> **CURRICULUM VITA**

## HANS FRAUENFELDER

1\. Biodata 2

2\. Fellowships and Honors 3

3\. Recent committee assignments 4

4\. Research overview 6

5\. Research and Publications 8

6\. Publications 19

7\. Books 32

8\. Recent invited lectures 33

9\. Students, research associates, visitors 43

**1. Biodata**

### HANS FRAUENFELDER 

[Work]{.underline}: Theory Division T10 [Home]{.underline}: 55 Paseo
Encantado SW

MS K710

Los Alamos National Laboratory Tesuque, NM 87574

Los Alamos NM 87545 P.O. Box 854

505 665 2547, fax 505 665 2659 Tel: (505) 983-7512

e-mail: <frauenfelder@LANL.GOV> Fax: (505) 983-3104

hansfrauenfelder@mac.com

[Born:]{.underline} Neuhausen, Switzerland; 28 July 1922

[Naturalized:]{.underline} 11 June 1958; No. 787 4675

[Academic Training:]{.underline} Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Zürich, Switzerland

1947 Diploma, Silver Medal

1950 Ph.D. Physics (Dr. Sc. Nat.)

Teaching and Professional Experience:

1946-1952 Assistant, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

1952 Research Associate, University of Illinois

1952-1956 Assistant Professor of Physics, University of Illinois

1956-1958 Associate Professor of Physics, University of Illinois

1958-1992 Professor of Physics, University of Illinois

1978-1992 Center for Advanced Study Professor of Physics, Chemistry,
Biophysics,

University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

1992- Professor Emeritus of Physics, Chemistry, Biophysics

University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

1992- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM

1995-2003 Director, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National
Laboratory

2003- Senior Fellow, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theory Division T10

#### Webpage.

<http://cnls.lanl.gov/About>/resumes/HansF.html

**2. Fellowships and Honors**

Guggenheim Fellowship 1958-59, 1973

EMBO Fellowship 1981

Visiting Scientist, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1958-59, 1963, 1973

Office of Naval Research Distinguished Lecturer 1986

Humboldt Senior Scientist Award 1987

Fellow, American Physical Society

Richtmyer Lecturer 1981, American Physical Society

Racah Memorial Lecture, Hebrew University 1984

Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1975, Chm. Physics Section 1983-86

Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1979

Member, Academy Leopoldina, Halle, 1974

Member, American Philosophical Society, 1981

Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences

Member, Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois

Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Pennsylvania 1978

Honorary Doctor of Science, Technical University, Munich 1980

Honorary Member, Roland Eötvös Physical Society, Hungary

Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, 1990

Honorary Member, German Biophysical Society, 1991

Biological Physics Prize, American Physical Society, 1992

Goutsmit Memorial Lecture, University of Nevada, 1993

Emil Warburg Lecture, University of Bayreuth, Germany 1993

Doctor of Philosophy *honoris causa*, University of Stockholm, 1994

Ernst Abbe Colloquium, Jena, Germany 1994

Röntgen Lecture, Würzburg, Germany, 1995

Du Pont Distinguished Lecture, Indiana University, 1997

Foreign member, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1999

Humboldt Senior Scientist Award Renewed. 2000

Honorary member, Swiss Physical Society, 2001

Fellow, Biophysical Society, 2001

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "Hans Frauenfelder Annual
Lectureship in Biophysics".

Honorary Doctor (Doktor ehrenhalber), University Zurich, 2002.

Senior Laboratory Fellow; Los Alamos National Laboratory. November 2002.

Einstein Lecture. Freie Universität Berlin. 2005

W. E. Lamb Medal for Laser Science and Quantum Optics.

**3. Major Recent Committee Assignments**

Councilor, American Physical Society, 1977 - 1981

Advisory Panel on Commercial High-Level Radioactive Waste,

Office of Technology Assessment, Chairman, 1979 - 1981

Advisory Committee Physics Section, National Science Foundation, 1979 -
1981

Publications Committee, American Physical Society, Chairman, 1979 - 1980

NAS-NRC Committee of Federal Research of the Effects of Ionizing
Radiation (FREIR), 1978 - 1980

NRC-NAS Board on Research on Effects of Radiation, 1980 - 1982.

Trustee, Aspen Center for Physics 1981-1986.

Science Policy board, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, 1981 -
1984.

Chairman, 1983.

Advisory Committee Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
1982 - 1993.

Physics Section National Academy of Sciences, Chairman, 1983 - 1986.

Board on Physics and Astronomy, NRC-NAS, Chairman, 1983 - 1986;

member 1986 - 1987, 1993 - 1996

Sloan Foundation, Physics Selection Committee, 1983 - 1988.

NAS-NRC Research Briefing Panel on Selected Opportunities in Physics,

Co-Chairman, 1984.

Editorial Advisory Board Physical Review A, 1985 - 1990.

NRC-NAS Planning Committee for Large International Science

and Technology Facilities, 1985.

Governing Board American Institute of Physics, Chairman, 1986 - 1993

National Academy of Sciences Committee on the USSR and Eastern Europe,

Chairman, 1986 - 1993.

NAS-NRC Policy Briefing Panel on Research Funding, Co-Chairman,
1987.IUPAP Commission on Biological Physics, Chairman 1990-1993; member
1993-96

NSF Biomolecular Materials Workshop, Co - Chairman, 1990.

Santa Fe Institute, Science Board, 1987-1998 -- 2003- 2005

Secretary of Energy Advisory Board; member, Task Force on Energy
Research Priorities, 1991.

Nominating Committee - President NAS, 1992.US Liaison Committee for the
International Union of Pure & Applied Physics.

Vice-Chair 1991-1993, Chair, 1994 - 1996.

International Union of Pure & Applied Biophysics, member Commission of
Subcellular and Macromolecular Biophysics. 1994 -1997

American Assoc. Advancement of Science; Chair, Section on Physics
1998/1999

LANL Deputy Director and T division leader selection committees. 1998

Advisory committee, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Univ. of
Illinois, 1998-2004

Physics Advisory Board, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1998-.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Member Section Panel Physics,
1998

National Academy of Sciences Class Membership Committee, 1998

National Academy of Sciences Nominating Committee, 1999

American Physical Society, Forum on the History of Physics, Vice Chair,
2000. Chair 2001/02.

Georgia Inst. Of Technology; School of Physics. Ext. Review Com. 2000.

Am. Ass. Adv. Sci. Science and Policy Review Committee, 2002

UCSD Physics Dept. Ext. Rev. Comm. 2002 - .

February 2003. NSF Committee of Visitors, Physics Division.

Stanford U. LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee. (SLAC). 2004 -

External Advisory Committee Center for Theoretical Biological Physics.
UCSD. 2004-

Laboratory for Fluorescence dynamics (LFD), UIUC, Ext. Adv. Com.
2003-2006

External Advisory Committee, Physics Dept. Univ. of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign. 2002-

Am. Inst. Physics. Center for History of Physics. Advisory Com.
2000-2006

**4. Research - Overview**

This section provides a brief overview of the research performed during
the past sixty years. The numbers refer to the publications listed in
section 6. B denotes the books listed in section 7. A more detailed
description of the research is given in section 5.

[4.1 Nuclear Energy Levels]{.underline}

1947 Study of nuclear levels. (1,4,10,11,17,22)

1950 Angular correlation of conversion electrons. (2)

1951 Determination of a multipole mixing. (7,14)

[4.2 Surface Physics]{.underline}

1950 Investigation of surface processes (diffusion, condensation,
desorption) with radioactive substances and neutrino recoil. (3)

1964 Surface studies with the Mössbauer effect. (46)

[4.3 Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC)]{.underline}

1951 Discovery of perturbed angular correlation. (5,6,12,42)

1951 Measurement of the magnetic moment of an excited nuclear state.
(8,9,15)

1953 Influence of crystal structure on angular correlation. (14)

1960 Use of PAC to the measurement of the magnetic field in
superconductors. (24)

[4.4 Conservation Laws]{.underline}

1957 Study of parity nonconservation via electron polarization (Mott
scattering). (18)

1957 Observation of electron polarization with Moller Scattering,
(19,20)

1958 Theory of Polarization effects following beta decay. (23)

1960 Investigation of the stability of nucleons. (26)

1966 Study of time-reversal invariance with beta-gamma-gamma correlation
and with the Mössbauer effect. (49,52)

1969 Search for CP noninvariance in the decay of kaons. (48,51)

Search for fractionally charged particles. (53)

1974 Search for parity violation in nucleon-nucleon scattering.
(64,67,102,115)

[4.5 Mössbauer Effect and Its Applications]{.underline}

1960 Observation of the Mössbauer effect and its Zeeman effect in
^57^Fe. (25)

1960 Temperature dependence of internal magnetic field in ferromagnets.
(29)

1961 Internal conversion from resonance absorption. (30)

1962 Elliptical polarization of gamma rays. (33)

1964 Mössbauer effect under very high pressure. (41,45)

1964 Mössbauer scattering of "high-energy" gamma rays. (39,47)

1997 Mössbauer effect in glasses. (144)

[4.6 Physics of Biomolecules]{.underline}

1968 Mössbauer studies. (50)

1972 Dynamic studies with flash photolysis. (57,58)

1973 Low-temperature dynamics of biomolecules. (59, 62)

1975 Dynamics of binding of carbon monoxide and dioxygen to protoheme,

myoglobin, and the separated hemoglobin chains. (66,72,73)

1976 Invention of a transient analyzer with logarithmic time base. (70).

1977 Stochastic theory of ligand migration. (74)

1978 Fast reaction in cytochrome [c]{.underline}. (75)

Effect of pressure and temperature on dynamics. (76)

1979 Dynamic Studies with X-ray diffraction (Debye-Waller factor).
(80,83,91)

Solvent influence on protein dynamics. (81, 84, 88)

Isotope effect in molecular tunneling. (82)

1980 Kramers theory and proteins. (88)

1982 Control and pH dependence of proteins. (90)

Infrared studies of the myoglobin pocket. (89)

1984 Magnetic properties of photodissociated proteins, (101)

Ligand binding to leghemoglobin. (104)

Proteins and reaction theory. (103)

1985 Hierarchy of substates; functional motions. (105)

Thermal expansion of myoglobin. (107, 118)

1987 Proteins and glasses, (132, 174)

Protein relaxation phenomena. (117, 132,138,160)

1988 Mutated myoglobins. (129)

1990 Effect of pressure on proteins. (138)

Inhomogeneous spectral bands in proteins. (139)

1991 The energy landscape and dynamics of proteins. (149,154,157,173)

Connection between dynamics and function. (143)

Large scale conformational transitions in myoglobin. (145)

1992 Evaluation of kinetic data with the maximum entropy method. (150)

Spectroscopic observation of protein relaxation. (151)

1993 Transitions in the heme pocket. (152,168)

IR studies of mutants. (153)

1994 Light - induced and thermal relaxation. (158-162)

1995. Proteins and Complexity (142, 157, 164-167, 169-172, 177, 180)

2000 Myoglobin as an allosteric enzyme (183).

2002 Slaving and the energy landscape. (188, 189,194).

2004 Beta fluctuations and the hydration shell (193,195).

2006 Protein folding is slaved to the solvent motions (196)

2008 Hydration shell β fluctuations drive internal protein motions (

**5. Research and Publications**

In these notes I describe my scientific work and my publications. The
numbers in the parentheses refer the publications listed in section 6
and the books given in section 7. During my entire research career I was
blessed with excellent graduate students, research associates,
colleagues, and long-term visitors. Their names are listed in Section 9.
Without their help and initiative, most of the work would have been
impossible.

###### SWITZERLAND

I attended high school ("Kantonsschule") in the town of Schaffhausen, in
Switzerland. In 1901, Einstein spent a few months in this town as a
private teacher. The level of the teachers at the Kantonsschule was very
high. Nearly all had a Ph.D. The Physics teacher, Conrad Habicht, had
been a close friend of Einstein and one of the three members of the
Olympia Academy. [^1]^,^[^2] Their close interaction is evident in the
collected letters of Einstein. Habicht started his physics course with
optics, not mechanics, and he was only concerned with the few students
who were interested in physics. He once scolded me when he realized that
I had not read Sommerfeld's "Atombau und Spektrallinien". I rushed to
the town library and tried to read the book. The book that actually
captured my imagination was a survey of mathematics, namely "Vom
Einmaleins zum Integral", by Egmond Colerus. Despite my interest in
physics and mathematics, however, I spent essentially all my spare time
with the boyscouts in the hills and forests near Schaffhausen. As a
result of this activity, my first publication did not concern science,
but was a small book (B0), a guide for leaders of explorer scouts in
Switzerland.

In 1941, I started studying "Physik und Mathematik" at the ETH in
Zürich. The professors were all famous: Paul Scherrer in experimental
physics, Wentzel in theory (Pauli was still in Princeton), Hopf and
Plancherel in mathematics. The ratio of students to professors was very
large and there was essentially no supervision. The students had to find
their own way. As a result, I had to select my own topics for my masters
and Ph.D. thesis. About once a year Scherrer asked how I was doing.
Fortunately contacts among the students and assistants were very good
and we learned from each other.

The scientific climate was influenced by the many young outstanding
physicists who were either co- students, assistants, or visitors. Among
the students and assistants, a number became members of the US National
Academy: Bernd Matthias, Felix Boehm, Val Telegdi, Alex Mueller. Freeman
Dyson, Roy Glauber, and many others visited. Three co-students were
particularly important for my life and my physics, Rolf Steffen, Robi
Schafroth, and Kurt Alder. I met Steffen during the first semester and
we kept close contact till his death. After his Ph.D., Steffen went to
the Purdue University where he spent his entire career. Our most
important collaboration consisted in writing a very long review on
nuclear angular correlation (42), which is still used today. Schafroth
decided early to study theoretical physics and he was clearly brilliant.
During our thesis work we would both arrive at the Physics Institute
around noon and spend the next few hours sitting in my laboratory,
drinking infinite amounts of coffee, and discussing physics. After the
war, when Pauli had returned from Princeton and again was teaching
theoretical physics at the ETH, Schafroth became his assistant. Every
afternoon, Pauli would come to my small lab and drink coffee with us.
His visitors, from Bohr to Heisenberg to Kramers to Rabi, usually came
along. Schafroth and I listened quietly to the discussions and learned a
great deal. We also got to know Pauli very well and realized that the
"Pauli stories" were true and not exaggerated. After his Ph.D. Schafroth
worked with Herbert Frohlich in Liverpool and then went to Australia.
Shortly before his return as a professor to Geneva, he and his wife
tragically died in an airplane crash. Alder, a few years younger, also
studied theoretical physics with Pauli. He became interested in the
experimental results of my group on angular correlation (5-9) and
constructed the corresponding theory.[^3] Alder and Pauli never fully
agreed and Alder joined the institute of Niels Bohr without a Ph.D. He
later became the Professor of Theoretical Physics in Basel, still
without a Ph.D. We retain contact.

During my time at the ETH, 1942 - 1952, there was only one full
professor of experimental physics, Paul Scherrer, and one full professor
of theoretical physics, Wolfgang Pauli. During the war years, Pauli
stayed in Princeton and Gregor Wentzel did double-duty, at the
University and at the ETH. Paul Scherrer had been an assistant of Peter
Debye and he developed the Debye-Scherrer technique. He had been a
brilliant experimentalist, but after becoming head of the
"Physikalisches Institut" at the ETH, he used his power to build a
strong department, always moving into new fields. In the late 1940s,
there were two main research divisions in Scherrer's institute:
condensed matter physics and nuclear physics. I selected nuclear
physics. During my time in Zürich, I worked in three areas, nuclear
energy levels, surface physics, and angular correlation.

####### [5.1 Nuclear Energy Levels]{.underline}

In 1947, no nuclear model with predictive power existed. A main goal of
nuclear physics therefore was the experimental search for the energy
levels of nuclei, with the expectation that a quantitative knowledge of
the levels would lead to a nuclear theory, just as had happened in
atomic physics. I joined an existing group. The experimental equipment
was primitive: the electronics, based on vacuum tubes, was slow and
unreliable and the Geiger counters were small and had low efficiencies.
Calculations were done with sliderules and mechanical calculators.
Despite these limitations we made some progress in the search for level
schemes (1,4). The impact of these studies was, however, small.

####### [5.2 Surface Physics]{.underline}

When it was time for me to find a thesis subject, I changed direction.
The neutrino was, in 1947, still a rather mysterious particle. I decided
that it would be interesting to study the neutrino indirectly by
observing the recoil that it had to impart to a nucleus decaying by K
capture. To perform this experiment, I had to construct a vacuum system,
evaporate a radioactive material, Cd^107^, onto a clean surface, catch
the recoiling daughter nucleus, Ag^107^, and observe its radioactivity.
The experiment worked ("Neutrinos exist"), but did not yield deeper
insight. It led me, however to use radioactivity to study surface
phenomena, the ultimate subject of my thesis (3). In 1950, very few
people were interested in surface physics and a new change of direction
was indicated.

[5.3 Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC)]{.underline}

The next direction came out of a study of the nuclear angular
correlation of conversion electrons (2). This work gave nice results,
but of little consequence. In thinking about the correlation process, I
realized one night that it should be possible to affect the nuclear spin
of the intermediate state, thereby changing a nuclear property by an
extranuclear field (5). Indeed, we found the effect (6). We then used
this effect to measure the mixing ratio of a nuclear gamma ray (7), to
determine the g factor of an excited nuclear state (8,9,14), and to
study solids (14). PAC is still used today, for instance in
chemistry[^4], biochemistry[^5], materials science[^6], and biophysics.
[^7] PAS has received a new life by using synchrotron radiation.[^8] A
review written with Rolf Steffen is still used today (42).

###### USA

After my Dr. sc. nat., received in 1950, I remained for two years at the
ETH as an assistant. During this time, I was offered two professorships
in Europe, but decided that a stay in the US would be better. I knew
very little about the various physics departments in the US, but had
seen the work of Chalmers Sherwin and Jim Allen at the University of
Illinois. Both were studying neutrino recoil effects. I wrote to Sherwin
and in due course was offered a research associate position. In 1952, my
wife, Verena and I, together with our one-year old son, Uli, moved to
Urbana, Illinois.

When we arrived in Urbana, we learned that Sherwin had become chief
scientist of the Air force. No collaboration! I had again to find
contacts and interactions. The scientific and human climate at the
University of Illinois was, however, so positive that establishing new
collaborations was easy. During the next forty years, I collaborated
with many people, both at the University of Illinois and in other
places. Of particular importance were Willibald Jentschke, I.C. (Gunny)
Gunsalus, and Peter Wolynes in Urbana, Darragh Nagle at Los Alamos,
Ernest Henley at the University of Washington, and Vitali Goldanskii in
Moscow. Willibald Jentschke, a Viennese physicist, was in charge of the
cyclotron and I very much enjoyed the collaboration with him. Just as
important, however, was his personal help. He knew how difficult the
initial time in the US could be and he helped my wife, Verena, and me
over the initial hardships. In 1956 he was called to Hamburg where he
started DESY. We remained in close scientific and personal contact till
his death. Gunny Gunsalus was the professor of biochemistry who started
the clinteraction with the physicists. The ties between physicists and
biochemists became very close and intense because of his thorough
understanding of biology, his outstanding leadership, and his
uncompromising dedication to science. For my wife and myself, the
personal interaction was one of the joys of life; Gunny's love of the
arts, of excellent food and outstanding wine provided many high points
in our life. Peter Wolynes joined the Chemistry Department of University
of Illinois in 1980 and we established contact through some lucky
accident. Peter's fundamental understanding of physics, chemistry, and
biology and his razor-sharp questioning of problems helped my work
enormously and still does. Parallel to the intense collaboration went an
ever-closer personal contact. Darragh Nagle and I met at the first
Mössbauer conference at Allerton Park in 1960. I had just broken my leg
skiing and decided that a vacation in Switzerland without mountain
climbing was no fun. I asked Darragh if I could spend the summer
"vacation" at Los Alamos to work with him on the Mössbauer effect. He
invited me and the result has been a long friendship and joint work on
many different problems. Another important collaboration involved Ernie
Henley. I met him accidentally at CERN and we discussed the fact that we
were both teaching nuclear and particle physics but that no text
covering both in a unified way existed. As a result of the discussion,
we decided to write such a book, without guessing that the work would
occupy us essentially full-time for some years. Finally two books
emerged (B4, B5). We called the first Vol. I, not following Pauli's
dictum that it is OK to call a second paper II, but not the first one I.
Out of the interaction with Ernie came a life-long friendship between
our two families. The contact was strengthened by the facts that we both
loved climbing. Vitali Goldanskii and I both attended a small Mössbauer
panel in Vienna in 1971. We exchanged many ideas, in particular
discussed nonexponential time dependence and tunneling. Out of the
encounter grew a life-long contact. The research at the UIUC was
effective and fun particularly because of the many excellent graduate
students and visitors who interacted with my group. Their names are
listed in Section 9.

I was once asked: Why did you stay forty years in flat Illinois? My
answer was that in forty years I did not encounter one fight in the
Physics department. The excellent human climate was more important than
the not always pleasant weather and the absence of mountains.

In 1992, after 40 years at the University of Illinois, I had to retire
because the law mandating retirement at 70 was dropped only a few months
later. Verena and I moved to New Mexico where we know live in Tesuque
and where I work at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

**Research 1952 -- present.**

Because Sherwin was leaving when we arrived in Urbana, I had to find a
different group to do research . Fortunately, in contrast to most
present arrangements, the Physics Department had a Navy grant that
covered a broad range of topics. Through contact with Jentschke, I
established a very small research group on PAC that led to some
publications, without much impact (11-17). The subsequent research,
covering three topics, conservation laws, the Mössbauer effect, and the
physics of protein, became more exciting.

####### [5.4 Conservation Laws]{.underline}

In 1957, news of the proposal of Lee and Yang that parity could be
violated in weak interactions reached Urbana. Joe Weneser, then at the
University of Illinois, pointed out to me that parity nonconservation
would imply a longitudinal polarization of the electrons emitted in beta
decay. We dropped all other work in my group and set out to build the
equipment necessary to measure a possible polarization. Within a short
time we were successful, using both Mott (18) and Möller (19) scattering
(20,31, 32). One experiment, measuring the polarization in a 0-to-0
transition (21), turned out to be wrong! Further investigation of the
role of symmetries in subatomic physics concerned the theory of
polarization effects following beta decay (23), setting a better limit
on the lifetime of nucleons (26), studies of time-reversal invariance
(49,52), the search for CP noninvariance in the decay of kaons (48, 51),
and the search for free quarks (53, 540). Together with the Los Alamos
group of Darragh Nagle, we also studied the parity nonconservation of
the strong interaction (64, 67, 98, 102, 115). In retrospect, the
experiment setting a vastly improved limit on the proton decay, was the
most important one. It used a Cerenkov counter (the idea of Bernard
Hyams) and was done deep in the Loetschberg tunnel in Switzerland.
Magnified, these concepts are used in modern experiments.

####### [5.5 The Mössbauer Effect]{.underline}

Near the end of a sabbatical leave at CERN in 1958-59, I visited the
Technische Hochschule (TUM) in Munich. Professor Maier-Leibnitz
introduced me to a student who had made a major discovery. The student
was Rudolph Mössbauer. I immediately wrote to Harry Lipkin, who was
leading my group in Urbana during my absence, and suggested that they
look into the effect. When I returned a short time later, work was
progressing well and we soon were able to report the observation of the
Mössbauer effect in ^57^Fe (25). Other results followed, such as the
temperature dependence of the internal magnetic field in ferromagnets
(29), the observation of the internal conversion from resonance
absorption (30), and the elliptical polarization of gamma rays (33).
Together with Harry Drickamer we explored the Mössbauer effect under
high pressure (40, 45). Much later the Mössbauer effect also gave useful
information on glasses (144) and proteins (154, 159).

In June 1960 I organized the first Mössbauer conference, at the Allerton
House of the University of Illinois. The proceedings from that
conference (B1) gave the first overview over the rapidly expanding
field. Under gentle pressure from David Pines, I wrote an introduction
to the Mössbauer effect (B3), with a collection of the important papers.
This book was the first introduction in English and it probably helped
to spread knowledge of the effect.

####### [5.6 The Physics of Proteins]{.underline}

The Mössbauer effect forms a bridge between nuclear and condensed matter
physics and in 1966 it led me to biological physics. It happened, as is
usual, through a student. Roger Cooke asked Peter Debrunner and I if he
could study a protein using the Mössbauer effect. We said yes, and
Roger's thesis and the ensuing collaboration with I. C. Gunsalus
("Gunny") led to the first "biological" publications (50,56,57,58).
Gunny patiently taught us physicists the wonders and intricacies of
biological molecules (93). The collaboration with Gunny influenced my
work deeply. I have also been strongly influenced by my contact with
Manfred Eigen, who taught me that physics and biology are connected.

A second Allerton conference in 1969[^9] changed my approach. I began to
realize that the main information from Mössbauer effect was static
spectroscopy and I asked myself if motions should not be investigated
also. With Tom Tumolillo, who had just finished his thesis, I returned
to the lab to invent a "new" technique, flash photolysis. After emerging
from the lab a few months later, we discovered that the Nobel Prize had
already been given to Porter and Norrish for this technique. So much for
not knowing chemistry. Anyway, the technique worked (57,58).

The next step was catalyzed through an accidental observation by one of
Gunny's collaborators, Vince Marshall. He noticed some changes in the
color of carboxy myoglobin at 4K after checking the sample with a
flashlight. The ensuing systematic flash photolysis studies of the
low-temperature behavior of myoglobin (59-62) led to much of the work
described below.

Two more personal interactions were important for my work. I was asked
by biochemists if our results, which implied a multitude of structures
(substates) for a protein with unique primary sequence, were not in
disagreement with the beautiful, but static, pictures revealed by X-ray
diffraction. I searched in vain for an expert to help me answer the
question, until Pierre Douzou suggested that I contact Greg Petsko. I
did, and the resulting collaboration led to a reexamination of the
Debye-Waller factor F (80,83,91,134) and to a major industry[^10]. The
next propitious accident was my interaction with Peter Wolynes. I had
been fortunate to become acquainted with Hendrik Kramers when I was a
graduate student and I used his now-famous paper on reaction theory in
my thesis (3), but I never fully understood the theory. Peter explained
the theory and the application of these ideas resulted in a joint paper
(103).

The research sketched below can, in principle, be separated into three
fields, **biology, chemistry,** and **physics**. The biological results
show that even a very simple biological reaction such as the binding of
dioxgen or carbon monoxide to heme proteins is a very complicated
process that involves sophisticated control mechanisms and dynamic,
moving systems. The reaction and binding mechanisms and much of the
spectroscopy can be looked at as chemistry. Physics is concerned with
the exploration of the structure, the energy landscape, and the dynamics
of the proteins. Proteins can be considered to be paradigms of complex
adaptive systems. In the following, the research on proteins will be
described under the headings (i) Techniques, (ii) The Energy Landscape,
(iii) Dynamics, (iv) Reaction Theory, (v) How Proteins Work.

One point can be made here, the difference between **biophysics** and
**biological** physics. Many years ago, I had dinner with Stan Ulam at
the Los Alamos Inn. We were talking about our interests and I explained
to Stan what I was trying to do with proteins. Stan said: "I understand.
Ask not what physics can do for biology, ask what biology can do for
physics". I believe that no better definition of biological physics
("Ask what biology can do for physics") has ever been given. Most of the
research described in the following is directed towards understanding
the concepts and laws governing proteins. Only "How Proteins Work" is
really biophysics.

######## (i) Techniques

Most of our main results were obtained with flash photolysis experiments
performed over very wide ranges in time, temperature, sensitivity and
pressure. They were complemented by a detailed data analysis
(66,143,150). A crucial tool made the measurements feasible, namely a
logarithmic transient digitizer (70). The flash photolysis experiments
led to other techniques, such as dynamic X-ray scattering
(80,83,96,107,118); low-temperature time-resolved Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (82,89,117,130,139,140,153,168), SQUID
susceptometry (101), pressure and temperature jump studies (132,138),
and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy[^11] (201). Moreover, the
experiments suggested advances in reaction theory (74,103). Through the
combined application of the different experimental and theoretical
tools, protein properties could be studied in depth.

######## (ii) The Energy Landscape of Proteins

Progress in understanding physical systems usually comes from observing,
classifying, and understanding their energy levels. Atoms ( Balmer,
Bohr), molecules (Herzfeld, Mullikan), solids (Einstein, Debye), nuclei
(Jensen, Maier, Bohr, Mottelson), and particles (Gell-Mann) found a
solid theoretical description after their "energy landscape" had been
explored. It is possible that a fundamental description of proteins may
also follow once the energy landscape is better known. Our work is
yielding some insight into crucial properties of the protein energy
landscape.

[Conformational Substates (CS]{.underline}). Simple systems such as
atoms have a non-degenerate ground state. Complex systems possess a
highly degenerate ground state. In proteins, the existence of a highly
degenerate ground state became apparent in the low-temperature
photodissociation experiments mentioned above (59,62,66). The
conformational energy of a protein does not have a single lowest value
corresponding to a unique structure. Rather, a protein can exist in a
large number of slightly different structures that all perform the same
biological function, albeit with different rates. These microstates are
called conformational substates (80, 127); they are valleys in the
high-dimensional energy surface of the protein, separated from each
other by energy barriers. The first evidence for CS came from the
[nonexponential time dependence]{.underline} observed in CO rebinding
after flash photolysis at low temperature (66). Nonexponential time
dependence has been found in all heme proteins studied (72,73,104,119).
Nonexponential time dependence was already observed in 1835 by W. Weber
in Göttingen, following a suggestion by Gauss[^12] and it turns up in
fields such as mechanical creep, dielectric relaxation, phosphorescence,
luminescence, annealing of radiation damage, NMR, dynamic light
scattering, remnant magnetization in spin glasses, and photosynthesis.
It is evidence for complexity and connects proteins to other complex
systems.

Additional evidence for substates comes from large and non-uniform
Debye-Waller factors and inhomogeneous spectral lines. The Debye-Waller
factor in x-ray diffraction (80, 83, 91, 134, 172)[^13] and the
Lamb-Mössbauer factor in the Mössbauer effect[^14] both show evidence
for the additional degrees of freedom due to substates. Different
substates usually also have slightly different atomic energy levels.
Spectral lines consequently should, as in glasses, be inhomogeneously
broadened[^15] [^16] [^17] and possess a Voigtian lineshape. Champion et
al. [^18] and Friedman et al. [^19] verified this prediction. Molecular
dynamics calculations also show conformational substates. [^20] The
existence of conformational substates, postulated in 1975 (66) thus is
firmly established. (But is still only known to a small subset of
biologists.)

[Hierarchy of Substates.]{.underline} Experiments imply that
conformational substates (CS) are arranged in a hierarchy (105, 117,
132, 164), with different tiers. The highest tier, denoted by CSO,
consists of only a few "taxonomic" substates, separated by high barriers
(132) and . These substates (or large basins) can perform different
functions (183). Each of the taxonomic substates is furcated into a
large number of substates of tier 1 (CS1) separated by somewhat smaller
barriers than the CSO. The CS1 can for instance bind CO with different
rates. Each of the substates of tier 1 is again subdivided. While the
existence of a hierarchy is established, their properties are only
incompletely known and understood. Initially we believed that the
barriers separating different substates resided in the protein itself.
It has now become clear that this concept is wrong. The barriers are
imposed on the protein by the hydration shell and the bulk solvent (188,
193, 195, 198, 201).

[Nonergodicity (66, 123).]{.underline} The hierarchy of substates
implies that a protein can be partially ergodic, partially nonergodic,
depending on observation time, temperature, and viscosity. In one
extreme case, transitions between substates are all faster than the
reaction that is being studied. The reaction then is exponential in
time. In another extreme, the system is frozen and all reactions are
nonexponential in time.

[Equilibrium Flucuations and FIM]{.underline}. Proteins perform
functions, like machines, and they must possess at least two different
states. This fact leads to the existence of two types of motions in
proteins, equilibrium fluctuations (EF) and functionally important
(nonequilibrium) motions (FIM) (105, 113). In equilibrium, the protein
fluctuates from CS to CS through EF. If the protein is brought to a
non-equilibrium state, either through a reaction or an external
perturbation, it returns to the lower substates through a relaxation
process. EF and FIM are connected through fluctuation - dissipation
theorems.[^21] Recent work has identified the EF in tiers 1 and 2. EF1
are β fluctuations originating in the hydration shell. EF2 are α
fluctuations caused by the bulk solvent( 193).

[External Constraints. (66, 81, 84, 88, 117, 138, 140]{.underline}). The
energy landscape of a protein depends not only on the protein structure,
but also on the environment. Increasing solvent viscosity, for instance,
increases the barrier heights between most substates. If the protein
environment is essentially solid, some of the motions are stopped
completely (66). As the next section discusses, viscosity is not the
proper parameter to discuss protein dynamics (188-190).

[Slaved Glass Transition (132,137, 193).]{.underline} The rough energy
landscape and the existence of the substates leads to a glass
transition. In much of the literature it is claimed that proteins
undergo a "glass transition" at about 200 K. Our work has now shown that
this concept is wrong and that the actual situation is more complex and
more important. Motions in tier 2 are slaved to the α fluctuations in
the bulk solvent. Since these undergo a glass transition, large-scale
structural motions in the protein undergo a slaved glass transition.
Motions in tier 1 are slaved to the β fluctuations originating in the
hydration shell and they do not undergo a glass transition. They depend,
however, strongly on the degree of hydration.

######## (iii) Motions and Dynamics.

Once the energy landscape is known, the motions within the landscape
become the center of the experimental work. Since the energy landscape
of the proteins is truly complex, and its details differ from protein to
protein, the motions are studied even before the landscape if fully
know. Protein conformational motions can be explored through relaxation
techniques (117,132, 137, 138, 151, 160, 168) and by following select
markers after initiation of the reaction (protein quake, 143). The
combination of relaxation techniques (pressure and temperature jumps)
with observation of infrared bands shows that the relaxation processes
in the proteins are usually nonexponential in time and do not satisfy an
Arrhenius relation. Relaxation processes in proteins can, surprisingly,
also be triggered by light (158, 162). The experiments imply that the
relaxation does take place in one or two discrete steps, and not in a
diffusional motion. The nonexponential time dependence of the relaxation
is caused by the fact that different proteins relax with different rates
(174).

######## (iv) Reaction Theory.

Proteins are excellent laboratories for the study of reaction theories
(125, 155). Some results are sketched here.

[The Kramers Theory.]{.underline} Studies of binding of CO to myoglobin
show that the reaction rate depends crucially on the viscosity of the
solvent containing the protein (81,88). A similar effect is observed in
bacteriorhodopsin (84). Neither the Arrhenius relation nor the Eyring
equation contain the viscosity. The fundamental treatment of chemical
reaction given by H. A. Kramers in 1940, however, contains friction and
hence viscosity.[^22] The experiments on myoglobin thus suggest that
chemical reactions should be described by the Kramers relation
(103).[^23]

[Steric and/or Electronic Control (103).]{.underline} Reactions can be
adiabatic or nonadiabatic. In the first case control is usually steric,
in the second electronic. The nonadiabatic situation is normally treated
by an approach due to Landau[^24], Zener[^25], and Stueckelberg[^26].
The studies of the binding of CO and O~2~ to myoglobin suggest that the
actual situation may be more complicated than generally assumed and that
friction and intermediate states must be considered.

[Molecular Tunnel Effect (78).]{.underline} Rebinding of CO to myoglobin
after photodissociation takes place even at 2K. Below about 40K binding
is dominated by quantum-mechanical tunneling (71). By monitoring binding
in the infrared, the isotope effect was observed; the CO molecule does
not tunnel like a point particle, but the structure of the system is
important (82). In carboxymethylated cytochrome c, we have observed
tunneling up to about 100K (75). It is possible that proteins form the
best "laboratory" for the study of molecular tunneling, but very little
work has been done since these early experiments.

[Stochastic Theory.]{.underline} The standard approach to kinetics,
using differential equations, works only for simple situations. In
proteins it is possible that the number of reactants fluctuates and a
stochastic approach is needed. In collaboration with Peter Hänggi, we
developed such an approach (74).

######## (v) How Proteins Works. 

Our initial flash photolysis experiments were performed with cytochrome
P 450, the terminal component of an electron transport chain (57). The
equipment was primitive (flash lamps instead of lasers!) and I realized
quickly that we were exhausting Gunny's precious enzyme and that the
phenomena were too complex to be understood fully. I therefore asked
Gunny to give me a simple, cheap, and fully understood protein so that
we could spend one or two months exploring it before returning to P 450.
After a week he brought sperm whale myoglobin and we started dynamics
experiments with Mb (59). The Mb work lasted longer than the months that
I had anticipated and even now, 30 years later, we do not fully
understand how the "simple" myoglobin works.

Initially, the binding of CO and O~2~ to Mb was considered to be a
simple one-step process, without any conformational changes. By
extending the experiments to lower temperatures we quickly discovered
that the binding reaction was far more complex (59, 62). To prove that
the complexity was not just an accident in Mb, we examined many other
systems, isolated hemoglobin chains (73, 99), carboxymethylated
cytochrome c (75), bacteriorhodopsin (84), leghemoglobin (104),
horseradish peroxidase (119) and Mb mutants (129, 153).

As already sketched in Sections ii to iv, the experiments led to the
formulation of some of the concepts describing complex systems and their
reactions. The biophysical question "How do proteins, in particular
myoglobin, bind, and dissociate small ligands" is not yet totally
solved, but the essential steps are clear and they are described in the
most recent publications (143, 158, 193).

\(vi\) Myoglobin as an Allosteric Enzyme.

Remarkable enough, in 2000 a new look at myoglobin suggested that Mb may
not be just a storage protein, but may actually have a much more
important function, namely act as an enzyme in the control and function
of NO and possibly CO. These two small molecules are neurotransmitters
and involved in the crucial control of vasodilation in muscles. They may
also have a control function in the brain.[^27] The existence of a
highest level of conformational substates, namely taxonomic substates,
may permit an allosteric control of the NO function (183).)

*(vii) The Role of the Hydration Shell.*

Reanalysis of Mössbauer and neutron scattering experiments has led to
new and surprising insight into protein dynamics (193, 195).
Fluctuations in the hydration shell, similar to the β-fluctuations in
glasses, control internal fluctuations in the protein. These, in turn,
may control processes such as the migration of small molecules through
the protein matrix. The β-fluctuations are absent if the protein is
dehydrated, but in a hydrated protein they exist even if it is embedded
in a rigid matrix such as PVA or ice. These results show that protein
dynamics and possibly much of protein function are controlled by two
different types of fluctuations, α and β, with very different
properties. This discovery may well be crucial for biological processes
in cells, from recognition, to signal transmission, and control of
reactions.

*(viii) Folding and Slaving.*

Folding of proteins involves the largest motions that proteins can
undergo. If large-scale motions of the native protein are controlled by
the solvent motions, folding should *a fortiori* also be slaved to the
solvent motions. Indeed, an examination of folding data demonstrates
that this connection is correct. Moreover, a comparison of folding data
to the viscosity dependence of the exit of CO and O~2~ from myoglobin
leads to an explanation of the fractional dependence of the folding rate
on viscosity; it is caused by the effect of the solvent on the hydration
shell (198).

**6. Papers and Reviews**

Important papers and reviews are denoted by \*.

1.  H. Frauenfelder, P. C. Gugelot, O. Huber, H. Medicus, P.
    Preiswerk, P. Scherrer, and R. Steffen. Das 7 Sekunden Isomer des
    Au^197^. Helv. Phys. Acta **20**, 238-239 (1947).

2.  H. Frauenfelder, M. Walter and W. Zünti. Angular correlation of
    successive internal conversion electrons. Phys. Rev. **77**, 557-558
    (1950).

3.  \*H. Frauenfelder, Die Untersuchung von Oberflächenprozessen mit
    Radioaktivität. Helv. Phys. Acta **23**, 347-380 (1950).

4.  H. Frauenfelder, O. Huber, A De-Shalit, and W. Zünti, Decay of
    Hg^197^. Phys. Rev. **79**, 1929-1030 (1950).

5.  \* H. Frauenfelder. Influence of the atomic shell on nuclear angular
    correlation. Phys. Rev. **82**, 549-550 (1951).

6.  H. Aeppli, A. S. Bishop, H. Frauenfelder, M. Walter and W. Zünti.
    Influence of the atomic shell on the nuclear angular correlation of
    Cd^111^. Phys. Rev. **82**, 550 (1951).

7.  H. Aeppli, H. Frauenfelder and M. Walter. Richtungskorrelation der
    γ-γ- Kaskade von Cd^111^. Helv. Phys. Acta **24**, 335-342 (1951).

8.  \* H. Aeppli, H. Albers-Schönberg, A. S. Bishop, H. Frauenfelder
    and E. Heer. The determination of the magnetic moment of an excited
    nuclear level (Cd^111^, 247 keV). Phys. Rev. **84**, 370-371 (1951).

9.  H. Aeppli, H. Albers-Schönberg, H. Frauenfelder and P. Scherrer.
    Bestimmung des magnetischen Momentes eines angeregten Kernes
    (Cd^111^). Helv. Phys. Acta **25**, 339-370 (1952).

10. H. Frauenfelder, H. Aeppli, E. Heer and R. Ruetschi. The directional
    correlation of the Ni^60^γ-γ cascade. Phys. Rev. **87**, 379-380
    (1952).

11. H. Frauenfelder, J. S. Lawson, Jr., W. Jentschke and G. DePasquali.
    The directional correlation of the Pb^204^ gamma-gamma cascade.
    Phys. Rev. **92**, 1241-1244 (1953).

12. H. Frauenfelder. Angular correlation of nuclear radiation. Ann. Rev.
    Nucl. Sci. **2**, 129-162 (1953).

13. J. S. Lawson, Jr. and H. Frauenfelder. The correction for finite
    angular resolution in directional correlation measurements. Phys.
    Rev. **91**, 649-652 (1953).

14. H. Frauenfelder, J. S. Lawson, W. K. Jentschke and G. DePasquali.
    Crystal structure and nuclear directional correlation. I. Pb^204^.
    Phys. Rev. **92**, 513-514 (1953).

15. H. Frauenfelder, J. S. Lawson and W. K. Jentschke. Magnetic moment
    of the first excited state of Pb^204^. Phys. Rev. **93**, 1126-1127
    (1954).

16. H. Frauenfelder. Angular correlation. In *Beta- and Gamma-Ray
    Spectroscopy*, ed. by K. Siegbahn (North Holland Pub. Co.,
    Amsterdam; Interscience Pub., Inc., New York, 1955) pp. 531-599.

17. H. Frauenfelder, N. Levine, A. Rossi and S. Singer. Decay of Co^58^.
    Phys. Rev. **103**, 352-355 (1956).

18. \*H. Frauenfelder, R. Bobone, E. von Goeler, N. Levine, H. R.
    Lewis, R. N.Peacock, A. Rossi and G. DePasquali. Parity and the
    polarization of electrons from Co^60^. Phys. Rev. **106**, 386-387
    (1957).

19. \* H. Frauenfelder, A. O. Hanson, N. Levine, A. Rossi and G.
    DePasquali. Parity and electron polarization: Møller scattering.
    Phys. Rev. **107**, 643-644 (1957).

20. H. Frauenfelder, R. Bobone, E. von Goeler, N. Levine, H. R.
    Lewis, R. N. Peacock, A. Rossi and G. DePasquali. Parity and
    electron polarization: Au^198^. Phys. Rev. **107**, 909-910 (1957).

21. H. Frauenfelder, A. O. Hanson, N. Levine, A. Rossi, and G.
    DePasquali. Parity and electron polarization: 0  0 transition in
    Ga^66^. Phys. Rev. **107**, 910-911 (1957).

22. H. Frauenfelder, N. Levine and A. Rossi. Near harmonic structure and
    level similarities in Fe^56^ and Ni^60^. Z. Physik **151**, 241-251
    (1958).

23. H. Frauenfelder, J. D. Jackson and H. W. Wyld, Jr. Polarization
    effects following beta decay. Phys. Rev. **110**, 451-455 (1958).

24. H. R. Lewis, J. F. Cochran, H. Frauenfelder, D. E. Mapother
    and R. N. Peacock. A method for measuring magnetic fields in
    superconductors. Z. Physik **158**, 26-34 (1960).

25. \* G. DePasquali, H. Frauenfelder, S. Margulies and R. N. Peacock.
    Nuclear resonance absorption and nuclear Zeeman effect in Fe^57^.
    Phys. Rev. Letters **4**, 71-73 (1960).

26. \* G. K. Backenstoss, H. Frauenfelder, B. D. Hyams, L. J. Koester,
    Jr. and P. C. Marin. An investigation of the stability of nucleons.
    Nuovo Cimento **16**, 749-755 (1960).

27. H. Frauenfelder, C. W. Sherwin, E. L. Garwin, E. Lüscher, S.
    Margulies, and R. N. Peacock. A search for the anisotropy of inertia
    using the Mössbauer effect in Fe^57^. Phys. Rev. Letters **4**,
    399-401 (1960).

28. H. Frauenfelder and R. M. Steffen. The measurement of
    electromagnetic moments of nuclear states. In *Nuclear
    Spectroscopy*, Part A, ed. by F. Ajzenberg-Selove (Academic
    Press, 1960) pp. 548-582.

29. D. E. Nagle, H. Frauenfelder, R. D. Taylor, D. R. F. Cochran
    and B. T. Matthias. Temperature dependence of the internal field in
    ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Letters **5**, 364-365 (1960).

30. H. Frauenfelder, D. R. F. Cochran, D. E. Nagle and R. D. Taylor.
    Internal conversion from resonance absorption. Nuovo Cimento **19**,
    183-185 (1961).

31. J. D. Ullman, H. Frauenfelder, H. J. Lipkin and A. Rossi.
    Determination of electron and positron helicity with Møller and
    Bhabha scattering. Phys. Rev. **122**, 536-548 (1961).

32. H. Frauenfelder. Electron and photon polarization. In *Rend. della
    Scuola Internazionale di Fisica* "Enrico Fermi", Corso XI
    Internazioni Deboli, ed. by Nicola Zanichelli (Bologna, 1961) pp.
    280-298.

33. H. Frauenfelder, D. E. Nagle, R. D. Taylor, D. R. F. Cochran
    and W. M. Visscher. Elliptical polarization of Fe-57 gamma rays.
    Phys. Rev. **126**, 1065-1075 (1962).

34. B. Blake, R. Bobone, H. Frauenfelder and H. J. Lipkin. Transverse
    polarization of conversion electrons following β-decay. Nuovo
    Cimento **25**, 942-945 (1962).

35. H. Frauenfelder and A. Rossi. Determination of the polarization of
    electrons and photons. In *Methods of Experimental Physics*, Vol.
    5B, ed. by L. C. L. Yuan and C. S. Wu (Academic Press, New
    York, 1963) pp. 214-274.

36. H. Frauenfelder. Angular correlation. In *Methods of Experimental
    Physics*, Vol. 5B, ed. by L. C. L. Yuan and C. S. Wu (Academic
    Press, New York, 1963) pp. 129-214.

37. R. M Steffen and H. Frauenfelder. The influence of extranuclear
    fields on angular correlations. In *Perturbed Angular Correlations*,
    ed. by E. Karlsson, E. Matthias, and K. Siegbahn (North Holland Pub.
    Co., Amsterdam, 1963) pp. 1-90.

38. H. Frauenfelder, S. Margulies and P. Debrunner. Transmission and
    line broadening in Mössbauer effect: II. Nuclear Instr.& Methods
    **21**, 217-231 (1963).

39. R. J. Morrison, M. Atac, P. Debrunner and H. Frauenfelder. Mössbauer
    scattering of the 155 keV transition of Os^188^. Phys. Letters
    **12**, 35-37 (1964).

40. D. N. Pipkorn, C. K. Edge, P. Debrunner, G. DePasquali, H. G.
    Drickamer and H. Frauenfelder. The Mössbauer effect in iron under
    very high pressure. Phys. Rev. **135**, A1604-A1612 (1964).

41. H. Frauenfelder. A comparison of the Mössbauer and the angular
    correlation methods for measuring nuclear moments. In *Perturbed
    Angular Correlations* (North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, 1964) pp.
    278-288.

42. \*H. Frauenfelder and R. M. Steffen. Angular correlations. In
    *Alpha-, Beta- and gamma-Ray Spectroscopy*, ed. by K. Siegbahn
    (North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, 1965), Ch. XIXA, pp. 997-1198.

43. H. Frauenfelder and R. M. Steffen. The helicity of β-particles. In
    *Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy*, ed. by K. Siegbahn
    (North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, 1965), Ch. XXIVF, pp. 1431-1452.

44. R. M. Steffen and H. Frauenfelder. Polarization of radiation
    following β-decay. In *Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy*,
    ed. by K. Siegbahn (North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, (1965), Ch.
    XXIVG, pp. 1453-1490.

45. C. K. Edge, R. Ingalls, P. Debrunner, H. G. Drickamer and H.
    Frauenfelder. Mössbauer effect at high pressure for Fe^57^ in
    titanium, vanadium, and copper. Phys.Rev. **138**, A729-A731 (1965).

46. J. W. Burton, H. Frauenfelder and R. P. Godwin. Surface studies by
    means of the Mössbauer effect. In *Applications of the Mössbauer
    Effect in Chemistry and Solid State Physics* (Proceedings of the
    Conference on the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, April
    26-30, 1965), pp. 73-87.

47. P. Debrunner and H. Frauenfelder. Mössbauer scattering. In
    *Applications of the Mössbauer Effect in Chemistry and Solid State
    Physics* (Proceedings of the Conference of the International Atomic
    Energy Agency, Vienna, April 26-30, 1965), pp.58-72.

48. L. Criegee, J. D. Fox, H. Frauenfelder, A. O. Hanson, G.
    Moscati, C. F. Perdrisat and J. Todoroff. Observation of the
    two-photon decay of the K^0^~2~ meson. Phys. -Rev. Letters **17**,
    150-153 (1966).

49. M. Atac, B. Chrisman, P. Debrunner and H. Frauenfelder. Test of
    time-reversal invariance using the Mössbauer transmission of the 73
    keV transition in Ir^193^. Phys.Rev. Letters **20**, 691-694 (1968).

50. R. Cooke, J. C. M. Tsibris, P. Debrunner, R. Tsai, I. C. Gunsalus
    and H. Frauenfelder. Mössbauer studies on putidaredoxin. Proc. Natl.
    Acad. Sci. USA **59**, 1045-1052 (1968).

51. D. Herzo, D. Banner, E. Beier, W. Bertram, R. T. Edwards, H.
    Frauenfelder, L. J. Koester, E. Rosenberg, A. Russell, S. Segler
    and A. Wattenberg. Measurement of the ratio of the τ' partial decay
    rates. Phys. Rev. **186**, 5:1403-1414 (1969).

52. M. Garrell, H. Frauenfelder, D. Ganeck and D. C. Sutton.
    Beta-gamma-gamma correlation in ^56^Mn: A test of time-reversal
    invariance. Phys. Rev. **187**, 4:1410-1413 (1969).

53. D. D. Cook, G. DePasquali, H. Frauenfelder, R. N. Peacock, F.
    Steinrisser and A. Wattenberg. Search for fractionally charged
    particles. Phys. Rev. **188**, 5:2092-2097 (1969).

54. H. Frauenfelder, U. E. Kruse, and R. D. Sard. Comments on the letter
    "Evidence of Quarks in air-shower cores". Phys. Rev. Letters **24**,
    33-35 (1970).

55. P. Debrunner and H. Frauenfelder. Introduction to the Mössbauer
    effect. Chapter 1 of *An Introduction to Mössbauer spectroscopy*,
    ed. by L. May (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1971) pp. 1-22.

56. H. Frauenfelder, I. C. Gunsalus, and E. Münck. Iron-sulfur proteins
    and Mössbauer spectroscopy. In *Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Its
    Applications*. (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1972)
    pp. 231-255.

57. I. C. Gunsalus, J. D. Lipscomb, V. Marshall, H. Frauenfelder, E.
    Greenbaum and E. Münck. Structure and reactions of oxygenase active
    centers: Cytochrome P-450 and iron sulfur proteins. In *Biological
    Hydroxylation Mechanisms*, ed. by G. S. Boyd and R. M. S. Smellie
    (Academic Press, New York and London, 1972), pp. 135-157.

58. E. Greenbaum, R. H. Austin, H. Frauenfelder and I. C. Gunsalus.
    Photoreduction of NADP+ sensitized by synthetic pigment systems.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA**69**, 1273-1276 (1972).

59. R. H. Austin, K. Beeson, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, I. C.
    Gunsalus and V. P. Marshall. Dynamics of carbon monoxide binding by
    heme proteins. Science **181**, 541-543 (1973).

60. H. Frauenfelder. Lepton and hadron magnetic dipole moments. J. Phys.
    Soc. Japan **34**, 291-301 (Supplement, 1973). (Proceedings of the
    International Conference on Nuclear Moments and Nuclear Structure).

61. H. Frauenfelder. Parity and time reversal in nuclear physics. In
    *Symmetry Properties of Nuclei*. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Solvay
    Conference on Physics, 1970. (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1974) pp.
    137-146.

62. R. H. Austin, K. Beeson, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, I. C.
    Gunsalus and V. P. Marshall. Activation energy spectrum of a
    biomolecule: Photodissociation of carbonmonoxy myoglobin at low
    temperatures. Phys. Rev. Letters **32**, 403-405 (1974).

63. H. Frauenfelder. Biomoleküle. Physik in unserer Zeit. 5. Jahrg,
    1974/Nr. 4, pp. 115-119.

64. J. M. Potter, J. D. Bowman, C. F. Hwang, J. L. McKibben, R. E.
    Mischke, D. E. Nagle, P. Debrunner, H. Frauenfelder and L. B.
    Sorensen. Test of parity conservation in p-p scattering. Phys. Rev.
    Letters **[33]{.underline}**, 1307-1310 (1974).

65. S. S. Chan, T. M. Nordlund, H. Frauenfelder, J. E. Harrison
    and I. C. Gunsalus. Enzymatic reduction of nicotinamide adenine
    dinucleotide phosphate induced by radiolysis. J. Biol. Chem.
    **250**, 716-719 (1975).

66. \*R. H. Austin, K. W. Beeson, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder
    and I. C. Gunsalus. Dynamics of ligand binding to myoglobin.
    Biochemistry **14**, 5355-5373 (1975).

67. J. D. Bowman, C. M. Hoffman, C. F. Hwang, R. E. Mischke, D. E.
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68. H. Frauenfelder. Dynamics of biomolecules. Proceedings VI.
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    Cracow, Poland.

69. H. Frauenfelder. Nuclear structure; weak and electromagnetic
    interactions in nuclei. In *High Energy Physics and Nuclear
    Structure*, 1975. AIP Conference Proceedings No. 26, 448-453 (1975).

70. R. H. Austin, K. W. Beeson, S. S. Chan, P. G. Debrunner, R.
    Downing, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder and T. M. Nordlund.
    Transient analyzer with logarithmic time base. Rev. Sci. Instrum.
    **47**, 445-447 (1976).

71. \*N. Alberding, R. H. Austin, K. W. Beeson, S. S. Chan, L.
    Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder and T. M. Nordlund. Tunneling in ligand
    binding to heme proteins. Science **192**, 1002-1004 (1976).

72. \*N. Alberding, R. H. Austin, S. S. Chan, L. Eisenstein, H.
    Frauenfelder, I. C. Gunsalus and T. M. Nordlund. Dynamics of carbon
    monoxide binding to protoheme. J. Chem. Phys. **65**, 4701-4711
    (1976).

73. \*N. Alberding, S. S. Chan, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, D. Good,
    I.C. Gunsalus, T.M. Nordlund, M.F. Perutz, A.H. Reynolds, and L.B.
    Sorensen. Binding of carbon monoxide to isolated hemoglobin chains.
    Biochemistry **17**, 43-51 (1978).

74. \*N. Alberding, H. Frauenfelder and P. Hänggi. Stochastic theory of
    ligand migration in biomolecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA **75**,
    26-29 (1978).

75. \*N. Alberding, R. H. Austin, S. S. Chan, L. Eisenstein, H.
    Frauenfelder, D. Good, K. Kaufmann, M. Marden, T. M. Nordlund, L.
    Reinisch, A. H. Reynolds, L. B. Sorensen, G. C. Wagner and K. T.
    Yue. Fast reactions in carbon monoxide binding to heme proteins.
    Biophysical J. **24**, 319-334 (1978).

76. L. Eisenstein and H. Frauenfelder. Heme protein reactions at high
    pressure and low temperature. In *Frontiers in Biological
    Energetics*. Vol. 1. Academic Press, 680-688 (1978).

77. H. Frauenfelder. Principles of ligand binding to heme proteins. In
    *Methods of Enzymology*, (Academic Press) **54**, 506-532 (1978).

78. H. Frauenfelder. Molecular tunneling in heme proteins. In *Tunneling
    in Biological Systems*, ed. by B. Chance, D. DeVault, H.
    Frauenfelder, R. A. Marcus, J. R. Schrieffer, and N. Sutin, Academic
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79. D. Beece, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, D. Good, M. C. Marden, L.
    Reinisch, A. H. Reynolds, L. B. Sorensen and K. T. Yue. Dioxygen
    replacement reaction in myoglobin. Biochemistry **18**, 3421-3423
    (1979).

80. \*H. Frauenfelder, G. A. Petsko and D. Tsernoglou.
    Temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction as a probe of protein
    structural dynamics. Nature **280**, 558-563 (1979).

81. \*D. Beece, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, D. Good, M. C.
    Marden, L. Reinisch, A. H. Reynolds, L. B. Sorensen and K. T. Yue.
    Solvent viscosity and protein dynamics. Biochemistry **19**,
    5147-5157 (1980).

82. \*J. O. Alben, D. Beece, S. F. Bowne, L. Eisenstein, H.
    Frauenfelder, D. Good, M.C. Marden, P. P. Moh, L. Reinisch, A. H.
    Reynolds and K. T. Yue. Isotope effect in molecular tunneling. Phys.
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83. 83.H. Frauenfelder and G. A. Petsko. Structural dynamics of liganded
    myoglobin. Biophysical J. **32**, 465-478 (1980).

84. D. Beece, S. F. Bowne, J. Czege, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, D.
    Good, M. C. Marden, J. Marque, P. Ormos, L. Reinisch, and K. T. Yue.
    The effect of viscosity on the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin.
    Photochemistry and Photobiology **33**, 517- 522 (1981).

85. H. Frauenfelder and M. C. Marden. Biological physics. *In Physics
    Vade Mecum*, ed. by H. L. Anderson. American Institute of Physics,
    New York, 1981, pp. 108-116.

86. H. Frauenfelder. Räumliche und zeitliche Schwankungen in
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87. H. Frauenfelder. Dynamics of heme proteins. In *Trends in
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88. D. Beece, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, D. Good, M. C. Marden, L.
    Reinisch, A. H. Reynolds, L.B. Sorensen and K. T. Yue. Solvent
    viscosity and the dynamics of the dioxygen binding to myoglobin. In
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    1982), pp. 363-369.

89. \*J. O. Alben, D. Beece, S. F. Bowne, W. Doster, L. Eisenstein. H.
    Frauenfelder, D. Good, J. D. McDonald, M. C. Marden, P. P. Moh, L.
    Reinisch, A. H. Reynolds, E. Shyamsunder and K. T. Yue. Infrared
    spectroscopy of photodissociated carboxymyoglobin at low
    temperatures. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA **79**, 3744-3748 (1982).

90. \*W. Doster, D. Beece, S. F. Bowne, E. E. Di Iorio, L.
    Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, L. Reinisch, E. Shyamsunder, K. H.
    Winterhalter and K. T. Yue. Control and pH dependence of ligand
    binding to heme proteins. Biochemistry **21**, 4831-4839 (1982).

91. \*H. Hartmann, F. Parak, W. Steigemann, G.A. Petsko, D. Ringe Ponzi
    and H. Frauenfelder. Conformational substates in a protein:
    Structure and dynamics of myoglobin at 80 K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
    USA **79**, 4967-4971 (1982).

92. L. Eisenstein and H. Frauenfelder. Introduction to hemeproteins. *In
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    by R. R. Alfano. Academic Press, New York, 1982, pp. 321-337.

93. P. G. Debrunner and H. Frauenfelder. Dynamic proteins. *In
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    and S. L. Sligar. Academic, New York, 1982, pp. 327-345.

94. \*P. G. Debrunner and H. Frauenfelder. Dynamics of proteins. Ann.
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95. Hans Frauenfelder. Summary and outlook. In *Mobility and Function in
    Proteins and Nucleic Acids*. (Ciba Foundation Symposium 93) Pitman,
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96. Hans Frauenfelder. Ligand binding as a probe of protein dynamics*.
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97. Hans Frauenfelder. Dynamic aspects of protein reactions. In
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    Clementi and R. Sarma, Adenine Press, Guilderland, NY, 369-376
    (1983).

98. D. E. Nagle, J. D. Bowman, R. Carlini, R. E. Mischke, H.
    Frauenfelder, R. W. Harper, V. Yuan, A. B. McDonald and R. Talaga.
    Parity nonconservation in proton-water scattering at 800 MeV. High
    Energy Spin Physics, AIP Conference Proceedings **95**, 150-155
    (1983).

99. D. D. Dlott, H. Frauenfelder, P. Langer, H. Roder and E. Di Iorio.
    Nanosecond flash photolysis study of carbon monoxide binding to the
    beta chain of emoglobin Zürich (beta 63 (E7) His→ Arg). Proc. Natl.
    Acad. Sci. USA **80**, 6239-6243 (1983).

100. Hans Frauenfelder. From atoms to biomolecules. Helv. Phys. Acta
     **57**, 165-187 (1984). German translation: Naturwiss. Rundschau,
     August (1985) 311-321.

101. H. Roder, J. Berendzen, S. F. Bowne, H. Frauenfelder. T. B.
     Sauke, E. Shyamsunder, and M. B. Weissman. Comparison of the
     magnetic properties of deoxy and photodissociated myoglobin. Proc.
     Natl. Acad. Sci. USA **81**, 2359-2363 (1984).

102. R. W. Harper, V. Yuan, H. Frauenfelder, J. D. Bowman, R.
     Carlini, R. E. Mischke, D. E. Nagle, R. L. Talaga and A. B.
     McDonald. Parity nonconservation in proton-water scattering 1.5
     GeV/c. Phys. Rev. **D31**, 1151-1151 (1985).

103. \* H. Frauenfelder and Peter G. Wolynes. Rate theories and puzzles
     of hemoprotein kinetics. Science **229**, 337-345 (1985).

104. F. Stetzkowski, R. Banerjee, M. C. Marden, D. K. Beece, S. F.
     Bowne, W. Doster, L. Eisenstein, H. Frauenfelder, L. Reinisch, E.
     Shyamsunder and C. Jung. Dynamics of dioxygen and carbon monoxide
     binding to soybean leghemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. **260**, 8803-8809
     (1985).

105. \* A. Ansari, J. Berendzen, S. F. Bowne, H. Frauenfelder, I. E. T.
     Iben, T. B. Sauke, E. Shyamsunder, and R. D. Young. Protein states
     and proteinquakes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA **82**, 5000-5004
     (1985).

106. H. Frauenfelder. Ligand binding and protein dynamics. *In Structure
     and Motion. Membranes, Nucleic Acids & Proteins*, eds., E.
     Clementi, G. Corongiu, M. H. ,Sarma, and R. H. Sarma (Adenine
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107. D. Ringe, J. Kuriyan. G. A. Petsko, M. Karplus, H.
     Frauenfelder, R. F. Tilton and I. D. Kuntz. The temperature
     dependence of protein structure and mobility. Transactions American
     Cryst. Assoc. **20**, 109-122 (1985).

108. Hans Frauenfelder. Biomolecules. In *Design and Synthesis in
     Science*. D. Pines, ed. Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM (1985).

109. Hans Frauenfelder. Experimental studies of protein dynamics through
     ligand binding. In *Design and Synthesis of Organic Molecules Based
     on Molecular Recognition (18^th^ Solvay Conference on Chemistry,
     1983),* pp. 143-149, Springer, Berlin (1986).

110. Hans Frauenfelder. Concluding remarks by a physicist. In Design and
     Synthesis of Organic Molecules Based on Molecular Recognition
     (18^th^ Solvay Conference on Chemistry, 1983), pp. 305-307,
     Springer, Berlin (1986).

111. Hans Frauenfelder and Enrico Gratton. Protein dynamics and
     hydration. In *Biomembranes, Protons and Water: Structure and
     Translocation*, (Methods in Enzymology Vol 127) pp 207-216 (1986).

112. Hans Frauenfelder and Robert D. Young. Protein dynamics and ligand
     binding. Comments on Molecular & Cellular Biophysics **3**, 347-372
     (1986).

113. Hans Frauenfelder. Proteins and glasses. *In Stucture and Dynamics
     of Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Membranes*. eds. E. Clementi and S.
     Chin, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 169-177 (1986).

114. \* A. Ansari, E. E. Di Iorio, D. D Dlott, H. Frauenfelder, I. E. T.
     Iben, P. Langer, H. Roder, T. B. Sauke and E. Shyamsunder, Ligand
     binding to heme proteins: Relevance of low-temperature data.
     Biochemistry **25**, 3139-3146 (1986).

115. V. Yuan, H. Frauenfelder. R .W. Harper, J. D. Bowman, R.
     Carlini, D. W. MacArthur, R. E. Mischke, D. E. Nagle, R. L. Talaga
     and A. B. McDonald. Measurement of parity nonconservation in the
     proton-proton total cross section at 800 MeV. Phys. Rev. Letters,
     **57**, 1680-1683 (1986).

116. J. R. Hill, M. J. Cote, D. D. Dlott, J. F. Kaufman, J. D.
     McDonald, P. J. Steinbach, J. R. Berendzen and H. Frauenfelder.
     Chemical reaction in a glassy matrix: Dynamics of ligand binding to
     protoheme in glycerol-water. In *Ultrafast Phenomena V*, Springer
     Series in Physics 46, 433-435 (1986).

117. \*A. Ansari, J. Berendzen, D. Braunstein, B. R. Cowen, H.
     Frauenfelder, M. K. Hong, I. E. T. Iben, J. B. Johnson, P.
     Ormos, R. B. Sauke, R. Scholl, A. Schulte, P. J. Steinbach, J.
     Vittitow and R. D. Young. Rebinding and relaxation in the myoglobin
     pocket. Biophys. Chem. **26**, 337-335 (1987).

118. \*H. Frauenfelder, H. Hartmann, M. Karplus, I. D. Kuntz, Jr., J.
     Kuriyan, F.Parak, G. A. Petsko, D. Ringe, R. F Tilton, M. L.
     Conolly and N. Max. The thermal expansion of a protein.
     Biochemistry **26**, 254-261 (1987).

119. W. Doster, S. F. Bowne, H. Frauenfelder, L. Reinisch, and E.
     Shyamsunder. Recombination of carbon monoxide to ferrous
     horseradish peroxidase type A and C. J. Mol. Biol. **194**, 299-312
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120. Hans Frauenfelder. Proteins and glasses. *In Armorphous and Liquid
     Materials*, Proceeding NATO Summer School, eds. E. Lüscher, G.
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121. Hans Frauenfelder. The connection between low-temperature kinetics
     and life. In *Protein Structure, Molecular and Electronic
     Reactivity*. Eds. R. H. Austin *et al*., Springer, NY, 245-261
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122. Hans Frauenfelder. Function and dynamics of myoglobin. Ann. New
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123. Hans Frauenfelder. Heme protein reactions: models, concepts, and
     problems. In Structure, Dynamics, and Function of Biomolecules.
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124. H. Frauenfelder. Myoglobin and bacteriorhodopsin. In *Biophysical
     Studies of Retinal Proteins*. Eds. T. G. Ebrey, H. Frauenfelder, B.
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     (1987).

125. H. Frauenfelder. The Protein as a physics laboratory. Lecture Notes
     in Physics 284: *Physics in Living Matter*. Springer, Berlin, pp.
     1-14 (1987).

126. H. Frauenfelder. Protein complexity. In *From Chemical to
     Biological Organization.* Eds. M. Markus, S. C. Müller, G. Nicolis.
     Springer, Berlin, pp. 177-181 (1988).

127. \* H. Frauenfelder, F. Parak and R. D. Young. Conformational
     substates in proteins. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. **17**,
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128. H. Frauenfelder and P. Ormos. Protein dynamics and function. In
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129. D. Braunstein, A. Ansari, J. Berendzen, B. R. Cowen, K. D.
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     Scholl, A. Schulte. S. G. Sligar, B. A. Springer, P . J. Steinbach
     and R. D. Young. Ligand binding to synthetic mutant myoglobin (His
     E7→ Gly): Role of the distal histidine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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130. P. Ormos. D. Braunstein, H. Frauenfelder, M. K Hong, S. L.
     Lin,. T. B. Sauke, and R. D. Young. Orientation of carbon monoxide
     and structure-function relationship in carbonmonoxymyoglobin. Proc.
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131. H. Frauenfelder. Physics and biology. In *Physics in a
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132. \*I. E T. Iben, D. Braunstein. W. Doster, H. Frauenfelder M. K.
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     Steinbach, A. H. Xie and R. D. Young. Glassy behavior of a protein.
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133. H. Frauenfelder and P. Langer. Protein als Moleküle mit eigener
     Dynamik. In *Innere Medizin der Gegenwart. 4. Endokrinologie*.
     Ed. R. D. Hesch. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, pp. 230-237
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134. H. Frauenfelder. The Debye-Waller factor: From villain to hero in
     protein crystallography. Int. J. Quantum Chem. **35**, 711-715
     (1989).

135. H. Frauenfelder. New Looks at Proteins Motions. Nature **338**, 623
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136. J. Berendzen and H. Frauenfelder. Relaxation in the heme pocket. In
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137. P. J. Steinbach and R. D. Young. Conformational relaxation in
     proteins. Chemica Scripta, **29A**, 145-150 (1989).

138. \* H. Frauenfelder. N. A. Alberding, A. Ansari, D.
     Braunstein, B. R. Cowen, M. K. Hong. I. E. T. Iben, J. B.
     Johnson, S. Luck, M . C. Marden, J. R. Mourant, P. Ormos, L.
     Reinisch, R. Scholl, A. Schulte, E. Shyamsunder, L. B.
     Sorensen, P. J. Steinbach, A. Xie, R. D. Young and K. T. Yue.
     Proteins and Pressure. J. Phys. Chem. **94**, 1024-1037 (1990).

139. \*P. Ormos, A. Ansari, D. Braunstein, B. R. Cowen, H.
     Frauenfelder, M. K. Hong, I. E. T. Iben, T. B. Sauke, P. Steinbach
     and R. D. Young. Inhomogeneous Broadening in Spectral Bands of
     Carbonmonoxymyoglobin: The Connection Between Spectral and
     Functional Heterogeneity. Biophys. J. **57**, 191-199 (1990).

140. M. K. Hong, J. Berendzen, D. Braunstein, B. R. Cowen, H.
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     Schulte, P. J. Steinbach, A. Xie and R. D. Young. Conformational
     Substates and Motions in Myoglobin. Biophys. J.**58**, 429-436
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141. H. Frauenfelder. Physics in proteins. In *Advances in Theoretical
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142. H. Frauenfelder. Proteins - Paradigms of Complex Systems. In
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143. \* P. J. Steinbach, A. Ansari, J. Berendzen, D. Braunstein, K.
     Chu, B. R. Cowen, D. Ehrenstein, H. Frauenfelder, J.
     B.Johnson, D. C. Lamb, S. Luck, J. R. Mourant. G. U. Nienhaus, P.
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     Proteins: The Connection Between Dynamics and Function.
     Biochemistry **30**, 3988-4001 (1991).

144. G. U. Nienhaus, H. Frauenfelder and F. Parak. Structural
     Fluctuations in Glass-forming Liquids: Mössbauer Spectroscopy on
     Iron in Glycerol. Phys. Rev. **B43**, 3345-3350 (1991).

145. R. D. Young. H. Frauenfelder, J. B. Johnson, D. C. Lamb, G. U.
     Nienhaus, R. Philipp and R. Scholl. Time and Temperature Dependence
     of Large-scale Conformational Transitions in Myoglobin. Chem. Phys.
     **158**, 315-327 (1991).

146. H. Frauenfelder, G. U. Nienhaus and J. B. Johnson. Rate Processes
     in Proteins. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. **95**, 272-278 (1991).

147. H. Frauenfelder, K. Chu and R. Phillip. Physics from Proteins. In
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     Y., 1991, pp 1-14.

148. H. Frauenfelder. Protein Dynamics: A Brief Overview. In *Proteins -
     Structure, Dynamics, Design*. Eds. V. Renugopalakrishan, P. R.
     Carey,I. C. P. Smith, S. -G. Huang and A. C. Storer. Escom Science
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149. \* H Frauenfelder. S. G. Sligar and P. G. Wolynes. The Energy
     Landscapes and Motions of Proteins. Science **254**, 1598-1603
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150. P. J. Steinbach, K. Chu, H. Frauenfelder, J. B. Johnson, D. C.
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     Rate Distributions from Kinetic Experiments. Biophys. J. **61**,
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151. \*151. G. U. Nienhaus, J. R. Mourant, and H. Frauenfelder.
     Spectroscopic Evidence for Conformational Relaxation in Myoglobin.
     Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA **89**, 2902-2906 (1992).

152. J. R. Mourant, D. P. Braunstein, K. Chu, H. Frauenfelder, G. U.
     Nienhaus, P. Ormos and R.D. Young. Ligand binding to heme
     proteins. II. Transitions in the Heme Pocket of Myoglobin.
     Biophys. J. **65**, 1496-1507 (1993).

153. D. P. Braunstein, K. Chu, K. D. Egeberg, H. Frauenfelder, J. R.
     Mourant, G. U. Nienhaus, P. Ormos, S. G. Sligar, B. A. Springer,
     and R. D. Young. Ligand Binding to Heme Proteins: III. FTIR Studies
     of His-E7 and Val E-11 Mutants of Carbonmonoxymyoglobin.
     Biophys. J. **65**, 2447-2454 (1993).

154. F. Parak and H. Frauenfelder. Protein Dynamics. Physica **A 201**,
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155. H. Frauenfelder, K. Chu, G. U. Nienhaus, and R. D. Young. Barrier
     Crossing Phenomena in the Heme Pocket of Myoglobin. In *Activated
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156. Hans Frauenfelder and Howard C. Berg, Physics and Biology. Physics
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157. Hans Frauenfelder and Peter G. Wolynes, Biomolecules: Where the
     Physics of Complexity and Simplicity Meet. Physics Today, February
     1994, 58-64.

158. \* G. U. Nienhaus, J. R. Mourant, K. Chu, and H. Frauenfelder.
     Ligand Binding to Heme Proteins: The Effect of Light on Ligand
     Binding in Myoglobin.Biochemistry **33**, 13413-13430 (1994).

159. Hans Frauenfelder. The Mössbauer Effect and biological physics.
     Hyperfine Interactions **90**, 21-25 (1994).

160. H. Frauenfelder, K.Chu, G. U. Nienhaus, and R. D. Young. Relaxation
     and Disorder in Proteins. In *Disorder Effects on Relaxational
     Processes*. R. Richert and A. Blumen, eds. Springer Verlag 591-614
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161. Hans Frauenfelder, From Symmetry to Complexity. Chinese J. Physics
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162. K . Chu, R. M. Ernst, H. Frauenfelder, J. R. Mourant, G. U.
     Nienhaus, and R. Philipp. Light-induced and thermal relaxation in a
     protein. Phys. Rev. Lett. **74**, 2607-2610 (1995).

163. H. Frauenfelder. Proteins - Paradigms of Complex Systems.
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164. H. Frauenfelder. Complexity in Proteins. Nature structural biology
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165. H. Frauenfelder. Proteins and the physics of complexity. In
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166. H. Frauenfelder. Komplexität in der belebten Materie.
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167. H. Frauenfelder. Proteins: a challenging many body problem. Phil.
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168. \* J. B. Johnson, D. C. Lamb, H. Frauenfelder, J. D. Müller, Ben
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     Proteins. VI. Interconversion of Taxonomic Substates in
     Carbomonoxymyoglobin. Biophys. J. **71**, 1563-1573 (1996).

169. H. Frauenfelder. The Complexity of Proteins. In *Physics of
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170. H. Frauenfelder. Proteins as Paradigms of Complex Systems. In
     *Röntgen Centennial*.. Eds. A. Haase, G. Landwehr, and E. Umbach.
     World Scientific, Singapore, 1997, Pp. 227-241.

171. H. Frauenfelder and P. G. Wolynes. Picturing the Working Protein.
     In *Theoretical and Computational Genome Research*.. Eds. S. Suhai,
     Plenum Press, New York, 1997. Pp 231-236.

172. \* H. Frauenfelder, Proteins and Glasses. In *Structure and
     Dynamics of Glasses and Glass Formers*. Eds. C. A. Angell, K. L.
     Ngai, K. Kieffer, T. Egami, and G. U. Nienhaus. Materials Research
     Society. Pittsburgh, 1997, pp. 343-347.

173. \*A. E. Garcia, J. A. Krumhansl, and H. Frauenfelder. Variations on
     a theme by Debye and Waller: From simple crystals to proteins.
     *Proteins*. **29**, pp. 153-160 (1997).

174. \*174. G. U. Nienhaus, J. D. Müller, B. H. McMahon, and H.
     Frauenfelder, Exploring the conformational energy landscape of
     proteins. Physica D **107**, 297-331 (1997).

175. H. Frauenfelder, B. McMahon, B. P. Stoikovic, and K. Chu, Is
     Myoglobin like a Swiss Watch? World Scientific 1998.

176. H. Frauenfelder, Protein Dynamics and Function, Nato Advanced
     Science Institute Series. Series A. Life Sciences. 1998. v. 301,
     pp. 95-102.

177. H. Frauenfelder and B. McMahon. Dynamics and Function of Proteins.
     Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, **95**, 4795-4797 (1998).

178. H. Frauenfelder and D. Thorn Leeson. The energy landscape in
     non-biological and biological molecules. Nature structural biology,
     **5**, 757-759 (1998).

179. \*H. Frauenfelder, P.G. Wolynes, and R.H. Austin. Biological
     Physics. Rev. Mod Phys. [71]{.underline}, S419-S430 (1999).

180. H. Frauenfelder and B. H. McMahon. Energy landscape and
     fluctuations in proteins. Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) **9**, 655-667
     (2000).

181. H. Frauenfelder and B. McMahon. The Energy Landscape. In *Single
     Molecule Spectroscopy.* Eds. R. Rigler, M. Orrit, T. Basche.
     Springer (Berlin-Heidelberg) 2001. Pp. 257-276.

182. H. Frauenfelder and B. H. McMahon. Relaxations and Fluctuations in
     Myoglobin. BioSystems 62, 3 -- 8 (2001).

183. \*H. Frauenfelder, B. H. McMahon, R. H. Austin, K. Chu, J. T.
     Groves. The role of structure, energy landscape, dynamics, and
     allostery in the enzymatic function of myoglobin. Proc. Natl. Acad.
     Sci USA. **98**, 2370-2374 (2001).

184. H. Frauenfelder. Biological Physics: An Overview. In *Biological
     Physics 2000.I* Eds. V. Sa-yakanit, L. Matsson, H. Frauenfelder.
     World Scientific (New Jersey) 2001.

185. H. Frauenfelder and B. H. McMahon. Myoglobin- The smallest chemical
     reactor. In *Biological Physics 2000.* World Scientific (New Jersey
     2000).

186. H. Frauenfelder. Proteins: Paradigms of Complexity. Proc. Natl.
     Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2479-2480 (2002).

187. H. Frauenfelder, P. W. Fenimore, B. H. McMahon. Hydration, slaving
     and protein function. Biophys. Chem. 98, 35-48 (2002)

188. P. W. Fenimore, H. Frauenfelder, B. H. McMahon and F. G. Parak.
     "Slaving: Solvent fluctuations dominate protein dynamics and
     functions." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16047-16051 (2002)..

189. P. W. Fenimore, Hans Frauenfelder, Robert D. Young. Proteins as
     Paradigms of Complex Systems. In " Fluctuations and Noise in
     Biological, Biophysical, and Biomedical Systems." SPIE Proceedings
     Series Vol. 5110. 2003.

190. H. Frauenfelder, B. H. McMahon, and P. W. Fenimore. Myoglobin: The
     hydrogen atom of biology and a paradigm of complexity. Commentary.
     Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 8615-8617(2003).

191. H. Frauenfelder: Science with Gunny. Biochem. Biophys. Research
     Comm. 312,169-172, 2003.

192. Hans Frauenfelder, P. W. Fenimore, Fisica Biologica. Rivista
     Espanola de Fisica. 17, Numero 5, 51-56 (2003).

193. \* P.W. Fenimore, Hans Frauenfelder, B. H. McMahon, and R. D.
     Young, Bulk-solvent and hydration-shell fluctuations, similar to α-
     and β- fluctuations in glasses, control protein motions and
     functions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101, 14409-14413, 2004.

194. \* Vassily Lubchenko, Peter G. Wolynes, and Hans Frauenfelder. The
     Mosaic Energy Landscapes of Liquids and the Control of Protein
     Conformational Dynamics by Glass-forming Solvents. J. Phys. Chem. B
     109, 7488-7499 (2005).

195. \* P. W. Fenimore, H. Frauenfelder, B. H. McMahon, R. D. Young,
     Proteins are paradigms of stochastic complexity. Physica A 351, 1
     -- 13 (2005).Robert H Austin, Aihua Xie, Lex van der Meer, Britta
     Redlich, Per-Anker Lindgard, Hans Frauenfelder, Dan Fu. Picosecond
     Thermometer in the Amide I Band of Myoglobin. Phys. Rev. Lett.

196. Hans Frauenfelder, Energy Landscape and Dynamics of
     Biomolecules. J. Biol. Phys. 31, 413-416 (2005).

197. \* H. Frauenfelder, P.W. Fenimore, G. Chen, and B. H. McMahon,
     Protein folding is slaved to solvent motions. Proc. Natl. Acad.
     Sci. USA 103, 15469-15472 (2006).

198. Hans Frauenfelder, Paul W. Fenimore, and Robert D. Young. Protein
     dynamics and function- insights from the energy landscape and
     solvent slaving. IUBMB Life 59, 506-512 (2007).

199. Hans Frauenfelder. What determines the speed limit on enzyme
     catalysis? Nature Chemical Biology 4, 21-22 (2008).

200. \*G. Chen, P.W. Fenimore, H. Frauenfelder, F. Mezei, J. Swenson,
     and R. D. Young. Protein fluctuations explored by inelastic neutron
     scattering and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Phil. Mag. 88,
     3877-3883 (2008).

201. 

**7. Books**

B0. Hans Frauenfelder. *ROVER*. A booklet for the explorer scout
leaders. (In German). Bern, Switzerland, 1945. 111pp.

B1. *Mössbauer Effect, Recoilless Emission and Absorption of Gamma
Rays*, ed. By H. Frauenfelder, and H. Lustig, Air Force Office of
Scientific Research, Washington, D. C., University of Illinois, Allerton
House, June 6-7, 1960, 76 pp.

B2. *Beiträge zur Entwicklung der Physik*, ed. By H. Frauenfelder, O.
Huber, P. Stähelin, Helv. Phys. Acta Suppl. V. (Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel
and Stuttgart, 1960), 253 pp.

B3. H. Frauenfelder. *The Mössbauer Effect*. (W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New
York, 1963) 336 pp. Russian Translation, Moscow, 1964.

B4. H. Frauenfelder and E. M. Henley. *Subatomic Physics* (Prentice-Hall
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1974), 576 pp. *Teilchen und Kerne*.
German Translation. Oldenburg, München, 1979. Russian Translation.
Moscow, 1979. Japanese Translation, 1980. Chinese Translation, Beijing,
1981, Second Updated Editon, 1991. Third German Edition 1995.

B5. H. Frauenfelder and E. M. Henley*. Nuclear and Particle Physics,
Vol. I, Background and Symmetries*. (W. A. Benjamin, Reading, Mass.,
1975) 573 pp.

B6. H. Frauenfelder. *Biomoleküle-Physik der Zukunft?* Carl Friedrich
von Siemens Stiftung, München, 1980, 43 pp.

B7 H. Frauenfelder, J. Deisenhofer, and P. Wolynes, Editors. *Simplicity
and*

> *Complexity in Proteins and Nucleic Acids.* Dahlem University Press,
> Berlin, 1999. 396 pp.

**8 Recent Invited Lectures; Conferences.**

**1994**

17-19 Feb University of Alabama, Colloquium: Proteins as Paradigms of
Complex Systems.

5-10 Mar Biophys. Soc. Meeting, New Orleans, Invited talk.

11 Mar Santa Fe Institute Science Board

7-8 Apr Advisory Board Physics Carnegie-Mellon, Pittsburg.

13-14 Apr Colloquium Albert Einstein NY: Ligand Binding to Heme
Proteins.

21-22 Apr Washington DC Dedication Center for Physics, Board on Physics
and Astronomy

23-27 Apr National Academy of Sciences.

14-22 May Taipei, Taiwan. Int. Conference "Symmetries in Subatomic
Physics." Invited talk: From Symmetries to complexity.

26 May -- 6 Jun Centre de Physique Les Houches, France. Meeting on
nonlinear excitations in biomolecules. Two invited lectures.

12-13 Jun Washington DC NAS/NRC: Meeting of the chairs of the liaison
com. To the international unions.

21-23 Jun Inst. For Advanced Physics, La Jolla: Interdisc. Conference:
Frontiers in Biological Physics. Invited paper: Physics from Proteins.

26-27 Aug ETH Zurich: Symposium Biochemistry. Invited paper.

28 Aug- 1 Sep Karolinska Summerschool, Stockholm, Invited paper and
confenence summary.

14 Sep University of Texas, Austin: Colloquium.

20-26 Sep Stockholm, Sweden. Colloquium. Honorary degree.

3 Oct Iowa State U. Physics. Colloquium.

8-10 Oct. Munchen, Germany. German-Russian Seminar. Invited paper.

11-15 Oct Copenhagen, Nordita, Technical University: Colloquium 2
invited talks.

5-6 Nov Beckman Center, Irvine: Board on Physics and Astronomy.

26 Nov --3 Dec. Inst. Molecular Biotechnology, Jena, Germany. Int.
Conference. Invited paper

**1995**

29-31 Jan Visiting committee Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical
Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.

6-10 Feb School on Biophysics, Brasilia, Brasil. Four lectures on
"Protein Dynamics."

24 Feb University of Washington, Seattle, WA, Biochemistry seminar:
"Ligand Binding to Heme Proteins." Physics Colloq: "Proteins as
paradigms of complex systems."

27 Feb Rice Univ., Houston, TX. Visiting 33omm.. Physics.

Physics Col.: "Proteins-Paradigms of Complex Systems."

10 Mar Santa Fe Institute Science Board.

18 Mar Symposium in honor of Martin Karplus, Cambridge, MA.

20-26 Apr Annual meeting, Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington, DC.

22 Apr Anderson Science Symp. Denison Univ. Talk: "The Future of
Physics".

26 Apr Dartmouth College. Colloq: "Proteins-Paradigms of Complex
Systems."

12 Jun Int. Conf. Time Res. Vibr. Spectroscopy. Santa Fe, NM. Chair
session.

20-25 Jun Biomolecular Stereodynamics. Albany, NY. "Summary and Outlook-
Protein Dynamics."

27 Jun Computational Biology, Santa Fe Institute. Talk: "Physics of
Proteins."

3 Jul Int. Center for Theoretical Physics, SISSA, and ICGEB, Trieste,
Italy" "Proteins-Paradigms of Complex Systems."

5 Jul Adriatico Research Conference, Trieste, Italy: "Ligand Binding to
Heme Proteins."

29 Jul-2 Aug Int. Symposium on Biological Physics. Munich, Germany.
Opening talk.

2-4 Aug Course on Mathematical modeling of conformational dynamics.
Stockholm, Sweden. "Dynamics of Proteins."

14-17 Aug Workshop and summer school on Physics of Biological Systems.
Humblebaek, Denmark. "Probing the Complexity of Proteins." 3 lectures

27 Aug Symposium: 45 years of Many-Body Theory. (D. Pines) Lecture:
"Proteins as paradigms of complex systems."

29 SEP Santa Fe Institute: "Sequence-Structure Relations."

2-5 OCT Meeting of the Argentine Physical Society, Bariloche, Plenary
lecture: "Proteins as Paradigms of Complex Systems."

23-27 OCT Roentgen Centennial, Wuerzburg, Germany. Plenary lecture:
"Proteins as Paradigms of Complex Systems."

**1996**

2-6 Jan Aspen Center for Physics, Aspen CO. Biophysics workshop.

Lecture: "The Energy Landscape of Proteins."

7 Feb Princeton University, Chem. Eng. "Proteins-Paradigms of Complex
Systems."

26 Feb Tech. Working Group, LANL "The Genome and Beyond."

25 Mar Int. Symposium German Cancer Res. Center, Heidelberg D. "Dynamics
and Function of Proteins."

26 Mar University Heidelberg, Physics Dept. "Complexity"

28-29 Mar ICTP, ICGEB, SISSA, Trieste, Italy "Physics of Proteins."

1 Apr Colloquium, Univ. Fribourg, CH, Physics. "Physics of Proteins."

9-12 Apr Int. Conf. Theor. Chem. Physics, New Orleans. "The Protein as a
Laboratory."

18 Apr Colloquium, Chemistry, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, D. "The
Protein as a Laboratory."

25-30 Apr Annual Meeting, Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington DC.

11-12 May NAS Colloquium, Beckman Center, Irvine C "Symmetry and the
Energy Landscape of Proteins."

13-17 May Annual Conference CNLS, "Landscape Paradigms in Physics and
Biology."

10 Jun Nat. Inst. Health. Bethesda, MD "Do we finally know how myoglobin
works?"

19 Jun Int. Symp. On Mathematical Geophysics, Santa Fe, NM
"Proteinquakes."

26-30 Jun Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter, Amsterdam, NL.

13-21 Sep Int. Union of Pure and Applied Physics, Uppsala, Sweden.

17 Sep Minisymposium; Royal Swedish Academy, Stockholm, Sweden.
"Myoglobin links biology, chemistry, and physics."

26 Seep Texas Tech., Lubbock, TX Colloquium.

26 Oct The state of physics at the end of the 20^th^ century. Santa Fe,
NM. "Physics of Proteins."

30 Oct U. Delaware "Proteins-Paradigms of Complexity."

5 Nov Boston U., "Proteins link biology, chemistry, and physics."

15 Nov Paul Scherrer Institute, Würenlingen, CH., "Proteins link
biology, chemistry, and physics."

16-19 Nov Biocomplexity Symposium, Egmond aan Zee, NL. "Proteins as
Paradigms of Complexity."

19 Nov Free University Amsterdam, NL. "Proteins link biology, chemistry
and physics."

2-4 Dec Materials Research Society, Fall Meeting, Boston "Proteins and
Glasses."

4 Dec Northeastern U., Boston MA. "Physics of Proteins."

**1997**

9\. Jan P/T Colloquium Los Alamos National Lab. "Proteins as Paradigms
of Complex Systems"

17\. Jan Colloquium Physics Dept., Univ. of Lausanne,
Lausanne,Switzerland "Proteins Link Biology Chemistry and Physics"

19-25 Jan Winter Seminar Klosters Lecture

"Proteins Link Biology, Chemistry, and Physics"

26-29 Jan Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, D.
Fachbeirat

1-5 March US/Japan Seminar: "Molecular Dynamics of Ligand Binding to
Myoglobins and Related Heme Proteins," Rice Univ. Houston, TX, March 3,
1997 "Protein Dynamics- A Physicists Point of View"

17-19 March American Physical Society Meeting, Kansas City

"Complexity in Protein Reactions"

9 April Indiana University DuPont Distinguished Lecture: "Proteins Link
Biology, Chemistry, and Physics"

15-24 April NATO Advanced Study Instiutte on Protein Dynamics, Function,
and Design. Erice, Sicily, Three lectures:

28. Reactions

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28. Proteins-Stucture, Energy Landscape, Dynamics, Function

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28. The Connections in Myoglobin

24-26 April Annual Meeting, American Philosophiocal Society,
Philadelphia

27-29 April Annual Meeting, National Academy of Science, Washington,
D.C.

11-16 May Annual Conference CNLS

28 May Symposium at the MPI for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, in honor
of Benno Hess: "Is Myoglobin a Swiss Watch?"

31 May 2 June Program Committee, Dahlem Conference, Berlin, D.

3 June Max-Delbrück Center, Berlin: "Myoglobin-Protein Dynamics and
Function"

5 June University Ulm, Ulm, D. "Proteins as Paradigms of Complex
Systems"

25 June CST Division Colloquium " Proteins link chemistry, biology, and
physics."

27 July- 1 August Telluride Summer Workshop "Are Protein Dynamics
Organized Hierarchically?"

Lecure: Solved and Unsolved Problems in Myoglobin"

Public Lecure: "Proteins as Paradigms of Complex Systems"

19-22 August Adriatico Research Conference on "Nonlinear Phenomena in
Biological Systems" Institute Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste,
Italy, Lecture: "Protein Dynamics-New Results"

11-13 Sept National Academy of Sciences Colloquium: "Computational
Biomolecular Science" Irvine, CA, After dinner lecture "From Slide Rule
to Super Computer"

25 October 25^th^ Anniversay Meeting, Humboldt Foundation, Washington,
D.C.

**1998**

5 February Univ. California San Diego, Physics Dept. Colloquium:
"Physics of Proteins"

12-16 February Annual Meeting American Assoc. Advancement Science,
Philadelphia, Vice Chair, Physics Section

20 February Los Alamos 14^th^ Annual University California Conference on
Nonlinear Science Lecure: "Energy Landscapes"

21 April University of Washington, Seattle, WA, Physics Colloquium:
"Physics of Proteins"

22 April University of Washington, Bioengineering, Seminar: "Dynamics
and Function of Myoglobin"

20-22 April CNLS Workshop on Nonequilibrium Dynamics "Nonequilibrium
Phenomena in Proteins"

25-28 April Annual Meeting; National Academy of Sciences. Washington DC.

11-15 May Los Alamos, 18^th^ Annual Conference "Predictability:
Quantifying Uncertainty in Models of Complex Phenomena" Co-Organizer

16-23 May Berlin, Germany. Dahlem conference: "Simplicity and complexity
in proteins and nucleic acids". Organizer and Chairperson.

24-26 May Stockholm, Sweden. Joint meeting of Swedish Royal Society and

American Philosophical Society

27 May Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University Seminar "The
Debye-Waller

factor and a new myoglobin model."

5 June Molecular Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland: "Physics of
Proteins."

30 August -- 2 September, Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZIF),
University Bielefeld, Germany: Annual meeting of the "Fast Reactions in
Solution Discussion Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry". Topic:
"Dynamics of Biological Process" Lecture: "Reaction and relaxation
processes in proteins."

3-5 September Sigtuna, Sweden. Third Sigtuna Workshop on "Random Events
in

Biological Systems." Lecture: "Randomness and Chaos in Protein

Reactions."

7-9 September Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Lecture: "Dynamics
and function of myoglobin.

20-24 September Santa Fe, NM. Third International Symposium on
Biological Physics

Co-organizer.

19 November Vienna, Austria, Novartis, "Dynamics and function of heme
proteins."

20 November Vienna, Austria, Institute for "Theoretical Biochemistry,
Universit Wien,

"Proteins- Laboratories for Biology, Chemistry, and Physics."

23 November Vienna, Austria, Institute for Molecular Pharmacology,
"Proteins-Paradigms of complex Systems."

**1999**

23 January Anaheim, CA, AAAS Annual Meeting, Invited paper "Proteins as
paradigms of Complex Systems."

> CA AAAS Annual Meeting, Organize Symposium, "Where Biology and Physics
> meet." (Giaver, Deisenhofer, Schulten, West).

20-26 March Atlanta, GA. American Physical Society, Centennial Meeting.

23 March Centennial Symposium: "The Impact of Immigration on U.S.
Physics." Invited

talk: "Immigration from Europe."

25 March Centennial Symposium: "Energy Landscapes in Physics, Chemistry,
and Biology." Invited talk: "The Energy Landscape and Dynamics of

Proteins."

1 April Texas Tech. University, Lubbock, TX., Physics Colloquium
"Proteins as Paradigms of Complex Systems".

28 April NIH Seminar: "Connections among energy landscape, structure,
dynamics, and functions of a protein".

5-9 June Nobel Conference, Lidingo (Stockholm) on Single Molecule
Spectropy "The Protein Energy Landscape".

29 June "The Energy Landscape", Workshop on Rugged Energy Landscapes,

Telluride, CO.

3-8 July EMBL/DESY Workshop on Free Electron Laser. Hamburg, Germany
"Physics of Proteins".

25-29 July Myoglobin workshop, Telluride, CO, "Do we now know how
myoglobin really works?"

3-7 August Agora meeting on Fluctuations in Biological Systems, Sigtuna
(Stockholm)

Sweden.. "Relaxations and Fluctuations in Myoglobin".

26-30 October 2^nd^ Int. Workshop on Synchrotron Radiation. Brunnen,
Switzerland.

Final Lecture: "Physics of Proteins".

##### 8-13 November 3^rd^ Congress of the International Society for Theoretical Chemical

Physics. Mexico City, Mexico. "Biological and Chemical Physics of
Proteins".

**2000**

5-8 January 2000 CNLS Dynamics Days. 19^th^ International Conference on
Chaos and

Nonlinear Dynamics. La Fonda, Santa Fe, NM.

17-22 February. 2000Annual Meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement

of Science. (Retiring chair of Physics Section). Washington DC.20.-24.
March Annual APS March Meeting. Minneapolis. Invited talk: "Protein
quakes

and protein states."30. March. Cambridge University and MRC: "The Energy
Landscape and Dynamics of Proteins".

###### 31. March Annual Meeting of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Stockholm.

3\. April. University of Oxford. Physics: "The Energy Landscape and
Dynamics of Proteins."

4\. April: "Myoglobin is an Allosteric Enzyme".

5-8 April. Conference: Modelling Biomolecular Mechanisms. University of
York.

British Biophysical Society Invited Lecture: " Complexity in Protein
Dynamics and Protein Reactions."

26-29 April American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, PA.

29\. April -- 2. May National Academy of Sciences. Annual Meeting.
Washington DC.

5.- 8 June. 20^th^ CNLS Annual Conference. "Sciences Impacting Our
Future."

31\. August University of Stockholm. Biophysics. Lecture: "Myoglobin is
an allosteric

"" enzyme."

31\. August-2. September. Meeting of the Swedish Biophysics Society in
Linkoeping,

Sweden. Lecture: " Myoglobin, the smallest chemical reactor."

18\. -- 22. September First Workshop on Biological Physics.
Chulalongkorn University.

> Bangkok, Thailand. Opening lecture: "Biological Physics-An Overview"
> and Lecture: "Myoglobin- The Smallest Chemical Reactor."

12.-13. October, Workshop: Scientific Frontiers with Acceleratore-based
Lasers.

> Washington DC. Lecture: "The Biosciences- Forefronts."

28.-29. November , CNLS workshop: "MYOGLOBIN". Lecture: Problems and
Summary."

**2001**

7\. January ICAM workshop in Santa Fe on "Designing Emergent Matter".
Lecture: "emergent Behavior in Proteins."

16\. January University of Ulm, Germany. "Proteins connect biology,
chemistry, and physics."

19\. January. Technical University Muenchen, Germany. "he energy
landscape and conformational relaxations in proteins."

22\. January. University Augsburg, Germany. ' The Physics of Proteins."

25\. January. Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Szeged,

Hungary. "The role of structure, energy landscape, dynamics, and
allostery in the enzymatic function of myoglobin.

17.-20. March. Folding Conference. Coolfont Virginia. " The role of
structure,

energy landscape, dynamics, and allosteric in the function of
myoglobin."

22.-24 March. Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of

Sciences. "Self-organized complexity in the physical, biological, and
social sciences." Co-organizer and lecture: " Protein Quakes Revisited."

12\. March. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater. Physics Colloquium.

"Myoglobin is an allosteric enzyme."

29.May-3. June. UCSD Workshop: "Energy landscape and drug design." Co-

organizer and lecture.

17.-25. June. Int. Discussion Meeting on Relaxation in Complex Systems.

Heraklion, Crete. "Energy Landscape in Complex Systems."

7\. Sept. The Picower Institute for Medical Research. Manhasset, NY. "
Proteins connect biology, chemistry, and physics."

11\. Oct. UIUC Physics Dept. Colloq. "Physics of Proteins."

24\. Oct. LANL. IGPP. "Biological Physics."

**2002**

17\. Jan. LANL/ICAM/ CNLS workshop. Self-organizing biomolecules.
"Protein dynamics are governed by solvent motions and entropy."

27\. Jan. -- 1. Feb. Local and nanoscale structure in complex systems.
Santa Fe, NM. "Energy Landscapes."

8\. Feb. UNM Physics. "Structure, energy landscape, and dynamics of
proteins."

28\. March. Purdue U., "Physics of Proteins."

14- 17. April. Napa Workshop on ultrafast phenomena. "Proteins are
governed by solvent motions and entropy."

29\. April. University Zuerich. Biochemistry "Proteins- paradigms of
complex systems."

21\. June. Santa Fe, NM. ICAM Workshop " Physics of Frustration: From
Proteins to Pyrochlores." "Frustration in Biology- The Case of
Proteins."

26\. -- 28. July. Snowmass, CO. ICAM workshop (80^th^ birthday HF)
Biological Physics: Frontier or Wilderness?.

27-29 September, Boston MA. APS Topical Conference : Opportunities in
Biology for Physicists. Wrap Up talk.

2\. October, Univ. of Minnesota. Colloquium "Physics of Proteins."

3\. October. Univ. of Minnesota. Condensed Matter seminar "Proteins are
similar to glasses, but much more complex."

8\. November. Int. Workshop on Anomalous Distributions. Santa Fe.
After-dinner talk: "Proteins and Stories."

**2003**

22\. January. Center for Theoretical Biological Physics. Colloquium:
"Biomolecules:From aperiodic crystals to wiggling and jiggling
entities."

6\. February. Physics Dept., Univ. Frankfurt. Colloquium. "Physics of
Proteins".

10\. February Heraeus Seminar Bad Honnef. Plenary lecture: " Protein
Dynamics -- Past, Present, Future."

17\. February. Augsburg. Colloquium. "Where biological and statistical
physics meet."

5 -- 10. May 2003. Int. Workshop on Proteomics: Protein Structure,
Function, and Interactions. Int. Center Theor. Physics. Trieste Italy.
Lectures:

5\. May: The energy landscape of proteins.

6\. May: Slaving- the interaction of proteins with the environment.

8\. May: Protein motions and proteins in networks.

2\. June. SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise. Santa
Fe, NM, 1-4 June 2003. Keynote lecture: Proteins as paradigms of complex
systems.

8-10. July. Jackson Hole workshop. Lecture:"Biological Physics".

13.-17. July Telluride workshop on Protein Dynamics. Lecture:" From old
to new: new insights into protein dynamics."

9-13 November 03. Int. Symposium on Clusters and Nan-Assemblies:
Physical and Biological Sciences. Richmond VA. Panel Discussion:
"Physics in Biology."

**2004**

28 March -- 3 April. Dynamic Energy Landscapes and Functional Systems.
Bishop's Lodge. Santa Fe. 30. March. Special Talk " The EL in proteins
and glasses."

3\. April. ICAM workshop on Lifelike Matter. Discussant.

5\. April. Physics Dept. Iowa State University. Colloquium "Physics of
Proteins."

4\. May April Meeting APS. Invited paper FHP " The First Moessbauer
Conference".

7-14 May. Karolinska Institut. Stockholm. Summer school. Lecture:
"Proteins are inhomogeneous systems."

10\. May. Stockholm University. Biophysics Dept. "The Energy Landscape
of Proteins".

17\. May. Biozentrum. University of Basel. Switzerland, "Protein
Dynamics".

19\. May. University of Strasbourg, France. "The energy landscape and
dynamics of proteins."

25-28 May. Spie Second Int. Symp. on Fluctuations and Noise. Keynote
lecture: "Fluctuations control biomolecular processes." Gran Canaria,
Spain.

6-8 June. UCLA Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics. (IPAM)
Meeting Lake Arrowhead. Two lectures " Protein energy landscape and
fluctuations".

5-8 August. Aspen Center for Physics. Conference on Frontiers in
Condensed Matter Physics.

23-28 August. Gothenborg Sweden. Fifth International Conference on
Biological Physics. Plenary lectuire: "The Energy Landscape and Dynamics
of Proteins."

15-17 September. Sevilla Spain. Workshop on "New Horizons in Stochastic
Complexity." Invited lecture: "The Energy Landscape in Proteins- A
paradigm of Stochastic Complexity."

29\. October Chemistry-Physics Colloquium, "The Energy Landscape and
Dynamics of Proteins", SUNY Stony Brook, NY.

19\. November. Univ. Cincinnati. Dept. of Electrical, Computer
Engineering and Computer Science. Seminar:" Proteins and Glasses."

9\. December. University of New Mexico, Physics Dept. Seminar "Physics
of Proteins.

**2005**

20-24 March APS March meeting. Los Angeles. 22. March. Invited Lecture:
"The Energy Landscape of Proteins."

30-31 March. Riken Symposium Pressure and Protein Dynamics.
Riken-Harima. Plenary lecture: " Protein dynamics, Slaving, and
pressure."

28\. April Free University Berlin (Germany). Colloquium: "Fluctuations
in Proteins."

29\. April Free University Berlin. Einstein Lecture: " Einstein,
Brownian Motions, and Proteins".

13\. May. Santa Fe Institute. Annual Science Board Meeting. Lecture:
"Biological Physics".

23-25. May SPIE Int. Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise. Austin, TX.
Invited paper: Fluctuations in proteins.

7 -- 13 July. 5^th^ International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in
Complex Systems. Lille France. Plenary lecture: "Fluctuations in
Proteins, supercooled liquids, and glasses."

22 -- 25 July. University of Palermo. Physics Dept. Seminario:" Protein
fluctuiations and function."

26\. July -- 1. August. Int. School of Solid State Physics. E. Majorana
Foundation and Center for Scientific Culture. Erice, Sicily. Course: 100
years of Brownian motion. Lecture: "Brownian motion inside proteins."

7\. October University of Colorado at Boulder. Physical
Chemistry/Chemical Physics Colloq. "Proteins: Energy landscape,
fluctuations, and functions".

12\. October, Cornell U. Biophysics colloquium.

21-22 October Boston University. Conference: The golden age of particle
physics and its legacy.

**2006**

2-7 January. 36^th^ Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum
Electronics. Snowbird, Utah. Plenary lecture: "Protein Physics --
Concepts and Promises".

12.March APS Workshop on Opportunities in Biological Physics. Baltimore
MD, "Biological Physics and Biophysics."

20\. May. Frontiers in Biological Fluorescence. University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign. Plenary lecture: "Enrico Gratton, Light, Water, and
More".

5-8 August. 20^th^ Annual Symposium, Protein Society. San Diego. Invited
lecture: " Energy landscape, dynamics, and function of proteins."

27-30 Aug. Duscussions on Protein Hydration and Structural Dynamics.
Hameau de l"Etoile, Montpellier, France. Invited lecture: "Proteins:
Dynamics, Slaving, and Folding."

17-22 September, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy. IV Workshop on
Non Equilirbrium Phenomena in Supercooled Liquids, Glasses, and
Amorphous Materials. Plenary lecture "Proteins -- Paradigms of complex
systems."

25\. September Rome, Italy, University La Sapienza. Colloquium" Protein
dynamics: Slaving and folding.

24-26. September. Discussions with Brunori, Careri, Bianconi,...

3-11.Oct. Technical University Munchen, Germany. Work and discussions
with Profs. Parak, Truemper, Hanggi (Augsburg), Nienhaus (Ulm), and
collaborators.

22-23. Oct. Biozentrum University Basel, Switzerland. Discussion and
collaboration with Prof. Kiefhaber, Dr. Fierz. Seminar: " Discussion of
joint paper

24\. Oct. Physics Department, University Zurich. Seminar: Dynamics of
Glasses and Proteins.

5-7 November University of Arizona. Eminent Scholar Seminar Series.
Lecture Proteins: Energy Landscape, Fluctuations and Function.
Discussions with staff and students in physics, chemistry, biochemistry.

**2007**

21 May CNLS Annual Conference, Santa Fe, Lecture: "The complexity of
proteins."

22-25 May, Port Jefferson, NY. Dynamic Energy Landscapes and Functional
Systems. (Alex Mueller 80). Co-organizer, Lecture: " Energy Landscapes
and Complexity".

17\. Sep. CNLS "Wolfgang Pauli stories."

14 Oct Washington University Colloq "The Middle World"

25\. Oct U. Central Florida Orlando FL "Wolfgang Pauli Stories".

26\. Oct U. Central Florida Orlando FL "Energy Landscapes and
Complexity"

**2008**

21-25 Jan Proteins Under Pressure. Santa Fe. A unified model of protein
dynamics".

17-20 March, XI Int. Workshop on Complex Systems. Andalo Italy "Proteins
are models of complex systems."

6-11 July. Characterizing Landscapes. Telluride. "Unified Model".

23 July -- 3. August Protein Dynamics. Frontiers of Quantum and
Mesoscopic Thermodynamics. Prague, Czech Republic

8\. October, Unified model of protein dynamics. University Ulm, Germany

9-10 October, Moessbauer Effect. 50 Years After. Technical University
Munchen.

14\. October, Physics Colloquium University Leipzig Unified Model.

17-19, November. Worcester Polytechnic Inst. Two lectures. Pauli,
Protein dynamics

**9. Ph.D. Students, Research Associates, Visitors.**

#### Diploma and PhD Students 1950-1952 ETH Zurich*.* 

#### H. Aeppli

E. Heer

H. Albers-Schönberg

F. Gimmi

#### PhD. 1953-1992 Urbana.

1953 J. S. Lawson

1957 S. Singer

1958 N. Levine H. R. Lewis R. N. Peacock

1960 R. Bobone J. D. Ullman

1961 W. H. Rosenfeld E. von Goeler

1962 J. B. Blake S. Margulies

1964 F. A. Franz D. W. Hafemeister D. N. Pipkorn

1965 J. W. Burton R. J. Morrison

1966 M. H. Garrell R. P. Godwin

1967 M. Atac

1968 A. R. Cooke

1969 D. D. Cook T. A. Tumolillo

1971 B. L. Chrisman J. L. Groves C. J. Henkin

E. I. Rosenberg A. D. Russell

1974 M. J. Potasek

1975 R. H. Austin K. W. Beeson J. M. Potter

1976 S. S. Chan T. M. Nordlund

1978 N. A. Alberding

1979 D. M. Alde

1980 A. H. Reynolds L. B. Sorensen

1981 M. C. Marden D. E. Good

1982 L. Reinisch D. K. Beece K. T. Yue

1984 S. F. Bowne

1986 E. Shyamsunder K. A. Bagley

1988 I. E. T. Iben, A. Ansari

1989 M. K. Hong, T. B. Sauke

1990 J. Berendzen, B. Cowen, P. Steinbach, D. Braunstein

1991 R. Scholl, J. B. Johnson

1992 J. R. Mourant

1993 D. Lamb

1994 R. Philipp

1995 D. H. Ehrenstein, K. Chu

##### [Research Associates and Long-Term Visitors, Zürich 1950-1952.]{.underline}

Amasa Stone Bishop

#### [Research Associates and Long-Term Visitors, Urbana 1957-1992.]{.underline}

1957 Angelo Rossi Kessar Alexopoulos E. Lüscher

1961 Harry Lipkin Hendrik de Waard

1962 Peter G. Debrunner

1965 Robert Ingalls Charles F. Perdrisat

1971 Eckard Münck

1972 Elias Greenbaum

1973 Laura Eisenstein Moshe Pasternak

1977 Vincent Yuan Peter Hänggi

1979 Wolfgang Doster

1981 Ronald Harper Heinrich Roder Benjamin Gavish

1982 Peter Langer Robert D. Young

1986 Alfons Schulte Pal Ormos Stan Luck

1987 Aihua Xie

1990 Uli Nienhaus Imre Kovacs

1992 Rick Ernst

#### [Post Docs and Long-Term Visitors, Los Alamos National Laboratory.]{.underline}

1997- Ben McMahon, Daan Thorn Leeson, Alfons Schulte.

2001- Paul Fenimore.

2005 - Guo Chen

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