program task option other than method 23.

[BOTLINES command line]{.underline}

The BOTLINES command line allows the user to select the desired
parameters to print when running method 23. The information output
consists of the current values of the variables the user indicates. This
command line, along with the TOPLINES command line, allows the user to
indicate the specific output lines desired, and thus constitutes a
user-defined output option. The user may, therefore, request the desired
output rather than those specified by other method numbers. This may be
useful if the user does not desire the exact output generated by the
other task options. There is one parameter array on the BOTLINES command
(see Command line 20).

LINBD is an array of up to 14 user-selected variables.

Table 9 describes the variables available to the user along with the
corresponding values of the parameter LINBD. The user may redefine the
variables desired at any point by specifying an additional BOTLINES
command which overrides the previous specified variables. The user also
may cancel the variables previously selected by indicating the word
\"OFF\" as the value of a temporary parameter on the BOTLINES command
line. The program outputs only the frequency complement as the default
if the user does not include a BOTLINES command or specifies BOTLINES
\"OFF\" when method 23 is indicated.

The BOTLINES command has no effect on any program task option other than
method 23. Table 10 describes the line numbers preset by using methods
other than 23.

**4. OUTPUT OPTIONS**

There are 30 output options that may be specified by the user (Table 3).
These are divided into four subsets:

\(1\) ionospheric descriptions, METHOD = 1 or 2;

\(2\) antenna patterns, METHOD = 13, 14, or 15;

\(3\) MUF predictions, METHOD = 3 through 12; and

\(4\) LUF and system performance predictions, METHOD = 16 through 29.

The input required for each of the four run option subsets is summarized
in Table 11. All the output figures described in the next three
subsections were generated using the command lines listed in Figure 2.
Each individual antenna type is described and an example given in the
last subsection 4.4. The first line of all the output options gives the
method number, program version, and a page number, the start of which is
specified by the user.

**4.1 Ionospheric Parameters Output Options, METHOD = 1 or 2**

There are two outputs, a list of ionospheric parameters (Figure 2) and
an ionogram (Figure 3). The data on Figure 2 are divided into a set of
header lines and a body of output lines.

Line 2. The month, day, year, and sunspot number are given on the second
line.

Line 3. The first 40 characters on the third line are those specified by
the user on the LABEL command line.

Line 4. The fourth line is the location of the transmitter and of the
receiver. The azimuths, transmitter to receiver, and receiver to
transmitter, are given in degrees east of north. The circuit distance is
given in both nautical miles and kilometers.

Line 5. The semi-thickness of the E layer, YE, the height of maximum
ionization, HE, and the reflection height of the Es layer, HS, are given
in kilometers.

The body of the figure consists of the result of sampling the ionosphere
at one, three, or five areas along the path. The output consists of 21
columns for each hour. To display this output on an 80 column page, the
output was folded at column 11 with the first 11 columns on line 1 and
the last 10 columns on line 2 for each hour. (There is only one sample
area for this specific example.) Columns 1 and 2 give the sample area
location. Columns 3 and 4 give the local time at the sample area and
universal time (same for all sample areas). Column 5 is the median E
critical frequency, foE, in megahertz. Columns 6 7 and 8 are the
Fl-layer median critical frequency, foFl, in megahertz; semi-thickness,
ymFl, in kilometers; and height of maximum ionization, hmFl, in
kilometers. Column 9 is one-half the gyro-frequency, fH. Columns 10, 11,
and 12 are F2 zero MUF, (foF2 - 1/2 fH), in megahertz; ymF2 in
kilometers; and hmF2 in kilometers. Columns 13, 14, and 15 are the
Pole-ward, Center, and Equator-ward boundaries of the auroral trough in
degrees north latitude. Column 16 is the F2 M(3000) factor. Column 17 is
the local geomagnetic time, TCGM, in hours. Column 18 is the ratio of
hmF2 and ymF2. Columns 19 is the zenith angle in degrees. Column 20 is
the flag that shows the location of the reflection point. See the
following table:

IFLAG = 0 Implies low lat/mid lat nighttime point

IFLAG = 1 Implies auroral zone nighttime point

IFLAG = 2 Is unused

IFLAG = 3 Is unused

IFLAG = 4 Implies low lat/mid lat sunrise/sunset point

IFLAG = 5 Implies auroral zone sunrise/sunset point

IFLAG = 6 Implies low lat/mid lat daytime point

IFLAG = 7 Implies auroral zone daytime point

IFLAG = 8 Is unused

IFLAG = 9 Implies polar cap point (all times)

Column 21 is the geomagnetic latitude.

The ionogram output option, method 2, is in Figure 3. Up to three
ionograms are constructed from the up to five sample areas along the
circuit path. The ionogram plots are printed on two pages. The first
page contains the left half of the ionogram plot and the second page
contains the right half of the ionogram plot. Lines 2, 3 and 4 are the
same as for Figure 2. Line 5 gives the universal time, GMT, the local
time at the sample area, the sample area location, the distances in
kilometers from the transmitter at which the E and F parameters were
taken, the type of integration used, and the manner in which the Fl
layer was added to the electron density profile. The graph is vertical
sounding frequency (in megahertz) versus true and virtual heights (in
kilometers) where true and virtual height are represented by \".\" and
\"x\" respectively in the graph. The Es layer is given by a line at the
Es reflection height. The character \"U\" is used until the 90 percent
value of foEs is exceeded; \"M\" is used until the 50 percent value is
exceeded; and \"L\" is used until the 10 percent value is exceeded. The
parameters for each layer are given in the upper left corner. The table
on the right gives the sounding frequencies and the true and virtual
heights.

**4.2 MUF Output Options, METHOD = 3 through 12**

The [m]{.underline}aximum [u]{.underline}sable [f]{.underline}requency
(MUF) output options include all mode information as well as the
distributions of the MUF for each layer. First note that methods 3, 4 5
and 6 refer to the MUFs for the E(Fl) and F2 layers using the old
nomogram method. This assumes a virtual height of about 300 km. The
results of this model are not always valid in the 4000-10000 km range.
The other MUF output comes from a complete electron density profile. All
information possible from the MUF calculation are given in Figure 4.
Lines 2, 3, and 4 are as described for Figure 2. Line 5 is the minimum
radiation angle used to determine the MUF.

The body of the figure is composed of four lines for each hour,
consisting of MUF information for each layer. Column 1 is universal
time. Column 2 is local time at the transmitter. The next seven columns
are for the E layer on line one, the F1 layer on line 2, the F2 layer on
line 3, and the Es layer on the following line. Column 3 is the 10
percent value of the MUF; i.e., the FOT, MHz. The MUF during a month is
expected to exceed the FOT 90 percent of the days, and to be less than
the FOT 10 percent of the days. Column 4 is the 50 percent value of the
MUF in megahertz. Column 5 is the 10 percent value of the MUF; i.e., the
HPF in megahertz. Column 6 is the radiation angle in degrees. Column 7
is the virtual height of reflection in kilometers. Column 8 is the true
height of reflection in kilometers. Column 9 is the equivalent vertical
frequency in megahertz. Note that, if the Fl layer is missing, the E
values are used. Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8 are diurnal plots and tables of
some of these parameters that have proved useful to analysis in the
past.

**4.3 System Performance Output Options, METHOD = 16 through 24**

The prediction of the performance of a communication system operating
between two points on the earth\'s surface is the main output of the
ICEPAC program. There are two principle forms of output: first, a table
of up to 22 performance variables, and, second, a table or graph of the
[l]{.underline}owest [u]{.underline}sable high [f]{.underline}requency
(LUF). The program has been written in such a way that the user may
specify the system performance lines desired. The header identification
lines can also be selected. Table 8 shows the eight toplines available;
Table 9 shows the 22 system performance lines available; Table 10 shows
the line types specified by using the METHOD command. Table 7 shows the
diurnal graphs that may be combined with the line selections.

Figures 9, 10, and 11 show a typical run with system performance output
(method 16 with precalculation of antenna patterns). Figures 9 and 10
are tables of antenna gain in decibels at frequencies from 2 to 30 MHz
and radiation angles from 0 to 90 degrees. These patterns and the input
for each antenna type are described in detail in Section 4.4.

In METHOD 16, the header line information is largely input data supplied
by the user.

Line 0: This appears on each output page and includes the method,
program version, and page number.

User selected header lines are:

Line 1: Month, day, year, and sunspot number.

Line 2: Label as supplied by user, and headings for next line.

Line 3: Transmitter location, receiver location, the azimuth of the
transmitter to the receiver in degrees east of north; the azimuth of the
receiver to the transmitter in degrees east of north; path distance in
nautical miles and kilometers.

Line 4: Antenna subroutine used (defining the antenna module used in
ICEPAC) and the minimum radiation angle in degrees.

Line 5: Transmitter antenna line; up to three may be printed.
Information varies with antenna type (see Section 3.4). Typically, this
is frequency range, antenna type, height of antenna above ground in
meters (- is wavelengths), length of active part, an angle associated
with the antenna structure in degrees, and the off main beam azimuth in
degrees. Note, lengths specified should be \"electrical\" lengths.

Line 5A: Receiver antenna line. Up to three may be printed. The data are
specified similar to the transmitter antenna line.

Line 6: System line which has: transmitter power in kilowatts, man-made
noise level at 3 MHz in dBW, required reliability and required
signal-to-noise ratio in decibels.

Line 7: Multi-path line which has required power tolerance in decibels
and required delay time tolerance in milliseconds.

The system performance lines are repeated each desired hour until the
page is filled. The process is repeated if additional pages are
necessary. The columns are time (universal) and up to 12 frequencies in
megahertz; the first is the MUF and the remainder the frequency
complement. Figures 11 to 18 give the various system performance output
defined by methods 16 to 23 as indicated in Table 3. All possible output
lines for system performance are as follows and shown in Figure 15.

Line 0,FREQ: Time and frequency line as associated with each column
(default line always printed).The first four lines always refer to the
most reliable mode (MRM). The system performance parameter usually comes
from the sum of all six modes. If no decision can be made, the selection
of MRM is based on number of hops and then on SNR. All distribution
refers to a diurnal period of an hour and a yearly period of a month.

Line 1, MODE: For the short path model, number of hop and mode type. E
is E layer; Fl is Fl layer; F2 is F2 layer; ES is Es layer; N is a one
hop Es with n Fl or F2 hops - (MRM). For the long path model (Figure
16), the mode at the transmitter end and the mode at the receiver end
are given. The user can force the long path model by specifying method
21 regardless of the actual path length.

Line 2, ANGLE: The radiation angle in degrees; for long paths (Figure
16), two lines are given: the first for the transmitter end, and the
second for the receiver end. (MRM)

Line 3, DELAY: Time delay in milliseconds. (MRM)

Line 4, V HITE: virtual height in kilometers. (MRM)

Line 5, F DAYS: The probability that the operating frequency will exceed
the predicted MUF.

Line 6, LOSS: Median system loss in decibels for the most reliable mode.

Line 7, DBU: Median field strength expected at the receiver location in
decibels above 1 microvolt per meter.

Line 8, S DBW: Median signal power expected at the receiver input
terminals in decibels above a watt.

Line 9, N DBW: Median noise power expected at the receiver in decibels
above a watt.

Line 10, SNR: Median signal-to-noise-ratio in decibels.

Line 11, RPWRG: Required combination of transmitter power and antenna
gains needed to achieve the required reliability in decibels.

Line 12, REL: Reliability. The probability that the SNR exceeds the
required SNR. Note this applies to all days of the month and includes
the effect of all mode types: E, (Fl), F2, Es, and over-the-MUF modes.

Line 13, MPROB: The probability of an additional mode within the
multi-path tolerances (short paths only).

Line 14, S PRB: Service probability. The probability that the required
reliability will be met.

Line 15, SIG LW: Lower decile signal power (field strength and loss)
increment in decibels.

Line 16, SIG UP: Upper decile signal power (field strength and loss)
increment in decibels.

A composite table of reliabilities only is given in Figure 19 which
comes from the user-selecting method 24. A similar table for any one
variable can be selected by running method 23 and selecting the desired
line. However, a frequency line will be printed each hour.

If information for each mode is required, method 25 will produce the
data in Figures 34 and 35. For each hour, the ionospheric data, as in
method 1, is printed. For each frequency, the mode and signal parameters
are printed for each mode up to six. The last column is the selected
most reliable mode. The same information is provided for the MUF.

Methods 26, 27, 28, and 29 will calculate the LUF, the lowest frequency
having a specified circuit reliability, usually 0.90. Figure 36 is a
table of LUF values with the MUF distribution and the median Es layer
MUF. Figures 37, 38, and 39 are available diurnal plots of MUF
prediction along with the LUF. Figures 40 and 41 provide MUF and system
performance predictions for a long path (greater than 10000 km).

**4.4 Antenna Output Options, METHOD = 13, 14, or 15**

The detailed description of each antenna pattern and the required input
definitions are given in this section. The gain subroutines used in the
ICEPAC are approximate models using the \"one-term\" theory and assume
that the antenna parameters are within the design limits of each antenna
and that the operating frequency is such that the antenna is close to
resonance. These antenna models are appropriate when used in a
propagation model where other uncertainties overshadow the uncertainties
in the gain due to the antenna mode limitations. However, it is [not
appropriate]{.underline} to use these models to design antennas or to
evaluate their performance outside of their design limits or far from
resonance. Also, they will not typically produce accurate results for
full-wavelength or multiple-full-wavelength antennas\--again due to the
limitations of one-term theory. The sub-module described here also
assumes the main beams are pointed along the circuit path. The input
command lines in Figure 28 were used to generate the patterns of this
section. Because of the 80 column limits on the outputs, the antenna
patterns are divided and placed on two consecutive pages. Frequencies 2
Mhz through 11 Mhz on the first page and frequencies 12 Mhz through 30
Mhz on the second page. Figures 29 to 51 are pairs for each pattern, the
first giving the structure of the antenna and the second giving a sample
pattern.

**5. APPLICATIONS**

The primary application of the ICEPAC program is to use the system
performance options to select a frequency complement. While intended
mainly for program test and evaluation procedures, the other output
options, if used with some interpretation, may provide the analyst with
enough information to solve a particular problem. Some possible
applications will be discussed in the same order as the program
complexity; i.e., as

\(1\) ionospheric descriptions,

\(2\) MUF predictions,

\(3\) system performance predictions, and

\(4\) antenna applications.

**5.1 Ionospheric Parameters Applications**

The ionospheric description output consists of a table of parameters
(Figure 2) and a graph and table of ionograms (Figure 3). The parameters
are the output of the long-term world maps of the ionospheric
parameters. The accuracy of the maps were determined when they were
generated. The ICEPAC theoretical report has details and references to
these maps. The ionogram output includes the vertical sounding frequency
and the virtual height, so that this ionogram may be compared to
measured ionograms. Note, however, a monthly median may not be
characteristic of that for a given day. The effect of the changes of
critical frequencies from the maps may be studied using the FPROB
command (Command 18) or by use of the EFVAR and ESVAR commands (Commands
11 and 12).

**5.2 MUF Applications**

In the absence of any other criteria for the planning of a system using
HF sky-wave, the first, and simplest, criteria is an estimate of the
frequency having efficient ionospheric reflections. Normally, an
estimate of the frequencies expected to have efficient ionospheric
support 90 percent of the time, FOT, and those having efficient
ionospheric support 50 percent of the time, MUF, are adequate estimates
of upper frequency limits for system planning. Figures 4 through 8 show
the possible MUF outputs. Note that Figure 4 (METHOD=7) gives all mode
information and MUF distribution for each layer. These MUF calculations
are only a description of the state of the ionosphere and do not include
any system parameters. They should not be confused with the maximum
operation frequency (MOF) for transmission between two points on an
existing circuit. A full system performance calculation should be made
to estimate the MOF or to compare with observed MOFs. If a full system
performance computation is generated, the user should examine the
frequency complement predictions rather than the MUF.

3.  **System Performance Applications**

**5.3.1** [Selecting an Optimum Frequency]{.underline}

The complexities of propagation, the diversity of service requirements,
and the fluctuation of spectrum congestion preclude any clear simple
criteria for the selection of optimum frequencies. An adequate
signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver for the specified type and quality
of service is often a useful criterion. In general, within the HF
spectrum, radio noise tends to decrease as frequency is increased.
During the daylight hours when HF power requirements are highest, the
propagation loss tends to decrease as frequency is increased. Since the
noise normally decreases and signal normally increases with frequency,
it is a general rule for HF sky-wave circuits that the higher the
frequency the better the signal-to-noise ratio until frequency is
increased to a point where reflection from the ionosphere becomes
improbable. A first approximation to the optimum frequency in the
absence of interference may, therefore, be made by estimating the
highest frequency having an efficient ionospheric reflection consistent
with the circuit reliability required; i.e., the MUF calculations
described in Section 6.2 above.

Since there is normally limited flexibility in the selection of
frequencies and since the optimum frequency based on the probable upper
useful frequency limit has mixed diurnal, seasonal, and other
variations, it is desirable to establish the probable useful range of
frequencies. The FOT as shown is based on a 90 percent probability of
efficient ionospheric support and may be used as an estimate of the
probable upper frequency limit; a corresponding lower useful frequency
limit may be estimated by considering the probability that the available
signal-to-noise ratio will be adequate. Since noise normally increases
as frequency decreases and signal normally decreases as frequency
decreases, there is usually a frequency below which the probability of
an adequate signal-to-noise ratio is unacceptable. This probability is
often set at 90 percent and the corresponding frequency is known as the
lowest useful frequency (LUF). These limits; i.e., FOT and LUF, are
shown in Figure 22 and graphically displayed in Figure 23.

**5.3.2** [Selecting a Frequency Complement for a Single Circuit in the
Absence of Other Circuit Interference]{.underline}

The range of useful frequencies, such as shown in Figures 22 and 23, is
basic to the selection of frequency complements and should be obtained
for representative months over the time period the circuit under
consideration will be required to operate. For a semi-permanent
operation, diurnal variation of the useful frequency range for seasonal
extremes (e.g., June and December) and solar activity extremes (e.g.,
sunspot number 10 and 110) are normally adequate.

**5.3.3** [Standard Frequency Complement]{.underline}

Absolute continuity of any radio service, however desirable, is
improbable even with an unlimited choice of operation frequencies, when
high frequency sky-wave propagation must be relied upon. Moreover, the
return in improved continuity for an enlarged frequency complement
beyond a certain size, depending upon the service, diminishes so rapidly
that it can rarely be justified in the congested spectrum. Frequency
complements can, however, be based on a concept of maximum feasible
continuity; i.e., the theoretical increase in circuit continuity may be
negligible if additional frequencies are added, but a significant
decrease is possible if fewer frequencies are available. Since the
required frequency complement depends upon the circuit parameters or
usage, the following classification of circuits is introduced:

a\. Circuits requiring maximum feasible continuity. These are the
usually heavily loaded telegraph and telephone circuits, which must be
available with good traffic capacity at all times. Because of their
loading, they employ relatively elaborate terminal equipment. Telegraph
circuits of this category are operated at machine speeds, while the
telephone circuits generally employ several channels of a
single-side-band system and are extended to line networks. Such circuits
are characterized by the use of large directional antenna systems,
diversity reception in telegraphy. and high-powered transmitters. Some
other circuits, notably those immediately concerned with safety of life,
may have an urgent need for continuous availability, although not
necessarily carrying continuous traffic. The standard frequency
complement for these circuits provides at least one frequency between
the LUF and FOT at all times, plus one or two additional frequencies to
permit flexible operations in the event of interference and during
ionospheric disturbances. The maximum complement for these circuits
should rarely exceed four. If more than four frequencies are considered
necessary, re-engineering of the circuit should be investigated.

b.  Circuits requiring moderate continuity. Distinct from circuits
    requiring maximum continuity, there exists a larger group of
    circuits which, by nature of their operation, require only moderate
    continuity. These circuits generally provide communication under
    circumstances where the needs are insufficiently critical to warrant
    the extension of wire, cable, or VHF facilities. Many such circuits
    are operated to provide occasional service to remote installations.
    There are also many circuits which may be designated nominally as
    continuous in operation, but on which the nature of the traffic is
    such as to allow occasional delays, reduction in transmitting speed,
    or rerouting. Judicious scheduling of traffic contributes
    significantly to the satisfactory operation of these circuits. Most
    circuits of an administrative nature belong in this category. For
    frequency-complement considerations, circuits (except safety
    services mentioned earlier) should generally be constrained to this
    category if they employ manual telegraphy or telephony not extended
    to line networks, or are equipped with simpler transmitting and
    receiving installations than are capable of providing maximum
    feasible continuity. Radio circuits of this kind have been operating
    on one or two frequencies in many parts of the world for many years,
    providing a quality of service consistent with particular needs. The
    standard frequency complement for these circuits is two, one day
    frequency and one night frequency.

**5.3.4** [Two-Frequency Complements]{.underline}

Two-frequency complements are recommended with the clear understanding
that the services receiving such complements are of the kind which do
not have sufficient traffic to justify attempts to operate them on a
twenty-four hour basis. These circuits must nevertheless be assured of
as many hours of communication per day as possible within the
two-frequency limitation. Actually, in a very large number of cases
during intermediate conditions of solar activity, two-frequency
complements will give very nearly twenty-four hour service, except in
the auroral regions where experience has shown that no complement of
high frequencies can ever give a highly reliable service.

a\. General considerations. There is available, at the present state of
our knowledge, enough information on propagation, if the other factors
such as terminal equipment, type of service, and actual operating
conditions are known, to permit useful estimates of the total number of
hours of satisfactory service, assuming no interference, to be expected
from a given frequency over an average solar cycle. It is, however,
impossible to estimate for any particular circuit the frequency that
would give the maximum number of hours of useful service over the solar
cycle. However, this frequency might not necessarily be one of the two
frequencies assigned, since the cumulative number of hours of usefulness
is a less urgent consideration than that of assuring operation during
the normal peak traffic periods.

b\. The day frequency. A simple method for selecting the day frequency
consists of choosing.a frequency just below the lowest daytime FOT
curve. In the north temperate zone, this would be the FOT curve for June
for the period of mini- mum solar activity. Simply choosing one
frequency, or some small range of frequencies on this basis, ignores the
situation with regard to LUF, and could lead, for an actual circuit, to
failure to provide communication during the middle of the day in months
of maximum absorption at the period of maximum solar activity. An
improved method is derived from the opinion that, if possible, the day
frequency should not fail to give service during the midday hours even
at the condition of maximum normal absorption which occurs at the
maximum levels of solar activity.

This approach suggests immediately that a band of particularly useful
frequencies exists between the frequency which is just above the maximum
midday LUF and the highest frequency that will provide essentially
skip-free service during the middle period of the daylight hours in the
months of minimum daytime FOT. The [lowest]{.underline} frequency in
such a band will provide the maximum hours of service, and such service
may well exceed that obtained from a frequency selected only on the
basis of minimum daytime FOTs. Fortunately, a useful band of frequencies
does exist in nearly all cases, and the day frequency should be chosen
in the lower part of this band.

The possibility of skip on frequencies chosen in this way is unlikely
when consideration is given not only to normal FOTs, but also to the
well-established role of sporadic-E reflections.

c\. The night frequency. The choice of the night frequency is
complicated, depending not only on the type of service, terminal
equipment, and a number of propagational considerations, but also on the
day frequency selected. As in the case of the selection of the best day
frequency, it is not sufficient to select a frequency that will give the
maximum number of hours of service throughout a complete solar cycle.
The solution is to make the best choice for those hours that the day
frequency is not suitable.

At night ionospheric absorption is minimal, except in the high
latitudes, and the LUFs are rather critically dependent on the type of
service and equipment used, including the antennas and the required
signal levels. Too high a night frequency will be subject to skip too
much of the time. However, a very low and, therefore, virtually
skip-free night frequency may make it impossible to deliver adequate
signal-to-noise ratios to the receiving location for substantial periods
of time. The selection problem for this single night frequency is one of
deciding what constitutes a suitable balance of these conflicting
considerations. For circuits of 4000 km or less in length, the
difference in local time between the terminals can never be large in the
regions of the world where the bulk of the HF circuits operate. It is
reasonable that traffic handling during the predawn hours be avoided,
since, apart from the usual erratic behavior of the ionosphere during
these hours. normal activities at both terminals are at their diurnal
minimum during this period. In view of this sort of consideration, it
would seem incorrect to choose a night frequency so low that skip-free
operation was safely assured during the predawn period of the months and
solar activity conditions having the lowest FOTs at the expense of
rendering communications impossible during other time periods because of
high noise levels normally experienced at the lower frequencies.

It is recommended, therefore, that the night frequency be chosen as the
highest frequency of which less than four hours of skip is indicated on
the lowest of the FOT curves for the required months of operation. This
is usually during the winter months; e.g., December in the northern
hemisphere and June in the southern hemisphere.

**5.3.5** [Three-Frequency Complement]{.underline}

Many radio circuits require a greater continuity of service than can
generally be assured with two frequencies. This is especially true of
telephone circuits intended for extension to line networks. The
following suggestions are applicable to determining frequency
complements for circuits less than 4000 km in length requiring maximum
feasible continuity and employing telephony for extension to line
networks, and also for speed of telegraphy for services not seriously
troubled by multi-path effects. Multi-path protection required for
certain types of high-speed machine telegraphy and facsimile services is
not necessarily provided by these three-frequency complement standards.

There is some justification for enlarging the complement to four
frequencies in the case of telephony and manual telegraph services
subject to the severe magnetic disturbances characteristic of the high
latitude regions. In other regions, however, it is possible by a
suitable choice of three frequencies to maintain the signal-to-noise
ratio high enough to provide an entirely adequate service. This is
possible because higher frequencies are generally usable in the lower
latitudes as a consequence of the observed higher complement-limiting
FOTs, daytime levels of which survive in many cases far into the night.
This situation is in marked contrast with the high latitudes where
circuits are in all cases significantly more difficult to operate.

a\. The high frequency. The highest frequency of a three-frequency
complement is purely a day frequency. Since a middle frequency is
available, it is no longer necessary for the highest frequency of the
complement to be constrained to give useful service at the minimum
phases of the solar cycle. This frequency should give many hours per day
of useful service at all seasons during the maximum phases of the solar
cycle. The high frequency is the highest frequency which will be below
the FOT at least four hours during all months during the period the
circuit is to be operated.

b\. The low frequency. The lowest frequency of a three-frequency
complement is entirely a night frequency. It must be selected on a basis
related to the minimum FOT during any month the circuit is required to
operate. Select the frequency which indicates less than two hours of
skip on the lowest of the FOT curves for the required months of circuit
operation.

c\. The middle frequency. The middle frequency is selected so as to
maximize the number of hours during which at least one frequency is
between the LUF and FOT during the required period of circuit operation.

d\. A special case for modifying the low frequency. Certain special
considerations may affect the choice of a low frequency for circuits
between about 3600 and 4000 km in length. For such circuits, the
vertical angles of departure and arrival for single-reflection F2-layer
transmission at night become very low. With many antennas, very little
energy can be transmitted or received at these low angles. For these
antennas, transmission, when possible, by two reflections from the F2
layer provides a superior service. If highly-directional broadside
arrays, which are relatively efficient at low angles, are used at sites
permitting use of low angles of departure and arrival, the
single-reflection transmission remains useful. The possibility of site
conditions which make impossible the use of low angles of arrival or
departure should not be over- looked. During the conditions of lowest
MUFs, unobstructed sites, and efficient low-angle antenna systems, the
low frequencies for paths 3000-5000 km will remain useful, but there
will usually be a skip on the higher vertical-angle two-reflection mode.
With low-angle radiation or reception limited by inadequate antenna
systems, terrain, etc., in the ways suggested, this skipping in the two-
reflection mode may well interrupt the service. In these instances,
where it appears that reliance must be placed on two-reflection
transmission during the period of minimum MUFs, it is preferable to
assign a frequency appropriate to two- reflection transmission. This
frequency will be automatically displayed in Figure 4 or on graphs
displayed in Figures 5 to 8 if the minimum vertical angle is set at the
lower limit of adequate antenna performance; e.g., 3 to 6 degrees.

**5.3.6** [Four-Frequency Complements]{.underline}

Standard three-frequency complements are confined to a number of
services, operated over paths less than 4000 km in length. where maximum
feasible continuity of operation is required, but when the effects of
multi-path propagation are not serious. Services which use high-speed
digital transmission techniques are seriously affected by multi-path
distortion, and a three-frequency complement may be insufficient. Many
such services can, however, be adequately satisfied by a three-frequency
complement with respect to both continuity and multi-path protection.
This is particularly true for circuits in the 2000 to 4000 km range of
lengths, where the probability of multi-path is low, and to a lesser
extent for shorter circuits. Whether or not the three-frequency
complement for a particular circuit provides the requisite multi-path
protection for high-speed service may be determined by a system
performance prediction for the frequencies selected (e.g., METHOD=23,
Figure 18 using a multi-path tolerance of two milliseconds and a power
tolerance of 10 db) and noting the multi-path probability for
frequencies having an acceptable reliability.

It was suggested in the discussion on the applicability of
three-frequency complements that there is some justification, apart from
multi-path considerations, for the assignment of a four-frequency
complement to a circuit operating in high latitudes which has a critical
need for maximum feasible continuity. If one or both terminals of a
circuit lie above 60 degrees north geomagnetic latitude, the circuit may
be regarded as sufficiently high latitude to merit consideration for a
four-frequency complement.

a\. The highest frequency. The highest frequency of a four-frequency
complement is purely a day and evening frequency. Since three
frequencies are available below it in a given complement, there is no
longer any need that it give any important service at the minimum phases
of the solar cycle, nor need it be the only frequency of the complement
for service during maximum LUF periods. The main purpose of this
frequency is to permit the reception of high-speed digital information
free of destructive multi-path distortion. It is usually required in
afternoon and evening periods when the second highest frequency\--while
giving a perfectly adequate signal-to-noise ratio\--would be subject to
multi-path distortion. This frequency must, therefore, be chosen with
the maximum FOT in mind; it should nevertheless be as low as possible to
give as much service as possible. In some of the complements, the
highest frequency will give few cumulative hours of service over a solar
cycle, though remaining indispensable to avoid multi-path. In other
complements, it will give considerable cumulative service and prove to
be particularly useful in obtaining a good signal-to-noise ratio.

In general, the highest frequency is chosen to exceed 65 percent of the
maximum FOT during the required period of circuit operation. This
procedure is intended to provide substantial protection against
multi-path distortion on the highest frequency of the complement during
hours and seasons of occurrence of maximum MUFs. At shorter distances,
because of the impracticability of providing complete multi-path
protection, the factor provides as much protection as can reasonably be
afforded by a four-frequency complement, while at the same time
providing a highest frequency that will have significant usefulness at
the maximum phases of the solar cycle.

It is necessary to invoke a LUF-determined lower limit or floor value
below which the highest frequency of the complement is not selected
regardless of the results of the above procedure. This limit is intended
to provide a minimum additional margin of signal-to-noise ratio over
that provided by the second highest frequency for high-grade service
during periods of maximum LUF. The lower limit is set at 1.4 times the
maximum LUF during the required period of circuit operation.

b\. The second-highest frequency. The second-highest frequency of a
four-frequency complement is the most important frequency of the
complement in many ways. It is certainly the frequency likely to receive
the greatest cumulative use over a solar cycle. It is low enough to
provide reliable daytime operation at sunspot minimum during periods of
minimum daytime MUF. While the frequency may receive considerable
daytime use at sunspot maximum, it will also be needed during the
evening and night transition periods at sunspot maximum to permit
continuation of high-speed digital operation. Since there exists a
frequency still higher in the complement and two lower, this frequency
is chosen to remain just above the maximum LUF, as was the daytime
frequency of the two-frequency complements. On some circuits, it can be
expected that this frequency will provide service far into the night at
sunspot maximum during much of the spring, summer, and autumn seasons.
The principal use of this frequency is, nevertheless, as a day or
evening frequency.

c\. The third-highest frequency. The third-highest frequency of a four-
frequency complement is probably the second most important frequency of
the complement in terms of cumulative hours of use over a solar cycle.
While this frequency may receive some use in the early morning under
certain conditions, its main use is as an evening or night frequency.
During sunspot maximum conditions, it will, in a large number of cases,
cover the late night period even in winter; it will certainly be
sufficiently low for summer night use, even down to sunspot minimum in
many temperate regions. In the high-noise regions, this frequency will
nearly always be sufficiently low to cover the predawn period at the
noisiest seasons, and for this reason it has not been necessary to give
special consideration to high-noise-region floors for night frequencies
in this report.

This frequency is the geometric mean of the second-highest and the
lowest frequency of the complement. This procedure results in frequency
intervals which provide the maximum possible multi-path protection
between these complement members. It provides, at the same time, a good
order of frequencies for intended major usage during evening and night
periods.

c.  The lowest frequency. The lowest frequency of a four-frequency
    complement is entirely a night frequency. It must be relied upon at
    all times when the third-highest frequency is too high to carry the
    service. It is selected just below the minimum FOT during the period
    the circuit is required to operate.

**5.3.7** [Time Sharing on Circuits Separated
Geographically]{.underline}

Since there are marked diurnal and geographical variations in the useful
frequency range, it is often possible to use this variation to develop
time sharing plans when circuits are separated geographically.

Tabulations or graphs of useful frequency range (Figures 21 and 22)
should be obtained for the time period or time periods of interest.
Whenever a frequency complement is such that it contains a frequency
within the useful frequency range for one circuit, while outside the
useful frequency range for the other circuit, this information may be
used to develop time-sharing schedules. The time period may be extended
whenever other frequencies in the complement are useful on the second
circuit.

**5.3.8** [Time Sharing in the Same Geographic Area]{.underline}

When long and short paths are involved in the same geographic area, the
useful frequency ranges for each may differ sufficiently that sharing
plans may be developed in a manner similar to that described above (see
Section 5.3.7).

**5.3.9** [Frequency Sharing]{.underline}

The development of frequency-sharing plans requires the prediction of
the available signal along the unwanted as well as the wanted radio
path, taking particular account of the expected antenna performance for
the unwanted radio path. The circuit reliability estimates (e.g.,
METHOD=23) can be used to develop frequency-sharing plans (i.e., share
whenever the reliability is high for the wanted paths but low for the
unwanted paths).

A quick determination of a frequency sharing opportunity may sometimes
be made by MUF-FOT computations for the wanted paths (e.g., Figure 5)
and the HPF (frequency having efficient ionospheric support only 10
percent of the days) computation for the unwanted paths (e.g., Figure
6). Sharing should be possible if a frequency is below the FOT on the
wanted path but above the HPF on the unwanted path.

**5.3.10** [Broadcast Coverage]{.underline}

Circuit reliability is probably the most valuable single output from the
prediction program. As various parameters are fixed, a computation of
circuit reliability as a function of a remaining variable will often
assist in decision making. The question of broadcast coverage is a good
example. With time, frequency, antenna, transmitter location,
transmitter power, etc. fixed, circuit reliability to sample points
within a geographic area of interest will describe the coverage of the
area in terms of the percentage of days within the month that
satisfactory reception may be expected. This process may be performed
automatically by the computer to provide reliability tabulations over
selected areas (e.g., one hemisphere). Although this output is not
available as a \"standard output\", tabulations of this type can be made
using a special input command line processor and output variable
formatter.

**5.3.11** [Optimum Times for Communication]{.underline}

For given transmitter location, receiver location, antenna types, etc.,
the diurnal variation in circuit reliability may be used to choose
optimum communication time (e.g., METHOD=23).

**5.3.12** [Selection of Relay Locations]{.underline}

Careful consideration should be given to increasing the frequency
complement, increasing power, antenna redesign, etc. before relay
stations are used. If there is no other solution, consider the use of
relay stations. Normally, if possible, these relay stations should be
separated by at least 3000 km and preferably not more than 7000 km. The
relays should also assure the propagation path does not go to high
latitudes; i.e., temperate or equivalent routes avoiding high noise
regions are preferred. In the final selection, it is a question of
computing circuit reliability for the direct path and making a
comparison with potential relay sites.

**5.3.13** [Determination of Lowest Effective Transmitter
Power]{.underline}

Compute circuit reliability as a function of transmitter power with
other variables fixed and plot reliability versus transmitter power. The
lowest effective power is the lowest power providing the required
reliability. An alternative is to use the required power plus antenna
gain output, RPWRG, line 11, using METHOD=23.

**5.4 Antenna Selection or Design**

For the frequency or frequencies under consideration, make predictions
covering the required time period of operation using a constant gain
antenna with a typical gain; e.g., 12 db. Determine the time or times
the circuit reliability is the lowest. Using these times, repeat the
computation for the antennas under consideration to select an antenna.
Caution: the calculated vertical angle for the most reliable mode
provides some guidance in determining the antennas to be considered, but
this angle alone should never be used as the sole criterion for antenna
selection. To select an antenna, repeat the computations for available
antennas. To design an antenna, repeat computations for variables in the
antenna design; e.g., antenna height, rhombic leg length, etc. Note,
however, that these parameters must be part of a \"well designed\"
antenna. See the comments in Section 4.4 above.

6.  **PROGRAM DATA FILES**

**6.1 Program and Data Base Files**

The ICEPAC program and data base is provided on 360kb diskettes or on
DC-600A data tape cartridges for UNIX based systems. The programs are
executable modules and the data bases are binary files.

**6.2 Long-Term Data Base File**

This section describes the long-term data file used with the ICEPAC
program. Details of how each of the various parameters is used is given
in the ICEPAC theoretical report. The data files used here has evolved
over many years. The basic criteria used in retention or inclusion of
any of the data sets are: availability on a worldwide basis over all the
time cycles (diurnal, yearly, and solar cycle) availability of
distributions of the data, and consistency between the data sets. There
are 12 binary data files accessed from the hard disk, one for each month
of the year. The names are as follows:

BCOEFO1.DAT = January data base

BCOEFO2.DAT = February data base

.

.

BCOEF12.DAT = December data base

Logical Record 1 - F1 layer and Land mass data base

This record contains the following arrays:

ANEW(3),BNEW(3),ACHI(2),BCHI(2),FAKMAP(29,16),

ABMAP(2,3)

Logical Record 2 - Noise and Statistical data base

This record contains the following arrays:

F2D(16,6,6),DUD(5,12,5),FAM(14,12),SYS(9,16,6),

PERR(9,4,6)

Logical Record 3 - Noise Data

This record contains the following array:

p(29,16,6) ABP(2,6)

Logical Record 4 - FOF2 data

This record contains the following arrays:

IKIM(10,6),XF2 COF(13,76,2)

Logical Record 5 - Median sporadic E (FoEs) and height ratio data

This record contains the following arrays:

XESMCF(7,61,2), XPMAP(29,16,2)

Logical Record 6 - Lower and upper decile of sporadic FoEs

This record contains the following arrays:

XESLCF(5,55,2), XESUCF(5,55,2)

Logical Record 7 - M(3000)F2

This record contains the following array:

XFM3CF(9,49,2)

Logical Record 8 - Regular E layer (FoE)

This record contains the following array:

XERCOF(9,22,2)

**6.3 Antenna Patterns Stored on File**

It is possible, but not mandatory, to execute the ICEPAC program using
antenna patterns that have been previously computed by (a) ICEPAC using
the ANTOUT command line discussed in Section 3.3.6, (b) some other
analysis program that has been modified to create and write antenna
patterns in the format expected by ICEPAC or (c) to use field
measurements and interpolation to create and write antenna patterns in
the format expected by ICEPAC. This use may require some in-depth
knowledge of the working of ICEPAC.

The antenna pattern output file (defined by the ANTOUT command) is
stored on disk as an external binary file. The user should assign the
local file name on the ANTOUT command line prior to the execution of the
ICEPAC program. The user would then specify antenna type 18 on the
ANTENNA command line to indicate that the antenna pattern is to be input
from the antenna file. The location of the desired antenna pattern on
the antenna file is specified using variable IAIN for antenna type 18.
([Note]{.underline}: This variable indicates from one to three antennas
to cover the frequency range specified for the transmitter and receiver
antennas for all antenna types except antenna type 18.)

It is necessary to specify the location of the desired antenna pattern
on the antenna file since several antenna patterns could be written on
the same antenna file. Locating the desired antenna pattern depends on
whether the antenna pattern is beyond or before the current location on
the antenna file. If the desired antenna pattern is beyond the current
position on the antenna file, the variable IAIN indicates the number of
antenna patterns to skip forward from the present position on the
antenna file before reading the desired pattern. Thus, in this case,
IAIN must be set to a positive number or zero by the user. For example,
IAIN = 0 indicates that no antenna patterns are to be skipped from the
current position, which means the next antenna pattern on the file is
read. If IAIN = 3, then three antenna patterns are to be skipped from
the current position before the desired antenna pattern is read. If the
desired antenna pattern is before the current location on the antenna
file, the variable IAIN indicates that the antenna pattern should be
rewound before searching for the desired pattern. This is accomplished
by setting IAIN negative. The negative number causes the file to be
rewound, and the pattern read is specified by the absolute value of
IAIN. For example, IAIN = -1 indicates that the antenna file is rewound
before reading the desired antenna pattern and that the first pattern on
the file is the antenna pattern read. If IAIN = -3, then the antenna
file is rewound before reading the desired antenna pattern and the third
pattern on the file is the antenna pattern read.

**7. SPECIFIC INPUT EXAMPLES**

This section is intended to demonstrate specific input options of the
IONCAP program to reinforce information provided in earlier sections.
Specific input requirements necessary to demonstrate particular IONCAP
capabilities are discussed. References to corresponding output for each
example is also presented.

**7.1 Ionospheric Parameter Example**

The input required to generate the ionospheric parameters for the
control points of a particular circuit consists of the following
control: METHOD, MONTH, SUNSPOT, TIME, LABEL, CIRCUIT, EXECUTE and QUIT.
The input necessary to generate the similar output represented in Figure
2 consists of the following:

METHOD 1

MONTH l970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 1 24 1 -1

LABEL BOULDER, COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS, MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 105.3W 38.67N 9O.25W

EXECUTE

QUIT

It should be noted that the sporadic-E critical frequency has been
multiplied by .7 to allow for median losses in this example by program
default. Figure 2, discussed earlier, is a presentation of the
ionospheric parameters for this circuit without the sporadic-E critical
frequency reduced.

**7.2 Antenna Pattern Example**

The input required to generate an antenna pattern for both a transmitter
and receiver antenna consists of the following command lines: METHOD,
ANTENNA, EXECUTE, and QUIT. The specific input necessary to generate the
output represented in Figures 9 and 10 consists of the following:

METHOD 15

ANTENNA 1 2 .001 4. -.5

ANTENNA 2 2 .001 4. -.25

EXECUTE

QUIT

To generate the pattern of a transmitter antenna, only use method 13 and
for a receiver antenna, only use method 14.

**7.3 MUF Example**

The input required to generate MUF predictions consists of the following
command lines: METHOD, MONTH, SUNSPOT, TIME, LABEL, CIRCUIT, EXECUTE,
and QUIT. The specific input necessary to generate the output
represented in Figure 4 consists of the following:

METHOD 7

MONTH 1970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 1 24 1 -1

LABEL BOULDER, COLORADO TO St. LOUIS, MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 106.3W 38.67N 90.25W

EXECUTE

QUIT

**7.4 System Performance Example**

The input required to generate system performance predictions consists
of the following command lines: METHOD, MONTH, SUNSPOT, TIME, LABEL,
CIRCUIT, ANTENNA, FREQUENCY, EXECUTE, and QUIT. The input necessary to
generate output similar to the output represented in Figure 11 consists
of the following:

METHOD 16

MONTH 1970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 12 24 12 -1

LABEL BOULDER, COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS, MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 105.3W 38.67N 9O.25W

ANTENNA 1 2 .001 4. -.5

ANTENNA 2 2 .001 4. -.25

FREQUENCY 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0

EXECUTE

QUIT

It should be noted that the above input does not cause the transmitter
and receiver antenna patterns to be pre-computed as was the situation in
Figure 11. (This is indicated by the absence of method 15 line to
compute the gain pattern in this example.) The above input causes the
antenna gain values to be computed as needed for specific frequencies
and elevation angles. This indicates that the gain value for 7.6 MHz
needed in Figure 11 was interpolated between 7 MHz and 8 MHz. The gain
value for 7.5 MHz in the above example is computed as the frequency 7.5
MHz is processed. It should further be noted that this value would be
re-computed for each hour specified in the above example. Thus, the gain
is computed at each frequency and for each hour as needed.

**7.5 User-Selected Output Example**

The input required to generate user-selected system performance
predictions consists of the following command lines: METHOD, TOPLINES,
BOTLINES, MONTH, SUNSPOT, TIME, LABEL, CIRCUIT, ANTENNA, FREQUENCY,
EXECUTE, and ED. The input necessary to generate output similar to the
output represented in Figure 18 consists of the following:

METHOD 23

TOPLINES 1 2 3 4 6 6 7

BOTLINES 1 2 4 10 11 12

MONTH 1970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 12 24 12 -1

LABEL BOULDER, COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS, MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 106.3W 38.67N 9O.25W

ANTENNA 1 2 .001 4. -.5

ANTENNA 2 2 .001 4. -.25

FREQUENCY 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0

EXECUTE

QUIT

The header lines specified on the TOPLINES are given in Table 8 and are
listed below:

\(1\) month, day, year, and sunspot number

\(2\) alphanumeric information on the LABEL command line

\(3\) transmitter and receiver information (coordinates)

\(4\) minimum takeoff angle

\(5\) transmitter antenna information

\(6\) receiver antenna information

\(7\) transmitter power, man-made noise, required reliability, and
required SNR.

The output predictions specified on the BOTLINES command are given in
Table 9 and listed below:

\(1\) number of hops and mode type

\(2\) radiation angle and transmitter

\(4\) virtual height of most reliable mode

\(10\) median SNR

\(11\) required power gain for most reliable mode

\(12\) reliability.

It should be noted that the above input does not cause the antenna
pattern to be pre-computed as was the case in Figure 18. (This is
indicated by the absence of the method 15 command to compute the gain
tables in this example.) The above input would compute the gain value of
each frequency for each hour as needed. This has been discussed in
Section 7.4.

**7.6 LUF Example**

The input required to generate LUF predictions consists of the following
command lines: METHOD, MONTH, SUNSPOT, TIME, LABEL, CIRCUIT, ANTENNA,
EXECUTE, and ED. The input necessary to generate output similar to the
output represented in Figure 22 consists of the following:

METHOD 26

MONTH 1970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 2 24 2 -1

LABEL BOULDER, COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS, MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 105.3W 38.67N 90.25W

ANTENNA 1 2 .001 4. -.5

ANTENNA 2 2 .001 4. -.26

EXECUTE

QUIT

It should be noted that the above input does not cause the antenna
pattern to be pre-computed as was the situation in Figure 18. (This is
indicated above by the absence of the method 16 command to compute the
gain tables in this example.) The above input would cause the antenna
gain to be computed for the LUF rather than interpolate in the gain
table as was the case in Figure 18.

**7.7 Outgraph Example**

The input required to generate the MUF predictions given in Figures 4
through 8 consists of the following command lines: METHOD, OUTGRAPH,
MONTH, SUNSPOT, TIME, LABEL, CIRCUIT, ExECUTE, and ED. The specific
input necessary to generate the output represented in Figures 4 through
8 consists of the following:

METHOD 7

OUTGRAPH 8 9 10 11

MONTH 1970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 1 24 1 -1

LABEL BOULDER, COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS, MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 106.3W 38.67N 90.25W

EXECUTE

QUIT

The method command defines the predictions to be generated and the
output form generated by that method. Therefore, the predictions
generated consist of the MUF-FOT table for each ionospheric layer since
method 7 was specified in this example. The user may select additional
output providing that the computations for the output have already been
generated. Therefore, in this case, the user can select the outputs of
methods 8 through 11 consisting of the MUF-FOT graph, HPF-MUF-FOT graph,
MUF-FOT-ANG graph, and MUF-FOT-Es graph, as is indicated in Table 7.

**7.8 External Antenna File Example**

The user may wish to save the antenna gain table of his antennas for use
on a separate run. This may be particularly significant if the same
antennas are used for several communication paths, or the predictions
are generated with the same antennas each month, or the user has a
specific antenna pattern created ha another program, or possibly the
actual measured antenna gain values. To create the antenna file
corresponding to the patterns given in Figures 9 and 10, the following
input should be used:

METHOD 15

ANTOUT ANTOUT.FIL

ANTENNA 1 2 .001 4. -.5

ANTENNA 2 2 .001 4. -.26

EXECUTE

QUIT

The user could then store the patterns generated on disk for reference
at a later time. See the discussion of the ANTOUT command in Sections
3.3.5 and 6.3. Use of the antenna patterns previously generated and
stored externally, can be done using the following input, which will
also generate the system performance output represented in Figure 11.

METHOD 16

MONTH 1970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 12 24 12 -1

LABEL BOULDER, COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS, MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 106.3W 38.67N 9O.25W

ANTENNA 1 18 ANTOUT.FIL

ANTENNA 2 18 ANTOUT.FIL

FREQUENCY 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.6 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 26.0 30.0

EXECUTE

QUIT

The difference in this example and the example presented in Section 7.4
is that the antenna patterns are read from a file instead of being
computed. Section 6.3 explains this procedure in depth.

**8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS**

This report is the result of the efforts of many groups and individuals.
It is an update of the IONCAP users manual with the orientation toward
the PC computer use. The wording is sometimes a duplication of the older
user manuals.

In regard to individuals, the following list may not include everyone,
but hopefully the majority will be mentioned. The author wishes to
acknowledge the contributions of Mr. A.F. Barghausen, Dr. Mark T. Ma,
Mr. D.H. Zacharisen, Dr. E.L. Crow, Mr. G.W. Haydon, Mr. D.L. Lucas, Mr.
J.L. Lloyd, Mr. G.R. Hand, Dr. A.D. Spaulding, Dr. R.K. Rosich, Mr. L.R.
Teeters, Mr. R.M. Davis Jr., and many others who have been instrumental
in the evolution of the propagation programs and documentation.

Input File for ICEPAC Prediction Program Version IC.10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT SAMPLE INPUT TO RUN ICEPAC IC.10 - ALL METHODS

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

LABEL BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 105.3W 38.67N 90.25W 0

SYSTEM 3000 150 .001 90 5500 1000 85

MONTH 1970 1

SUNSPOT 100. 0.

TIME 1 24 1 -1

FPROB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

METHOD 1

EXECUTE

COMMENT CHANGE CRITICAL FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER FOR ES BACK TO PROGRAM
DEFAULT

FPROB OFF

COMMENT ES CRITICAL FREQUENCY NOW IS MULTIPLIED BY .7 TO ALLOW FOR
MEDIAN LOSS

METHOD 2

TIME 12 12 1 -1

EXECUTE

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT METHODS 3 THROUGH 11 ARE MUF CALCULATIONS (METHOD 12 NOT
IMPLEMENTED)

COMMENT METHODS 3,4,5 AND 6 ARE MUF USING NOMOGRAM AND AREN\"T PRESENTED
HERE

TIME 1 24 1 -1

METHOD 7

COMMENT OUTPUT METHODS 8 THROUGH 11 WITHOUT RECOMPUTATION USING
\"OUTGRAPH\"

OUTGRAPH 8 9 10 11

EXECUTE

OUTGRAPH OFF

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT METHODS 13 THROUGH 15 ARE ANTENNA PATTERN CALCULATIONS

COMMENT METHODS 13 AND 14 ARE ANTENNAS ONE AT A TIME AND AREN\"T
PRESENTED HERE

COMMENT ANTOUT ANTFIL.BIN

METHOD 15

ANTENNA 1 2 .001 4. -0.5

ANTENNA 2 2 .001 4. -0.25

COMMENT ANTENNA 1 18 ANTFIL.BIN

COMMENT ANTENNA 2 18 ANTFIL.BIN

EXECUTE

COMMENT ANTOUT OFF

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT METHODS 16 THROUGH 23 ARE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS

FREQUENCY 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0

TIME 12 24 12 -1

METHOD 16

EXECUTE

METHOD 17

EXECUTE

METHOD 18

EXECUTE

METHOD 19

EXECUTE

METHOD 20

EXECUTE

Figure 1. Input data commands for all output options.

COMMENT METHOD 21 FORCES THE PROGRAM TO EXERCISE THE \"LONG\" PATH MODEL

METHOD 21

EXECUTE

COMMENT METHOD 22 FORCES THE PROGRAM TO EXERCISE THE \"SHORT\" PATH
MODEL

METHOD 22

EXECUTE

COMMENT METHOD 23 ALLOWS THE USER TO SELECT THE DESIRED OUTPUT BY
SPECIFYING

COMMENT PREDEFINED LINE NUMBERS ON THE \"TOPLINES\" AND \"BOTLINES\"
COMMANDS

COMMENT LINES ARE NUMBERED IN ORDER AS IN METHOD 20 (SEE TABLES 8 AND 9)

METHOD 23

TOPLINES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

BOTLINES 1 2 4 10 11 12

EXECUTE

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT METHOD 24 IS THE MUF-RELIABILITY TABLE

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

METHOD 24

TIME 1 24 1 -1

EXECUTE

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT METHOD 25 IS THE ALL MODES TABLE

METHOD 25

COMMENT NOTE THAT THE MUF ALL MODES TABLE IS ALSO PRINTED

FREQUENCY 3.0

TIME 12 12 1 -1

EXECUTE

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT METHODS 26 THROUGH 29 ARE LUF PREDICTIONS

METHOD 26

COMMENT OUTPUT METHODS 27, 28 AND 29 WITHOUT RECOMPUTATION USING
\"OUTGRAPH\"

OUTGRAPH 27 28 29

TIME 2 24 2 -1

EXECUTE

OUTGRAPH OFF

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT INCLUDE A LONG PATH CIRCUIT EXAMPLE

LABEL BOULDER,COLORADO TO AUCKLAND,N. Z.

CIRCUIT 40.03N 105.3W 36.92S 17475E

METHOD 7

TIME 6 18 6 -1

EXECUTE

FREQUENCY 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0

METHOD 23

COMMENT NOTE THAT THE PREVIOUSLY DEFINED \"TOPLINES\" AND \"BOTLINES\"
STILL USED

EXECUTE

QUIT

Figure 1a. Input data commands for all output options.

(Continued)

METHOD 1 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 1

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN H .00 L .00 A .0 OFF AZ .0

YE = 20.0 HE = 110.0 HS = 110.0

LAT LONG LMT UT E F1 Y1 H1 FH/2 F2Z Y2

H2 PB CEN EB M3000 TCGM RAT ZEN FLAG MAGL

39.6N 97.7W 1.5 8.0 .58 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 4.4 68.7

317.4 72.7 71.4 70.0 2.97 1.4 4.6 153.4 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 2.5 9.0 .58 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 4.5 70.6

322.5 73.2 71.6 70.0 2.94 2.4 4.6 143.2 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 3.5 10.0 .61 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 4.1 73.5

328.5 73.7 71.9 70.0 2.89 3.4 4.5 131.9 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 4.5 11.0 .74 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 3.5 75.8

326.1 74.0 72.1 70.3 2.87 4.4 4.3 120.3 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 5.5 12.0 1.02 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 3.4 75.6

307.1 74.0 72.5 71.0 2.90 5.4 4.1 108.9 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 6.5 13.0 1.44 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 4.2 76.8

289.1 74.0 72.9 71.7 3.00 6.3 3.8 97.9 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 7.5 14.0 1.95 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 6.0 80.4

277.6 74.0 73.2 72.4 3.13 7.2 3.5 87.5 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 8.5 15.0 2.48 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 8.0 84.5

268.0 74.1 73.6 73.1 3.23 8.2 3.2 78.1 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 9.5 16.0 2.93 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 9.3 90.1

264.2 75.0 74.4 73.9 3.26 9.1 2.9 70.2 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 10.5 17.0 3.26 4.5 50.0 200.0 .7 10.2 96.8

267.6 75.9 75.2 74.6 3.23 10.1 2.8 64.4 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 11.5 18.0 3.44 4.6 50.0 200.0 .7 10.9 103.1

275.8 76.7 76.0 75.3 3.16 11.1 2.7 61.3 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 12.5 19.0 3.46 4.6 50.0 200.0 .7 11.4 95.9

283.9 77.5 76.7 76.0 3.11 12.1 3.0 61.3 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 13.5 20.0 3.28 4.4 50.0 200.0 .7 11.5 95.4

288.4 77.4 76.6 75.9 3.09 13.1 3.0 64.5 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 14.5 21.0 2.93 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 11.2 92.4

289.9 77.2 76.5 75.7 3.10 14.1 3.1 70.3 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 15.5 22.0 2.43 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 10.8 88.4

290.6 77.1 76.4 75.6 3.11 15.1 3.3 78.2 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 16.5 23.0 1.88 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 9.9 84.3

291.4 76.9 76.2 75.4 3.13 16.1 3.5 87.6 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 17.5 .0 1.38 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 8.7 80.3

292.8 76.1 75.2 74.3 3.13 16.9 3.6 98.0 6 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 18.5 1.0 .99 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 7.2 76.7

295.1 75.2 74.3 73.3 3.12 17.8 3.9 109.1 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 19.5 2.0 .74 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 6.0 73.7

299.3 74.4 73.4 72.3 3.10 18.6 4.1 120.5 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 20.5 3.0 .61 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 5.1 71.6

305.3 73.4 72.2 71.1 3.06 19.6 4.3 132.0 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 21.5 4.0 .55 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 4.3 70.2

311.4 72.8 71.6 70.4 3.01 20.7 4.4 143.3 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 22.5 5.0 .54 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 3.8 69.1

315.2 72.5 71.4 70.2 2.98 22.1 4.6 153.6 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W 23.5 6.0 .56 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 3.8 68.3

316.0 72.2 71.1 70.1 2.97 23.3 4.6 160.7 0 50.1N

39.6N 97.7W .5 7.0 .58 .2 50.0 200.0 .7 4.1 67.9

315.9 72.2 71.1 70.0 2.97 .4 4.7 160.6 0 50.1N

Figure 2 Ionospheric parameters output (METHOD = 1)

METHOD 2 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 2

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN H .00 L .00 A .0 OFF AZ .0

GMT= 19.0 LMT= 12.5 LAT= 39.59 N LONG= 97.70 W DIST= 651. 651. KM

600+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+

\- E= 3.46 20.0 110.0

\- F1= 4.58 50.0 200.0

\- F2=11.38 95.9 283.9

\- ES= 2.15 2.40 2.98 110.0

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

500+

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\- X

\-

400+

\- X

\-

\-

\- X

\- X

\- X

\-

\-

\- X

300+ X

\- X X

\- X X X

\- X .

\- ..

\- .

\- X .

\- .

\- X . .

\- X .

200+ X

\-

\- X .

\- X

\- X .

\- .

\- XX .

\- .

\- X ..

\- X ..

100+UUUUUUUUUUUMLLL\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Figure 3. Ionogram output. (METHOD = 2)

GAUSSIAN HP-F1 IS PARABOLIC FVERT HTRUE HPRIM

\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--++

\- 1 .01 70.00 70.00

\- 2 .61 70.89 72.07

\- 3 1.22 74.47 79.16

\- 4 1.82 80.40 90.90

\- 5 2.12 84.20 98.40

\- 6 2.42 88.56 107.04

\- 7 2.71 93.46 116.65

\- 8 3.01 98.92 127.42

\- 9 3.31 106.06 145.12

\+ 10 3.42 109.07 151.54

\- 11 3.63 116.13 172.00

\- 12 3.73 119.84 180.56

\- 13 3.83 124.32 194.80

\- 14 3.93 128.94 206.05

\- 15 4.03 134.12 221.26

\- 16 4.13 139.57 234.50

\- 17 4.23 145.81 253.57

\- 18 4.33 152.70 276.09

\- 19 4.43 160.78 304.17

\+ 20 4.53 171.87 356.99

\- 21 4.63 186.99 430.56

\- 22 5.60 215.64 306.15

\- 23 6.57 225.34 290.15

\- 24 7.55 233.31 288.72

\- 25 8.52 240.95 294.62

\- 26 9.49 249.01 304.74

\- 27 10.47 259.14 324.81

\- 28 10.92 266.35 349.52

\- 29 11.15 270.68 371.54

\+ 30 11.26 275.43 403.26

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\+

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-

\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--+\-\-\--++

16 18 20

Figure 3a. Ionogram output continued

METHOD 7 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 3

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN H .00 L .00 A .0 OFF AZ .0

UT LT FOT MUF HPF ANGLE VIRTL TRUE FVERT

8.0 1.0 E-LAYER 2.0 2.3 2.6 9.9 150. 103. .6

F1LAYER 2.0 2.3 2.6 9.9 150. 103. .6

F2LAYER 6.8 8.2 10.4 25.9 369. 299. 4.2

ESLAYER 4.3 5.9 12.9 6.6 110. 110. 1.3

9.0 2.0 E-LAYER 2.0 2.3 2.6 9.9 150. 103. .6

F1LAYER 2.0 2.3 2.6 9.9 150. 103. .6

F2LAYER 6.6 8.1 9.5 26.8 382. 305. 4.3

ESLAYER 4.0 5.7 12.0 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

10.0 3.0 E-LAYER 2.1 2.4 2.7 9.9 150. 103. .6

F1LAYER 2.1 2.4 2.7 9.9 150. 103. .6

F2LAYER 6.1 7.5 8.8 26.6 380. 310. 3.9

ESLAYER 3.7 5.5 11.4 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

11.0 4.0 E-LAYER 2.5 2.9 3.3 9.8 149. 103. .7

F1LAYER 2.5 2.9 3.3 9.8 149. 103. .7

F2LAYER 5.2 6.4 7.5 26.7 382. 307. 3.4

ESLAYER 3.4 5.4 11.1 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

12.0 5.0 E-LAYER 3.5 4.0 4.5 9.7 148. 103. 1.0

F1LAYER 3.5 4.0 4.5 9.7 148. 103. 1.0

F2LAYER 5.1 6.3 7.4 25.3 359. 288. 3.2

ESLAYER 3.4 5.5 11.3 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

13.0 6.0 E-LAYER 4.9 5.7 6.4 9.7 147. 103. 1.4

F1LAYER 4.9 5.7 6.4 9.7 147. 103. 1.4

F2LAYER 7.0 8.2 9.2 24.2 342. 269. 4.0

ESLAYER 3.7 6.0 11.9 6.6 110. 110. 1.3

14.0 7.0 E-LAYER 6.7 7.7 8.7 9.7 147. 103. 1.9

F1LAYER 6.7 7.7 8.7 9.7 147. 103. 1.9

F2LAYER 10.3 12.2 13.6 22.8 321. 259. 5.6

ESLAYER 4.3 7.0 12.8 6.6 110. 110. 1.5

15.0 8.0 E-LAYER 8.5 9.8 11.0 9.7 147. 103. 2.4

F1LAYER 8.5 9.8 11.0 9.7 147. 103. 2.4

F2LAYER 13.9 16.4 18.4 22.0 310. 251. 7.4

ESLAYER 5.0 8.2 13.6 6.6 110. 110. 1.8

16.0 9.0 E-LAYER 10.1 11.6 13.0 9.7 147. 103. 2.8

F1LAYER 10.1 11.6 13.0 9.7 147. 103. 2.8

F2LAYER 16.6 19.5 21.8 21.2 299. 248. 8.6

ESLAYER 5.8 9.5 14.3 6.6 110. 110. 2.0

17.0 10.0 E-LAYER 11.2 12.9 14.6 9.4 144. 106. 3.1

F1LAYER 8.8 10.0 11.3 21.5 303. 154. 4.2

F2LAYER 17.6 20.4 23.3 22.5 318. 248. 9.3

ESLAYER 6.6 10.6 14.6 6.6 110. 110. 2.3

18.0 11.0 E-LAYER 11.9 13.6 15.3 9.5 145. 106. 3.3

F1LAYER 9.0 10.3 11.7 21.6 304. 152. 4.3

F2LAYER 18.2 21.2 24.2 23.4 331. 253. 10.0

ESLAYER 8.0 11.2 14.4 6.6 110. 110. 2.4

Figure 4. MUF complete output table (METHOD = 7)

19.0 12.0 E-LAYER 11.9 13.6 15.4 9.5 145. 106. 3.3

F1LAYER 9.0 10.3 11.6 21.6 304. 152. 4.3

F2LAYER 18.9 22.0 25.1 23.9 338. 260. 10.5

ESLAYER 8.5 11.1 13.8 6.6 110. 110. 2.4

20.0 13.0 E-LAYER 11.3 13.0 14.6 9.5 145. 106. 3.1

F1LAYER 8.7 10.0 11.3 21.6 304. 153. 4.2

F2LAYER 18.7 21.8 24.8 24.7 350. 264. 10.6

ESLAYER 8.0 10.5 13.0 6.6 110. 110. 2.3

21.0 14.0 E-LAYER 10.1 11.6 13.1 9.7 147. 103. 2.8

F1LAYER 10.1 11.6 13.1 9.7 147. 103. 2.8

F2LAYER 18.7 21.8 24.8 23.8 337. 268. 10.4

ESLAYER 6.7 9.4 12.1 6.6 110. 110. 2.0

22.0 15.0 E-LAYER 8.4 9.6 10.8 9.7 147. 103. 2.3

F1LAYER 8.4 9.6 10.8 9.7 147. 103. 2.3

F2LAYER 18.0 20.9 23.8 23.9 337. 269. 10.0

ESLAYER 5.0 8.2 11.4 6.6 110. 110. 1.8

23.0 16.0 E-LAYER 6.5 7.4 8.4 9.7 147. 103. 1.8

F1LAYER 6.5 7.4 8.4 9.7 147. 103. 1.8

F2LAYER 16.6 19.3 22.0 23.9 338. 270. 9.3

ESLAYER 4.3 7.1 11.1 6.6 110. 110. 1.5

.0 17.0 E-LAYER 4.7 5.4 6.1 9.7 147. 103. 1.3

F1LAYER 4.7 5.4 6.1 9.7 147. 103. 1.3

F2LAYER 14.3 16.7 19.0 24.5 348. 271. 8.1

ESLAYER 3.8 6.2 11.3 6.6 110. 110. 1.3

1.0 18.0 E-LAYER 3.4 3.9 4.4 9.7 148. 103. .9

F1LAYER 3.4 3.9 4.4 9.7 148. 103. .9

F2LAYER 11.0 13.9 17.8 24.5 348. 276. 6.8

ESLAYER 3.5 5.7 11.9 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

2.0 19.0 E-LAYER 2.5 2.9 3.3 9.8 149. 103. .7

F1LAYER 2.5 2.9 3.3 9.8 149. 103. .7

F2LAYER 9.2 11.6 14.9 24.5 347. 280. 5.7

ESLAYER 4.0 5.5 12.7 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

3.0 20.0 E-LAYER 2.1 2.4 2.7 9.9 150. 103. .6

F1LAYER 2.1 2.4 2.7 9.9 150. 103. .6

F2LAYER 7.6 9.6 12.3 25.3 360. 287. 4.8

ESLAYER 4.1 5.5 13.6 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

4.0 21.0 E-LAYER 1.9 2.1 2.4 9.9 150. 103. .5

F1LAYER 1.9 2.1 2.4 9.9 150. 103. .5

F2LAYER 6.3 8.0 10.2 26.1 371. 293. 4.1

ESLAYER 4.3 5.6 14.2 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

5.0 22.0 E-LAYER 1.8 2.1 2.4 9.9 150. 103. .5

F1LAYER 1.8 2.1 2.4 9.9 150. 103. .5

F2LAYER 5.8 7.0 8.9 26.1 372. 297. 3.6

ESLAYER 4.6 5.7 14.5 6.6 110. 110. 1.2

6.0 23.0 E-LAYER 1.9 2.2 2.5 9.9 150. 103. .5

F1LAYER 1.9 2.2 2.5 9.9 150. 103. .5

F2LAYER 5.8 7.0 8.8 26.0 371. 298. 3.6

ESLAYER 4.7 5.9 14.3 6.6 110. 110. 1.3

7.0 24.0 E-LAYER 2.0 2.2 2.5 9.9 150. 103. .6

F1LAYER 2.0 2.2 2.5 9.9 150. 103. .6

F2LAYER 6.3 7.6 9.6 26.0 371. 298. 3.9

ESLAYER 4.6 5.9 13.8 6.6 110. 110. 1.3

Figure 4a. MUF complete output table continued

METHOD 8 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 4

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN H .00 L .00 A .0 OFF AZ .0

MUF(\....) FOT(XXXX)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

40- -40

\- -

38- -38

\- -

36- -36 GMT MUF FOT

\- -

34- -34 1.0 13.9 11.0

\- - 2.0 11.6 9.2

32- -32 3.0 9.6 7.6

\- - 4.0 8.0 6.3

30- -30 5.0 7.0 5.8

\- - 6.0 7.0 5.8

28- -28 7.0 7.6 6.3

\- - 8.0 8.2 6.8

26- -26 9.0 8.1 6.6

\- - 10.0 7.5 6.1

24- -24 11.0 6.4 5.2

\- - 12.0 6.3 5.1

22- . . . -22 13.0 8.2 7.0

\- . . - 14.0 12.2 10.3

20- . . -20 15.0 16.4 13.9

\- X X X . - 16.0 19.5 16.6

18- X X X -18 17.0 20.4 17.6

\- . X X . - 18.0 21.2 18.2

16- . -16 19.0 22.0 18.9

\- - 20.0 21.8 18.7

14- X . X X -14 21.0 21.8 18.7

\- - 22.0 20.9 18.0

12- . . -12 23.0 19.3 16.6

\- X - .0 16.7 14.3

10- . X -10

\- X -

08- X . . . . . -08

\- . . X X . X -

06- X X . . -06

\- X X -

04- -04

\- -

02- -02

\- -

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

UNIVERSAL TIME

Figure 5. MUF-FOT graph (METHOD = 8)

METHOD 9 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 5

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN H .00 L .00 A .0 OFF AZ .0

MUF(\....) FOT(XXXX) HPF(++++)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

40- -40

\- -

38- -38

\- -

36- -36 GMT MUF FOT HPF

\- -

34- -34 1.0 13.9 11.0 17.8

\- - 2.0 11.6 9.2 14.9

32- -32 3.0 9.6 7.6 12.3

\- - 4.0 8.0 6.3 10.2

30- -30 5.0 7.0 5.8 8.9

\- - 6.0 7.0 5.8 8.8

28- -28 7.0 7.6 6.3 9.6

\- - 8.0 8.2 6.8 10.4

26- -26 9.0 8.1 6.6 9.5

\- + + + - 10.0 7.5 6.1 8.8

24- + + -24 11.0 6.4 5.2 7.5

\- + - 12.0 6.3 5.1 7.4

22- + . . . + -22 13.0 8.2 7.0 9.2

\- . . - 14.0 12.2 10.3 13.6

20- . . -20 15.0 16.4 13.9 18.4

\- + X X X . + - 16.0 19.5 16.6 21.8

18- + + X X X -18 17.0 20.4 17.6 23.3

\- . X X . - 18.0 21.2 18.2 24.2

16- . -16 19.0 22.0 18.9 25.1

\- + - 20.0 21.8 18.7 24.8

14- X . + X X -14 21.0 21.8 18.7 24.8

\- - 22.0 20.9 18.0 23.8

12- . + . -12 23.0 19.3 16.6 22.0

\- X - .0 16.7 14.3 19.0

10- . + + + + X -10

\- X + + + + -

08- X . . . . + . -08

\- . . X X . + X -

06- X X X X X . . -06

\- X X -

04- -04

\- -

02- -02

\- -

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

UNIVERSAL TIME

Figure 6. MUF-FOT-HPF graph (METHOD = 9)

METHOD 10 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 6

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN H .00 L .00 A .0 OFF AZ .0

MUF(\....) FOT(XXXX) ANG(++++)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

40- -40

\- -

38- -38

\- -

36- -36 GMT MUF FOT ANG

\- -

34- -34 1.0 13.9 11.0 24.5

\- - 2.0 11.6 9.2 24.5

32- -32 3.0 9.6 7.6 25.3

\- - 4.0 8.0 6.3 26.1

30- -30 5.0 7.0 5.8 26.1

\- - 6.0 7.0 5.8 26.0

28- -28 7.0 7.6 6.3 26.0

\- + + + - 8.0 8.2 6.8 25.9

26- + + + + + -26 9.0 8.1 6.6 26.8

\- + + + + + + - 10.0 7.5 6.1 26.6

24- + + + + + + -24 11.0 6.4 5.2 26.7

\- + + + - 12.0 6.3 5.1 25.3

22- + . . . -22 13.0 8.2 7.0 24.2

\- + . . - 14.0 12.2 10.3 22.8

20- . . -20 15.0 16.4 13.9 22.0

\- X X X . - 16.0 19.5 16.6 21.2

18- X X X -18 17.0 20.4 17.6 22.5

\- . X X . - 18.0 21.2 18.2 23.4

16- . -16 19.0 22.0 18.9 23.9

\- - 20.0 21.8 18.7 24.7

14- X . X X -14 21.0 21.8 18.7 23.8

\- - 22.0 20.9 18.0 23.9

12- . . -12 23.0 19.3 16.6 23.9

\- X - .0 16.7 14.3 24.5

10- . X -10

\- X -

08- X . . . . . -08

\- . . X X . X -

06- X X X X X . . -06

\- X X -

04- -04

\- -

02- -02

\- -

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

UNIVERSAL TIME

Figure 7. MUF-FOT-ANG graph (METHOD = 10)

METHOD 11 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 7

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN H .00 L .00 A .0 OFF AZ .0

MUF(\....) FOT(XXXX) ESMUF(++++)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

40- -40

\- -

38- -38

\- -

36- -36 GMT MUF FOT ESMUF

\- -

34- -34 1.0 13.9 11.0 5.7

\- - 2.0 11.6 9.2 5.5

32- -32 3.0 9.6 7.6 5.5

\- - 4.0 8.0 6.3 5.6

30- -30 5.0 7.0 5.8 5.7

\- - 6.0 7.0 5.8 5.9

28- -28 7.0 7.6 6.3 5.9

\- - 8.0 8.2 6.8 5.9

26- -26 9.0 8.1 6.6 5.7

\- - 10.0 7.5 6.1 5.5

24- -24 11.0 6.4 5.2 5.4

\- - 12.0 6.3 5.1 5.5

22- . . . -22 13.0 8.2 7.0 6.0

\- . . - 14.0 12.2 10.3 7.0

20- . . -20 15.0 16.4 13.9 8.2

\- X X X . - 16.0 19.5 16.6 9.5

18- X X X -18 17.0 20.4 17.6 10.6

\- . X X . - 18.0 21.2 18.2 11.2

16- . -16 19.0 22.0 18.9 11.1

\- - 20.0 21.8 18.7 10.5

14- X . X X -14 21.0 21.8 18.7 9.4

\- - 22.0 20.9 18.0 8.2

12- . . -12 23.0 19.3 16.6 7.1

\- X + + + - .0 16.7 14.3 6.2

10- . X + + -10

\- X + -

08- X . . . . . + + -08

\- . . X X . X + + -

06- + + + + + + + + + . + + + -06

\- + + + X -

04- -04

\- -

02- -02

\- -

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

UNIVERSAL TIME

Figure 8. MUF-FOT-Es MUF graph. (METHOD = 11)

METHOD 15 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 8

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE .000 -.500 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0

88 -36.5 -35.5 -35.0 -34.7 -34.5 -34.4 -34.3 -34.2 -34.2 -34.1

86 -30.5 -29.5 -29.0 -28.7 -28.5 -28.4 -28.3 -28.2 -28.2 -28.1

84 -27.0 -26.0 -25.5 -25.2 -25.0 -24.8 -24.8 -24.7 -24.6 -24.6

82 -24.6 -23.6 -23.0 -22.7 -22.5 -22.4 -22.3 -22.2 -22.1 -22.1

80 -22.7 -21.7 -21.1 -20.8 -20.6 -20.4 -20.3 -20.2 -20.2 -20.1

78 -21.2 -20.2 -19.6 -19.2 -19.0 -18.8 -18.7 -18.7 -18.6 -18.5

76 -20.0 -18.9 -18.3 -17.9 -17.7 -17.5 -17.4 -17.3 -17.2 -17.2

74 -18.9 -17.8 -17.1 -16.8 -16.5 -16.3 -16.2 -16.1 -16.1 -16.0

72 -18.0 -16.8 -16.1 -15.7 -15.5 -15.3 -15.2 -15.1 -15.0 -14.9

E 70 -17.2 -15.9 -15.2 -14.8 -14.5 -14.4 -14.2 -14.1 -14.0 -14.0

L 68 -16.4 -15.1 -14.4 -14.0 -13.7 -13.5 -13.3 -13.2 -13.1 -13.1

E 66 -15.7 -14.4 -13.6 -13.2 -12.9 -12.7 -12.5 -12.4 -12.3 -12.2

V 64 -15.0 -13.6 -12.9 -12.4 -12.1 -11.9 -11.7 -11.6 -11.5 -11.4

A 62 -14.3 -12.9 -12.2 -11.7 -11.4 -11.2 -11.0 -10.9 -10.8 -10.7

T 60 -13.6 -12.2 -11.5 -11.0 -10.7 -10.4 -10.3 -10.1 -10.0 -10.0

I 58 -12.8 -11.6 -10.8 -10.3 -10.0 -9.7 -9.6 -9.4 -9.3 -9.2

O 56 -12.1 -10.9 -10.1 -9.6 -9.3 -9.0 -8.9 -8.7 -8.6 -8.5

N 54 -11.3 -10.2 -9.4 -8.9 -8.6 -8.4 -8.2 -8.1 -8.0 -7.9

52 -10.6 -9.5 -8.8 -8.3 -8.0 -7.7 -7.5 -7.4 -7.3 -7.2

A 50 -9.8 -8.8 -8.1 -7.6 -7.3 -7.1 -6.9 -6.8 -6.6 -6.6

N 48 -9.0 -8.1 -7.4 -7.0 -6.7 -6.4 -6.3 -6.1 -6.0 -5.9

G 46 -8.2 -7.4 -6.8 -6.3 -6.0 -5.8 -5.6 -5.5 -5.4 -5.3

L 44 -7.4 -6.7 -6.1 -5.7 -5.4 -5.2 -5.1 -4.9 -4.8 -4.7

E 42 -6.7 -6.0 -5.5 -5.1 -4.9 -4.7 -4.5 -4.4 -4.3 -4.2

40 -6.0 -5.4 -4.9 -4.6 -4.3 -4.1 -4.0 -3.8 -3.7 -3.7

I 38 -5.3 -4.8 -4.4 -4.1 -3.8 -3.6 -3.5 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2

N 36 -4.7 -4.3 -3.9 -3.6 -3.3 -3.1 -3.0 -2.9 -2.8 -2.7

34 -4.1 -3.8 -3.4 -3.1 -2.9 -2.7 -2.6 -2.5 -2.4 -2.3

D 32 -3.6 -3.3 -3.0 -2.7 -2.5 -2.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -1.9

E 30 -3.1 -2.9 -2.6 -2.4 -2.2 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6

G 28 -2.7 -2.6 -2.3 -2.1 -1.9 -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.4

R 26 -2.4 -2.3 -2.1 -1.9 -1.7 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2

E 24 -2.1 -2.1 -1.9 -1.7 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -1.1

E 22 -2.0 -2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.5 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0

S 20 -1.9 -2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -1.1

18 -1.9 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.2

16 -2.1 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.5

14 -2.4 -2.6 -2.5 -2.4 -2.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -2.0 -1.9

12 -2.9 -3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -2.9 -2.8 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.5

10 -3.6 -4.0 -3.9 -3.9 -3.8 -3.7 -3.6 -3.5 -3.4 -3.4

8 -4.7 -5.1 -5.2 -5.1 -5.0 -4.9 -4.8 -4.7 -4.7 -4.6

6 -6.4 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.8 -6.7 -6.6 -6.5 -6.5 -6.4

4 -9.1 -9.6 -9.7 -9.7 -9.6 -9.5 -9.4 -9.4 -9.3 -9.3

2 -14.3 -14.9 -15.0 -15.0 -14.9 -14.8 -14.8 -14.7 -14.7 -14.6

0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 9. Transmitter antenna pattern. (METHOD = 15)

METHOD 15 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 9

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 90

-34.1 -34.1 -34.1 -34.0 -34.0 -34.0 -34.0 -34.0 -34.0 -34.0 -34.0 88

-28.1 -28.1 -28.0 -28.0 -28.0 -28.0 -28.0 -28.0 -28.0 -28.0 -27.9 86

-24.6 -24.5 -24.5 -24.5 -24.5 -24.5 -24.4 -24.4 -24.4 -24.4 -24.4 84

-22.1 -22.0 -22.0 -22.0 -22.0 -21.9 -21.9 -21.9 -21.9 -21.9 -21.9 82

-20.1 -20.1 -20.1 -20.0 -20.0 -20.0 -20.0 -20.0 -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 80

-18.5 -18.5 -18.5 -18.4 -18.4 -18.4 -18.4 -18.3 -18.3 -18.3 -18.3 78

-17.1 -17.1 -17.1 -17.0 -17.0 -17.0 -17.0 -17.0 -17.0 -16.9 -16.9 76

-16.0 -15.9 -15.9 -15.8 -15.8 -15.8 -15.8 -15.8 -15.7 -15.7 -15.7 74

-14.9 -14.9 -14.8 -14.8 -14.7 -14.7 -14.7 -14.7 -14.7 -14.6 -14.6 72

-13.9 -13.9 -13.8 -13.8 -13.8 -13.7 -13.7 -13.7 -13.7 -13.6 -13.6 70

-13.0 -13.0 -12.9 -12.9 -12.8 -12.8 -12.8 -12.8 -12.7 -12.7 -12.7 68

-12.2 -12.1 -12.1 -12.0 -12.0 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.8 66

-11.4 -11.3 -11.3 -11.2 -11.2 -11.1 -11.1 -11.1 -11.1 -11.0 -11.0 64

-10.6 -10.6 -10.5 -10.5 -10.4 -10.4 -10.3 -10.3 -10.3 -10.3 -10.2 62

-9.9 -9.8 -9.8 -9.7 -9.7 -9.6 -9.6 -9.5 -9.5 -9.5 -9.5 60

-9.2 -9.1 -9.1 -9.0 -8.9 -8.9 -8.8 -8.8 -8.8 -8.8 -8.7 58

-8.5 -8.4 -8.4 -8.3 -8.2 -8.2 -8.1 -8.1 -8.1 -8.1 -8.0 56

-7.8 -7.7 -7.7 -7.6 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.3 54

-7.1 -7.1 -7.0 -6.9 -6.9 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 52

-6.5 -6.4 -6.4 -6.3 -6.2 -6.2 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.0 -6.0 50

-5.9 -5.8 -5.7 -5.7 -5.6 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 48

-5.3 -5.2 -5.1 -5.1 -5.0 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 46

-4.7 -4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -4.4 -4.4 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.2 -4.2 44

-4.1 -4.1 -4.0 -3.9 -3.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 42

-3.6 -3.5 -3.5 -3.4 -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 40

-3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 38

-2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.5 -2.4 -2.4 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.2 36

-2.2 -2.2 -2.1 -2.1 -2.0 -2.0 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.8 34

-1.9 -1.8 -1.8 -1.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 32

-1.6 -1.5 -1.5 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 30

-1.3 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -.9 28

-1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -.9 -.9 -.9 -.8 -.8 -.8 -.8 26

-1.0 -1.0 -.9 -.9 -.8 -.8 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.7 24

-1.0 -.9 -.9 -.8 -.8 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.6 -.6 22

-1.0 -1.0 -.9 -.9 -.8 -.8 -.8 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.7 20

-1.2 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -.9 -.9 -.9 -.9 -.8 -.8 18

-1.4 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 16

-1.9 -1.8 -1.8 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.5 14

-2.5 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4 -2.3 -2.3 -2.2 -2.2 -2.2 -2.2 -2.2 12

-3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 10

-4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -4.5 -4.4 -4.4 -4.4 -4.4 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 8

-6.4 -6.4 -6.3 -6.3 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 6

-9.2 -9.2 -9.2 -9.1 -9.1 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -8.9 4

-14.6 -14.5 -14.5 -14.5 -14.4 -14.4 -14.4 -14.3 -14.3 -14.3 -14.3 2

-50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 -50.0 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 9a. Transmitter antenna pattern continued.

METHOD 15 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 10

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE .000 -.250 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6

88 -29.7 -30.0 -30.1 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.1

86 -23.6 -24.0 -24.1 -24.2 -24.2 -24.2 -24.2 -24.2 -24.1 -24.1

84 -20.1 -20.4 -20.6 -20.7 -20.7 -20.7 -20.7 -20.6 -20.6 -20.6

82 -17.6 -18.0 -18.1 -18.2 -18.2 -18.2 -18.2 -18.1 -18.1 -18.1

80 -15.7 -16.0 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2

78 -14.1 -14.4 -14.6 -14.7 -14.7 -14.7 -14.6 -14.6 -14.6 -14.6

76 -12.8 -13.1 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3

74 -11.6 -11.9 -12.1 -12.2 -12.2 -12.2 -12.2 -12.1 -12.1 -12.1

72 -10.6 -10.9 -11.1 -11.2 -11.2 -11.2 -11.2 -11.1 -11.1 -11.1

E 70 -9.7 -10.0 -10.2 -10.3 -10.3 -10.3 -10.3 -10.2 -10.2 -10.2

L 68 -8.9 -9.2 -9.4 -9.4 -9.5 -9.5 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4

E 66 -8.1 -8.5 -8.6 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7

V 64 -7.4 -7.8 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0

A 62 -6.8 -7.2 -7.3 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4

T 60 -6.2 -6.6 -6.8 -6.8 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8

I 58 -5.7 -6.1 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3

O 56 -5.2 -5.6 -5.8 -5.8 -5.9 -5.9 -5.9 -5.8 -5.8 -5.8

N 54 -4.8 -5.2 -5.3 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4

52 -4.4 -4.7 -4.9 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0

A 50 -4.0 -4.4 -4.5 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6

N 48 -3.6 -4.0 -4.2 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3

G 46 -3.3 -3.7 -3.9 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0

L 44 -3.0 -3.4 -3.6 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

E 42 -2.7 -3.2 -3.4 -3.4 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.4

40 -2.5 -2.9 -3.1 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2

I 38 -2.3 -2.8 -3.0 -3.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1

N 36 -2.1 -2.6 -2.8 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9

34 -2.0 -2.5 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8

D 32 -1.9 -2.4 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7

E 30 -1.8 -2.3 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7

G 28 -1.8 -2.3 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7

R 26 -1.8 -2.4 -2.6 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8

E 24 -1.9 -2.5 -2.7 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9

E 22 -2.0 -2.6 -2.9 -3.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1

S 20 -2.2 -2.9 -3.1 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3

18 -2.5 -3.2 -3.5 -3.6 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

16 -2.9 -3.6 -3.9 -4.0 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1

14 -3.4 -4.1 -4.5 -4.6 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7

12 -4.1 -4.8 -5.2 -5.3 -5.4 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5

10 -5.0 -5.8 -6.1 -6.3 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.5 -6.4 -6.4

8 -6.2 -7.1 -7.5 -7.6 -7.7 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8

6 -8.0 -8.9 -9.3 -9.5 -9.6 -9.6 -9.7 -9.7 -9.7 -9.7

4 -10.7 -11.7 -12.2 -12.4 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5

2 -16.0 -17.0 -17.5 -17.7 -17.8 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9

0 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 10. Receiver-antenna pattern. (METHOD = 15)

METHOD 15 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 11

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 90

-30.1 -30.1 -30.1 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -29.9 -29.9 88

-24.1 -24.1 -24.1 -24.0 -24.0 -24.0 -24.0 -23.9 -23.9 -23.9 -23.9 86

-20.6 -20.6 -20.5 -20.5 -20.5 -20.5 -20.4 -20.4 -20.4 -20.4 -20.4 84

-18.1 -18.1 -18.0 -18.0 -18.0 -18.0 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 82

-16.1 -16.1 -16.1 -16.1 -16.1 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 80

-14.6 -14.6 -14.5 -14.5 -14.5 -14.5 -14.4 -14.4 -14.4 -14.4 -14.4 78

-13.2 -13.2 -13.2 -13.2 -13.2 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 76

-12.1 -12.1 -12.1 -12.0 -12.0 -12.0 -12.0 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 74

-11.1 -11.1 -11.0 -11.0 -11.0 -11.0 -11.0 -10.9 -10.9 -10.9 -10.9 72

-10.2 -10.2 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 70

-9.4 -9.4 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 68

-8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 66

-8.0 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 64

-7.4 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 62

-6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.6 -6.6 -6.6 60

-6.3 -6.3 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 58

-5.8 -5.8 -5.8 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.6 -5.6 56

-5.4 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 54

-5.0 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 52

-4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.4 -4.4 50

-4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 48

-3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 46

-3.7 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.5 -3.5 44

-3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 42

-3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 40

-3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 38

-2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 36

-2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 34

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 32

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 30

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 28

-2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 26

-2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 24

-3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 22

-3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 20

-3.7 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 18

-4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 16

-4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 14

-5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.3 12

-6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 10

-7.8 -7.8 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 8

-9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 6

-12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.4 -12.4 4

-17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 2

-50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 10a. Receiver-antenna pattern continued.

METHOD 16 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 12

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

MULTIPATH POWER TOLERANCE = 10.0 DB MULTIPATH DELAY TOLERANCE = .850 MS

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1 E 1ES 2F1 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

23.9 3.3 3.3 6.6 26.6 27.0 22.5 21.1 21.0 21.8 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

5.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 DELAY

338\. 71. 72. 110. 176. 386. 318. 297. 296. 307. 338. 338. V HITE

.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .80 .11 .00 F DAYS

141\. 209. 203. 183. 162. 139. 136. 135. 134. 135. 155. 202. LOSS

41\. -38. -29. -6. 17. 37. 43. 44. 46. 47. 28. -18. DBU

-95 -162 -157 -137 -111 -92 -88 -89 -89 -88 -110 -157 S DBW

-173 -145 -150 -156 -161 -163 -163 -165 -168 -172 -175 -177 N DBW

78\. -18. -8. 19. 49. 70. 74. 76. 79. 83. 66. 20. SNR

-5. 79. 69. 42. 15. -9. -13. -15. -18. -18. 15. 60. RPWRG

.95 .00 .00 .00 .23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .05 REL

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1ES 1ES 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

26.0 7.0 19.0 20.2 25.3 26.0 6.6 6.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

5.1 4.4 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 DELAY

370\. 115. 268. 284. 360. 371. 110. 110. 371. 371. 371. 371. V HITE

.50 .86 1.00 .99 .52 .06 .14 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 F DAYS

125\. 120. 120. 118. 124. 144. 168. 192. 227. 228. 230. 231. LOSS

52\. 47. 46. 52. 52. 32. 15. -7. -47. -47. -47. -47. DBU

-75 -71 -73 -72 -74 -98 -122 -147 -181 -183 -184 -186 S DBW

-157 -138 -143 -149 -157 -163 -166 -169 -171 -173 -175 -177 N DBW

82\. 67. 69. 77. 82. 64. 45. 23. -10. -10. -9. -8. SNR

-16. -4. -8. -16. -16. 8. 25. 57. 72. 72. 71. 70. RPWRG

1.00 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .76 .31 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 REL

.00 .63 .89 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

Figure 11. System performance. (METHOD = 16)

METHOD 17 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 13

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

MULTIPATH POWER TOLERANCE = 10.0 DB MULTIPATH DELAY TOLERANCE = .850 MS

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1 E 1ES 2F1 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

23.9 3.3 3.3 6.6 26.6 27.0 22.5 21.1 21.0 21.8 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .80 .11 .00 F DAYS

41\. -38. -29. -6. 17. 37. 43. 44. 46. 47. 28. -18. DBU

78\. -18. -8. 19. 49. 70. 74. 76. 79. 83. 66. 20. SNR

.95 .00 .00 .00 .23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .05 REL

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1ES 1ES 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

26.0 7.0 19.0 20.2 25.3 26.0 6.6 6.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

.50 .86 1.00 .99 .52 .06 .14 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 F DAYS

52\. 47. 46. 52. 52. 32. 15. -7. -47. -47. -47. -47. DBU

82\. 67. 69. 77. 82. 64. 45. 23. -10. -10. -9. -8. SNR

1.00 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .76 .31 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 REL

Figure 12. Condensed system performance,

reliabilities. (METHOD = 17)

METHOD 18 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 14

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1 E 1ES 2F1 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

23.9 3.3 3.3 6.6 26.6 27.0 22.5 21.1 21.0 21.8 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .80 .11 .00 F DAYS

41\. -38. -29. -6. 17. 37. 43. 44. 46. 47. 28. -18. DBU

78\. -18. -8. 19. 49. 70. 74. 76. 79. 83. 66. 20. SNR

.56 .00 .00 .00 .16 .63 .76 .81 .84 .79 .31 .03 S PRB

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1ES 1ES 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

26.0 7.0 19.0 20.2 25.3 26.0 6.6 6.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

.50 .86 1.00 .99 .52 .06 .14 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 F DAYS

52\. 47. 46. 52. 52. 32. 15. -7. -47. -47. -47. -47. DBU

82\. 67. 69. 77. 82. 64. 45. 23. -10. -10. -9. -8. SNR

.73 .53 .64 .84 .74 .34 .13 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 S PRB

Figure 13. Condensed system performance,

service probability. (METHOD = 18)

METHOD 19 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 15

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1 E 1ES 2F1 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

23.9 3.3 3.3 6.6 26.6 27.0 22.5 21.1 21.0 21.8 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

5.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 DELAY

338\. 71. 72. 110. 176. 386. 318. 297. 296. 307. 338. 338. V HITE

.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .80 .11 .00 F DAYS

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1ES 1ES 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

26.0 7.0 19.0 20.2 25.3 26.0 6.6 6.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

5.1 4.4 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 DELAY

370\. 115. 268. 284. 360. 371. 110. 110. 371. 371. 371. 371. V HITE

.50 .86 1.00 .99 .52 .06 .14 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 F DAYS

Figure 14. Propagation path geometry. (METHOD = 19)

METHOD 20 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 16

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

MULTIPATH POWER TOLERANCE = 10.0 DB MULTIPATH DELAY TOLERANCE = .850 MS

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1 E 1ES 2F1 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

23.9 3.3 3.3 6.6 26.6 27.0 22.5 21.1 21.0 21.8 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

5.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 DELAY

338\. 71. 72. 110. 176. 386. 318. 297. 296. 307. 338. 338. V HITE

.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .80 .11 .00 F DAYS

141\. 209. 203. 183. 162. 139. 136. 135. 134. 135. 155. 202. LOSS

41\. -38. -29. -6. 17. 37. 43. 44. 46. 47. 28. -18. DBU

-95 -162 -157 -137 -111 -92 -88 -89 -89 -88 -110 -157 S DBW

-173 -145 -150 -156 -161 -163 -163 -165 -168 -172 -175 -177 N DBW

78\. -18. -8. 19. 49. 70. 74. 76. 79. 83. 66. 20. SNR

-5. 79. 69. 42. 15. -9. -13. -15. -18. -18. 15. 60. RPWRG

.95 .00 .00 .00 .23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .05 REL

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

.56 .00 .00 .00 .16 .63 .76 .81 .84 .79 .31 .03 S PRB

17\. 2. 2. 2. 7. 3. 3. 3. 4. 9. 25. 25. SIG LW

8\. 2. 2. 2. 4. 5. 3. 2. 2. 5. 16. 25. SIG UP

12\. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9. 8. 9. 10. 19. 27. SNR UP

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1ES 1ES 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

26.0 7.0 19.0 20.2 25.3 26.0 6.6 6.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

5.1 4.4 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 DELAY

370\. 115. 268. 284. 360. 371. 110. 110. 371. 371. 371. 371. V HITE

.50 .86 1.00 .99 .52 .06 .14 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 F DAYS

125\. 120. 120. 118. 124. 144. 168. 192. 227. 228. 230. 231. LOSS

52\. 47. 46. 52. 52. 32. 15. -7. -47. -47. -47. -47. DBU

-75 -71 -73 -72 -74 -98 -122 -147 -181 -183 -184 -186 S DBW

-157 -138 -143 -149 -157 -163 -166 -169 -171 -173 -175 -177 N DBW

82\. 67. 69. 77. 82. 64. 45. 23. -10. -10. -9. -8. SNR

-16. -4. -8. -16. -16. 8. 25. 57. 72. 72. 71. 70. RPWRG

1.00 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .76 .31 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 REL

.00 .63 .89 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

.73 .53 .64 .84 .74 .34 .13 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 S PRB

10\. 3. 1. 2. 10. 16. 13. 24. 3. 3. 3. 3. SIG LW

6\. 2. 4. 1. 6. 16. 25. 25. 11. 1. 1. 0. SIG UP

10\. 9. 9. 7. 10. 18. 27. 27. 14. 10. 10. 10. SNR UP

Figure 15. complete system performance. (METHOD = 20)

METHOD 21 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 17

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

MULTIPATH POWER TOLERANCE = 10.0 DB MULTIPATH DELAY TOLERANCE = .850 MS

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

F2F2 E E E E E E F1 E F1F1 F2F1 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 MODE

20.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 34.0 23.8 22.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

20.0 18.0 18.0 22.0 16.0 23.8 12.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

5.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.8 5.4 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.0 DELAY

313\. 72. 74. 85. 203. 366. 248. 301. 295. 302. 338. 338. V HITE

.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .80 .11 .00 F DAYS

141\. 235. 212. 182. 143. 132. 134. 132. 133. 135. 154. 201. LOSS

42\. -74. -47. -13. 31. 43. 46. 47. 48. 46. 29. -17. DBU

-95 -189 -166 -137 -98 -87 -88 -87 -87 -90 -108 -156 S DBW

-173 -145 -150 -156 -161 -163 -163 -165 -168 -172 -175 -177 N DBW

78\. -44. -16. 19. 63. 76. 75. 78. 81. 82. 67. 21. SNR

-5. 106. 78. 42. -2. -4. 1. -17. -19. -15. 14. 59. RPWRG

.95 .00 .00 .00 .95 .94 .88 1.00 1.00 1.00 .73 .05 REL

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

.56 .00 .00 .00 .46 .54 .47 .85 .85 .74 .33 .04 S PRB

17\. 2. 2. 2. 3. 16. 21. 3. 5. 11. 25. 25. SIG LW

8\. 2. 2. 2. 2. 7. 15. 2. 3. 4. 16. 25. SIG UP

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 MODE

22.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

22.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

5.3 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 DELAY

334\. 276. 267. 282. 332. 371. 371. 371. 371. 371. 371. 371. V HITE

.50 1.00 1.00 .99 .52 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 F DAYS

134\. 152. 143. 134. 133. 149. 182. 220. 229. 229. 230. 232. LOSS

39\. 9. 21. 35. 39. 26. -6. -42. -49. -48. -48. -48. DBU

-89 -107 -98 -89 -88 -103 -137 -175 -183 -184 -185 -186 S DBW

-157 -138 -143 -149 -157 -163 -166 -169 -171 -173 -175 -177 N DBW

68\. 32. 45. 60. 69. 59. 29. -6. -12. -11. -10. -9. SNR

-2. 31. 17. 1. -2. 15. 49. 73. 74. 73. 71. 70. RPWRG

.94 .00 .05 .84 .94 .61 .11 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 REL

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

.50 .02 .11 .41 .51 .28 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 S PRB

10\. 3. 3. 4. 10. 19. 23. 11. 3. 3. 3. 3. SIG LW

6\. 1. 1. 1. 6. 16. 25. 25. 2. 1. 1. 1. SIG UP

Figure 16. forced long-path model. (METHOD = 21)

METHOD 22 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 18

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

MULTIPATH POWER TOLERANCE = 10.0 DB MULTIPATH DELAY TOLERANCE = .850 MS

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1 E 1ES 2F1 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

23.9 3.3 3.3 6.6 26.6 27.0 22.5 21.1 21.0 21.8 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

5.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 DELAY

338\. 71. 72. 110. 176. 386. 318. 297. 296. 307. 338. 338. V HITE

.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .80 .11 .00 F DAYS

141\. 209. 203. 183. 162. 139. 136. 135. 134. 135. 155. 202. LOSS

41\. -38. -29. -6. 17. 37. 43. 44. 46. 47. 28. -18. DBU

-95 -162 -157 -137 -111 -92 -88 -89 -89 -88 -110 -157 S DBW

-173 -145 -150 -156 -161 -163 -163 -165 -168 -172 -175 -177 N DBW

78\. -18. -8. 19. 49. 70. 74. 76. 79. 83. 66. 20. SNR

-5. 79. 69. 42. 15. -9. -13. -15. -18. -18. 15. 60. RPWRG

.95 .00 .00 .00 .23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .05 REL

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

.56 .00 .00 .00 .16 .63 .76 .81 .84 .79 .31 .03 S PRB

17\. 2. 2. 2. 7. 3. 3. 3. 4. 9. 25. 25. SIG LW

8\. 2. 2. 2. 4. 5. 3. 2. 2. 5. 16. 25. SIG UP

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1ES 1ES 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

26.0 7.0 19.0 20.2 25.3 26.0 6.6 6.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

5.1 4.4 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 DELAY

370\. 115. 268. 284. 360. 371. 110. 110. 371. 371. 371. 371. V HITE

.50 .86 1.00 .99 .52 .06 .14 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 F DAYS

125\. 120. 120. 118. 124. 144. 168. 192. 227. 228. 230. 231. LOSS

52\. 47. 46. 52. 52. 32. 15. -7. -47. -47. -47. -47. DBU

-75 -71 -73 -72 -74 -98 -122 -147 -181 -183 -184 -186 S DBW

-157 -138 -143 -149 -157 -163 -166 -169 -171 -173 -175 -177 N DBW

82\. 67. 69. 77. 82. 64. 45. 23. -10. -10. -9. -8. SNR

-16. -4. -8. -16. -16. 8. 25. 57. 72. 72. 71. 70. RPWRG

1.00 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .76 .31 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 REL

.00 .63 .89 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 MPROB

.73 .53 .64 .84 .74 .34 .13 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 S PRB

10\. 3. 1. 2. 10. 16. 13. 24. 3. 3. 3. 3. SIG LW

6\. 2. 4. 1. 6. 16. 25. 25. 11. 1. 1. 0. SIG UP

Figure 17. forced short-path model. (MODEL = 22)

METHOD 23 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 19

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

UT MUF

19.0 22.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1 E 1ES 2F1 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

23.9 3.3 3.3 6.6 26.6 27.0 22.5 21.1 21.0 21.8 23.9 23.9 ANGLE

338\. 71. 72. 110. 176. 386. 318. 297. 296. 307. 338. 338. V HITE

78\. -18. -8. 19. 49. 70. 74. 76. 79. 83. 66. 20. SNR

-5. 79. 69. 42. 15. -9. -13. -15. -18. -18. 15. 60. RPWRG

.95 .00 .00 .00 .23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .05 REL

7.0 7.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

1F2 1 E 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 1ES 1ES 1F2 1F2 1F2 1F2 MODE

26.0 7.0 19.0 20.2 25.3 26.0 6.6 6.6 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 ANGLE

370\. 115. 268. 284. 360. 371. 110. 110. 371. 371. 371. 371. V HITE

82\. 67. 69. 77. 82. 64. 45. 23. -10. -10. -9. -8. SNR

-16. -4. -8. -16. -16. 8. 25. 57. 72. 72. 71. 70. RPWRG

1.00 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .76 .31 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 REL

Figure 18. User-selected system performance. (METHOD = 23)

METHOD 24 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 20

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

FREQUENCY / RELIABILITY

LT MUF 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 MUF

1 8.2 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .91 .34 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00

2 8.1 .99 1.00 1.00 1.00 .64 .11 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .98

3 7.5 .98 1.00 1.00 .93 .37 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .93

4 6.4 .97 1.00 1.00 .69 .28 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .89

5 6.3 .93 1.00 1.00 .64 .29 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .88

6 8.2 .92 .97 1.00 1.00 .38 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .89

7 12.2 .12 .21 .99 1.00 1.00 .76 .14 .00 .00 .00 .00 .82

8 16.4 .00 .01 .33 1.00 1.00 1.00 .99 .71 .19 .00 .00 .87

9 19.5 .00 .00 .09 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .82 .05 .00 .86

10 20.4 .00 .00 .00 .24 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .97 .37 .00 .93

11 21.2 .00 .00 .00 .26 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .99 .56 .01 .95

12 22.0 .00 .00 .00 .23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .05 .95

13 21.8 .00 .00 .00 .19 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .66 .04 .96

14 21.8 .00 .00 .08 .99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .64 .03 .93

15 20.9 .00 .01 .36 .98 .99 .99 1.00 1.00 .97 .46 .00 .87

16 19.3 .15 .22 .93 .98 .99 1.00 1.00 .99 .81 .15 .00 .86

17 16.7 .47 .50 .95 .99 1.00 1.00 1.00 .77 .42 .00 .00 .93

18 13.9 .59 .87 .99 1.00 1.00 1.00 .91 .67 .38 .02 .00 .96

19 11.6 .65 .91 .99 1.00 1.00 .91 .60 .26 .04 .00 .00 .96

20 9.6 .82 .97 1.00 1.00 .95 .62 .20 .02 .00 .00 .00 .97

21 8.0 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .81 .34 .10 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00

22 7.0 .97 1.00 1.00 .97 .55 .33 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00

23 7.0 .97 1.00 1.00 .97 .58 .34 .12 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00

24 7.6 .98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .76 .31 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00

Figure 19. Reliability table output. (METHOD = 24)

METHOD 25 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 21

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

YE = 20.0 HE = 110.0 HS = 110.0

LAT LONG LMT UT E F1 Y1 H1 FH/2 F2Z Y2

H2 PB CEN EB M3000 TCGM RAT ZEN FLAG MAGL

39.6N 97.7W 12.5 19.0 3.46 4.6 50.0 200.0 .7 11.4 95.9

283.9 77.5 76.7 76.0 3.11 12.1 3.0 61.3 6 50.1N

FREQ = 3.0 MHZ UT = 19.0

1\. E 2. E 3. E 1. E

TIME DEL. 4.389 4.473 4.631 4.389

ANGLE 3.315 11.191 18.503 3.315

VIR. HITE 71.602 73.468 77.170 71.602

TRAN.LOSS 203.441 216.021 231.070 203.441

T. GAIN -11.082 -3.442 -2.002 -11.082

R. GAIN -13.177 -5.186 -3.081 -13.177

ABSORB 71.177 48.621 37.135

FS. LOSS 104.376 104.542 104.844

FIELD ST. -28.750 -49.321 -66.475 -28.711

SIG. POW. -158.000 -171.000 -186.000 -157.000

SNR -8.108 -20.688 -35.737 -7.891

MODE PROB 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

R. PWRG 1000.000 1000.000 1000.000 69.371

RELIABIL .000 .000 .000 .000

SERV PROB .000 .000 .000 .000

SIG LOW 2.460 2.460 2.460 2.460

SIG UP 2.256 2.256 2.256 2.256

NOISE = -150 S. POWER = -157

SIGNAL = 2.5 5.1 2.3 / 2.3 3.3 .7

NOISE = 9.7 -150.6 6.0 / 1.5 5.4 1.5

RELIAB = 10.0 -7.9 6.5

SPROB = 29.3 -10.1 29.3

Figure 20. All modes output (user defined freq.) (METHOD = 25)

METHOD 25 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 22

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

FREQ = 22.0 MHZ UT = 19.0

1.F2 1.ES 2.ES 1.F2

TIME DEL. 4.990 4.437 4.616 4.990

ANGLE 23.893 6.583 17.069 23.893

VIR. HITE 337.903 110.000 110.000 337.903

TRAN.LOSS 140.511 41260.370 82370.950 140.511

T. GAIN -.734 -5.604 -1.026 -.734

R. GAIN -2.819 -8.982 -3.786 -2.819

ABSORB 2.792 5.835 3.598

FS. LOSS 122.808 121.787 122.132

FIELD ST. 41.138 \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* 41.139

SIG. POW. -95.000 \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* -95.000

SNR 78.241 \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* 78.240

MODE PROB .500 .000 .000 .500

R. PWRG 1000.000 1000.000 1000.000 -5.335

RELIABIL .952 .000 .000 .952

SERV PROB .000 .001 .001 .000

SIG LOW 17.053 2.460 2.460 17.053

SIG UP 7.595 25.000 2.256 7.595

NOISE = -173 S. POWER = -95

SIGNAL = 2.5 5.1 2.3 / 2.3 3.3 .7

NOISE = 9.5 -174.0 5.5 / 1.4 4.8 1.6

RELIAB = 12.2 78.2 17.9

SPROB = 29.3 -10.1 29.3

Figure 21. All modes output (MUF) (METHOD = 25)

METHOD 26 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 23

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

UT LT FOT HPF ESMUF MUF LUF

1.0 18.0 11.00 17.82 5.68 13.92 3.47

3.0 20.0 7.57 12.26 5.45 9.58 2.29

5.0 22.0 5.85 8.94 5.72 7.04 2.00

7.0 24.0 6.28 9.60 5.93 7.56 2.00

9.0 2.0 6.60 9.53 5.75 8.15 2.00

11.0 4.0 5.19 7.50 5.42 6.41 2.00

13.0 6.0 6.97 9.18 6.04 8.19 2.00

15.0 8.0 13.93 18.35 8.19 16.39 7.11

17.0 10.0 17.57 23.28 10.60 20.43 8.33

19.0 12.0 18.94 25.11 11.15 22.03 8.75

21.0 14.0 18.74 24.84 9.41 21.79 8.76

23.0 16.0 16.63 22.05 7.05 19.34 4.67

Figure 22. LUF-MUF table. (METHOD = 26)

METHOD 27 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 24

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

LUF(\....) FOT(XXXX)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

40- -40

\- -

38- -38

\- -

36- -36 GMT LUF FOT

\- -

34- -34 1.0 3.5 11.0

\- - 3.0 2.3 7.6

32- -32 5.0 2.0 5.8

\- - 7.0 2.0 6.3

30- -30 9.0 2.0 6.6

\- - 11.0 2.0 5.2

28- -28 13.0 2.0 7.0

\- - 15.0 7.1 13.9

26- -26 17.0 8.3 17.6

\- - 19.0 8.8 18.9

24- -24 21.0 8.8 18.7

\- - 23.0 4.7 16.6

22- -22

\- -

20- -20

\- X X -

18- X -18

\- X -

16- -16

\- -

14- X -14

\- -

12- -12

\- X -

10- -10

\- . . -

08- X . -08

\- X X . -

06- X X -06

\- X . -

04- -04

\- . -

02- . . . . . . -02

\- -

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

UNIVERSAL TIME

Figure 23. LUF-FOT graph. (METHOD = 27)

METHOD 28 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 25

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

MUF(\....) FOT(XXXX) LUF(++++)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

40- -40

\- -

38- -38

\- -

36- -36 GMT MUF FOT LUF

\- -

34- -34 1.0 13.9 11.0 3.5

\- - 3.0 9.6 7.6 2.3

32- -32 5.0 7.0 5.8 2.0

\- - 7.0 7.6 6.3 2.0

30- -30 9.0 8.1 6.6 2.0

\- - 11.0 6.4 5.2 2.0

28- -28 13.0 8.2 7.0 2.0

\- - 15.0 16.4 13.9 7.1

26- -26 17.0 20.4 17.6 8.3

\- - 19.0 22.0 18.9 8.8

24- -24 21.0 21.8 18.7 8.8

\- - 23.0 19.3 16.6 4.7

22- . . -22

\- -

20- . -20

\- X X . -

18- X -18

\- X -

16- . -16

\- -

14- . X -14

\- -

12- -12

\- X -

10- . -10

\- + + -

08- X . . . + -08

\- . X X + -

06- X X . -06

\- X + -

04- -04

\- + -

02- + + + + + + -02

\- -

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

UNIVERSAL TIME

Figure 24. LUF MUF FOT graph. (METHOD = 28)

METHOD 29 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 26

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO ST. LOUIS,MO. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 38.67 N 90.25 W 91.84 281.42 702.6 1301.1

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

MUF(\....) LUF(XXXX)

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

40- -40

\- -

38- -38

\- -

36- -36 GMT MUF LUF

\- -

34- -34 1.0 13.9 3.5

\- - 3.0 9.6 2.3

32- -32 5.0 7.0 2.0

\- - 7.0 7.6 2.0

30- -30 9.0 8.1 2.0

\- - 11.0 6.4 2.0

28- -28 13.0 8.2 2.0

\- - 15.0 16.4 7.1

26- -26 17.0 20.4 8.3

\- - 19.0 22.0 8.8

24- -24 21.0 21.8 8.8

\- - 23.0 19.3 4.7

22- . . -22

\- -

20- . -20

\- . -

18- -18

\- -

16- . -16

\- -

14- . -14

\- -

12- -12

\- -

10- . -10

\- X X -

08- . . . X -08

\- . X -

06- . -06

\- X -

04- -04

\- X -

02- X X X X X X -02

\- -

MHZ+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+MHZ

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

UNIVERSAL TIME

Figure 25. LUF MUF graph. (METHOD = 29)

METHOD 7 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 27

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO AUCKLAND,N. Z. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 36.92 S 174.75 E 235.07 51.75 6377.8 11810.7

MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

UT LT FOT MUF HPF ANGLE VIRTL TRUE FVERT

13.0 6.0 E-LAYER 4.7 5.4 6.1 1.7 148. 103. 1.0

F1LAYER 4.7 5.4 6.1 1.7 148. 103. 1.0

F2LAYER 8.6 11.3 14.8 2.1 395. 292. 3.3

ESLAYER 3.0 4.7 10.6 1.9 110. 110. .9

19.0 12.0 E-LAYER 13.0 14.9 16.8 1.7 147. 103. 2.7

F1LAYER 13.0 14.9 16.8 1.7 147. 103. 2.7

F2LAYER 25.5 29.3 33.4 2.8 424. 293. 8.7

ESLAYER 9.4 13.6 17.7 1.9 110. 110. 2.5

1.0 18.0 E-LAYER 6.8 7.8 8.8 1.7 147. 103. 1.4

F1LAYER 6.8 7.8 8.8 1.7 147. 103. 1.4

F2LAYER 24.9 29.2 34.5 1.5 372. 271. 8.3

ESLAYER 5.0 8.2 15.1 1.9 110. 110. 1.5

Figure 26. MUF complete output table

(long path example). (METHOD = 7)

METHOD 23 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 28

JAN 1970 SSN = 100.

BOULDER,COLORADO TO AUCKLAND,N. Z. AZIMUTHS N. MI. KM

40.03 N 105.30 W - 36.92 S 174.75 E 235.07 51.75 6377.8 11810.7

ITSA 1 Antenna Package MINIMUM ANGLE .0 DEGREES

XMTR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.50 A .0 OFF AZ .0

RCVR 2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE H .00 L -.25 A .0 OFF AZ .0

POWER = 30.000 KW 3 MHZ NOISE = -150.0 DBW REQ. REL = .90 REQ. SNR =
55.0

UT MUF

13.0 11.3 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

F2F2 EF2 EF2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 MODE

3.0 3.0 4.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 ANGLE

14.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.3 2.1 ANGLE

374\. 206. 197. 301. 318. 365. 373. 372. 380. 389. 484. 395. V HITE

36\. -23. -7. 26. 39. 45. 30. 4. -23. -57. \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* SNR

45\. 85. 69. 36. 32. 36. 51. 77. 104. 138. 182. 198. RPWRG

.16 .00 .00 .00 .01 .22 .11 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 REL

19.0 29.3 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

F2F2 E E E E E E E E EF2 F1F2 F1F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 MODE

13.7 .5 1.0 1.0 1.0 18.0 13.0 12.8 8.5 12.0 12.0 12.8 ANGLE

5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 12.2 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 8.0 3.0 ANGLE

451\. 71. 72. 74. 82. 238. 231. 338. 415. 314. 335. 455. V HITE

39\. \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* -73. -31. 10. 27. 31. 41. 33.
SNR

42\. \*\*\*\* 926. 550. 350. 137. 110. 70. 36. 33. 39. 48. RPWRG

.19 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .06 .14 REL

1.0 29.2 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 FREQ

F2F2 E E E E F2 E F2 E F2 E F2 E F2F1 F2F1 F2F2 F2F2 F2F2 MODE

3.0 3.0 3.0 13.3 8.0 18.0 18.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1.0 ANGLE

16.0 .5 .5 .5 1.0 1.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 14.0 17.5 ANGLE

413\. 71. 74. 182. 161. 166. 210. 227. 275. 324. 355. 534. V HITE

35\. \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* -48. -9. 15. 29. 42.
27. SNR

46\. \*\*\*\* \*\*\*\* 456. 284. 216. 112. 73. 49. 37. 39. 54. RPWRG

.16 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .10 .08 REL

Figure 27. User selected system performance

(long path example). (METHOD = 23)

ICEPAC Version IC.10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

COMMENT ITSA-1 Antenna Package

COMMENT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*

METHOD 13

COMMENT

COMMENT Terminated Rhombic Transmitter Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Tilt Angle (Half of Large Interior Angle) = 67.5 Degrees,

COMMENT Antenna Leg Length = 88.39 Meters, Antenna Height = 16.76
Meters,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz (Default) , Number of Antennas = 1
(Default)

ANTENNA 1 1 .001 4. 67.5 88.3916.76

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Vertical Monopole Receiver Antenna

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Antenna Height = 1/4 Wavelength, Gain Above Diploe = 0 db,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz , Number of Antennas = 1

ANTENNA 2 2 .001 4. -0.25 30. 1

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Horizontal Dipole Transmitter Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Antenna Length = 1/2 Wavelength, Antenna Height = 1/4
Wavelength,

COMMENT Gain Above Half Wavelength Horizontal Dipole = 0.0 db,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz , Number of Antennas = 1

ANTENNA 1 3 .001 4. -0.5 -0.25 30. 1

EXECUTE

COMMENT Horizontal Yagi Receiver Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Antenna Length = 1/2 Wavelength, Antenna Height = 1/4
Wavelength,

COMMENT Gain Above Half Wavelength Horizontal Dipole = 3.0 db,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz (Default) , Number of Antennas = 1
(Default)

ANTENNA 2 4 .001 4. -0.5 -.25 3.0

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Vertical Log Periodic Array of Monopoles Transmitter Antenna

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Antenna Height = 1/4 Wavelength,

COMMENT Gain Above Quarter Wavelength Vertical Monopole = 2 db,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz (Default) , Number of Antennas = 1
(Default)

ANTENNA 1 5 .001 4. -0.25 2.

EXECUTE

COMMENT Curtain Receiver Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Number of Bays = 2 Antenna Element Length = 22 Meters,

COMMENT Height to 1st Element = 16 Meters, Number of Elements Per Bay =
4,

COMMENT Distance Between Element Centers = 26 Meters,

COMMENT Vertical Spacing of Elements=13 Meters, Distance From Screen=7
Meters,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz , Number of Antennas = 1

ANTENNA 2 6 .001 4. 2.0 22.0 16.0 4.0 26.0 13.0 7.0 30. 1

EXECUTE

Figure 28. Antenna pattern input commands.

COMMENT

COMMENT Terminated Sloping Vee Transmitter Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Half Apex Angle = 22.5 Degrees, Antenna Leg Length = 121.9
Meters,

COMMENT Antenna Height = 15.24 Meters, Terminated Height = 1.829 Meters,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz , Number of Antennas = 1

ANTENNA 1 7 .001 4. 22.5121.915.241.829 30. 1

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Inverted L Receiver Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Antenna Length = 21.34 Meters, Antenna Height = 10 Meters,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz , Number of Antennas = 1

COMMENT

ANTENNA 2 8 .001 4. 21.34 10.0 30. 1

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Terminated Sloping Rhombic Transmitter Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Half Large Interior Angle = 22.5 Degrees, Leg Length = 88.39
Meters,

COMMENT Antenna Height = 16.76 Meters, Terminated Height = 8.382 Meters,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz (Default) , Number of Antennas = 1
(Default)

ANTENNA 1 9 .001 4. 22.588.3916.768.382

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Interlaced Rhombic Receiver Antenna

COMMENT Bearing of Antenna = 0 Degrees East of North,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Half Large Interior Angle = 70 Degrees, Leg Length = 114 Meters,

COMMENT Lower Antenna Height = 20 Meters, Vertical Displacement = 4
Meters,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz (Default) , Number of Antennas = 1
(Default)

ANTENNA 2 11 .001 4. 70.0114.0 20.0 4.0 33.0

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Constant Gain Transmitter Antenna

COMMENT Gain Above an Isotropic = 10 db,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Antenna Efficiency = 0 db,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz (Default) , Number of Antennas = 1
(Default)

ANTENNA 1 12 10. .001 4. 0.

EXECUTE

COMMENT

COMMENT Constant Gain Receiver Antenna

COMMENT Gain Above an Isotropic = 10 db,

COMMENT Ground Conductivity = 0.001 MHOS/M, Dielectric Constant = 4,

COMMENT Antenna Efficiency = -1.9 db,

COMMENT Ending Frequency = 30 Mhz (Default) , Number of Antennas = 1
(Default)

ANTENNA 2 12 10. .001 4. -1.9

EXECUTE

QUIT

Figure 28a. Antenna pattern input commands (continued).

![](media/image4.wmf){width="6.602083333333334in"
height="8.483333333333333in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 1

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 TER. RHOMBIC 16.760 88.390 67.500

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -3.7 -11.7 -11.7 -2.4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

88 -3.1 -11.7 -11.7 -2.5 -7.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.8 -11.7 -11.7

86 -2.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.0 -5.4 -11.7 -11.7 -8.2 -11.7 -11.7

84 -2.2 -11.7 -11.7 -4.0 -3.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.8 -8.0 -11.7

82 -1.9 -7.8 -11.7 -5.4 -2.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.8 -11.7

80 -1.5 -5.9 -11.7 -7.4 -2.1 -9.5 -11.7 -11.7 -5.3 -7.6

78 -1.3 -4.2 -11.7 -11.7 -2.1 -6.4 -11.7 -11.7 -6.3 -4.0

76 -1.1 -2.8 -11.7 -11.7 -2.7 -4.3 -11.7 -11.7 -9.1 -2.6

74 -.9 -1.6 -11.7 -11.7 -3.8 -3.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.1

72 -.8 -.5 -11.7 -11.7 -5.6 -2.3 -8.0 -11.7 -11.7 -5.4

E 70 -.8 .5 -8.0 -11.7 -8.3 -2.4 -5.4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

L 68 -.8 1.2 -5.1 -11.7 -11.7 -3.1 -3.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

E 66 -.8 1.9 -2.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.6 -2.9 -7.3 -11.7 -11.7

V 64 -.9 2.5 -.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.0 -2.9 -5.1 -11.7 -11.7

A 62 -1.1 2.9 .9 -8.9 -11.7 -11.7 -3.7 -3.8 -7.1 -11.7

T 60 -1.3 3.2 2.3 -4.9 -11.7 -11.7 -5.4 -3.4 -5.0 -8.4

I 58 -1.6 3.5 3.4 -1.8 -11.7 -11.7 -8.4 -3.9 -3.9 -5.0

O 56 -1.9 3.6 4.4 .7 -9.9 -11.7 -11.7 -5.4 -3.8 -3.4

N 54 -2.2 3.7 5.1 2.7 -4.9 -11.7 -11.7 -8.2 -4.5 -3.0

52 -2.6 3.7 5.7 4.3 -1.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.3 -3.7

A 50 -3.1 3.6 6.2 5.6 1.8 -7.0 -11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -5.3

N 48 -3.6 3.4 6.5 6.7 4.1 -2.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.0

G 46 -4.2 3.1 6.7 7.5 6.0 1.7 -7.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

L 44 -4.8 2.8 6.7 8.2 7.5 4.5 -1.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

E 42 -5.5 2.3 6.6 8.6 8.6 6.8 2.6 -4.9 -11.7 -11.7

40 -6.2 1.8 6.5 8.9 9.5 8.5 5.7 .6 -8.2 -11.7

I 38 -7.0 1.3 6.2 9.0 10.1 9.9 8.1 4.6 -1.2 -11.7

N 36 -7.8 .6 5.8 8.9 10.5 10.9 9.9 7.6 3.7 -2.6

34 -8.7 -.1 5.3 8.7 10.8 11.6 11.3 9.9 7.3 3.1

D 32 -9.7 -.9 4.7 8.4 10.8 12.1 12.4 11.7 10.0 7.2

E 30 -11.7 -1.8 4.0 7.9 10.6 12.3 13.1 13.0 12.1 10.3

G 28 -11.7 -2.8 3.2 7.3 10.3 12.3 13.5 13.9 13.6 12.6

R 26 -11.7 -3.8 2.3 6.6 9.8 12.1 13.6 14.5 14.7 14.3

E 24 -11.7 -5.0 1.3 5.8 9.2 11.7 13.5 14.7 15.4 15.5

E 22 -11.7 -6.2 .2 4.9 8.4 11.1 13.2 14.7 15.7 16.2

S 20 -11.7 -7.5 -1.0 3.8 7.5 10.4 12.7 14.4 15.7 16.6

18 -11.7 -8.9 -2.3 2.6 6.4 9.5 11.9 13.9 15.4 16.6

16 -11.7 -11.7 -3.8 1.3 5.2 8.4 11.0 13.1 14.9 16.3

14 -11.7 -11.7 -5.3 -.2 3.8 7.1 9.9 12.2 14.0 15.6

12 -11.7 -11.7 -7.0 -1.9 2.3 5.7 8.5 10.9 12.9 14.7

10 -11.7 -11.7 -9.0 -3.7 .5 3.9 6.9 9.4 11.5 13.4

8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.9 -1.7 1.9 4.9 7.4 9.7 11.6

6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.6 -4.3 -.7 2.3 5.0 7.3 9.3

4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.9 -4.3 -1.2 1.5 3.8 5.9

2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.2 -4.4 -2.1 .0

0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 30. Horizontal rhombic pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 2

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-3.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -2.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 90

-3.1 -6.1 -11.7 -5.8 -11.7 -8.0 -6.8 -11.7 -8.2 -11.7 -3.1 88

-5.6 -2.4 -11.7 -5.7 -11.7 -3.9 -11.7 -4.4 -11.7 -11.7 -7.3 86

-11.7 -1.6 -6.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.4 -11.7 -3.7 -11.7 -6.1 -11.7 84

-11.7 -3.4 -2.2 -11.7 -8.8 -11.7 -3.4 -11.7 -9.2 -11.7 -6.1 82

-11.7 -8.8 -1.1 -11.7 -7.4 -11.7 -1.2 -11.7 -5.9 -11.7 -2.5 80

-11.7 -11.7 -3.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.3 -5.6 -11.7 -8.7 -11.7 78

-6.9 -11.7 -9.0 -4.9 -11.7 -3.9 -11.7 -.7 -11.7 -6.8 -11.7 76

-2.4 -11.7 -11.7 -1.9 -11.7 -4.4 -11.7 -4.9 -7.4 -11.7 -2.9 74

-.6 -5.0 -11.7 -2.6 -11.7 -11.7 -1.7 -11.7 -2.2 -11.7 -5.3 72

-.9 -.6 -11.7 -7.8 -6.2 -11.7 -.3 -11.7 -7.5 -7.2 -11.7 70

-3.4 1.0 -2.2 -11.7 -3.8 -11.7 -6.5 .0 -11.7 -5.2 -11.7 68

-8.7 .2 1.4 -11.7 -5.9 -7.3 -11.7 1.2 -7.4 -11.7 -4.1 66

-11.7 -3.1 2.1 -8.0 -11.7 -4.5 -11.7 -6.4 1.4 -11.7 -9.8 64

-11.7 -11.7 .2 -.2 -11.7 -6.6 -3.4 -11.7 .3 -2.8 -11.7 62

-11.7 -11.7 -4.9 3.0 -11.7 -11.7 -1.2 -7.4 -11.7 1.1 -9.4 60

-10.0 -11.7 -11.7 3.0 -2.2 -11.7 -5.2 1.1 -11.7 -5.5 -1.0 58

-4.6 -11.7 -11.7 -.2 2.6 -11.7 -11.7 1.3 .2 -11.7 -3.7 56

-2.1 -4.6 -11.7 -8.3 3.5 -2.7 -11.7 -5.8 4.2 -2.6 -11.7 54

-1.3 -.8 -4.6 -11.7 .8 2.2 -11.7 -11.7 .5 5.0 -5.9 52

-2.0 .6 .2 -11.7 -7.3 3.0 -1.9 -11.7 -11.7 3.7 4.9 50

-3.8 .2 2.2 -3.5 -11.7 -.6 1.8 -5.4 -11.7 -7.9 5.2 48

-6.7 -1.8 2.1 2.5 -11.7 -11.7 1.1 -.7 -5.0 -11.7 -4.9 46

-11.7 -5.1 .3 5.1 -.2 -11.7 -5.4 .4 -1.1 -3.3 -11.7 44

-11.7 -10.0 -3.4 5.2 5.4 -5.0 -11.7 -3.4 -.9 1.2 -1.2 42

-11.7 -11.7 -8.9 3.2 7.6 4.4 -11.7 -11.7 -3.7 -.6 3.8 40

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -1.0 7.2 8.5 3.0 -11.7 -11.7 -4.9 1.1 38

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.9 4.4 9.4 8.9 2.0 -11.7 -11.7 -6.2 36

-3.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -1.0 7.8 10.8 9.2 1.8 -11.7 -11.7 34

3.0 -3.2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 3.4 9.9 11.9 9.7 2.6 -11.7 32

7.5 3.4 -2.4 -11.7 -11.7 -4.6 6.2 11.4 12.8 10.7 4.4 30

10.9 8.2 4.4 -8.3 -11.7 -11.7 -1.1 7.9 12.4 13.7 12.0 28

13.3 11.6 9.2 1.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 .7 8.9 13.1 14.5 26

15.1 14.2 12.7 7.6 -1.4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 1.3 9.1 13.4 24

16.3 16.0 15.2 12.1 6.4 -3.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 .8 8.7 22

17.1 17.2 16.9 15.2 11.7 6.0 -3.4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -1.1 20

17.4 17.9 18.0 17.4 15.4 11.9 6.3 -2.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 18

17.3 18.1 18.6 18.8 17.9 15.9 12.5 7.4 -.5 -11.7 -11.7 16

16.9 17.9 18.7 19.5 19.4 18.5 16.5 13.4 8.9 2.1 -8.8 14

16.1 17.3 18.3 19.6 20.2 20.0 19.0 17.2 14.5 10.5 4.6 12

14.9 16.3 17.4 19.1 20.2 20.5 20.3 19.4 17.8 15.3 11.8 10

13.3 14.8 16.0 18.1 19.4 20.2 20.5 20.2 19.3 17.8 15.6 8

11.1 12.6 14.0 16.2 17.8 18.9 19.5 19.7 19.3 18.4 16.9 6

7.7 9.3 10.8 13.1 15.0 16.3 17.1 17.5 17.5 17.0 16.0 4

1.9 3.5 5.0 7.5 9.4 10.8 11.8 12.3 12.5 12.2 11.5 2

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 30a. Horizontal rhombic pattern continued.

![](media/image5.wmf){width="4.366666666666666in"
height="8.259027777777778in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 3

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 VER MONOPOLE .000 -.250 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6

88 -29.7 -30.0 -30.1 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.2 -30.1

86 -23.6 -24.0 -24.1 -24.2 -24.2 -24.2 -24.2 -24.2 -24.1 -24.1

84 -20.1 -20.4 -20.6 -20.7 -20.7 -20.7 -20.7 -20.6 -20.6 -20.6

82 -17.6 -18.0 -18.1 -18.2 -18.2 -18.2 -18.2 -18.1 -18.1 -18.1

80 -15.7 -16.0 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2 -16.2

78 -14.1 -14.4 -14.6 -14.7 -14.7 -14.7 -14.6 -14.6 -14.6 -14.6

76 -12.8 -13.1 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3

74 -11.6 -11.9 -12.1 -12.2 -12.2 -12.2 -12.2 -12.1 -12.1 -12.1

72 -10.6 -10.9 -11.1 -11.2 -11.2 -11.2 -11.2 -11.1 -11.1 -11.1

E 70 -9.7 -10.0 -10.2 -10.3 -10.3 -10.3 -10.3 -10.2 -10.2 -10.2

L 68 -8.9 -9.2 -9.4 -9.4 -9.5 -9.5 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4

E 66 -8.1 -8.5 -8.6 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7

V 64 -7.4 -7.8 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0

A 62 -6.8 -7.2 -7.3 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4

T 60 -6.2 -6.6 -6.8 -6.8 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8

I 58 -5.7 -6.1 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3

O 56 -5.2 -5.6 -5.8 -5.8 -5.9 -5.9 -5.9 -5.8 -5.8 -5.8

N 54 -4.8 -5.2 -5.3 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4

52 -4.4 -4.7 -4.9 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0

A 50 -4.0 -4.4 -4.5 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6

N 48 -3.6 -4.0 -4.2 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3

G 46 -3.3 -3.7 -3.9 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0

L 44 -3.0 -3.4 -3.6 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

E 42 -2.7 -3.2 -3.4 -3.4 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.4

40 -2.5 -2.9 -3.1 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2

I 38 -2.3 -2.8 -3.0 -3.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1

N 36 -2.1 -2.6 -2.8 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9

34 -2.0 -2.5 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8

D 32 -1.9 -2.4 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7

E 30 -1.8 -2.3 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7

G 28 -1.8 -2.3 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7

R 26 -1.8 -2.4 -2.6 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8

E 24 -1.9 -2.5 -2.7 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9

E 22 -2.0 -2.6 -2.9 -3.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1

S 20 -2.2 -2.9 -3.1 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3

18 -2.5 -3.2 -3.5 -3.6 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

16 -2.9 -3.6 -3.9 -4.0 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1

14 -3.4 -4.1 -4.5 -4.6 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7

12 -4.1 -4.8 -5.2 -5.3 -5.4 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5

10 -5.0 -5.8 -6.1 -6.3 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.5 -6.4 -6.4

8 -6.2 -7.1 -7.5 -7.6 -7.7 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8

6 -8.0 -8.9 -9.3 -9.5 -9.6 -9.6 -9.7 -9.7 -9.7 -9.7

4 -10.7 -11.7 -12.2 -12.4 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5

2 -16.0 -17.0 -17.5 -17.7 -17.8 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9

0 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 32. Vertical monopole pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 4

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 90

-30.1 -30.1 -30.1 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -29.9 -29.9 88

-24.1 -24.1 -24.1 -24.0 -24.0 -24.0 -24.0 -23.9 -23.9 -23.9 -23.9 86

-20.6 -20.6 -20.5 -20.5 -20.5 -20.5 -20.4 -20.4 -20.4 -20.4 -20.4 84

-18.1 -18.1 -18.0 -18.0 -18.0 -18.0 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 82

-16.1 -16.1 -16.1 -16.1 -16.1 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 -16.0 80

-14.6 -14.6 -14.5 -14.5 -14.5 -14.5 -14.4 -14.4 -14.4 -14.4 -14.4 78

-13.2 -13.2 -13.2 -13.2 -13.2 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 -13.1 76

-12.1 -12.1 -12.1 -12.0 -12.0 -12.0 -12.0 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 74

-11.1 -11.1 -11.0 -11.0 -11.0 -11.0 -11.0 -10.9 -10.9 -10.9 -10.9 72

-10.2 -10.2 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 70

-9.4 -9.4 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 68

-8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 66

-8.0 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 64

-7.4 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 62

-6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.6 -6.6 -6.6 60

-6.3 -6.3 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 58

-5.8 -5.8 -5.8 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.6 -5.6 56

-5.4 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 54

-5.0 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 52

-4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.4 -4.4 50

-4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 48

-3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 46

-3.7 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.5 -3.5 44

-3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 42

-3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 40

-3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 38

-2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 36

-2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 34

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 32

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 30

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 28

-2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 26

-2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 24

-3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 22

-3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 20

-3.7 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 18

-4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 16

-4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 14

-5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.3 12

-6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 10

-7.8 -7.8 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 8

-9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 6

-12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.5 -12.4 -12.4 4

-17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.9 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 -17.8 2

-50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 -50.6 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 32a. Vertical monopole pattern continued.

![](media/image6.wmf){width="6.002777777777778in"
height="8.496527777777779in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 5

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 HORZ. DIPOLE -.250 -.500 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9

88 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9

86 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9

84 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9

82 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9

80 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9

78 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

76 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

74 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0

72 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0

E 70 6.3 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1

L 68 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1

E 66 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1

V 64 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1

A 62 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2

T 60 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2

I 58 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

O 56 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

N 54 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

52 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

A 50 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

N 48 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2

G 46 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1

L 44 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1

E 42 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0

40 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9

I 38 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8

N 36 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7

34 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5

D 32 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3

E 30 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0

G 28 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7

R 26 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4

E 24 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0

E 22 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5

S 20 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9

18 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3

16 1.1 1.1 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .7 .6 .6 .5

14 .1 .1 .0 .0 -.1 -.2 -.2 -.3 -.3 -.4

12 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.3 -1.3 -1.4 -1.4 -1.5

10 -2.5 -2.5 -2.5 -2.5 -2.6 -2.6 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8

8 -4.3 -4.2 -4.2 -4.3 -4.3 -4.4 -4.4 -4.5 -4.5 -4.6

6 -6.6 -6.6 -6.6 -6.6 -6.6 -6.7 -6.7 -6.8 -6.8 -6.9

4 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

2 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 34. Horizontal dipole pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 6

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 90

4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 88

4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 86

4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 84

4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 82

4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 80

4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 78

5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 76

5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 74

5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 72

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 70

5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 68

5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 66

5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 64

5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 62

5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 60

5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 58

5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 56

5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 54

5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 52

5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 50

5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 48

5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 46

5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 44

5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 42

4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 40

4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 38

4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 36

4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 34

4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 32

4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 30

3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 28

3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 26

2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 24

2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 22

1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 20

1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 18

.5 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 16

-.4 -.5 -.5 -.5 -.6 -.6 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.7 14

-1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.8 -1.8 -1.8 -1.8 12

-2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -3.0 -3.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.2 -3.2 10

-4.6 -4.6 -4.7 -4.7 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 8

-6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -7.0 -7.0 -7.1 -7.1 -7.1 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 6

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 4

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 2

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 34a. Horizontal dipole pattern continued.

![](media/image7.wmf){width="6.376388888888889in"
height="8.361805555555556in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 7

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 HORZ. YAGI -.258 -.500 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8

88 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8

86 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8

84 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9

82 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9

80 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9

78 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9

76 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9

74 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

72 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0

E 70 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0

L 68 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1

E 66 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1

V 64 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2

A 62 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2

T 60 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

I 58 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

O 56 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3

N 54 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3

52 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3

A 50 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3

N 48 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3

G 46 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2

L 44 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2

E 42 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1

40 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0

I 38 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9

N 36 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8

34 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6

D 32 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4

E 30 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2

G 28 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

R 26 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6

E 24 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2

E 22 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7

S 20 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1

18 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5

16 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .7

14 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .0 .0 -.1 -.1 -.2

12 -.8 -.8 -.9 -.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.3

10 -2.2 -2.2 -2.3 -2.3 -2.4 -2.4 -2.5 -2.5 -2.6 -2.6

8 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.1 -4.1 -4.2 -4.2 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3

6 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.5 -6.5 -6.6 -6.6 -6.6

4 -9.8 -9.7 -9.7 -9.7 -9.8 -9.8 -9.8 -9.9 -9.9 -10.0

2 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 36. Horizontal Yagi Pattern

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 8

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 90

4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 88

4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 86

4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 84

4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 82

4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 80

4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 78

4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 76

5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 74

5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 72

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 70

5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 68

5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 66

5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 64

5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 62

5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 60

5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 58

5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 56

5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 54

5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 52

5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 50

5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 48

5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 46

5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 44

5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 42

5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 40

4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 38

4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 36

4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 34

4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 32

4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 30

3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 28

3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 26

3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 24

2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 22

2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 20

1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 18

.7 .7 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 16

-.2 -.2 -.3 -.3 -.4 -.4 -.4 -.5 -.5 -.5 -.5 14

-1.3 -1.3 -1.4 -1.4 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 12

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -3.0 10

-4.4 -4.4 -4.4 -4.5 -4.5 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.7 -4.7 8

-6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -7.0 6

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 4

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 2

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 36a. Horizontal Yagi Pattern continued.

![](media/image8.wmf){width="6.09375in" height="8.475in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 9

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 V LOG PERIOD .000 -.250 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

88 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

86 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

84 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

82 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

80 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

78 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

76 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

74 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

72 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

E 70 -9.7 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

L 68 -8.9 -9.2 -9.4 -9.4 -9.5 -9.5 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4

E 66 -8.1 -8.5 -8.6 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7 -8.7

V 64 -7.4 -7.8 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0

A 62 -6.8 -7.2 -7.3 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4 -7.4

T 60 -6.2 -6.6 -6.8 -6.8 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.8 -6.8 -6.8

I 58 -5.7 -6.1 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3

O 56 -5.2 -5.6 -5.8 -5.8 -5.9 -5.9 -5.9 -5.8 -5.8 -5.8

N 54 -4.8 -5.2 -5.3 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4

52 -4.4 -4.7 -4.9 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0

A 50 -4.0 -4.4 -4.5 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6

N 48 -3.6 -4.0 -4.2 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3

G 46 -3.3 -3.7 -3.9 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0

L 44 -3.0 -3.4 -3.6 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

E 42 -2.7 -3.2 -3.4 -3.4 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.4

40 -2.5 -2.9 -3.1 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2

I 38 -2.3 -2.8 -3.0 -3.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1

N 36 -2.1 -2.6 -2.8 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9

34 -2.0 -2.5 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8

D 32 -1.9 -2.4 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7

E 30 -1.8 -2.3 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7

G 28 -1.8 -2.3 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7

R 26 -1.8 -2.4 -2.6 -2.7 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8

E 24 -1.9 -2.5 -2.7 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9

E 22 -2.0 -2.6 -2.9 -3.0 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1

S 20 -2.2 -2.9 -3.1 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3

18 -2.5 -3.2 -3.5 -3.6 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

16 -2.9 -3.6 -3.9 -4.0 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1

14 -3.4 -4.1 -4.5 -4.6 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7

12 -4.1 -4.8 -5.2 -5.3 -5.4 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5 -5.5

10 -5.0 -5.8 -6.1 -6.3 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.5 -6.4 -6.4

8 -6.2 -7.1 -7.5 -7.6 -7.7 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8

6 -8.0 -8.9 -9.3 -9.5 -9.6 -9.6 -9.7 -9.7 -9.7 -9.7

4 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

2 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

0 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 38. Vertical log periodic pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 10

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 90

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 88

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 86

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 84

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 82

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 80

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 78

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 76

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 74

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 72

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 70

-9.4 -9.4 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 -9.2 68

-8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.6 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 66

-8.0 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 -7.8 64

-7.4 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 62

-6.8 -6.8 -6.8 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.7 -6.6 -6.6 -6.6 60

-6.3 -6.3 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 58

-5.8 -5.8 -5.8 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.6 -5.6 56

-5.4 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.3 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 54

-5.0 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 52

-4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.5 -4.4 -4.4 50

-4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 48

-3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.8 46

-3.7 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.5 -3.5 44

-3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 42

-3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 40

-3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 38

-2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 36

-2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 34

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 32

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 30

-2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 28

-2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 26

-2.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 24

-3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 22

-3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 -3.2 20

-3.7 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6 18

-4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.1 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 16

-4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 14

-5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.3 12

-6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.4 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 10

-7.8 -7.8 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 -7.7 8

-9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 -9.6 6

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 4

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 2

-10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6 -.6

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 38a. Vertical log periodic pattern continued.

![](media/image9.wmf){width="6.397916666666666in"
height="8.302777777777777in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 11

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 CURTAIN ANT. 16.000 22.000 2.000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

88 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

86 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -9.2 -10.0

84 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -8.6 -5.7 -10.0

82 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -6.3 -3.1 -8.9

80 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -9.8 -8.6 -4.7 -1.1 -6.1

78 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -8.4 -6.8 -3.4 .6 -3.7

76 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -7.3 -5.3 -2.5 1.9 -1.4

74 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -6.4 -3.9 -1.9 3.0 .6

72 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -5.8 -2.6 -1.4 3.9 2.5

E 70 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -5.5 -1.4 -1.1 4.6 4.2

L 68 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -5.4 -.4 -.7 5.1 5.7

E 66 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -5.6 .5 -.2 5.3 6.9

V 64 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -6.3 1.3 .5 5.2 7.9

A 62 -10.0 -9.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -7.6 1.8 1.6 4.9 8.7

T 60 -10.0 -8.2 -9.1 -9.6 -8.4 -9.8 2.1 2.8 4.3 9.1

I 58 -10.0 -7.3 -7.7 -9.4 -6.8 -10.0 2.2 3.9 3.7 9.1

O 56 -10.0 -6.5 -6.3 -9.0 -5.5 -10.0 1.8 5.0 3.5 8.8

N 54 -10.0 -5.7 -4.9 -8.5 -4.5 -10.0 1.0 5.8 4.2 7.9

52 -10.0 -5.0 -3.6 -7.6 -3.9 -9.7 -.5 6.3 5.5 6.7

A 50 -10.0 -4.3 -2.3 -6.2 -3.5 -5.5 -3.3 6.3 6.9 5.6

N 48 -10.0 -3.6 -1.1 -4.5 -3.4 -2.8 -9.0 5.8 8.1 5.7

G 46 -10.0 -3.0 .1 -2.5 -3.6 -1.0 -10.0 4.5 8.9 7.2

L 44 -10.0 -2.5 1.2 -.5 -3.7 .1 -7.4 2.0 8.9 9.0

E 42 -10.0 -2.0 2.2 1.4 -3.1 .6 -1.7 -3.0 8.2 10.3

40 -10.0 -1.5 3.1 3.3 -1.3 .4 1.3 -10.0 6.4 10.7

I 38 -10.0 -1.1 4.0 4.9 1.3 -.2 2.9 -4.1 2.5 10.2

N 36 -10.0 -.7 4.8 6.4 4.1 -.3 3.4 1.9 -8.0 8.3

34 -10.0 -.4 5.5 7.8 6.6 1.5 2.9 4.6 -4.4 3.8

D 32 -10.0 -.2 6.1 9.0 8.8 4.9 1.9 5.5 3.5 -10.0

E 30 -10.0 -.1 6.6 10.1 10.8 8.4 2.9 4.8 6.4 .4

G 28 -10.0 .0 7.0 11.0 12.4 11.3 7.0 3.3 6.9 6.3

R 26 -10.0 .0 7.3 11.7 13.8 13.8 11.2 5.5 5.2 7.9

E 24 -10.0 -.1 7.5 12.3 15.0 15.8 14.6 10.9 4.8 6.5

E 22 -10.0 -.2 7.6 12.8 15.9 17.4 17.3 15.3 10.9 4.8

S 20 -10.0 -.5 7.6 13.0 16.6 18.7 19.4 18.6 16.2 11.6

18 -10.0 -1.0 7.4 13.1 17.1 19.6 20.9 21.1 20.0 17.5

16 -10.0 -1.5 7.0 13.0 17.3 20.2 22.1 22.9 22.7 21.6

14 -10.0 -2.3 6.4 12.6 17.2 20.5 22.7 24.1 24.6 24.3

12 -10.0 -3.2 5.6 12.0 16.8 20.4 23.0 24.7 25.7 26.1

10 -10.0 -4.5 4.5 11.1 16.0 19.8 22.7 24.8 26.2 26.9

8 -10.0 -6.1 2.9 9.6 14.8 18.8 21.9 24.2 25.9 27.0

6 -10.0 -8.4 .8 7.6 12.9 17.0 20.2 22.8 24.6 26.0

4 -10.0 -10.0 -2.5 4.4 9.8 14.0 17.4 20.0 22.1 23.5

2 -10.0 -10.0 -8.3 -1.3 4.1 8.4 11.8 14.5 16.7 18.2

0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 40. Curtain pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 12

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 4.000 26.000 13.000 7.000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 90

-10.0 -10.0 -8.8 -10.0 -10.0 -4.8 -5.1 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 88

-10.0 -10.0 -2.9 -6.8 -9.3 1.2 .7 -4.6 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 86

-10.0 -7.8 .4 -2.9 -6.8 4.7 3.7 -.9 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 84

-10.0 -6.0 2.6 .1 -6.0 7.1 5.6 1.7 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 82

-10.0 -4.8 4.0 2.7 -6.4 8.8 6.6 3.8 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 80

-10.0 -4.2 5.0 4.9 -8.5 10.1 7.0 5.5 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 78

-10.0 -3.9 5.5 6.9 -10.0 10.9 7.0 6.7 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 76

-10.0 -3.9 5.6 8.7 -10.0 11.3 6.9 7.6 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 74

-10.0 -4.0 5.3 10.2 -10.0 11.2 7.1 8.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 72

-9.1 -4.3 4.6 11.5 -7.3 10.5 7.9 7.9 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 70

-3.9 -5.1 3.4 12.5 -3.2 9.1 9.1 7.3 -9.2 -10.0 -7.2 68

.1 -7.1 1.9 13.1 .6 6.6 10.1 5.8 -7.7 -10.0 -3.8 66

3.2 -10.0 .4 13.4 4.3 2.6 10.6 3.6 -7.0 -10.0 -1.9 64

5.8 -10.0 -.8 13.1 7.6 -4.3 10.3 1.2 -7.1 -10.0 -1.6 62

7.8 -4.8 -2.1 12.3 10.2 -10.0 9.0 .6 -8.2 -10.0 -3.0 60

9.4 1.6 -5.0 10.7 12.1 -9.5 6.5 1.8 -10.0 -10.0 -5.5 58

10.6 5.7 -10.0 8.3 13.2 -3.3 2.1 2.4 -10.0 -10.0 -4.6 56

11.2 8.6 -6.2 4.9 13.5 2.1 -5.6 1.7 -10.0 -10.0 -1.9 54

11.3 10.7 2.6 1.4 12.8 6.3 -10.0 -.8 -10.0 -10.0 -1.3 52

10.7 12.0 7.4 -.8 11.0 8.9 -10.0 -5.7 -10.0 -10.0 -3.4 50

9.5 12.5 10.4 -4.2 7.7 10.0 -6.3 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -9.1 48

7.6 12.1 12.2 -10.0 2.7 9.6 -.6 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 46

6.3 10.8 12.9 .8 -2.0 7.5 2.3 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 44

7.5 8.5 12.4 7.4 -4.5 3.3 3.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 42

9.7 6.5 10.7 10.7 -10.0 -3.6 1.3 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 40

11.3 8.1 7.6 12.0 -1.0 -8.2 -3.1 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 38

11.8 10.7 6.4 11.5 5.9 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 36

10.9 12.2 9.5 8.8 8.6 -8.7 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 34

8.0 12.0 11.8 4.4 8.6 .2 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 32

.5 9.9 12.2 6.4 5.6 2.9 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -8.0 30

-4.8 3.9 10.4 10.0 -.1 1.8 -8.8 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -8.2 28

5.8 -10.0 4.5 10.7 3.7 -3.7 -8.9 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 26

8.3 5.6 -10.0 8.2 6.8 -5.9 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 24

6.9 8.4 5.9 -1.5 5.9 -.7 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 22

5.0 6.3 7.9 -.2 -.9 -1.1 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -9.2 20

13.2 6.4 4.1 5.7 -7.4 -8.2 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -9.3 18

19.3 15.5 9.7 2.4 1.2 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 16

23.2 21.1 18.0 7.2 -3.6 -7.5 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -7.7 14

25.7 24.6 22.8 16.6 5.4 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 12

27.1 26.6 25.6 21.4 14.0 .8 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 10

27.5 27.4 26.8 23.9 18.0 7.0 -10.0 -6.9 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 8

26.7 27.0 26.7 24.5 19.6 9.5 -5.9 .0 -10.0 -10.0 1.5 6

24.5 24.9 24.9 23.1 18.7 9.1 -3.9 1.9 -9.7 -10.0 7.2 4

19.3 19.8 19.9 18.4 14.3 4.9 -6.9 -1.1 -10.0 -10.0 5.7 2

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 40a. Curtain pattern continued.

![](media/image10.wmf){width="6.002777777777778in"
height="8.496527777777779in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 13

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 TER SLOP VEE 15.240 121.900 22.500

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

88 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

86 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

84 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

82 -11.7 -11.7 -9.8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

80 -11.7 -11.7 -9.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

78 -11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

76 -11.7 -11.7 -9.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

74 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

72 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

E 70 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

L 68 -10.0 -11.7 -11.7 -7.7 -9.4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

E 66 -9.6 -11.7 -11.7 -7.7 -8.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

V 64 -9.2 -11.7 -11.7 -8.1 -7.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

A 62 -8.9 -9.3 -11.7 -8.7 -6.5 -9.2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

T 60 -8.6 -8.3 -11.7 -9.4 -6.3 -7.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

I 58 -8.4 -7.5 -11.7 -11.7 -6.4 -6.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

O 56 -8.2 -6.8 -9.2 -11.7 -6.9 -5.5 -7.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

N 54 -8.0 -6.2 -7.8 -11.7 -7.6 -5.3 -5.9 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

52 -7.9 -5.6 -6.6 -9.5 -8.5 -5.5 -4.9 -7.4 -11.7 -11.7

A 50 -7.8 -5.2 -5.5 -8.0 -9.0 -6.1 -4.5 -5.4 -9.9 -11.7

N 48 -7.8 -4.8 -4.5 -6.4 -8.7 -6.9 -4.6 -4.3 -6.5 -11.7

G 46 -7.8 -4.4 -3.7 -5.0 -7.5 -7.5 -5.1 -3.8 -4.6 -8.0

L 44 -7.8 -4.2 -3.0 -3.7 -5.8 -7.5 -5.9 -4.0 -3.6 -5.1

E 42 -7.9 -4.0 -2.5 -2.6 -4.1 -6.3 -6.5 -4.7 -3.4 -3.6

40 -8.0 -3.9 -2.0 -1.7 -2.6 -4.5 -6.2 -5.5 -3.8 -3.0

I 38 -8.1 -3.8 -1.7 -.9 -1.3 -2.7 -4.7 -5.7 -4.6 -3.2

N 36 -8.3 -3.9 -1.4 -.3 -.3 -1.1 -2.7 -4.6 -5.1 -3.9

34 -8.6 -3.9 -1.3 .1 .6 .2 -.9 -2.6 -4.2 -4.5

D 32 -8.8 -4.1 -1.2 .5 1.2 1.3 .7 -.5 -2.2 -3.8

E 30 -9.2 -4.2 -1.2 .7 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.3 .0 -1.7

G 28 -9.5 -4.5 -1.3 .8 2.1 2.8 3.0 2.7 1.9 .7

R 26 -10.0 -4.8 -1.5 .7 2.3 3.2 3.7 3.8 3.5 2.7

E 24 -11.7 -5.2 -1.8 .6 2.3 3.5 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.3

E 22 -11.7 -5.7 -2.2 .4 2.2 3.6 4.5 5.2 5.5 5.5

S 20 -11.7 -6.3 -2.7 .0 2.0 3.5 4.6 5.5 6.0 6.3

18 -11.7 -7.0 -3.3 -.5 1.6 3.2 4.5 5.5 6.2 6.7

16 -11.7 -7.8 -4.0 -1.2 1.0 2.8 4.2 5.3 6.2 6.9

14 -11.7 -8.7 -4.9 -2.0 .3 2.1 3.6 4.9 5.9 6.7

12 -11.7 -9.9 -6.0 -3.0 -.7 1.2 2.8 4.1 5.3 6.2

10 -11.7 -11.7 -7.3 -4.3 -2.0 .0 1.7 3.1 4.3 5.3

8 -11.7 -11.7 -9.1 -6.0 -3.6 -1.6 .1 1.6 2.8 3.9

6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.3 -5.9 -3.8 -2.0 -.5 .8 1.9

4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.2 -7.1 -5.3 -3.7 -2.4 -1.2

2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -8.2 -7.0

0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 42. Sloping vee pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 14

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 1.829 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 90

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 88

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 86

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.6 -11.7 -11.7 84

-11.7 -11.7 -9.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 82

-11.7 -11.7 -10.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 80

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.3 -11.7 -11.7 78

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.2 -9.7 -11.7 -11.7 76

-11.7 -8.9 -11.7 -8.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.1 -11.7 -8.4 -11.7 74

-11.7 -11.7 -8.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.1 -11.7 -11.7 72

-11.7 -11.7 -7.7 -11.7 -8.9 -11.7 -11.7 -8.9 -8.2 -11.7 -8.6 70

-11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -11.7 -8.0 -11.7 -11.7 -7.3 -11.7 -6.2 -11.7 68

-9.9 -11.7 -11.7 -7.1 -11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -11.7 -6.5 -11.7 -9.6 66

-11.7 -9.6 -11.7 -6.0 -11.7 -8.2 -11.7 -11.7 -6.4 -11.7 -6.8 64

-11.7 -8.2 -11.7 -8.1 -8.5 -11.7 -11.7 -7.1 -11.7 -4.4 -11.7 62

-11.7 -9.0 -7.2 -11.7 -5.2 -11.7 -9.0 -11.7 -7.4 -8.9 -5.4 60

-11.7 -11.7 -6.8 -11.7 -5.9 -9.2 -11.7 -11.7 -5.2 -11.7 -5.2 58

-11.7 -11.7 -8.8 -6.5 -11.7 -4.8 -11.7 -8.4 -11.7 -3.6 -11.7 56

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.4 -11.7 -5.5 -8.1 -9.7 -11.7 -6.3 -3.4 54

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.1 -5.3 -11.7 -4.6 -11.7 -6.2 -11.7 -3.5 52

-11.7 -9.6 -11.7 -8.8 -2.7 -11.7 -6.8 -6.3 -9.5 -4.9 -11.7 50

-11.7 -11.7 -8.9 -11.7 -3.2 -3.3 -11.7 -5.2 -9.4 -5.3 -4.1 48

-11.7 -11.7 -8.5 -11.7 -7.0 -1.3 -5.5 -11.7 -5.3 -11.7 -2.8 46

-9.5 -11.7 -11.7 -7.0 -11.7 -2.6 -.9 -9.1 -8.9 -6.2 -11.7 44

-5.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.7 -8.5 -8.1 -.6 -1.2 -11.7 -7.1 -7.1 42

-3.6 -6.1 -11.7 -7.0 -4.2 -11.7 -4.0 .4 -1.6 -11.7 -5.7 40

-2.7 -3.6 -6.2 -11.7 -3.4 -3.8 -11.7 -1.9 1.0 -1.7 -11.7 38

-2.8 -2.5 -3.5 -9.9 -5.1 -1.4 -3.7 -8.5 -.8 1.4 -1.3 36

-3.5 -2.5 -2.3 -5.5 -8.6 -1.9 -.1 -3.4 -7.3 -.3 1.8 34

-4.1 -3.2 -2.3 -2.8 -7.7 -4.8 .2 1.0 -2.5 -6.9 -.3 32

-3.2 -3.7 -3.0 -1.8 -3.8 -7.9 -2.0 1.7 2.1 -1.1 -6.7 30

-.9 -2.5 -3.2 -2.0 -1.7 -4.6 -6.2 -.2 2.9 3.3 .7 28

1.5 .0 -1.6 -2.6 -1.3 -1.7 -4.9 -4.6 .9 3.9 4.4 26

3.6 2.5 1.1 -1.7 -1.7 -.7 -1.4 -4.5 -3.5 1.6 4.5 24

5.2 4.5 3.6 1.0 -1.3 -.8 .1 -.7 -3.3 -3.0 1.7 22

6.3 6.0 5.5 3.7 1.2 -.4 .3 1.1 .5 -1.6 -2.5 20

7.0 7.0 6.9 5.9 4.1 1.9 .8 1.6 2.4 2.1 .6 18

7.3 7.6 7.7 7.3 6.3 4.6 2.9 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.0 16

7.3 7.8 8.1 8.2 7.7 6.7 5.3 4.1 4.0 4.8 5.6 14

6.9 7.5 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.0 7.1 6.1 5.4 5.6 6.4 12

6.1 6.9 7.4 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.0 7.3 6.7 6.5 7.0 10

4.9 5.7 6.3 7.3 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.2 7.0 7.2 8

2.9 3.8 4.5 5.6 6.4 6.8 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.6 6

-.2 .7 1.5 2.7 3.6 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4

-5.9 -5.0 -4.2 -2.9 -1.9 -1.2 -.9 -.7 -.6 -.6 -.5 2

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 42a. Sloping vee pattern continued.

![](media/image11.wmf){width="5.791666666666667in"
height="8.472916666666666in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 15

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 INVERTED L 10.000 21.340 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -.9 15.3 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.0 12.2 7.9 1.8 -7.6

88 -2.5 7.8 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.0 12.1 7.6 .9 -8.6

86 -2.2 7.9 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.0 12.2 7.6 .9 -8.6

84 -1.9 7.9 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.0 12.2 7.6 1.0 -8.5

82 -1.4 7.9 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.0 12.2 7.7 1.0 -8.3

80 -.9 8.0 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.0 12.2 7.7 1.1 -8.2

78 -.3 8.0 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.0 12.3 7.8 1.2 -8.0

76 .3 8.1 13.3 15.7 16.3 15.1 12.3 7.8 1.3 -7.8

74 .8 8.1 13.2 15.7 16.3 15.1 12.4 7.9 1.4 -7.5

72 1.4 8.2 13.2 15.7 16.3 15.1 12.4 8.0 1.5 -7.3

E 70 1.9 8.3 13.2 15.6 16.3 15.1 12.5 8.1 1.6 -7.1

L 68 2.4 8.3 13.2 15.6 16.3 15.2 12.5 8.2 1.8 -6.8

E 66 2.9 8.4 13.1 15.6 16.3 15.2 12.6 8.3 1.9 -6.6

V 64 3.4 8.5 13.1 15.6 16.2 15.2 12.6 8.4 2.1 -6.4

A 62 3.8 8.5 13.1 15.5 16.2 15.2 12.7 8.5 2.2 -6.2

T 60 4.2 8.6 13.0 15.5 16.2 15.2 12.7 8.6 2.4 -5.9

I 58 4.6 8.7 13.0 15.4 16.2 15.2 12.8 8.7 2.6 -5.7

O 56 4.9 8.7 12.9 15.4 16.2 15.2 12.8 8.8 2.7 -5.5

N 54 5.2 8.8 12.8 15.3 16.1 15.2 12.9 8.9 2.9 -5.3

52 5.5 8.8 12.8 15.2 16.1 15.2 12.9 9.0 3.0 -5.2

A 50 5.8 8.9 12.7 15.1 16.0 15.2 12.9 9.1 3.2 -5.0

N 48 6.0 8.9 12.6 15.0 15.9 15.2 13.0 9.1 3.3 -4.8

G 46 6.2 8.9 12.4 14.9 15.8 15.1 12.9 9.2 3.4 -4.7

L 44 6.4 8.9 12.3 14.7 15.7 15.0 12.9 9.2 3.5 -4.6

E 42 6.6 8.9 12.2 14.6 15.6 14.9 12.9 9.3 3.6 -4.5

40 6.7 8.9 12.0 14.4 15.4 14.8 12.8 9.3 3.7 -4.4

I 38 6.8 8.8 11.8 14.2 15.3 14.7 12.7 9.2 3.7 -4.3

N 36 6.9 8.8 11.6 14.0 15.1 14.5 12.6 9.2 3.8 -4.3

34 6.9 8.7 11.4 13.7 14.8 14.4 12.5 9.1 3.8 -4.3

D 32 7.0 8.6 11.1 13.4 14.6 14.1 12.3 9.0 3.7 -4.3

E 30 6.9 8.4 10.8 13.1 14.3 13.9 12.1 8.8 3.6 -4.4

G 28 6.9 8.3 10.5 12.7 13.9 13.6 11.8 8.6 3.5 -4.5

R 26 6.8 8.0 10.1 12.3 13.5 13.2 11.5 8.4 3.3 -4.6

E 24 6.7 7.8 9.6 11.8 13.1 12.8 11.2 8.0 3.0 -4.8

E 22 6.5 7.5 9.2 11.3 12.6 12.3 10.7 7.7 2.7 -5.1

S 20 6.2 7.1 8.6 10.7 12.0 11.7 10.2 7.2 2.3 -5.5

18 5.9 6.6 8.0 10.0 11.3 11.1 9.6 6.6 1.8 -5.9

16 5.4 6.1 7.2 9.2 10.5 10.3 8.9 6.0 1.2 -6.5

14 4.9 5.4 6.3 8.2 9.5 9.4 8.0 5.1 .5 -7.2

12 4.2 4.6 5.3 7.0 8.4 8.3 6.9 4.1 -.5 -8.1

10 3.3 3.6 4.0 5.6 7.0 6.9 5.6 2.9 -1.7 -9.3

8 2.0 2.2 2.4 3.9 5.2 5.2 3.9 1.2 -3.2 -10.0

6 .2 .3 .2 1.6 2.9 2.9 1.7 -.9 -5.4 -10.0

4 -2.6 -2.7 -3.0 -1.8 -.5 -.4 -1.6 -4.2 -8.5 -10.0

2 -7.8 -8.0 -8.6 -7.6 -6.3 -6.2 -7.3 -9.9 -10.0 -10.0

0 -15.2 -12.2 -10.8 -10.3 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-5.2 -2.2 -.8 -.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 44. Inverted L pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 16

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-3.9 -10.0 -10.0 -5.3 1.2 11.5 11.9 3.2 -10.0 -10.0 -9.9 90

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 .0 11.3 11.8 2.1 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 88

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 .0 11.3 11.8 2.1 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 86

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 .0 11.3 11.8 2.2 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 84

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 .0 11.2 11.8 2.3 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 82

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 .0 11.1 11.9 2.4 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 80

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 .0 11.1 11.9 2.5 -9.1 -10.0 -9.4 78

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 .0 11.0 11.9 2.6 -7.9 -10.0 -8.2 76

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -9.3 .0 10.8 11.9 2.8 -6.9 -9.1 -7.3 74

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -8.4 -.1 10.7 11.9 2.9 -6.0 -7.9 -6.5 72

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -7.6 -.1 10.5 11.8 3.0 -5.3 -6.8 -5.9 70

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -7.0 .0 10.2 11.8 3.2 -4.6 -5.7 -5.4 68

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -6.4 .0 9.9 11.7 3.3 -4.1 -4.8 -5.0 66

-9.8 -9.4 -10.0 -6.0 .0 9.6 11.6 3.4 -3.6 -3.9 -4.7 64

-9.4 -8.7 -10.0 -5.5 .1 9.1 11.4 3.5 -3.3 -3.1 -4.4 62

-8.9 -8.1 -9.4 -5.2 .2 8.7 11.2 3.5 -3.0 -2.3 -4.3 60

-8.5 -7.5 -8.7 -4.9 .3 8.1 10.9 3.6 -2.7 -1.6 -4.1 58

-8.2 -7.0 -8.0 -4.7 .5 7.5 10.5 3.6 -2.6 -.9 -4.0 56

-7.9 -6.5 -7.3 -4.5 .7 6.8 10.1 3.5 -2.5 -.3 -3.9 54

-7.7 -6.0 -6.7 -4.4 1.0 6.1 9.6 3.4 -2.4 .2 -3.7 52

-7.5 -5.6 -6.0 -4.3 1.3 5.5 9.0 3.3 -2.5 .6 -3.4 50

-7.3 -5.2 -5.4 -4.3 1.6 5.1 8.4 3.1 -2.5 1.0 -3.1 48

-7.2 -4.8 -4.9 -4.2 2.0 5.2 7.8 2.9 -2.7 1.4 -2.8 46

-7.1 -4.5 -4.4 -4.2 2.4 5.6 7.2 2.8 -2.8 1.6 -2.4 44

-7.0 -4.2 -3.9 -4.2 2.8 6.5 7.0 2.6 -3.0 1.8 -2.0 42

-7.0 -3.9 -3.4 -4.1 3.3 7.5 7.1 2.4 -3.2 1.9 -1.7 40

-7.0 -3.7 -3.0 -4.1 3.7 8.6 7.5 2.4 -3.4 1.8 -1.4 38

-7.1 -3.5 -2.6 -4.0 4.0 9.7 8.4 2.5 -3.6 1.8 -1.2 36

-7.2 -3.4 -2.2 -3.8 4.4 10.7 9.3 2.7 -3.7 1.6 -1.2 34

-7.3 -3.3 -1.9 -3.7 4.7 11.6 10.3 3.0 -3.8 1.3 -1.2 32

-7.5 -3.2 -1.7 -3.5 4.9 12.4 11.3 3.4 -3.8 .9 -1.5 30

-7.7 -3.2 -1.5 -3.3 5.1 13.0 12.1 3.9 -3.8 .5 -1.9 28

-8.0 -3.2 -1.4 -3.1 5.2 13.5 12.8 4.4 -3.8 .1 -2.4 26

-8.3 -3.3 -1.3 -2.9 5.3 13.9 13.4 4.8 -3.8 -.4 -3.1 24

-8.7 -3.4 -1.3 -2.8 5.2 14.1 13.8 5.1 -3.9 -.9 -4.0 22

-9.1 -3.7 -1.4 -2.8 5.0 14.2 14.0 5.3 -4.0 -1.3 -4.9 20

-9.7 -4.0 -1.6 -2.8 4.7 14.1 14.1 5.4 -4.1 -1.8 -5.8 18

-10.0 -4.4 -1.9 -3.0 4.3 13.8 14.0 5.3 -4.4 -2.1 -6.5 16

-10.0 -5.0 -2.4 -3.3 3.7 13.4 13.6 4.9 -4.9 -2.6 -7.1 14

-10.0 -5.7 -3.0 -3.8 2.8 12.6 13.0 4.4 -5.5 -3.1 -7.5 12

-10.0 -6.7 -3.9 -4.6 1.7 11.6 12.0 3.4 -6.4 -3.8 -8.0 10

-10.0 -8.0 -5.2 -5.8 .2 10.2 10.6 2.1 -7.7 -4.8 -8.8 8

-10.0 -9.9 -7.0 -7.5 -2.0 8.1 8.6 .1 -9.5 -6.5 -10.0 6

-10.0 -10.0 -9.9 -10.0 -5.1 4.9 5.5 -3.0 -10.0 -9.2 -10.0 4

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -.8 -.2 -8.7 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 2

-10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 -10.0 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 44a. Inverted L pattern continued.

![](media/image12.wmf){width="6.63125in" height="7.888888888888889in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 17

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 TER SLOP RHM 16.760 88.390 22.500

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -5.5 -11.7 -11.7 -2.4 -11.7 -11.7 -4.9 -11.7 -11.7 -6.6

88 -4.9 -11.7 -11.7 -2.3 -7.8 -11.7 -5.8 -8.5 -11.7 -9.1

86 -4.4 -11.7 -11.7 -2.5 -5.2 -11.7 -7.7 -6.2 -11.7 -11.7

84 -3.9 -11.7 -11.7 -3.2 -3.3 -11.7 -11.7 -4.9 -11.7 -11.7

82 -3.5 -9.8 -11.7 -4.3 -2.0 -11.7 -11.7 -4.8 -11.7 -11.7

80 -3.2 -7.8 -11.7 -5.9 -1.2 -8.6 -11.7 -6.0 -7.0 -11.7

78 -2.9 -6.1 -11.7 -8.1 -1.0 -5.3 -11.7 -8.7 -4.7 -11.7

76 -2.6 -4.6 -11.7 -11.7 -1.2 -2.9 -11.7 -11.7 -4.3 -11.7

74 -2.4 -3.3 -11.7 -11.7 -1.9 -1.3 -10.0 -11.7 -5.6 -5.4

72 -2.3 -2.2 -11.7 -11.7 -3.3 -.3 -6.1 -11.7 -9.2 -3.6

E 70 -2.2 -1.2 -9.8 -11.7 -5.3 .0 -3.1 -11.7 -11.7 -4.1

L 68 -2.2 -.4 -6.9 -11.7 -8.2 -.4 -1.0 -8.7 -11.7 -7.1

E 66 -2.3 .3 -4.4 -11.7 -11.7 -1.4 .2 -5.0 -11.7 -11.7

V 64 -2.3 .9 -2.4 -11.7 -11.7 -3.2 .7 -2.0 -9.4 -11.7

A 62 -2.5 1.4 -.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.8 .3 .0 -6.0 -11.7

T 60 -2.6 1.7 .7 -6.4 -11.7 -9.7 -.8 1.0 -2.6 -8.8

I 58 -2.9 2.0 1.9 -3.3 -11.7 -11.7 -2.9 1.2 -.1 -6.1

O 56 -3.1 2.2 2.9 -.8 -11.7 -11.7 -6.1 .4 1.3 -2.5

N 54 -3.5 2.2 3.6 1.2 -6.0 -11.7 -11.7 -1.5 1.7 .3

52 -3.8 2.2 4.3 2.9 -2.3 -11.7 -11.7 -4.6 .9 1.8

A 50 -4.3 2.2 4.7 4.3 .6 -7.4 -11.7 -9.1 -1.1 2.0

N 48 -4.7 2.0 5.0 5.3 2.9 -2.8 -11.7 -11.7 -4.4 1.0

G 46 -5.3 1.7 5.2 6.2 4.8 .8 -6.7 -11.7 -9.4 -1.5

L 44 -5.8 1.4 5.3 6.8 6.3 3.6 -1.8 -11.7 -11.7 -5.7

E 42 -6.5 1.0 5.2 7.2 7.4 5.8 2.0 -4.2 -11.7 -11.7

40 -7.1 .5 5.0 7.5 8.2 7.5 5.0 .6 -5.9 -11.7

I 38 -7.8 .0 4.8 7.6 8.8 8.7 7.3 4.3 -.5 -6.7

N 36 -8.6 -.6 4.4 7.5 9.2 9.7 9.0 7.1 3.8 -1.0

34 -9.4 -1.3 3.9 7.3 9.4 10.4 10.3 9.3 7.1 3.7

D 32 -11.7 -2.1 3.3 7.0 9.4 10.8 11.3 10.9 9.6 7.4

E 30 -11.7 -2.9 2.7 6.5 9.2 10.9 11.9 12.0 11.5 10.1

G 28 -11.7 -3.8 1.9 5.9 8.8 10.9 12.2 12.8 12.8 12.1

R 26 -11.7 -4.8 1.0 5.2 8.3 10.6 12.2 13.2 13.7 13.6

E 24 -11.7 -5.8 .1 4.4 7.7 10.2 12.1 13.4 14.2 14.5

E 22 -11.7 -6.9 -.9 3.5 6.9 9.6 11.7 13.2 14.3 15.0

S 20 -11.7 -8.1 -2.1 2.5 6.0 8.8 11.1 12.9 14.2 15.2

18 -11.7 -9.4 -3.3 1.3 5.0 7.9 10.3 12.3 13.8 15.0

16 -11.7 -11.7 -4.6 .0 3.8 6.8 9.4 11.4 13.2 14.6

14 -11.7 -11.7 -6.1 -1.4 2.4 5.6 8.2 10.4 12.3 13.8

12 -11.7 -11.7 -7.7 -2.9 .9 4.1 6.8 9.1 11.1 12.8

10 -11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -4.7 -.8 2.4 5.2 7.6 9.6 11.4

8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.9 -2.9 .4 3.2 5.6 7.8 9.6

6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -5.5 -2.2 .7 3.2 5.3 7.3

4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.1 -5.7 -2.8 -.3 1.9 3.9

2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.8 -6.2 -4.0 -2.0

0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 46. Sloping rhombic pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 18

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 8.382 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-11.7 -11.7 -8.3 -11.7 -5.6 -11.7 -11.7 -8.1 -11.7 -6.9 -6.4 90

-8.0 -11.7 -11.7 -9.3 -5.8 -11.7 -5.8 -11.7 -11.7 -4.2 -11.7 88

-5.5 -11.7 -11.7 -5.6 -8.9 -11.7 -7.3 -11.7 -5.3 -11.7 -7.4 86

-6.2 -8.3 -11.7 -4.5 -11.7 -5.5 -11.7 -9.6 -9.3 -11.7 -2.4 84

-11.7 -4.9 -11.7 -6.4 -11.7 -4.6 -11.7 -5.1 -11.7 -4.2 -11.7 82

-11.7 -4.9 -6.9 -11.7 -6.0 -8.2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.4 -11.7 80

-11.7 -8.7 -4.0 -11.7 -3.7 -11.7 -3.8 -11.7 -4.3 -11.7 -2.2 78

-11.7 -11.7 -4.2 -9.8 -4.3 -11.7 -6.3 -11.7 -9.1 -11.7 -3.6 76

-11.7 -11.7 -8.5 -5.9 -7.6 -4.9 -11.7 -3.9 -11.7 -2.7 -11.7 74

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -2.9 -11.7 -2.6 -11.7 -6.1 -11.7 -5.7 -7.0 72

-5.3 -11.7 -11.7 -2.6 -7.8 -4.2 -7.1 -11.7 -3.2 -11.7 -.5 70

-2.9 -9.6 -11.7 -5.7 -3.6 -7.9 -1.9 -11.7 -7.6 -8.8 -6.6 68

-3.3 -3.7 -11.7 -11.7 -1.4 -8.6 -3.2 -6.8 -11.7 -2.1 -11.7 66

-6.8 -1.9 -5.3 -9.2 -2.1 -4.3 -6.9 -1.2 -11.7 -9.1 -2.8 64

-11.7 -3.2 -1.7 -7.8 -5.7 -1.0 -8.2 -4.4 -3.2 -11.7 -1.5 62

-11.7 -8.8 -1.4 -5.8 -8.1 -.7 -4.3 -7.1 -1.6 -9.6 -8.6 60

-9.0 -11.7 -4.8 -1.6 -6.0 -3.1 -.2 -8.4 -9.1 -.6 -11.7 58

-8.0 -9.4 -11.7 .3 -3.6 -5.9 .2 -2.6 -6.6 -7.7 -1.0 56

-5.5 -7.4 -11.7 -1.2 -.3 -4.4 -2.1 1.1 -7.9 -6.7 -3.4 54

-1.5 -7.7 -6.4 -8.6 1.5 -1.3 -4.4 .4 .8 -11.7 -9.2 52

1.3 -3.8 -7.9 -11.7 .1 1.6 -2.3 -2.3 1.7 -.3 -11.7 50

2.5 .4 -6.4 -4.6 -6.9 2.5 1.2 -2.8 -.6 2.4 -1.2 48

2.1 2.5 -.6 -5.8 -8.3 .1 3.2 .7 -2.1 .1 2.8 46

.3 2.9 2.5 -11.7 -2.5 -7.6 2.7 3.5 .1 -1.1 .0 44

-3.3 1.5 3.4 -1.8 -4.7 -3.1 -1.7 4.0 3.6 -.1 -.3 42

-8.8 -1.7 2.3 2.9 -11.7 -.7 -3.8 1.4 4.8 3.8 -.1 40

-11.7 -7.1 -.8 4.3 .0 -6.6 .7 -2.4 3.1 5.4 4.1 38

-6.5 -11.7 -6.2 3.2 4.4 -4.9 -.9 1.4 -.4 4.2 6.0 36

-.8 -5.7 -9.2 -.3 5.1 3.6 -7.0 1.6 2.4 1.3 5.0 34

4.1 -.1 -4.4 -6.3 3.1 6.0 2.9 -3.6 3.2 3.5 2.6 32

7.9 4.9 1.1 -6.2 -1.9 5.1 6.5 2.8 -.8 4.4 4.8 30

10.8 8.8 6.0 -.8 -6.5 1.0 6.4 7.1 3.6 1.0 5.2 28

12.9 11.7 9.9 4.6 -1.6 -5.2 2.9 7.3 7.8 4.8 2.1 26

14.4 13.8 12.7 9.1 3.8 -1.7 -3.7 3.9 7.9 8.6 6.3 24

15.3 15.2 14.7 12.5 8.7 3.7 -1.4 -2.6 4.4 8.3 9.4 22

15.8 16.1 16.1 15.0 12.6 8.7 4.0 -.6 -2.0 4.4 8.5 20

15.9 16.5 16.9 16.7 15.3 12.8 9.1 4.7 .3 -1.6 3.9 18

15.7 16.6 17.2 17.6 17.2 15.7 13.2 9.7 5.5 1.3 -1.1 16

15.1 16.2 17.0 18.0 18.2 17.6 16.1 13.8 10.5 6.3 2.1 14

14.2 15.4 16.4 17.9 18.6 18.6 17.9 16.5 14.3 11.1 7.1 12

13.0 14.3 15.4 17.2 18.3 18.8 18.7 17.9 16.6 14.5 11.5 10

11.3 12.7 13.9 15.9 17.3 18.1 18.5 18.3 17.5 16.1 14.1 8

9.0 10.5 11.8 13.9 15.5 16.6 17.2 17.4 17.1 16.2 14.8 6

5.6 7.2 8.5 10.8 12.5 13.8 14.6 15.0 15.0 14.5 13.5 4

-.3 1.3 2.7 5.1 6.9 8.3 9.2 9.7 9.8 9.5 8.7 2

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 46a. Sloping rhombic pattern continued.

![](media/image13.wmf){width="6.127083333333333in"
height="8.483333333333333in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 19

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 TER INTR RHM 20.000 114.000 70.000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.3 -11.7 -11.7

88 -9.1 -11.7 -9.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.4 -7.3 -11.7

86 -7.6 -11.7 -9.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.9 -11.7

84 -6.2 -11.7 -9.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.5 -11.7

82 -4.9 -11.7 -9.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.2 -6.1

80 -3.9 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.8

78 -2.9 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.0

76 -2.1 -11.7 -11.7 -9.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

74 -1.3 -11.7 -11.7 -8.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

72 -.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

E 70 -.2 -7.4 -11.7 -9.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

L 68 .3 -4.9 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

E 66 .6 -2.8 -11.7 -11.7 -9.8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

V 64 .9 -1.0 -11.7 -11.7 -9.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

A 62 1.0 .5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

T 60 1.1 1.8 -7.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

I 58 1.1 2.8 -4.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

O 56 1.1 3.7 -1.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.5 -11.7 -11.7

N 54 .9 4.3 1.2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.4 -7.8 -11.7

52 .7 4.9 3.1 -5.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.9 -4.6 -8.2

A 50 .4 5.2 4.6 -1.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.6 -2.9

N 48 .1 5.5 5.9 1.6 -9.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.6 -.6

G 46 -.4 5.5 6.8 4.1 -3.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.6 -.5

L 44 -.9 5.5 7.5 6.1 .7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -2.6

E 42 -1.4 5.4 8.1 7.6 4.0 -3.9 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.9

40 -2.1 5.1 8.4 8.8 6.5 1.1 -9.4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

I 38 -2.8 4.7 8.5 9.7 8.5 4.8 -2.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

N 36 -3.6 4.2 8.5 10.3 10.0 7.7 3.0 -5.2 -11.7 -11.7

34 -4.5 3.6 8.3 10.6 11.1 9.9 6.8 1.3 -7.8 -11.7

D 32 -5.4 2.9 7.9 10.7 11.9 11.5 9.6 6.0 .1 -9.3

E 30 -6.4 2.1 7.4 10.6 12.3 12.7 11.8 9.5 5.6 -.4

G 28 -7.5 1.2 6.8 10.4 12.5 13.4 13.3 12.0 9.6 5.7

R 26 -8.7 .2 6.0 9.9 12.4 13.9 14.4 13.9 12.5 10.0

E 24 -11.7 -.9 5.1 9.3 12.1 14.0 15.0 15.2 14.6 13.2

E 22 -11.7 -2.1 4.1 8.4 11.6 13.8 15.2 16.0 16.0 15.5

S 20 -11.7 -3.5 2.9 7.5 10.9 13.4 15.2 16.3 16.9 17.0

18 -11.7 -4.9 1.6 6.3 9.9 12.7 14.8 16.3 17.3 17.9

16 -11.7 -6.5 .1 5.0 8.8 11.8 14.1 15.9 17.3 18.2

14 -11.7 -8.2 -1.5 3.5 7.5 10.6 13.2 15.2 16.8 18.1

12 -11.7 -11.7 -3.3 1.9 5.9 9.2 11.9 14.2 16.0 17.5

10 -11.7 -11.7 -5.3 -.1 4.1 7.5 10.4 12.8 14.8 16.5

8 -11.7 -11.7 -7.6 -2.3 2.0 5.5 8.4 10.9 13.1 14.9

6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.0 -.7 2.9 5.9 8.5 10.8 12.7

4 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.7 -4.3 -.7 2.4 5.1 7.4 9.4

2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.7 -3.6 -.9 1.5 3.6

0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 48. Interlaced rhombic pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 20

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 4.000 33.000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-7.8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.3 -8.3 -11.7 -11.7 -9.0 -9.9 90

-7.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.9 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 88

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 86

-11.7 -8.2 -11.7 -8.3 -11.7 -11.7 -5.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 84

-11.7 -11.7 -9.7 -11.7 -11.7 -8.8 -11.7 -11.7 -5.9 -11.7 -11.7 82

-11.7 -11.7 -7.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -9.7 -8.9 -11.7 -11.7 80

-7.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.3 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.4 -11.7 78

-4.8 -11.7 -11.7 -7.3 -8.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -6.7 -9.2 -11.7 76

-6.4 -6.8 -11.7 -3.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.2 74

-11.7 -4.4 -11.7 -5.9 -11.7 -8.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -2.6 -11.7 72

-11.7 -6.5 -4.7 -11.7 -3.5 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.8 70

-11.7 -11.7 -3.8 -11.7 -1.9 -11.7 -8.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.2 68

-11.7 -11.7 -7.9 -9.1 -9.0 -5.3 -11.7 -7.0 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 66

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.0 -11.7 -1.3 -11.7 -5.2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 64

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.4 -11.7 -7.4 -3.8 -11.7 -2.1 -11.7 -11.7 62

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.6 -11.7 -.7 -11.7 -7.6 -3.7 -11.7 60

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -3.8 -11.7 -9.6 .2 -11.7 -2.9 -6.9 58

-11.7 -11.7 -9.3 -11.7 -9.5 -6.8 -11.7 -1.2 -2.4 -11.7 -1.1 56

-11.7 -11.7 -8.6 -9.9 -11.7 -8.1 -9.4 -11.7 1.5 -6.7 -11.7 54

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -7.0 -11.7 -11.7 -8.4 -11.7 -9.5 1.3 -11.7 52

-9.4 -11.7 -11.7 -7.4 -8.8 -11.7 -11.7 -3.4 -11.7 -5.7 -.7 50

-2.1 -11.7 -11.7 -9.6 -6.8 -11.7 -11.7 -8.2 -1.5 -11.7 -6.2 48

1.4 -1.5 -11.7 -11.7 -9.3 -6.6 -11.7 -11.7 -1.9 -1.1 -11.7 46

2.2 2.9 -.6 -11.7 -11.7 -7.6 -6.9 -11.7 -11.7 .6 -.9 44

.8 4.2 4.2 -7.8 -11.7 -11.7 -3.0 -6.8 -11.7 -10.0 1.2 42

-3.0 3.2 5.8 2.4 -11.7 -11.7 -8.6 .4 -5.8 -11.7 -11.7 40

-11.7 -.5 4.8 7.0 -1.4 -11.7 -11.7 -1.8 3.0 -3.7 -11.7 38

-11.7 -7.4 1.1 8.2 6.4 -5.9 -11.7 -11.7 1.9 5.1 -.9 36

-11.7 -11.7 -6.3 6.5 9.6 5.3 -9.7 -11.7 -9.4 4.0 6.9 34

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 1.6 9.4 10.2 4.4 -11.7 -11.7 -8.2 4.7 32

-9.6 -11.7 -11.7 -8.2 5.9 11.0 10.5 4.2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 30

-.1 -8.6 -11.7 -11.7 -1.9 8.4 12.1 11.0 5.0 -8.6 -11.7 28

6.3 1.0 -6.5 -11.7 -11.7 1.4 9.8 12.8 11.9 6.7 -4.0 26

10.9 7.5 2.8 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 2.9 10.4 13.4 13.0 9.1 24

14.2 12.2 9.2 -.1 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 3.1 10.5 13.8 14.2 22

16.5 15.4 13.7 8.1 -1.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 2.0 9.8 13.8 20

17.9 17.6 16.7 13.5 7.8 -1.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -.5 8.3 18

18.7 18.9 18.7 17.2 14.0 8.6 .2 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -5.1 16

19.0 19.6 19.8 19.5 17.9 15.0 10.4 3.4 -7.2 -11.7 -11.7 14

18.7 19.6 20.2 20.8 20.4 19.0 16.4 12.6 7.0 -1.2 -11.7 12

17.9 19.0 20.0 21.2 21.6 21.2 20.0 17.9 14.8 10.4 4.1 10

16.5 17.9 19.0 20.7 21.7 22.0 21.7 20.7 19.1 16.5 12.9 8

14.5 15.9 17.2 19.3 20.7 21.5 21.8 21.5 20.7 19.3 17.1 6

11.2 12.8 14.2 16.5 18.2 19.3 20.0 20.2 19.9 19.1 17.7 4

5.5 7.1 8.6 11.0 12.8 14.2 15.0 15.5 15.5 15.0 14.1 2

-11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 48a. Interlaced rhombic pattern continued.

![](media/image14.wmf){width="4.25625in" height="8.284027777777778in"}

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 21

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN .000 .000 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

88 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

86 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

84 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

82 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

80 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

78 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

76 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

74 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

72 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

E 70 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

L 68 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

E 66 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

V 64 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

A 62 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

T 60 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

I 58 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

O 56 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

N 54 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

52 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

A 50 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

N 48 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

G 46 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

L 44 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

E 42 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

40 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

I 38 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

N 36 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

34 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

D 32 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

E 30 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

G 28 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

R 26 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

E 24 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

E 22 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

S 20 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

18 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

16 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

14 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

12 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

10 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

8 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

6 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

4 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

2 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 50. Constant gain pattern.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 22

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 90

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 88

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 86

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 84

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 82

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 80

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 78

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 76

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 74

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 72

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 70

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 68

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 66

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 64

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 62

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 60

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 58

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 56

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 54

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 52

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 50

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 48

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 46

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 44

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 42

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 40

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 38

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 36

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 34

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 32

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 30

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 28

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 26

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 24

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 22

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 20

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 18

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 16

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 14

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 8

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 6

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 4

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 2

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 50a. Constant gain pattern continued.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 23

ITSA 1 ANTENNA PACKAGE ANTENNA PATTERN

FREQUENCY RANGE ANTENNA TYPE HEIGHT LENGTH ANGLE

2.0 TO 30.0 CONST. GAIN -1.900 .000 .000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

90 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

88 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

86 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

84 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

82 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

80 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

78 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

76 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

74 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

72 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

E 70 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

L 68 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

E 66 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

V 64 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

A 62 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

T 60 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

I 58 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

O 56 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

N 54 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

52 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

A 50 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

N 48 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

G 46 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

L 44 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

E 42 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

40 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

I 38 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

N 36 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

34 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

D 32 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

E 30 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

G 28 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

R 26 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

E 24 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

E 22 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

S 20 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

18 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

16 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

14 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

12 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

10 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

8 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

6 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

4 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

2 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

0 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 51. Constant gain receiver antenna with

antenna efficiency.

METHOD 13 ICEPAC IC.10 PAGE 24

AZIMUTH EX(1) EX(2) EX(3) EX(4) CONDUCT. DIELECT.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 4.000

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 90

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 88

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 86

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 84

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 82

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 80

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 78

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 76

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 74

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 72

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 70

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 68

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 66

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 64

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 62

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 60

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 58

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 56

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 54

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 52

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 50

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 48

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 46

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 44

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 42

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 40

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 38

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 36

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 34

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 32

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 30

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 28

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 26

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 24

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 22

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 20

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 18

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 16

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 14

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 12

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 10

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 6

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 4

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 2

8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 0

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

-1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9

12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

FREQUENCY IN MEGAHERTZ

Figure 51a. Constant gain receiver antenna with

antenna efficiency continued.

#### **TABLE 1. Files on Distribution Disks**

+--------+--------------+---------+-----------------------------------+
| **File | **File       | *       | **Description**                   |
| \#**   | Name**       | *Type** |                                   |
+--------+--------------+---------+-----------------------------------+
| 1\.    | ICEPAC.EXE   | Binary  | ICEPAC program execution module   |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 2\.    | IONINP.DAT   | ASCII   | Sample input data file            |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 3\.    | BCOEF01.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for January  |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 4\.    | BCPEF02.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for February |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 5\.    | BCOEF03.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for March    |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 6\.    | BCOEF04.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for April    |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 7\.    | BCOEFO5.DAT  | Binary  | Long term inptp data for May      |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 8\.    | BCOEFO6.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for June     |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 9\.    | BCOEFO7.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for July     |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 10\.   | BCOEFO8.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for August   |
|        |              |         |                                   |
| 11\.   | BCOEFO9.DAT  | Binary  | Long term input data for          |
|        |              |         | September                         |
| 12\.   | BCOEF10.DAT  | Binary  |                                   |
|        |              |         | Long term input data for October  |
| 13\.   | BCOEF11.DAT  | Binary  |                                   |
|        |              |         | Long term input data for November |
| 14\.   | BCOEF12.DAT  | Binary  |                                   |
|        |              |         | Long term input data for December |
| 15\.   | CGLALOB.DAT  | Binary  |                                   |
|        |              |         | Corrected geomagnetic file        |
| 16\.   | IONPC.LST    | ASCII   |                                   |
|        |              |         | Output file formatted for output  |
|        |              |         | to printer                        |
+--------+--------------+---------+-----------------------------------+

**TABLE 2. Valid Name Identifier**

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| **I         | **DESCRIPTION OF INPUT PARAMETERS**                    |
| DENTIFIER** |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| METHOD      | Program run option and beginning page number           |
|             |                                                        |
| MONTH       | Year and month                                         |
|             |                                                        |
| SUNSPOT     | 12 month smoothed mean sunspot number and effective Q  |
|             | index                                                  |
| CIRCUIT     |                                                        |
|             | Transmitter-receiver locations                         |
| SYSTEM      |                                                        |
|             | Power, noise, min. angle, req. reliablility, SNR, time |
| TIME        | delay and power increment for multipath                |
|             |                                                        |
| ANTENNA     | Time of day loop (and indicator for LMT or UT)         |
|             |                                                        |
| FREQUENCY   | Transmitter or receiver, antenna type and parameters   |
|             |                                                        |
| LABEL       | Operating frequencies                                  |
|             |                                                        |
| INTEGRATE   | Alphanumeric label for identification                  |
|             |                                                        |
| EXECUTE     | .GE. 0 will do a fast integration when no F1 is        |
|             | present                                                |
| SAMPLE      |                                                        |
|             | Execute program with parameters currently set          |
| EFVAR       |                                                        |
|             | Optional geophysical samples (for a specified area)    |
| EDP         |                                                        |
|             | Optional E, F1 and F2 parameters (for a specified      |
| ANTOUT      | area)                                                  |
|             |                                                        |
| OUTGRAPH    | True heights and electron density (for a specified     |
|             | area)                                                  |
| COMMENT     |                                                        |
|             | Write antenna patterns on a file                       |
| QUIT        |                                                        |
|             | Request output of several methods                      |
| FPROB       |                                                        |
|             | Comment line in user defined input                     |
| TOPLINES    |                                                        |
|             | Termination of program execution                       |
| BOTLINES    |                                                        |
|             | Critical frequency multipliers                         |
|             |                                                        |
|             | User specified heading lines (for method 23)           |
|             |                                                        |
|             | User specified output lines (for method 23)            |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

**TABLE 3. Available Output Methods**

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M     | **DESCRIPTION OF METHOD**                                  |
| ETHOD** |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1\.     | Ionospheric parameters                                     |
|         |                                                            |
| 2\.     | Ionograms                                                  |
|         |                                                            |
| 3\.     | MUF - FOT lines (nomogram)                                 |
|         |                                                            |
| 4\.     | MUF - FOT graph                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| 5\.     | HPF - MUF - FOT graph                                      |
|         |                                                            |
| 6\.     | MUF - FOT - Es graph                                       |
|         |                                                            |
| 7\.     | FOT - MUF table (full ionosphere)                          |
|         |                                                            |
| 8\.     | MUF - FOT graph                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| 9\.     | HPF - MUF - FOT graph                                      |
|         |                                                            |
| 10\.    | MUF - FOT - ANG graph                                      |
|         |                                                            |
| 11\.    | MUF - FOT - Es graph                                       |
|         |                                                            |
| 12\.    | MUF by magnetic indices, K (not implemented)               |
|         |                                                            |
| 13\.    | Transmitter antenna pattern                                |
|         |                                                            |
| 14\.    | Receiver antenna pattern                                   |
|         |                                                            |
| 15\.    | Both transmitter and receiver antenna patterns             |
|         |                                                            |
| 16\.    | System performance (S.P.)                                  |
|         |                                                            |
| 17\.    | Condensed system performance, reliability                  |
|         |                                                            |
| 18\.    | Condensed system performance, service probability          |
|         |                                                            |
| 19\.    | Propagation path geometry                                  |
|         |                                                            |
| 20\.    | Complete system performance (C.S.P.)                       |
|         |                                                            |
| 21\.    | Forced long path model (C.S.P.)                            |
|         |                                                            |
| 22\.    | Forced short path model (C.S.P.)                           |
|         |                                                            |
| 23\.    | User selected output lines (set by TOPLINES and BOTLINES)  |
|         |                                                            |
| 24\.    | MUF-REL table                                              |
|         |                                                            |
| 25\.    | All modes table                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| 26\.    | MUF - LUF - FOT table (nomogram)                           |
|         |                                                            |
| 27\.    | FOT - LUF graph                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| 28\.    | #####  MUF - FOT - LUF graph                               |
|         |                                                            |
| 29\.    | MUF - LUF graph                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

**Table 4. Required SNR\'s for Radiotelephone Service**

+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Radio Telephone          | #        |          |          |          |
|                          | ####  GR |          |          |          |
| Description              | ADE OF S |          |          |          |
|                          | ERVICE\* |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|                          | Operator |          | Good     |          |
|                          | -to-Oper |          | Co       |          |
|                          | ator\*\* |          | mmercial |          |
|                          |          |          | Quality  |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|                          | No       | Dual     | No       | Dual     |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
|                          | D        | D        | D        | D        |
|                          | iversity | iversity | iversity | iversity |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 6A3                      | 51       | 48       | 75       | 70       |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| Double Sideband - AM     | 49       | 46       | 73       | 68       |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| 3A3                      | 48       | 45       | 72       | 67       |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| Single Sideband - AM     | 50       | 47       | 74       | 69       |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| 3A3a (reduced carrier)   | 50       | 47       | 74       | 69       |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| 3A3j (suppressed         | 51       | 48       | 75       | 70       |
| carrier)                 |          |          |          |          |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| 6A3                      |          |          |          |          |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| Independent Sideband -   |          |          |          |          |
| AM                       |          |          |          |          |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| 6A3B (2-voice channels)  |          |          |          |          |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| 9A3B (3-voice channels)  |          |          |          |          |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| 12A3b (4-voice channels) |          |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

\* Required signal-to-Noise Ratio in occupied bandwidth relative to
noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth (dB).

\*\* For 90% intelligibility of related words.

**TABLE 5. REQUIRED SNR\'S FOR RADIOTELETYPE SERVICE**

+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+
| Type of          | GRADE |       |       |       |        |        |
| Transmission     | OF    |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | SERV  |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | ICE\* |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | Char  |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | acter |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | Error |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | Rat   |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | e\*\* |       |       |       |        |        |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+
|                  | 1     |       | 1     |       | 10^-4^ |        |
|                  | 0^-2^ |       | 0^-3^ |       |        |        |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+
|                  | No    | Dual  | No    | Dual  | No     | Dual   |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | Dive  | Dive  | Dive  | Dive  | Div    | Div    |
|                  | rsity | rsity | rsity | rsity | ersity | ersity |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+
| **1.1F1**        | 55    | 51    | 62    | 58    | 68     | 63     |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| FSK, 60 WPM,     | 50    | 47    | 59    | 54    | 65     | 60     |
| 1500-Hz filter   |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | 63    | 59    | 70    | 65    | 76     | 70     |
| Start-Stop       |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | 58    | 54    | 66    | 62    | 73     | 68     |
| Synchronous      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | 64    | 60    | 71    | 66    | 77     | 71     |
| ######  3A7J     |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  | 59    | 55    | 67    | 63    | 74     | 69     |
| SSB, Supressed   |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| carrier 16-      | 66    | 62    | 73    | 68    | 79     | 73     |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| teletype         | 61    | 57    | 69    | 65    | 76     | 71     |
| subchannels each |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| subchannel ±42.5 |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Hz FSK,          |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| 110-Hz filter,   |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| 100 WPM,         |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| 5 unit           |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Start-Stop       |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Synchronous      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| ######  6A9b     |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| ISB, 1-voice     |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| channel and      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| 16-teletype      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| subchannels      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| each subchannel  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| ±42.5            |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Hz, FSK, 110-Hz  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| filter,          |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| 100 WPM          |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Start-Stop       |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Synchronous      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| ######  12A9b    |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| ISB, 2-voice     |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| channels and     |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| 32-teletype      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| subchannels,     |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| each subchannel  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| ±42.5            |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Hz, FSK,         |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| 110-filter, 100  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| WPM              |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Start-Stop       |       |       |       |       |        |        |
|                  |       |       |       |       |        |        |
| Synchronous      |       |       |       |       |        |        |
+------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+

\* Required Signal-to-Noise Ratio in occupied bandwidth relative to
noise in a 1 HZ bandwidth (db)

\*\* 5-unit code, no error control schemes

Power assumed equally divided between channels

TABLE 6. Typical Values of Ground Electrical Characteristics

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| GROUND TYPE           | CONDUCTIVITY          | DIELECTRIC CONSTANT   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sea Water             | 5.0 mhos/m            | 80                    |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Good Ground           | 0.01                  | 10                    |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Poor Ground and Sea   | 0.001                 | 4                     |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Ice                   | 0.0001                | 1                     |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Polar Ice Cap         | 0.002                 | 80                    |
|                       |                       |                       |
| Fresh Water           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

TABLE 7. OUTPUT COMBINATIONS FOR THE OUTGRAPH COMMAND

+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| METHOD          | OUTGRAPH COMMAND                                   |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PROGRAM TASK    | ADDITIONAL OUTPUT AVAILABLE FOR THE SPECIFIED      |
|                 |                                                    |
| OPTION\*        | TASK OPTION (SPECIFIED ON OUTGRAPH COMMAND)        |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3               | 4 5 6                                              |
|                 |                                                    |
| 4               | 3 5 6                                              |
|                 |                                                    |
| 5               | 3 4 6                                              |
|                 |                                                    |
| 6               | 3 4 5                                              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7               | 8 to 11                                            |
|                 |                                                    |
| 8               | 9 to 11                                            |
|                 |                                                    |
| 9               | 8, 10, 11                                          |
|                 |                                                    |
| 10              | 8, 9, 11                                           |
|                 |                                                    |
| 11              | 8 to 10                                            |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 16 to 25        | 8 to 11, 26 to 29\*\*                              |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 26              | 8 to 11, 27 to 29                                  |
|                 |                                                    |
| 27              | 8 to 11, 26, 28, 29                                |
|                 |                                                    |
| 28              | 8 to 11, 26 to 29                                  |
|                 |                                                    |
| 29              | 8 to 11, 26 to 28                                  |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 30              |                                                    |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+

\* Optimal program task options for additional output.

\*\* LUF values set by first frequency in the frequency complement which
has a computed reliability that is greater than or equal to the required
system reliability. If none of the computed reliabilities are at least
as large as that required, the frequency with the greatest reliability
is chosen and a designator is printed to indicate the reliability. (Note
that this occurs only when the user specifies 26 to 29 on the OUTGRAPH
line and 16 to 25 on the METHOD command. The actual computed values for
LUF are printed when the user specifies 26 to 29 on the outgraph line
and 26 to 29 on the METHOD command.)

TABLE 8. Header Line Options for the TOPLINES Command

LINTP DESCRIPTION OF HEADER LINE

1 Month, year, and sunspot number

2 Alphanumeric information on the label command

3 Transmitter and receiver information consisting of

coordinates, azimuth, and great circle distance

(in kilometers and nautical miles)

4 Minimum take-off angle (in degrees)

5 Transmitter antenna information consisting of the

operating frequency range, antenna type (in mnemonics),

height\*, length\*, off-azimuth angle, conductivity,

dielectric constant as well as other antenna

characteristics

6 Receiver antenna information consisting of the

operating frequency range, antenna type (in mnemonics),

height\*, length\*, off-azimuth angle, conductivity,

dielectric constant as well as other antenna

characteristics

7 Power, 3 MHz man-made noise, required reliability and

required SNR

8 Multipath power tolerance and delay time tolerance

\*Height and length given in meters if positive and wavelength if
negative

Table 9. System Performance Output Line Options for the

BOTLINES Command

[LINEBD]{.underline} [OUTPUT MNEMONIC]{.underline} [VARIABLE
DESCRIPTION]{.underline}

1 MODE\* Number of hops for MUF and mode type

MODE\*\* Mode type at transmitter end and at

receiver end

2 ANGLE\* Radiation angle at transmitter, degrees

ANGLE\*\* Radiation angle at transmitter and

receiver end, degrees

3 DELAY Time delay most reliable mode (MRM),

milliseconds

4 V HITE Virtual height MRM, kilometers

5 F DAYS Prob. operating frequency exceeds the

predicted MUF

6 LOSS Median system loss, MRM, dB

7 DBU Field strength, median, dBu

8 SDBW Signal power, median, dBw

9 NDBW Noise strength, median, dBw

10 SNR Median SNR, dB

11 RPWRG Required power gain for MRM, db

12 REL Reliability

13 MPROB Multipath probability (short paths only)

14 SPRB Service probability

15 SIGLW Signal (loss), lower decile, dB

16 SIGUP Signal (loss), upper decile, dB

17 VHFDBU VHF field strength, median, dBu

18 VHFLW VHF field strength, lower decile, dB

19 VHFUP VHF field strength, upper decile, dB

20 VHFMOD VHF mode type

21 SNRLW SNR, lower decile, dB

22 SNRUP SNR, upper decile, dB

\* if short path

\*\* if long path

TABLE 10. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OUTPUT LINE OPTIONS AS

PRESET BY THE METHOD NUMBER

+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| METHOD    | LINES                 | DESCRIPTION                      |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| 16        | 1 to 13               | Detailed system performance      |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| 17        | 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12    | Condensed S.P. with reliability  |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| 18        | 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14    | Condensed S.P. with service      |
|           |                       | prob.                            |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| 19        | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5         | Propagation path geometry        |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| 20        | 1 to 22 (all)         | Complete S.P. output             |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| 21        | 1 to 16               | ### Force long path submodule    |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+
| 22        | 1 to 16               | Force short path submodule       |
+-----------+-----------------------+----------------------------------+

TABLE 11. INPUT DATA REQUIRED FOR OUTPUT METHODS

┌────────┬──────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┐

│ DATA \# │ DESCRIPTION │ OUTPUT/RUN TYPES │

├────────┼──────────────────────────────┼────────┬─────────┬──────────┬─────────┤

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

├────────┼──────────────────────────────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┤

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ 1. A │ YEAR OR SSN │ R │ │ R │ R │

│ B │ MONTH │ R │ │ R │ R │

│ C │ TRANSMITTER SITE, σ, ε │ │ R │ R │ │

│ D │ RECEIVER SITE, σ, ε │ │ R │ │ │

├────────┼──────────────────────────────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┤

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ 2. A │ METHOD │ R │R │ R │ R │

│ B │ BEGINNING HOUR │ R │ │ │ │

│ C │ END HOUR │ R │ │ R │R │

│ D │ HOUR INCREMENT │ R │ │ R │ R │

│ E │ ANTENNA PATTERN │ │ │ │ R │

│ F │ GREAT CIRCLE PATH │ R │ │ R │ R │

│ G │ HEADER LINES │ │ │ │ ? │

│ H │ SYS. PER. LINES │ │ │ │ ? │

├────────┼──────────────────────────────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┤

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ 3. │ FREQUENCY COMP. │ │ │ │ R │

├────────┼──────────────────────────────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┤

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ 4. A │ TRANSMITTER SITE │ R │ \* │ R │ R │

│ B │ RECEIVER SITE │ R │\*\* │ R │ R │

│ C │ MIN. TAKE-OFF ANGLE │ │ │ R │ R │

│ D │ POWER │ │ │ │ R │

│ E │ REQUIRED SNR │ │ │ │ R │

│ F │ NOISE │ │ │ │ R │

│ G │ REQUIRED RELIABILITY │ │ │ │ ? │

│ H │ MULTIPATH │ │ │ │ ? │

│ I │ MULTIPATH POWER │ │ │ │ ? │

│ J │ MULTIPATH TIME │ │ │ │ ? │

├────────┼──────────────────────────────┼────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┤

│ 5. │ ANTENNA TYPES │ │ R │ │ R │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ 6. │ TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS │ │ R │ │ R │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ 7. │ RECEIVING ANTENNAS │ │ R │ │ R │

└────────┴──────────────────────────────┴────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┘

where R denotes required

? required only if that output is requested

\* Transmitter site is an optional requirement for Methods 13 and 15 if
the transmitter antenna orientation is not off-azimuth from path.

\*\* Receiver site is an optional requirement for Methods 14 and 15 if
the receiver antenna orientation is not off-azimuth from path.

TABLE 12. CALCULATION OF AN EFFECTIVE Kp VALUE

Q~e~ K~peff~

Q~e~ ≤ 0 0.0

Q~e~ \< 2.0 0.0

2.0 ≤ Q~e~ \< 3.0 1.5-(2.0\*(Q~e~-3.0)\*\*2)/(Q~e~=3.0)

3.0 ≤ Q~e~ \< 6.0 Q~e~ - 1.5

6.0 ≤ Q~e~ \< 8.0 1.7 + 2/3 Q~e~

8.0 ≤ Q~e~ 7.0

![](media/image15.wmf){width="6.116666666666666in"
height="5.229861111111111in"}

Fig. 52 Effective Kp Index as a function of effective Q index.

1\. METHOD Command Line (3.3.1)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"METHOD\" command

  11-15         Method          15           Program task option, 1 to 30
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

2\. MONTH Command Line (3.3.1)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"MONTH\" command

  11-15         NYEAR           I5           Year

  16-20         MONTH           I5           Month where January is represented
                                             by 1, February by 2, etc.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

3\. SUNSPOT Command Line (3.3.2)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"SUNSPOT\" command

  11-15         SSN             F5.1         12 month smooth mean sunspot \#

  16-20         EFFQ            F5.1         Effective Q value
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

4\. CIRCUIT Command Line (3.3.3)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"CIRCUIT\" command

  11-15         TLATD           F5.2         Latitude of transmitter,degrees

  16            ITLAT           A1           N = north, S = south

  21-25         TLONGD          F5.2         Longitude of transmitter, degrees

  26            ITLONG          A1           E = east, W = west

  31-35         RLATD           F5.2         Latitude of receiver, degrees

  36            IRLAT           A1           N = north, S = south

  41-45         RLONGD          F5.2         Longitude of receiver, degrees

  46            IRLONG          A1           E = east, W = west

  51-55         NPSL            I5           0 = shortpath, 1 = longpath
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

5\. SYSTEM Command Line (3.3.3)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"SYSTEM\" command

  11-15         PWR             F5.2         Transmitter power, kilowatts

  16-20         XNOISE          F5.0         Man-made noise in dB below a watt
                                             (-dBW);-1 is industrial (125), -2 is
                                             residential (136), -3 is rural
                                             (148), -4 is remote (164)\*

  21-25         AMIND           F5.2         Minimum radiation angle, degrees

  26-30         XLUFP           F5.0         Required reliability, percent

  31-35         RSN             F5.2         Required SNR,dB

  36-40         PMP             F5.2         Multipath power tolerance, dB

  41-45         DMPX            F5.2         Multipath time delay increment,
                                             milliseconds

                                             

                                             \*The user may indicate other
                                             man-made noise values by specifying
                                             a positive value in this field.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

6\. TIME Command Line (3.3.2)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"TIME\" command

  11-15         IHRO            I5           Start time, hours

  16-20         IHRE            I5           Stop time, hours

  21-25         IHRS            I5           Hour increment, hours

  26-30         ITIM            I5           If negative LMT at transmitter,
                                             otherwise UT
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

7.  FREQUENCY Command Line (3.3.3)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"FREQUENCY\" command

  11-15         FREL(1)         F5.2         Array of up to 11 frequencies, MHz,

  16-20         FREL(2)         F5.2         if FREL(1) is zero, then the FOT
                                             replaces FREL(1)

  21-25         FREL(3)         F5.2         

  26-30         FREL(4)         F5.2         

  31-35         FREL(5)         F5.2         

  36-40         FREL(6)         F5.2         

  41-45         FREL(7)         F5.2         

  46-50         FREL(8)         F5.2         

  51-55         FREL(9)         F5.2         

  56-60         FREL(10)        F5.2         

  61-65         FREL(11)        F5.2         
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

8.  LABEL Command Line (3.3.3)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"LABEL\" command

  11-20         ITRAN(1)        A10          For output identification only

  21-30         ITRAN(2)        A10          For output identification only

  31-40         IRCVR(1)        A10          For output identification only

  41-50         IRCVR(2)        A10          For output identification only
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

9.  INTEGRATE Command Line (3.3.4)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"INTEGRATE\" command

  11-15         INTEG           I5           ≥ 0 indicates fast integration; \< 0
                                             indicates Gaussian integration

                                             

                -or-                         

  11-20         ITEMP           A10          \"OFF\" indicates return to fast
                                             integration
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

10. EXECUTE Command Line (3.3.1)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   9 **Name**      **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"EXECUTE\" command

  11-15         KRUN            I5           3 = no indices calculation; 2 = Es
                                             indices only; 1 = E, F1,F2 indices
                                             only; 0 = E, F1, F2, Es indices.
                                             (default is KRUN = 0 which indicates
                                             indices are calculated for each
                                             ionospheric layer)
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

11. EFVAR Command Line (3.3.4)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"EFVAR\" command

  11-15         I               I5           Sample area 1 to 5

  16-20         FI(1,I)         F5.2         foE, MHz

  21-25         YI(1,I)         F5.1         ymE, km

  26-30         HI(1,I)         F5.1         hmE, km

  31-35         FI(2,I)         F5.2         foF1, MHz

  36-40         YI(2,I)         F5.1         ymF1, km

  41-45         HI(2,I)         F5.1         hmF1, km

  46-50         FI(3,I)         F5.2         foF2, MHz

  51-55         YI(3,I)         F5.1         ymF2, km

  56-60         HI(3,I)         F5.1         hmF2, km
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

12\. ESVAR Command Line (3.3.4)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ESVAR\" command

  11-15         I               I5           Sample area 1 to 5

  16-20         FS(1,I)         F5.2         foEs, lower decile, MHz = lowest
                                             value, e.g., 2

  21-25         FS(2,I)         F5.2         foEs median, e.g., 4., MHz

  26-30         FS(3,I)         F5.1         foEs upper decile, MHz = highest
                                             value, e.g., 6.

  31-35         HS(I)           F5.1         Virtual height of reflection, km,
                                             e.g., 110
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

13\. EDP Command Line (3.3.4)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"EDP\" command

  11-15         JSAMP           I5           Must = 1 (limitation on current
                                             implementation)

  16-25         ITEMP           A10          If \"OFF\" return to use calculated
                                             EDP

                                             If not \"OFF\" followed by 8 lines;
                                             first four contain heights, second
                                             four contain square of plasma
                                             frequency
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

13a. Data for external electron density profile (3.3.4)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-5           HTR(1)          F5.2         True heights, kilometers

  6-10          HTR(2)          F5.2         

                .                            

                .                            

                .                            Four lines containing 50 values
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

13b. Data for external electron density profile (3.3.4)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-5           FNSQ(1)         F5.2         Plasma frequency squared (MHz)^2^

  6-10          FNSQ(2)         F5.2         

                .                            

                .                            

                .                            Four lines containing 50 values
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

14\. ANTOUT Command Line (3.3.5)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTOUT\" command

  11-13         ITEMP           A3           If = \"OFF\" do not output any
                                             antenna patterns, otherwise pattern
                                             will be output to file

  15-24         AOUTPT          A20          File name for antenna output
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

15\. COMMENT Command Line (3.3.5)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"COMMENT\" command

  11-80                                      User inserts description of the
                                             input file or other remarks and
                                             comments; not internally read by
                                             program
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

16\. QUIT Command Line (3.3.1)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"QUIT\" command
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

17\. OUTGRAPH Command Line (3.3.5)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"OUTGRAPH\" command

  11-15         KTOUT(1)        I5           Indicates additional \"methods\" of
                                             desired graphical output (specify 1
                                             to 12 methods)

  16-20         KTOUT(2)        I5           

  21-25         KTOUT(3)        I5           

  26-30         KTOUT(4)        I5           (See Table 7 for valid output
                                             combinations)

  31-35         KTOUT(5)        I5           

  36-40         KTOUT(6)        I5           

  41-45         KTOUT(7)        I5           

  46-50         KTOUT(8)        I5           

  51-55         KTOUT(9)        I5           

  56-60         KTOUT(10)       I5           

  61-65         KTOUT(11)       I5           

  66-70         KTOUT(12)       I5           

                -OR-                         

  11-20         ITEMP           A10          If = \"OFF\", stop additional output
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

18\. FPROB Command Line (3.3.4)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"FPROB\" command

  11-15         PSC(1)          F5.1         Multiplier for foE \> 0

  16-20         PSC(2)          F5.1         Multiplier for foF1

  21-25         PSC(3)          F5.S         Multiplier for foF2 \> 0

  26-30         PSC(4)          F5.1         Multiplier for foEs

                -OR-                         

  11-20         ITEMP           A10          \"OFF\" returns to default values of
                                             1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.7. The values for
                                             foE and foF2 must be positive.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

19\. TOPLINES Command Line (3.3.5)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"TOPLINES\" command

  11-15         LINTP(1)        I5           Header line number; 1 to 8 (refer to
                                             table 8 for description)

  16-20         LINTP(2)        I5           Program will print those header
                                             lines specified when method 23 is
                                             used

  21-25         LINTP(3)        I5           

  26-30         LINTP(4)        I5           

  31-35         LINTP(5)        I5           

  36-40         LINTP(6)        I5           

  41-45         LINTP(7)        I5           

  46-50         LINTP(8)        I5           

  51-55         LINTP(9)        I5           

  56-60         LINTP(10)       I5           

  61-65         LINTP(11)       I5           

  66-70         LINTP(12)       I5           

  71-75         LINTP(13)       I5           

  76-80         LINTP(14)       I5           

  11-20         ITEMP           A10          \"OFF\" indicates to discontinue
                                             printing the header line(s)
                                             specified on a previous \"TOPLINES\"
                                             command.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

20\. BOTLINES Command Line (3.3.5)

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"BOTLINES\" command

  11-15         LINBD(1)        I5           Line number, 1 to 22 (indicate
                                             parameter to output, see Table 9)
                                             when method 23 is used

  16-20         LINBD(2)        I5           

  21-25         LINBD(3)        I5           

  26-30         LINBD(4)        I5           

  31-35         LINBD(5)        I5           

  36-40         LINBD(6)        I5           

  41-45         LINBD(7)        I5           

  46-50         LINBD(8)        I5           

  51-55         LINBD(9)        I5           

  56-60         LINBD(10)       I5           

  61-65         LINBD(11)       I5           

  66-70         LINBD(12)       I5           

  71-75         LINBD(13)       I5           

  76-80         LINBD(14)       I5           

  11-20         ITEMP           A10          \"OFF\" indicates to discontinue
                                             printing the parameter(s) specified
                                             on a previous \"BOTLINES\" command
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

21\. ANTENNA COMMAND, TERMINATED RHOMBIC

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 1

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 1

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Bearing of antenna, degrees, E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40         AND             F5.1         Tilt angle, degrees (1/2 the large
                                             interior angle)

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna leg length, meters
                                             (wavelengths if negative)

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna height, meters (wavelengths
                                             if negative)

  51-55                                      Not used for this antenna

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

22\. ANTENNA C0MMAND, VERTICAL MONOPOLE

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 2

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 2

  21-25                                      Not used for this antenna

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40                                      Not used for this antenna

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna height, meters (wavelengths
                                             if negative)

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Gain above a dipole, dB

  51-55                                      Not used for this antenna

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

23\. ANTENNA COMMAND, HORIZONTAL DIPOLE

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 3

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 3

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Bearing, degrees E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40                                      Not used for this antenna

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna length, meters (wavelengths
                                             if negative)

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna height, meters (wavelengths
                                             if negative)

  51-55         AEX(1)          F5.1         Gain above 1/2 wavelength horizontal
                                             dipole, dB

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

24\. ANTENNA COMMAND, HORIZONTAL YAGI

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 4

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 4

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Bearing of antenna, degrees E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40                                      Not used for this antenna

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna length, meters (wavelengths
                                             if negative)

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna height, meters (wavelengths
                                             if negative)

  51-55         AEX(1)          F5.1         Gain above 1/2 wavelength horizontal
                                             dipole, dB

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

25\. ANTENNA COMMAND, VERTICAL LOG PERIODIC ARRAY OF MONOPOLES

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 5

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 5

  21-25                                      Not used for this antenna

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40                                      Not used for this antenna

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna height, must be 1/4
                                             wavelength (-.25)

  46-50                                      

  51-55         AEX(1)          F5.1         Gain above 1/4 wavelength vertical

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

26\. ANTENNA COMMAND, CURTAIN ANTENNA

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 6

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 6

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Antenna bearing degrees E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40         AND             F5.1         Number of bays

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna element length, meters

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna height to first element,
                                             meters

  51-55         AEX(1)          F5.1         Number of elements per bay

  56-60         AEX(2)          F5.2         Distance between elements centers,
                                             meters

  61-65         AEX(3)          F5.1         Vertical spacing of elements, meters

  66-70         AEX(4)          F5.1         Distance from screen, meters

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

27\. ANTENNA COMMAND, TERMINATED SLOPING VEE

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 7

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 7

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Bearing of antenna degrees E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40         AND             F5.1         1/2 apex angle in plane of wires

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna leg length, meters

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna height, meters

  51-55         AEX(1)          F5.1         Terminated height

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

28\. ANTENNA COMMAND, INVERTED L

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 8

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 8

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Antenna bearing degrees E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40                                      Not used for this antenna

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Antenna length, meters

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna height, meters

  51-55                                      Not used for this antenna

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

29\. ANTENNA COMMAND, TERMINATED SLOPING RHOMBIC

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 9

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 9

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Antenna bearing degrees E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40         AND             F5.1         1/2 large interior angle in plane of
                                             wire

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Leg length, meters

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna height, meters

  51-55         AEX(1)          F5.1         Terminate height, meters

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

30\. ANTENNA COMMAND, INTERLACED RHOMBIC

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 11

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 11

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Antenna bearing degrees E of N

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40         AND             F5.1         1/2 large interior angle in plane of
                                             wire, degrees

  41-45         ANL             F5.1         Leg length, meters

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Lower antenna height, meters

  51-55         AEX(1)          F5.1         Vertical displacement, meters

  56-60         AEX(2)          F5.1         Horizontal feed point displacement,
                                             meters

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

31\. ANTENNA COMMAND, CONSTANT GAIN

  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------
  **Columns**   **Name**        **Format**   **Description of Input Data**

  1-10                          A10          \"ANTENNA\" 12

  11-15         IAT             I5           1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver

  16-20         IANTR           I5           Antenna type = 12

  21-25         AETA            F5.1         Gain above isotropic, dB

  26-30         ASIG            F5.1         Ground conductivity, mhos/m

  31-35         AEPS            F5.1         Relative dielectric constant

  36-40                                      Not used for this antenna

  41-45                                      Not used for this antenna

  46-50         ANH             F5.1         Antenna efficiency, dB

  51-55                                      Not used for this antenna

  56-60                                      Not used for this antenna

  61-65                                      Not used for this antenna

  66-70                                      Not used for this antenna

  71-75         AFQB            F5.1         Ending frequency when more than one
                                             antenna is used

  76-80         IAIN            I5           Antenna number indicator (each
                                             transmitter or receiver antenna can
                                             be defined by up to three different
                                             antennas over the frequency range;
                                             default is one, if IAIN is left
                                             blank.
  ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------------------------------

32\. ANTENNA COMMAND, ANTENNA READ FROM FILE

+---------+--------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| **Co    | **Name**     | **Fo   | **Description of Input Data**     |
| lumns** |              | rmat** |                                   |
+---------+--------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| 1-10    |              | A10    | \"ANTENNA\" 18                    |
+---------+--------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| 11-15   | IAT          | I5     | 1 for transmitter, 2 for receiver |
+---------+--------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| 16-20   | IANTR        | I5     | Antenna type = 18                 |
+---------+--------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| 21-40   |              |        | FILE NAME of antenna input file   |
+---------+--------------+--------+-----------------------------------+
| 76-80   | IAIN         | I5     | Antenna type 18                   |
|         |              |        |                                   |
|         |              |        | If IAIN ≥ 0, then IAIN indicates  |
|         |              |        | the number of antennas to skip    |
|         |              |        | forward from position one on the  |
|         |              |        | antenna file before reading the   |
|         |              |        | desired pattern.                  |
+---------+--------------+--------+-----------------------------------+

**9. REFERENCES**

Aker, H. C., and A. H. Lagrone (l962), Digital computation of the mutual
impedance between thin dipoles, Proc. IRE Trans. Ant. & Prop., AP-10 (2)
172-178.

Barghausen, A. F., J. W. Finney, L. L. Proctor, and L.D. Schultz (1969),
Predicting long-term operational parameters of high-frequency sky-wave
telecommunication systems, ESSA Technical Report ERL 110-ITS78,
Washington, D. C., May.

Beckmann, B. (1958), Concerning the relationship of the field intensity
to the limits of the transmission frequency range, NTZ 11, 623, 528.

Bibl, K., A. Paul, and K. Rawer (1961), Absorption in the D and E
regions and its time variation, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. 23,
244-259, December.

Bremmer, H. (l949), Terrestrial Radio Waves (Elsevier Publishing Co.,
New York, New York).

Budden, K. G. (l966), Radio Waves in the Ionosphere (Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, England).

CCIR (1964), World distribution and characteristics of atmospheric radio
noise, Rept. 322, Documents of the Xth Plenary Assembly, Geneva, 1963.

CCIR (l966), Atlas of ionospheric characteristics, Rept. 340-1, Oslo,
ITU, Geneva, Switzerland.

CCIR (1970), CCIR interim method for estimating sky-wave field strength
and transmission loss at frequencies between the approximate limits of 2
and 30 MHz, CCIR Report 252-2, ITU, Geneva, Switzerland.

Central Radio Propagation Laboratory (1948), Ionospheric radio
propagation, NBS Circular 462.

Croft, T. A. (l967), HF radio focusing caused by the electron
distribution between ionospheric layers, J. Geophys, Res., 72, No. 9,
2343-2355.

Davies, K. (l966), Ionospheric Radio Propagation, NBS Monograph 80 (U.
S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402).

Davies, K. (1969), Ionospheric Radio Waves (Blaisdell Publishing Co.,
Waltham, Mass).

Davis, R. M., and N. L. Groome (1965), The effect of auroral zone
absorption on high frequency system loss, NBS Report 8810, Boulder,
Colorado.

Fejer, J. A. (1961), The absorption of short radio waves in the
ionospheric D and E regions, J. A. and T. P. 23, 260-274.

Feldstein, Y. I., and G. V. Starkov (1967), Dynamics of Auroral Belt and
Polar Geomagnetic Disturbances, Planet Space Sci. 15, 209.

Finney, J. B. (1963), Ray tracing development for propagation studies,
NBS Report 7697.

George, P. L. (1971), The calculation of ionospheric absorption in HF
radio propagation prediction, WRE-Technical Note-A207(AP). Department of
Supply, Weapons Research Establishment, South Australia.

Harnischmacher, E. (l960), A calculation method of ionospheric
propagation conditions for very high and antipode distance, in
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, (Academic Press).

Haselgrove, J. (1954), Ray theory and a new method for ray tracing,
(Report of Conference on Physics of the Ionosphere, London Physical
Society).

Haydon, G. W., M. Leftin, and R. K. Rosich (1976), Predicting the
Performance of High Frequency Sky-wave Telecommunication Systems, OT
Report 76-102, Boulder, Colorado 80303.

Haydon, G. W., and D. L. Lucas (1968), Predicting ionosphere electron
density profiles, Radio Science 3, No. 13, pp. 111-119.

Haydon, G. W., D. L. Lucas, and R. A. Hanson (1969), Technical
considerations in the selection of optimum frequencies for high
frequency skywave communication services, ESSA Tech. Report ERL 113-ITS
81, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado. This report is a reprint
of NBS Report 7249, originally issued November, l962.

Headrick, J. M., and M. I. Skolnik (1974), Over-the-Horizon Radar in the
HF Band, Proc. IEEE 62, No. 6, 664-673.

Headrick, J. M., J. M. Thomason, D. L. Lucas, S. R. McCammon, R. A.
Hanson and J L Lloyd (1971), virtual path tracing for HF radar including
an ionospheric model, NRL Memo Report 2226, Naval Research Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.

Jasik, H. (1961), Antenna Engineering Handbook (McGraw-Hill, New York).

Jones, W. B., and R. M. Gallet (l962), The representation of diurnal and
geographic variations of ionospheric data by numerical methods, Radio
Sci. (J. Res. N8S), No. 4, 419-438.

Jones, W. B., and F. G. Stewart (1970), A numerical method for global
mapping of plasma frequency, Radio Sci. No. 6, 773-784.

Jordan, E. C., and K. G. Balmain (1968), Electromagnetic Waves and
Radiating Systems, (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J).

Kelley, L. (1946), Calculation of skywave field intensities, maximum
usable frequencies, U. S. Army Signal Corps Tech. Report No. 6.

King, R. W. P., and T. T. Wu (1965), The cylindrical antenna with
arbitrary driving point, IEEE Trans. on Ant. & Prop., AP-13, 710-718.

Laitinen, P. 0. (1957), Linear communication antennas, Tech. Report No.
7, revised, October, U. S. Signal Radio Propagation Agency, Fort
Monmouth, N.J.

Laitinen, P. 0., and G. W. Haydon (1950), Analysis and prediction of
skywave field intensities in the high frequency band, U. S. Army Signal
Radio Propagation Agency Tech. Report No. 9, Rev. (RPN 203).

Leftin, M. (1976), Numerical representation of monthly median critical
frequencies of the regular E region (foE), OT Report 76-88, Boulder,
Colorado 80303.

Leftin, M., S. M. Ostrow, and C. Preston (1968), Numerical maps of foEs
for solar cycle minimum and maximum, ESSA Technical Report ERL 73-ITS
63, Boulder, Colorado 80303.

Lejay, P., and D. Lepechinsky (l950), Field intensity at the receiver as
a function of distance, Nature 165, 306.

Lucas, D. L., and J. D. Harper (1966), A numerical representation of
CCIR Report 233 high frequency (3-30 Mc/s) atmospheric radio noise data,
NBS Tech. Note No. 318, U. S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado
80303.

Lucas, D. L., and G. W. Haydon (1961), MUF-FOT predictions by electronic
computers, NBS Report 6789. U. S. Department of Commerce, Boulder,
Colorado 80303.

Lucas, D. L., and G. W. Haydon (l962), Predicting the performance of
band 7 communications systems using electronic computer, NBS Report
7619.

Lucas, D. L., and G. W. Haydon (l966), Predicting statistical
performance indexes for high frequency telecommunications systems, ESSA
Tech. Report IER 1-ITSA 1, U S Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado
80303.

Lucas, D. L., J. L. Lloyd, J. M. Headrick, and J. F. Thomason (l972),
Computer techniques for planning and management of OTH radars, NRL Memo
Report 2500, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

Ma, M. T. (1974), Theory and Application of Antenna Arrays (John Wiley &
Sons, New York).

Ma, M. T.. and L. C. Walters (1967), Computed radiation patterns of
log-periodic antennas over lossy plane ground, ESSA Tech. Report IER
54-ITSA 52, U. S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado 80303.

Ma, M. T., and L. C. Walters (l969), Power gains for antennas over lossy
plane ground, ESSA Tech. Report ERL 104-ITS 74. U. S. Department of
Commerce, Boulder, Colorado 80303. See also Ma (1974).

Martyn, D. F. (1959), The normal F region of the ionosphere, Proc. IRE
47, No. 2, 147-155.

Pedersen, P. 0. (l927), The Propagation of Radio Waves, Danmarks
Naturvidenskabelige Samfund, Copenhagen.

Philips, M. L. (l962), Evaluation of effective Es reflectivity of
obscuration because of Es ionization, External Tech. Memo No. 14,
Electro-Physics Labs.

Piggott, W. R. (1953), The reflection and absorption of radio waves in
the ionosphere, Proc. IEEE 100, Part III, No. 64, pp. 61-72.

Piggott, W. R., and K. Rawer (1972), U.R.S.I. Handbook of ionogram
interpretation and reduction, World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial
Physics, Report UAG-23. NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80303.

Ramo, S.,and J. R. Whinnery (l960), Fields and waves in modern radio,
(John Wiley and Sons, New York).

Ratcliffe, J. A. (l951), A quick method for analyzing ionospheric
records, J. Geophys. Res. 56. 463-485.

Rawer, K. (ed.) (1976), Manual on Ionospheric Absorption Measurements,
Report UAG-57, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80303.

Rice, P. L., A. G. Longley, K. A. Norton, and A. P. Barsis (l965),
Transmission Loss Predictions for Tropospheric Communication Circuits,
NBS Technical Note, No. 101, U. S. Department of Commerce, Boulder,
Colorado 80303.

Rosich, R. K., and W. B. Jones (1973), The numerical representation of
the critical frequency of the Fl region of the ionosphere, OT Report
73-22, Boulder, Colorado 80303.

Schelkunoff, S. A., and H. F. Friis (1952), Antennas - theory and
practice, (John Wiley and Sons, New York).

Schultz, L. D., and R. M. Gallet (1970), A survey and analysis of normal
ionospheric absorption measurements obtained from pulse reflections,
ESSA Professional Paper 4.

Shimazaki, T. (1965), Worldwide daily variations in the height of the
maximum electron density of the ionospheric F2 layer, J. Radio Res.
Labs., Japan, 2, No. 7, 86-97.

Spaulding, A.D. and F.G. Stewart (1987), An Updated Noise Model for use
in IONCAP, NTIA Report 87-212. U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder,
Colorado 80303

Spogen, Leo R., J. L. Lloyd, and E. P. Moore, Bell Aerosystems Company,
Arizona Operations, \"HF and LF Propagation Models for Interference
Prediction,\" Technical Report No. RADC-TR-67-396, August 1967.

Stanford Research Institute (1957), The application of digital computing
techniques to the problem of interference on HF communication circuits
and networks, Special Report 1, SRI Project 2124, Menlo Park,
California.

Tascione, T. F. (1979), AFGWC Aurora Program Documentation.

Whale, H. -. (1969), Effects of ionospheric scattering in very-long
distance radio communications (Plenum Press, New York, New York).

Wheeler, J. L. (1966), Transmission loss for ionospheric propagation
above the standard MUF, Radio Science, 1, No. 11, 1303-1308.