BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
This tendency towards euphemism, as it is called, that is, a softening of speech, is very general. It is seen in the use of the words **"** plain "** for **"** ugly; "** fast "** for **"** dissipated; "** "** gallant "** for **"** licentious," and others. But it tends to defeat the very object which it has in view, as is well illustrated by Mill in his **"** System of Logic,"** by the following anecdote: At a certain period in French history the expression **"** to esteem "** came to denote more than modern dictionaries give as its meaning. In short, it became a euphemism for licentiousness. A certain lady of the Court of France, when at confession one day, acknowl. edged that she had an **"** esteem "** for a certain cavalier. "** Combien de fois l'avez vous estime?" was the question which came quickly back, and this having got abroad, put a stop forever to that use of the word.
'The euphemism of to-day becomes the indelicate expression of to-morrow, and while we have really gained nothing, we have introduced confusion and error.
3. Scientific precision is an end that should always be carefully sought in our expressions. We do not mean by this that many-syllabled scientific terms should be used in preference to simpler words found in common use, but where the ordinary expression is, loose and indefinite, the scientific word should always be used. A good example of this is found in the words _moth_ and _miller_. Miller is no doubt a proper general term for the insect that has caused so much injury to bees, but then it is applied equally to any small butterfly as well as to a moth proper. Both, on the other hand, has come to have a precise scientific meaning, and is altogether the best word. On the other hand, good, plain, common words are sometimes to be greatly preferred to the scientific substitutes used in their place, for the simple reason that the common name denotes the commercial article, while the scientific term can be properly applied only to a pure product, which bee-keepers rarely use, and to this extent it is inaccurate. Such a word is _farina_; it formerly meant flour or meal, and has been used as a synonym for pollen; it now means starch, or rather the pure starchy powder obtained from various grains. It is needless to say that true farina is not used by beekeepers; they use meal and flour, and these names are altogether to be preferred.
4. A certain degree of elegance and force should always be sought by every writer, and it will be found that short, familiar, anglo-saxon words are always to be preferred to those long compounds adopted from other languages. " Matrimonial excursion" is not nearly so good as " wedding flight"; " handling" is, in most cases, greatly to be preferred to " manipulation," though, the two words not being _quite_ synonymous, the term " manipulation," which has a sub-audition of _operating_ which _handing_ lacks, cannot be altogether dispensed with. The same is true of the words " apiculture," " bee-keeping," and several others.
The inappropriate use of high-sounding words of foreign origin is exceedingly ridiculous, and, strange to say, it is not always the uneducated that are guilty in this respect. To use a technical word properly requires a knowledge not only of language, but of the arts, and with the latter there are but few classically educated men who are conversant. An instance came to our knowledge, a short time ago, where the head master of a classical school, not a thousand miles from New York, had presented to him for examination a new style of joint for uniting the pipes forming the water supply and sewage systems of buildings. The word _joint,_ however, was too simple; in his eyes the term was "common," and therefore "unclean." Consequently, throughout the whole conversation he substituted the word " articulation" for joint - thus not only making himself ridiculous, but committing a positive error.
Hybrid words, that is, words which are made up of parts from different languages, are always inelegant, and should be rigorously condemned and thrown out of use. Such a word is _Bee-culture._ The first half is English, the second part is Latin, and the whole may be called " Macaronic."1 The word _Apiculture_, on the other hand, is a legitimate word, and may well take its place beside Agriculture, Arboriculture, Floriculture, Horticulture, Pisciculture, Sericulture, Sylviculture, Vicitulture, etc., although it is not found in the unabridged edition of " Webster's Dictionary."
Footnote 1: The term " Macaronic " is applied to prose or poetry in which two languages are mixed up, each following its own inflections. The well-known verses, beginning
"Fells sedit by a hole.
Intenta she eum omni soul,
Prendere rats."
form a good specimen of macaronic poetry.
the word "\(\cdot\)midrib," though good English, does not meet the case. It is a modern word, not found in Bailey (1735), Walker (1798), Richardson's Ed. of 1838, or even in Maunder (1838), who picked up almost everything in common use. Skeat does not give it. So far as we have been able to trace its history, it would appear to be a modern word used only by botanists to designate that extension of the petiole which passes along the middle of a leaf, and to apply it to the thin sheet of wax which forms the division between the ends of the two sets of cells in a piece of money comb is decidedly wrong. The word _setrum,_ however, is short, easily pronounced, explicit, and, in spite of its Latin form, should be adopted. The word _diophragm_ might be used, but has never been suggested, so far as we know; it has no advantage over _setrum,_ and its length and complexity are against it.
DIGTGUNARY
\(-\)OF\(-\)
PROATIONAL APICUURE.
**Abbreviations.--** Certain words in frequent use are generally abbreviated or contracted by writers on Bee-Keeping. This is certainly unobjectionable, being the same practice followed by botanists and others, and to those who are familiar with them they cause no confusion, though beginners are sometimes puzzled. The following are the principal abbreviations that we have met in the works in common use:
**Cb.** Comb.** Comb.** L. Fangstroh Frame.
**Fdu.** Foundation.** Q. Quinby.
**H. Hive.** Q. F. Quinby Frame.
**Abbreviations which though not peculiar to Bee-Keeping are used in this book:**
_a._ **Adjective.**
_n._ **Noun.**
_q. v. Quod vide--_which see--when placed after a word it means: Refer to that word. Thus: Comb (q. v.) directs us to look up the word _Comb_ for further information.
_s. v. Sub verbo._ **Under the word or title. Thus:** _s. v. Race_ **means that the desired information will be found under the title or heading _Race_.**
_v._ **Verb.**
**In the following pages we have indicated the part of speech of a word only when the same word occurs, sometimes as one part of speech, and sometimes as another.**
**Abdomen.--**The third or most posterior of the sections into which the body of the bee is externally divided. It consists in the males of seven, and in the females of six segments. It contains the principal digestive and respiratory and the whole of the generative organs.
**Abnormal Swarm.--**A swarm is _abnormal_ when it comes out ander unusual conditions. (_Abnormal_ meaning without law or contrary to known laws). In many cases, however, a colony leaves its hive in a body without really having the swarming impulse (See _Searming Impulse_). Colonies under such conditions cannot properly be called _seearns_. The term _Deserting Colony_ (q. v.) expresses the facts in a more satisfactory manner.
**Abscending Swarm.--**This term has been applied to a colony of bees under two very different conditions. The first and unquestionably the proper signification is a swarm, which, forming only part of the original colony, comes out under regular conditions and _absconds_ or leaves for parts unknown. But sometimes it is applied to a colony which deserts its hive in a body--a phenomenon only too well known to careless bee-keepers. In the latter case there is nothing of the "'swarming "character about the affair (See _Swarm_), and the term "'Deserting Colony" would express the facts in a much better manner.
**Adapter.--**"A board to set glasses on."--_Keys._ What is now called a Honey-board.
**Adulteration.--**"This term is only properly applied to the _adding_ of substances to articles of commerce, food or drink, for the purposes of deception or gain; but the term, by magistrates or analysts, is often practically applied to accidental impurity, or even in some cases to actual substitution."--_Blyth_. The strict cytological meaning of the word is the _adding of something else_, but like most other words, this one has come to have a much wider, though quite legitimate, signification. It includes the _taking away_, as well as the adding, of important ingredients. Thus tea and coffee may be properly said to be adulterated when the theine and caffeine have been abstracted, and sold separately, and the leaves or ground berries are then offered for sale as new.
The more common adulterations of the articles connected with apiculture will be found under the heads, _Honey, Sugar, Wax_.
Adulteration is one of the greatest enemies of the bee-keeper, as it not only excites suspicion in the minds of the public, but by unfair competition lowers the price of the pure article. Bee-keepers throughout the country should unite to secure laws visiting severe penalties upon this crime. We cannot trust to our scientific professors to expose and condemn it, as the history of oleomargarine very sadly showed. Indeed the names of many of our college professors are better known in connection with puffs of commercial articles, than for scientific research. The reform must begin with the people.
**After-Swarms.--**Swarms which come out a short time after the first swarm are called after-swarms, and are always led by virgin queens, of which they sometimes contain several. When sufficient time elapses for the supernumerary queens to be destroyed in the original stock, the new queen to be feundated, and queen cells to be raised from her progeny, the swarm may be called a _late_ swarm, but cannot be called an after-swarm. Such a swarm is a _prime_ swarm, as much as one sent out in May, because it is led by an old queen.
**Air-Space--Dead.--A** space filled with air and so completely enclosed that there is no communication with the external atmosphere. Such a space has been recommended by many prominent writers as being quite as good a non-conductor of heat as a similar space filled with loose material like straw, dry leaves, chaff, etc. This is a great mistake. The air, owing to its great mobility, carries the heat rapidly from one side of the apartment to the other, and so allows it to be dissipated. In fitting up hives with double walls for the purpose of protecting the inmates from great cold or sudden changes of weather, the space between the walls should always be packed with some light, porous material, which will effectually prevent all circulation of air in the confined space.
**Albino.--**By this term is properly meant a person or animal having an unnatural whiteness of the skin and hair, and what are called red eyes, the latter appearance being due to the entire absence of pigmentary matter, so that the pupil shows red. The term was first applied by the Portuguese to certain negroes they found on the coast of Africa, and who were born nottled or disfigured with white spots. In the albinos the eye is very weak and is of but little use during the daytime, being capable of seeing distinctly only in twilight or moonlight. Various races of domestic animals, as rabbits, ferrets, cats, etc., frequently show the albino peculiarity.
So much for the true albinos. The term is sometimes applied by bee-keepers to a strain of Italian bees which are rather lighter than usual, and which has the rows of white hairs unusually distinct. "They are not a distinct race. In fact I have often noticed among Italians the so-called Albinos."_--Cook_.
**Alighting Board.--**A** board upon which the bees alight when they return to the live. It may either be a part of the hive or a simple board laid in front of the entrance.
**Apiarian.--**The best authorities use this word as an adjective only. Thus we speak of "apairian pursuits," "'apairian products," "'apairian implements," etc. The use of the word as denoting a per\({}^{\circ}\)u who keeps bees is against good usage. See _Apiarist_. --One who keeps or cares for an apiary. A bee-keeper. Sometimes improperly called an _Apiarian_.
**Apiary.--**A** place or establishment where bees are kept. The term apiary may mean either the locality or the "'plant." Good custom sauctions both uses of the word.
**Apiator.--**A** bee-keeper.
**Apiculture.--**Bee-keeping; the care and management of bees. The word _apiculture_ is not recognized by many of our standard authorities, but we confess that we cannot see any objection' to it. It stands on the same ground as _arboriculture_, _horiculture_, _viliculture_, etc., all of which are generally accepted. On the general principle that a good Anglo-Saxon word is always to be preferred when it can be used to equal advantage, we prefer the term _Bee-keeping_ to _Apiculture_, but at the same time it must be borne in mind that _apiculture_ has a somewhat broader signification than _bee-keeping_. The term _bee-keeping_, therefore, cannot always take the place of the word _apiculture_.
**Apide.--**The name of the _Family_ to which the honey-bee belongs. It includes several Genera, one being _apis_ in which the bee is fond. See _Apis_.
**Apis.--**The name of the Genus in which the honey-bee is fond. Great differences of opinion exist as to the number of _species_ which it includes. Westwood enumerates eight species, but later entomologists are inclined to regard most of these as mere varieties. Prof. Cook regards the following as distinct: _Apis dorsata_ of India and the East Indies, known as the Great Bee of Java.
_Apis.Zowata_ of the same island.
_Apis.Indica_ of India and China.
_Apis.Floea_ of India, Ceylon, China and Borneo.
_Apis mellifera_, our common honey-bee, of which the more common races will be found enumerated under the head _Bee_ in this dictionary. Those who wish to study the position of the bee in the organic kingdom' will find a most admirable resume of the subject in Prof. Cook's "Manual of the Apiary."
See also _Race_, _Variely_, _Species_ in this work
**Artificial Comb.--**Sea _Comb, artificial_.
**Artificial Fecundity.--**The impregnation of queens in confinement. Sometimes improperly called _artificial fertilization_.
**Artificial Honey.--**See _Honey_, _artificial_.
**Artificial Pasturage.--**Plants yielding honey and raised by cultivation as opposed to those that grow wild.
**Artificial Pollen.--**Flour and meal of various kinds are erroneously so called because they are frequently used as substitutes for the pollen of flowers.
**Artificial Swarm.--**See _Searn_, _artificial_.
**Atavism.--**This is a medical term frequently used by breeders of stock. It signifies the recurrence of any peeniliarity or disease of an ancestor in a subsequent generation after an intermission for a generation or two. See _Crying Baek_.
**Balling a Queen.--**Bees occasionally surround the queen in a compact cluster or "ball." This is more apt to happen when a strange queen is introduced to a colony, but sometimes acolony will ball their own queen if unusually excited or disturbed. The term is used in either case. If not soon released the queen dies and is thrown out of the hive. Dzierzon tells us that bees sometimes' ball their queen for the purpose of protecting her from the attacks of strange bees.
**Barley Sugar.--Sugar boiled till it is brittle when cool and then candidied. So-called because it used to be boiled with a decootion of barley. See _Candy_.
**Bar Hives.--Hives in which the combs are attached to bars instead of being enclosed in frames. The bar usually corresponds to the top bar of the ordinary frame, and the comb is suspended from it. It was used in early times, even before the invention of the _frame_ by Langstroth. The frame has entirely superseded it in this country, though, strange to say, it is still used largely in Europe.**
**Barren.--Sterile.** Incapable of producing young.
**Bars.--Strips of wood to which combs are attached and from which they hang in bar-hives.**
**Bee.--The term _Bee_ or Honey-Bee is properly applied only to the different species of the genus _Apis_ (q. v.) which also include several varieties or races. See _Breed_, _Bace_, _Variety_. Under the following heads: Albino, Black, Brown, Carniolan, Caucasian, Cyprian, Dalmatian, Egyptian, German, Heath, Holyland, Italian, Palestine, Syrian, will be a found a description of some of the races.**
**The term _Bee_ has two meanings, just as the word _man_ is used in two senses. The first and narrowest sense is that in which it is used to denote the full-grown bee and particularly the worker bee, when no other is signified. The second and broader signification includes the bee in every condition--queen, drone, worker, egg, larva, nymph, etc.**
**The life-history of the bee is briefly as follows: The males are known as _drones;_ the perfect females as _queens_, of which only one is normally found in each colony; the imperfectly developed females as _workers_. Under normal conditions they are all developed from eggs laid by the queen or perfect female, and during the progress of this development they pass from the egg to the larval condition; from the larva to the pupa or nymph; from the nymph to the perfect bee--the time occupied in each step, some allowance being made for differences of temperature and other unknown conditions, being nearly as follows:**
egin{tabular}{l c c c c} Egg. & Larva. & Sealed. & Entire Period. \ Drone & 3 days. & 61\({}^{2}\) days. & 14\({}^{1}\) days. & 24 days. \ Queen & 3 " & 5 " & 8 " & 16 " \ Worker & 3 " & 5 " & 13 " & 21 " \ \end{tabular}
**The pupa or nymph form is assumed only after the larva has been sealed for some time. At first the young bees do not leave the hive except for what is known as a "'play-spell," in which their wings are probably hardened and their muscles strengthened so as to prepare them for long flights when gathering honey and pollen. "The young bees build the comb, ventilate the hive, feed the larvae and cap the cells. The older bees--for, as readily seen in Italianizing, the young bees do not go forth for the first two weeks--gather the honey, collect the pollen, or bee-bread, as it is generally called, bring in the propolis or bee glue, which is used to close openings and as a cement, supply the hive with water (?), defend the hive from all improper intrusion, destroy drones when their day of grace is past, kill and arrange for replacing worthless queens, destroy inchoate queens, drones and even workers, if circumstances demand it, and lead forth a portion of the bees when the conditions impel them to swarm. When there are no young bees, the old bees will act as house-keepers and nurses, which they otherwise refuse to do. The young bees, on the other hand, will not go forth to glean, even though there be no old bees to do this necessary part of bee-duties."--_Cook_.
Numerous attempts have been made to determine the number of bees in an ounce, a pound, a quart and a gallon, but their weight and bulk vary so much under different conditions that the results are not very satisfactory. A. I. Root gives 4,000 as the number of bees in a pound. These were probably well filled with honey. Keys, towards the close of the last century, prepared the following table which does not differ widely from Root's estimate.
number, weight and measure of bees.
lb. oz. dr.
100 Drones............. 0 1 0
290 Workers............. 0 1 0
4,640 ""............. 1 0 0
915 ""............. 1 " 0 3 2
1,830 ""............. 1 "" 0 6 5
3,660 ""............. 1 quart 0 12 10
29,280 ""............. 1 peek 6 5 6
The weight is avoidnpois and the measure the Winchester bushel, which contains 2150-42 cubic inches. The peek contains 537-5 cubic inches, and Keys says that a swarm filling this is the least that will prove productive. See _Nucleus_. He adds that these data are only approximative, as they will never come out twice alike.
**Bee-Bird.--**A local English name of the spotted flycatcher (Musciapa grisola), so called from its catching bees.--_Ogilvie_.
**Bee-Box.--**A hive.
**Bee-Bread.--**The farinaceous matter which forms part of the food of bees. Generally it consists of pollen but bees sometimes, either of their own accord or under the influence of the bee-keeper, use flour and other matters. See _Pollen_.
**Bee Cap.--**A close fitting cap or hood used by European beekeepers for the same purpose as our bee-veils (q. v.). It seems to us an expensive, awkward, suffocating contrivance when compared with our simple device.
**Bee Climhers.--**Iron stirrups with sharp steel points usually strapped to the leg, and used to aid the bee-hunter in climbing trees. Almost the same as those used by "'line-men " when repairing telegraph lines.
**Bee-Culture.--**This word is equivalent to bee-keeping and apiculture. If used as two words it might be pardoned, but as a compound word, the several parts being from different languages, it violates the canons of sound philology and should be discarded. See _Apiculture_.
**Bee-Culturist.--**One who keeps bees. This word may not be absolete but it ought to be.
**Bee-Dress.--**A suit so arranged as to protect the entire person from the stings of bees. It is made in different ways, for a description of which see any good work on bee-keeping.--**See _Veil_.
**Bee-Eater.--**A bird that feeds on bees. There are several species included in the genus Merops, of which the M. apiaster of Europe is remarkable for the brilliancy of its plumage.--_Ogulvie_.
**Bee-Garden.--**An apiary. A garden or enclosure to set be-hives in.
**Bee Glass.--**A glass in which bees may store honey.--_Brunde_.
**Bee Glue.--**Another name for propolis (q. v.).
**Bee-Gunn.--**1. Since the black gun tree (Nyssa multiflora), one of the largest trees of the Southern States is almost always found hollow, bees in the wild state very frequently select this tree for a habituation. Man, taking the hint, in early days used a section of a hollow gum tree for a hive. Most hives were therefore really _gun-tree hives_, and hence the term _gram_ or _bee-gun_ came to mean any kind of hive. Properly, however, it signifies a hive made of a hollow log or tree.
2. Propolis is sometimes improperly so called.
**Bee Hawk.--**The honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), so-called from preying on hypmenopterous insects, such as wasps, etc. Lepidopterous insects of the genus Sesia are also often called bee-hawks or bee-hawk moths.--_Ogilvie_.
**Bee-Herd.--**An old name for a person who takes care of bees.
**Bee-Hivc.--**See _Hivc_.
**Bee-Hood.--**See _Bee-Cup_.
**Bee-House.--**The Inperial Dictionary and others define be-house as a house for sheltering hives, and this is the generally accepted and, in English, the proper meaning of the term.
Some persons who have had a German training use the word in its German sense of bee-hive.
**Bee-Keeper.--**One who keeps bees. See _Apiculturalist_ and _bee-eulerist_.
**Bee-Line.--**The shortest and most direct line from one place to another, like that of a bee through the air.
**Bee-Louse.--**A curious parasite found on the honey bee and named _Braula ceeca_ (Nitzseh). It is not common in this country, but does considerable injury to bees in Southern Europe. A figure and very excellent description are given in Prof. Cook's Manual. See also article _Parasite_ in this Dictionary.
**Bee-Martin.--**A local name for the king bird--_Tytranus (Croclineasis_.
**Bee-Master.--**One who keeps bees.
**Bee Meth.--**See _Moh_.
**Bee Pasturage.--**Flowering plants from which bees gather honey. It is said to be _natural_ or _wild_ when it grows without cultivation and _artificial_ when it is planted specially for bees. Some plants, such as the apple, raspberry, buckwheat, etc., occupy a middle position, being cultivated for fruit or grain, but at the same time yielding large quantities of honey.
**Bee Plants.--**Plants that yield honey.
**Bees-Wax.--**See _Wax_.
**Bee Tent.--**See _Tent_.
**Bee Tree.--**A tree, the trunk or a branch of which is hollow and inhabited by bees.