BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
**Rhododendron, species; rosebays, azaleas, species; and sheep laurels, or mountain laurels; important in the mountains of the South; known in England as American plants.** _Rhododendron pontica_ **was the source of the honey which poisoned Xenophon's army of ten thousand.**
**Rocky Mountain bee-plant, which see (**_Cleome tingrifolia_**).**
**Royal palm (**_Oreodoxa regia_**), Florida, Cuba, and Porto Rico
Viper's bugloss, or blue thistle, which see (_Echium vulgare_).
Vetch (_Vicia_), -- species.
Virginia creeper (_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_).
_Vitus bipinata_, south.
_Vitex agnus castus_, chaste-tree in Europe and United States;
introduced; _V. litteralis_, important in New Zealand.
White mustard (_Brassica alba_).
Whitewood, which see (_Liriodendron tulipifera_).
White sage (_Ramona polystachya_), California.
Wild buckwheat (_Polygonum_); produces a light-colored honey.
Wild cherry (_Prunus Pennsylvania_), north.
Wild senna (_Cassia chamcerista_).
Wild rose (_Rosa Carolina_, _lucida_, _blanda_, _canina_, _rugosa_).
Wild sunflower (_Helianthus_), -- species.
Willow (_Salix_). All species form an important class, coming as they do early in the season, and yielding both honey and pollen.
Willow-herb, which see (_Epiobium angustifolium_), northern parts of the United States and Canada.
Wistaria (_Wistaria chinensis_).
Yellow-wood (_Virgilia lutea_). Virginia. One of the finest native ornamental trees.
CONCLUDING WORD
ET no one imagine from the foregoing chapters of this work that beekeeping is a royal road to wealth, for there is a vast amount
## Sources of money
of experience and hard work demanded to make it a success, but it can be said in all truthfulness, that for the amount of time and application given to this most interesting department of rural life, the returns are far greater than in almost any other field of endeavor.
To be out in the great outdoors, amid the hum of these marvellously active and wonderfully intelligent creatures, is compensation enough in itself for the labor we give to them. But taking a more practical and perhaps sordid view of the subject, there is no reason in the world why any man or woman of intelligence may not, after several seasons' experience, make the bee a sole means of lvelihood, and in the doing have their work confined to the most delightful months of the year. The practical work in the bee yard will be compassed between March and November, while the rest of the year may be devoted to disposing of the crop or in other avenues of congenial endeavor.
Beekeeping has been called the poetry of agriculture, and certainly there is no more noble profession on earth, nor one in which the exercise of skill and experience will bring a more liberal income for men and women who give their time and effort to its pursuit.
As we stand amid the hives and hear the merry hum of its many thousand denizens, there will come to us again and again a feeling of contentment in the knowledge that their multiplied efforts are in our behalf; and when the season draws near for the gathering of the harvest of golden nectar, how proud we are to know that owing to our skill and direction, the busy little people have succeeded in gathering far more nectar than if left to their own inclinations. The greatest of the world's writers have written of these wonderful little creatures; how infinitely better is it to know and care for them and realize they are ours, and have wrought to make us happier and wealthier.
### 1.1.1.
Cells, size and structure of, 33-34; of queen bees, 46.
Chalf hives for outdoor wintering, 287.
Clothing for beekeepers, 68-70.
Clover, flavor of honey from, 231.
Color of honey, variation in, 231.
Colors, bees' choice of, 69-70.
Comb honey, shallow brood nest hives for, 71-72; production of, 117-132; marketing of, 208 ff.; grading of, 211-215; choice of sections for, 215-216.
Combs, structure and composition of, 12; method of manufacture, 32-33.
Concrete hive stands, 176.
Constipation, honey a cure for, 249, 255-256.
Cooking recipes with honey, 240-253.
Cough-cures from honey, 246, 254, 256, 257.
Croup remedy from honey, 255.
Cyprian bees, 20-21.
Daiay Foundation fastener, 123.
Diseases of bees, 187-199.
Distance that bees will travel, 185.
Doolittle Division board feeder, 277.
Doolittle system of queen-rearing, 108-109.
Dragon flies as bee enemies, 199.
Dress for women beekeepers, 68-69.
Drinks from honey, 246-247.
Drones, class of bees constituting, 13; fertilization of queen bees by, 44-45; rearing and development of, 51; eggs which produce, 52-53; life of, 53-54.
Dyspepsia remedies from honey, 247, 255.
Eggs, 12-13; for production of queens, 46; for production of worker bees, 48-49; development of, into grubs, 49; laying of drones' and workers', 52.
Embalming, beeswax used in, 217.
Emeemies of bees, 199-201.
Escape boards, 129.
Europena foul brood disease, 187-188, 194-197.
Excluding-boards, 130-137.
Extracted honey, defined, 117; production of, 133-151; marketing of, 203-208.
Extractors, selection of, 143-145.
Eyes of bees, 14.
Feeding and feeders, 168, 269-282.
Field mice as bee enemies, 199-200.
Flavor of honey affected by its source, 37-38.
Food constituents in honey, 230 ff.
Forage for bees, 172-173, 297-321.
Foul brood disease, 187-191.
Foundation, wax, 30-31; the cutting of, 122; methods of fastening to tops of section boxes, 123; importance of properly wiring in, 135; pure beeswax the only, 218.
Frames for hives, 29-30; choice of, 72; question of depth of, 119.
Frogs as bee enemies, 199.
Funeral, story of bees at a, 35-36.
"Gleanings in Bee Culture," quoted, 154-157.
Gloves for working with bees, 81.
Grading comb honey, 211-215.
Hazel Atlas Simplex jars, 205.
Hearts of bees, 16.
* [1] Hetherington, Captain, plan of swarm control of, 93-94.
* [2] Hives, manufacture of, 64; size of, 64-65; choice of, 70-72; opening of, 76-79; advantages of modern, 118-119; question of depth, 119; size of, for production of extracted honey, 137; location of, 174-175; arrangement of, in groups, 175-176; stands for, 176-177; for outdoor wintering, 287.
* [3] Hive tools, 67-68.
* [4] Homes of bees, 28-39.
* [5] Honey, amount of, produced by single hive, 7-8; not a product but the food of bees, 36-37; effect of sources on flavor, 37; sources of, 55-58, 297-321; comb honey and extracted honey, 117; receptacles for storing extracted, 149; marketing of, 202-216; food constituents in, 230 ff.; superiority of, to sugar for certain purposes, 234-237; use of, in bread, cakes, and confectionery, 237-239; as medicine, 239; in soaps and salves, 239-240; in cooking recipes, 240-253.
* [6] Honey-boards, 136-137.
* [7] Honey-bread, 237-238.
* [8] Honey sac, the, 15.
* [9] House apiaries, 294-295.
* [10] Hybrids, 20.
* [11] Implements, 65-68.
* [12] Increase, methods of artificial, 152-171.
* [13] Indoor wintering, 284-286, 291-295.
* [14] Italian bees, 18, 20, 24-27; as robbers, 258.
* [15] Jars for honey, 203-205.
* [16] Jumbles, honey, 238, 240-241.
* [17] Kneipp's honey-salve recipe, 254.
* [18] Knives, choice of, for uncapping, 143-146.
* [19] Langstroth, L. L., father of American bee-keeping, vii; frame hive invented by, 30.
* [20] Larvae, 49-50; grafting of, 104-105.
* [21] Life, length of bees', 3.
* [22] Liquefying granulated honey, 204-205.
* [23] Literature on bees, 11, 17.
* [24] Location of apiaries, 172-175.
* [25] Lyon feeder, the, 274-276, 279-280.
* [26] McEvoy, William, treatment of diseased bees by, 193-194.
* [27] Marketing of honey, 202-216.
* [28] Mating of bees, 41-44; of virgin under Swarthmore method, 109-110.
* [29] Mating-boxes, 110.
* [30] Medicine, honey as, 239, 247, 249, 254-257.
* [31] Mice as bee enemies, 199-200.
* [32] Migratory bee-keeping, 181, 183-184.
* [33] Miller, Dr. C. C., cited, 56.
* [34] Miller feeder, the, 278.
* [35] Mills, Don, mentioned, 161.
* [36] Moving bees, 59-64; from out apiaries to home yards, 179-180.
* [37] Newspapers, use of, in preparing hives for outdoor wintering, 288. Nurse bees, 49-50.
* [38] Odors, effect of, on bees, 70, 74; distinctive odors of different bee colonies, 115.
* [39] Orchards, question of locating hives in, 175.
* [40] Out apiaries, 58, 173 ff.; location
of, 174-175; operation of, 177-179; general advisability of establishing, 184-186.
Outdoor wintering, 283, 286-291, 295-296.
Oversilla for women beekeepers, 69.
Paralysis, disease of bees, 197-198.
Parthenogenesis among bees, 44.
Paste made from honey, 247.
Phillips, E. F., bee expert, 195.
Physiology of bees, 11-17.
Plants on which bees feed, 306-321.
Poison in stings, 16.
Pollen-gathering, 38-39.
Pollination of fruit blossoms by bees, 4-5.
Porter bee escape, the, 129.
Pratt, E. R., 101.
Preserves made with honey, 251.
Presses for extracting wax, 222-224.
Prices of honey, 203, 206, 207.
Profits from bee-keeping, 6, 8-9, 206-207.
Propolis, bee-glue, 23, 34-35.
Purchasing swarms, 59.
Pure food laws, 208; effect on honey production, 231-232.
Queen bees, 13; choice of, in selecting Italian bees, 26-27; position of, in hives, 40-41; fertilization of, 41-44; appearance of, 44; age and powers of, 46; laying of eggs by, 48; raising of, 97 ff.; destruction of old, 100; tested and untested, 111; introduction of, to strange hives, 113-115, 164-167; enemies that prey on, 199.
Queen-excluding boards, 136-137.
Queen-rearing, 97 ff.; Swarth-
more system of, 101-110; danger from robber bees during, 261.
Races of bees, 18-27.
Raising queen bees, 97-116.
Rauchfauss veil, the, 67.
Reeipes, honey cooking, 240-253.
Refining wax, method of, 225-228.
Reproduction, method of, 41-44, 83, 109-110.
Robbing, the matter of, 258-268.
Ronan, J. D., mentioned, 161.
Root Jumbo smoker, the, 60.
Root twin mating-box, 110.
Root wire excluding-board, 137.
Rules for grading comb honey, 211-214.
Sale of honey, 202-216.
Sections, choice of size, 131; for marketing comb honey, 215.
Sentinel bees, 3.
Shipping bees, 59-64, 180-183.
Shipping honey, 208-211.
Shipping-eases, 209-210.
Shook Swarm Plan, the, 90.
Simplicity feeder, the, 272.
Skunks as bee enemies, 200.
Smokers, 65-66.
Snakes as bee enemies, 200.
Solar wax extractors, 221-222.
Sources of honey, 55-57, 297-321.
Spring dwindling. condition
known as, 198-199; preventive measures, 285.
Stands for hives, 176-177.
Sting, the, 16.
Stings, avoidance of, 73-76; the poison of, 80; removal of, 80-81; remedies for, 81; effect on the bee, 82.
Sulking, treatment for, 126-127.
Super chamber, the, 71; insertion of, 124; for extracting honey, 133-134.
Superstitutions concerning bees, 35-36.
Swarming, reason for, 83; time of, 83-84; signs of, 84; method to be followed in case of, 86-87; plans to prevent, 89-96.
Swarthmore system of queen-rearing, 101 ff.
Tents for use in working over hives, 207.
Tiering, process of, 125; in production of extracted honey, 140-141.
Time for handling bees, 76.
Tongues of bees, 14-15.
Tools, 65-68.
Transferring bees from one hive to another, 60-63.
Transportation of bees, 59-60, 180-183.
Trouser legs, closing ends of, 68.
Uncapping, process of, 146-147.
Varieties of bees, 18-27.
Veils, 67.
**Ventilation of cellars for wintering bees, 293-294.**
Vinegar from honey, 251.
Virgin queens, flight and impregnation of, 199.
_See_ Queens.
Wax, method of securing, 139; uses of, 217-219; methods of rendering, 221-229; bleaching of, 225-228; use of, in confectionery, 239; as a base in salves, 240.
Wax-building, process of, 32-33.
Wax extractors, 221-224.
Wax foundation, 30-31, 218.
Wintering bees, 283-296.
Women, as beekeepers, 6-7; proper dress for, 68-69.
Worker bees, 12, 13, 48-49; so-called reverence of, for queen bees, 45; laying of eggs which produce, 52; treatment of drones by, 54.
Young, life of the, 2; development and feeding of, 49-50; freedom from stinging by, 76.
Zine honey-boards, 136.
**VThe UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ This book is due on the lost DATE stamped below. To renew by phone, call **459-2756** Books not returned or renewed within 14 days after due date are subject to billing.
_Here a_ _Keel_ (2000)IMPRoved QUEEN - REARING OR
HOW TO REAR LARGE. PROLIFIG, LONG - LIRED QUELEN BELS
The Result of Nearly Half a Century's Experience in Rearing Queen Bees, Giving the Practical, Every-day Work of the Queen-
Rearing A
**PREFACE**
[1cm] HIS little book is written and designed to instruct those engaged in bcc-keeping in the art of learning queen bees. The long experience of the author in this particular branch of ajuncture, as herein detailed, may prove not only instructive but interesting. That the work may meet the approach of its readers is the wish of
THE AUTHORIllustration of the original Bay State Bee-IIive. Invented and used by Henry Alley, more than twenty years ago. This hive was specially devised for wintering bees successfully on summer stands and for the production of the largest amount of honey
## IMPROVED QUEEN-REARING
How to Rear Large, Prolific and Long-Lived Queen Bees
N the year 1857 I had very little knowledge of agriculture, yet I had seen bees in lives apparently working, "making honey" as it was called in those days by all who kept bees; I had heard all the talk about the "king bee," and had seen lives draped in morning when a member of the bee-keepers' family died. I had also seen the bee-keeper and his family out in the apiary bounding upon tin pans, ringing the dinner bell, and raising a hub-bub generally when a colony had cast a swarm. Then I had seen bees "carry was" on their legs, etc.
Well, I did not require very much experience with bees to find out that all the above performances were indulged in only by ignorant and superstituous bee-keepers. With all the literature we now have concerning apiculture, some bee-keepers may be found who know no more about bees than those who kept them so years ago.
In the mouth of July, 1857. I found a fine swarm of bees hanging upon a limb of a tree in any garden. The bees were hired in a small packing box, and at once commenced to build comb and store honey. When fall came the box was well filled with bees and stores, and the colony went into winter quarters in fine condition, and came out in the spring strong in numbers, proving to be a first-class colony in all respects.
In the spring of 1858, I purchased auotlier colony which was in a box-live that had a 7x9 glass in the back side through which I watched the bees many hours. Well do I remember the great interest I took in bees at that time. One day while watching thebees through the glass, I saw the queen pass around one of the combs, and had really seen the great "king bee." Before winter set in, I had not only seen other queen bees but had actually reared a few. Then I got an idea that I had learned all there was to know about bees and queen rearing. But this little bit of egotism was dispelled by each year's experience, and I soon found that there was much to learn about bee-keeping. And now, after my long experience in queen rearing, I find that no one can live long enough to learn all there is to know about the subject of bees and apiculture generally. Surely no one can learn the art of bee keeping in one year as many bee-keepers of the present day claim.
Well, at the end of one year's experience, I was seized with a desire to go into queen rearing extensively. By this time I had learned that every colony of bees had a queen and that drones were male bees; and also found out hundreds of things about bees that I never before had known. I had discovered that when a colony of bees was deprived of its queen it would at once commence to construct queen cells, and rear several young queens.
Rearing queens was so fascinating that I soon begun to rear then in great numbers, in fact I had them growing at all times during the warm months. Of course this was only for anusement as no bee-keepers were in want of queens, nor was there any demand for them. Well, I continued to advance in the art and enlarge my experience, not only in rearing queens, but in bee-keeping generally. About this time I found a man who had also been "stricken" with the bee fever and he had as much experience with bees as myself, and had reared queens merely to exhibit at a cattle-fair held in his town and only three miles from my place. This man had made a frame about twelve inches square, to which glass was fastened on both sides, thus forming a one coin observation hive. A small piece of brood comb containing eggs and lavae was fastened at the top of the frame by strings, and the bees, of which there were about a pit, were actually building queen cells. Thousands of interested people were watching the bees while at work, and many of the people were asking all sorts of questions about queens, bees and honey. My first queens were reared in about the same way as above described.
In the year I86o I practiced queen rearing on a larger scale, as we had then heard about Mr. Langstroth and his wonderful book and still more wonderful live, which is today more marvelous than anything else connected with apiculture. From this time on rapid advancement was made not only in queen rearing but in all branches of bee culture. We soon went from box-hives to movable-comb hives. About this time the famous Italian bees came in, and then queen-rearing was carried on in earnest; not for anusement but queens were reared by the thousand for sale. At first they were sent by express in small one-comb boxes, then by mail to all parts of the United States ; later on queens went by mail to all parts of the world.
I have continued to rear queens for sale every year since 1860. At that time no one had much knowledge of queen-rearing, and Mr. Langstroth's book was the only guide for every queen-dealer, and without his hive and book but little could have been done in the way of rearing queens.
All who reared queens in those way-back days had good success in obtaining first-class queens. You see no one had got "on to" the idea that nature could be cheated and outdone in the production of queen bees. Within a few years queens have been reared by such methods that nearly all sold have proved to be worthless, so that dealers find they must go back and adopt some of the early methods in order to give satisfaction to their customers.
FIRST IMPROVEMENTS IN QUREN-REARING
I shall not claim that any very great improvements have been made in the quality of queens reared by the methods given here.
Having told you how queens were reared in the early days of the queen-rearing business, I can now only give the process of doing the work in other ways by improved methods. It will be understood that after the advent of the movable-comb hive,bee-keeping took on a rapid more. The second advance of importance was made when Mr. J. B. Parsons of Flushing, N. Y., imported some Italian bees. It was soon noised all over the United States that the yellow-banited bees were better than the common black ones, or the German bee.
At this time many bee-keepers were in condition to rear queens and they did so, and thus the queen-rearing and supply business has been on the increase since the year 1862, or the advent of the Italian bee. We all had, or thought we had, a lot of "know how." Whether we had the know how or not, no one experienced any trouble in rearing good queens, all being satisfactory except in purity. Every one who purchased Italian queens expected them to throw _all_ three-banded bees, and it was found almost impossible to get a breeding queen that could be called strictly pure. There was no fixed purity to the Italians, they were and are to this day nothing but a hybrid strain of bees. With the exception of purity everything went on smoothly in queen rearing.
Although some improvement has been made_in the purity of the Italians, there are very few pure queens reared; and beekeepers continue to find fault with the queens they purchase if there happens to be even but a dozen "one-banded" bees in a large colony.
Now let us discuss some of the improved methods of learning QUENS
First the nucleus system. Any number of combs and bees taken from a full hive constitutes a nucleus colony. We will start on a three-frame nucleus with the I, frame as a basis. Three such combs, say one of brood in all stages and two of honey and pollen, with all the adhering bees, are sufficient to form a good nucleus colony.
As there are but few bee-keepers who do not understand the above work, and as none are likely to begin queen-rearing unless they can handle bees to some extent, I need not go into the little details to describe how to form nucleus colonies. But'we will suppose a three-frame nucleus has been formed, and the bees have been confined in the hive at least 24 hours with a supply of water, for bees that are deprived of their liberty, and are rearing brood or queens, must have plenty of water or the uncapped brood will perish. After 24 hours_confinement the colony can be given its liberty and placed on a stand anywhere in the apiary somewhat remote, of course, from where they were first taken. After being queenless for this length of time, the bees will have started several queen-cells and have quieted down and only a few of the older bees will return to the parent hive.
Now, to increase the population of the nucleus and to make it thoroughly prosperons, other bees should be added each night, for three or four nights in succession, say at about sunset. This is easily and quickly done by taking a comb of bees from some strong colony and brushing or shaking them down on the ground in front of the nucleus. In doing this care must be used that the queen of the full colony is not taken.
The above was practiced by me in my early queen-rearingexperience when "vamping up" nucleus colonies. I was not long in discovering that there was great advantage in adding young bees as per above. By so doing I found that with each fresh lot of bees given the nucleus there would be a new lot of queen-cells started.
In a few days the colony will be well established, and queen-rearing by a most convenient process will be going on in a very successful manner.
Unless there is plenty of natural forage in the fields, the colony must be fed continually or inferior queens will be the result. In the course of about five days all the cells will be completed, that is, capped ; and from eight to twelve good queen-cells, most likely, formed.
At about the time the first young queen should appear, say the twelfth day from the day on which the eggs were given the bees), provision must be made for preserving the cells or the young queens. Other nucleus colonies must be made up for each cell or queen, as the case may be. The cells may be transferred at once without danger of destruction from the bees, provided the bees have been queenless for twelve hours. While bees might not destroy queen-cells if given them before they miss their queen, I find that they cannot be trusted in this respect, and that it is much safer to give queen-cells to bees that have been queenless at least 24 hours. It is not necessary to cut a hole in the comb to insert a queen cell, but push your finger down between the combs at the top and place the cell in the space thus made. If more convenient to use a queen nursery when the cells are ripe, full directions for so doing may be found on another page.
## 7 Some of the disadvantages of having queens by the above plan
The above way of rearing queens has some advantages and soine few disadvantages. The objections to such a method are not very serious, as they affect only those breeders who rear a large number of queens. When bees are left to rear queens and select locations for the cells, many of the cells will be built so near each other that they cannot be separated without destroying some of the young queens. I have found that if holes are cut in the combs to make convenient places for queens cells, the bees are pretty sure to build them exactly opposite each other, that is, cells are built on opposite sides of the comb. Yet these cells can be removed ; but in separating them the knife must pass through the base of one of the cells ; damage that is easily repaired by a little warn bee's wax.