BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
**Larva,** Plural _Larvae_.--An insect in the stage between the egg and the pupa. The word means _masked_, because the true character of the perfect insect is _masked_ or _hidden_. In the case of butterflies and moths the larva is also called a caterpillar, and the terms _worm, maggot_ and _grub_, are all sometimes applied to the larva of the bee. The term _worm_ is decidedly wrong, since the worms are not insects at all. The term _maggot_ conveys disgusting associations connected with blow-flies and putrid flesh; the word _grub_ is perhaps better, but the best way of all is to adopt the simple word _larva_ into the English language. The accompanying engraving shows the larva of the bee in its cell and considerably magnified. For the various stages of the bee in its progress from the egg to the perfect insect, see article _Bee_.
**Ligurian Bee.--**The Italian bee. It was accurately and very fully described by Spinola in his "_Insectorum Ligure species nove out varioes_." He found it in Piedinont in 1805. See _Italian Bee_ and _Race_.
**Ligurianize.--**To Italianize.
**Late Swarm.--**See _Swarm, Late_.
**Laying Worker.--**See _Worker, Fertile_.
**Leaf Hive.--**See _Hive, Leaf_.
**Long Idea Hives.--**See _New Idea_.
**Lusatian Experiment.--**The raising of queens from egg-workers.
**Lyeperdon.--**There are several species of this fungus, the one generally used for fumigating bees being the _L. giganteum_. It is called _Lycoperdon_ (wolf's fart), because when stepped on, it gives a sharp puff and emits a cloud of dust. See _Puff-ball_.
**Maggot.--**See _Larva_.
**Maiden Swarm.--**The first swarm that issues from a stock. By some this term is applied to the first swarm that issues from a swarm of the same season.
**Manifold Hives.--**Hives with numerous compartments which may be used either for one large colony or several of moderate size.
**Manipulation.--**Handling. The words _Handle, Handling,_ are greatly to be preferred to _manipulate, manipulation_.
**Marriage-flight.--**Wedding flight.
**Mat.--**A flexible covering for the frames. It may be made of a great variety of materials--cloth, oil-eloth, wooden strips, etc.
**Maturing Brood.--**Brood which is nearly mature; generally applied to emerging brood (q. v.)
**Mel Extractor.--**A honey extractor. _Olsodete._
**Melipult.--**A honey extractor. _Olsodete._
**Metal Corners.--**See _Corniers, Metal._
**Micropple.--**The opening in the egg by means of which the spermatozoa reaches the inside. It corresponds to the opening or foramen of the seed in botany.
**Miller.--**A moth; so-called on account of the dusty stains which it leaves when it rubs against anything, just as does a man who works in a flour mill.
**Mismated.--**Cross-mated.**
**Moth.--**This is the popular name of a division of lepidopterous insects, readily distinguished from the butterflies and the sphinges by the form of their antennae.
The moth which is of special interest to bee-keepers is that known as _Galilevia ceveana_--the generic name, _Galilevia_, being derived from the Latin gallus, a fowl, because the wings when shut together turn up at the ends like the tail of a fowl. The specific name, _ceveana_, has been given because it feeds on wax.
The female moth is much larger and darker than the male, and is shown in Fig. 1--copied from the excellent illustrations given by Langstroth.
The male is shown at Fig. 2. The eggs are very small and round, and are shown full size at the left of Fig. 3; those at the right being greatly enlarged. The female lays her eggs on the comb if she can, but quite as often in some crack in the hive where they hatch, and afterwards creep into the inside. Dr.
Thacher, in his Treatise (1828), suggests that the bees themselves may carry the eggs into the hive on their legs. After a short time the larvae grow to the size of about an inch and present the appearance shown in Fig. 4.
They now spin a coeocon, whence they emerge as moths, again to set in motion the round of insect life.
Thacher, Harris and others, give April or May as the earliest period at which the moth makes its appearance. On the 9th of February, 1884, I found two moths in full vigor in a hive in which a queenless colony, upon which I had been experimenting, had died. The hive had been standing out doors all winter, exposed to a temperature of \(10^{\circ}\) Fah. after the bees died.
Cleanliness, watchfulness, and prompt destruction of every moth, cooonon or larvae, will be found great aids in keeping these dependators in check. But the most efficient safeguards are strong stocks and Italian bees.
**Moth.--**See _Wax-Moth._
**Mother Bee.--** See _Queen._
**Moth Larvae.--**The larva of the bee-moth.
**Moth-miller.--**An absurd name for a moth. Amongst bee-keepers it is generally employed to denote the moth whose larvae or young destroy the combs of the honey bee. See _Moth._
**Moth-trap.--**A trap for catching moths. Also frequently applied to a trap for catching their larvae. Most traps are useless; if, however, a loose piece of wood be laid on the bottom or against the side of the hive, the larvae of the moth will creep under it, and may be caught and destroyed. But if such a trap be not attended to, it is worse than useless.
**Moth-worm.--**An improper name for the larva of the bee-moth.
**Movable Frame.--**See _Frame._
**Moving Bees.--**This term is applied to the transportation of bees from one place to another--sometimes for a few yards, at other times for miles.
**Mully Puff.--**The puff-ball (q. v.)
**Mule.--**The workers have been so-called by some writers. The term rule is, however, properly applicable only to the progeny of two distinct species, and is synonymous with hybrid (q. v.)
**Nadir.--**The hive which is set under another--_Keys._
**Nadir-living.--**Placing a hive _below_ another for the purpose of giving more room. The opposite of _super-living_ (q. v.)
**Narbonne Honey.--**See _Honey, Narbonne_.
**Nectar.--**The sweet secretion found in the nectaries of plants. Nuneed after the famous drink of the gods.
**Netary.--**The honey-gland of a flower.
**Neidering.--**Same as Nadir-living (q. v.)
**Neuter.--**Workers are frequently but improperly so called. The term is a relic of the days of ignorance in regard to the physiology of the bee.
**New Idea Hives.--**This term has been applied at different times to various systems and devices, but in general, the "new" idea has been an old one after all. The system which came into prominence a few years ago as the "New Idea" consisted in using an unusually large number of frames, all in one story. This, we believe, was the main point, though there were other features which were claimed to be of great importance. From the great length of these hives they came to be called also the "Long Idea Hives." It is needless to say that there was little about this that was new. Langstroth tried it more than a third of a century ago, and we ourselves, prior to the breaking out of the late civil war, had put it in practice. Our experience was, that it was a most excellent system for raising bees, but not a very good one for raising honey.
**Non-swarmer.** - 1. A hive so contrived as to prevent the bees from swarming. 2. A colony from which no swarm has come forth.
**Non-swarming Hive.--**A hive so contrived as to prevent swarming. It has not yet been invented, however.
**Normal.--**This word literally means--_by the carpenter's square_ being derived from the Latin word _normal_, a carpenter's square. Itsignifies, " according to established rule or principle "; regular; usual. The word _observal_ (q. v.) is the opposite, and signifies out of the ordinary course; not according to established principles; exceptional.
**Nuelens,** Plural _Nuclei.--_The plural _nucleuses_, even though sanctioned by Webster, is barbarons. Literally, the kernel of a nut. A centre around which others of the same kind may gather. In bee-keeping it signifies a very small colony of bees which, by care may be increased to a full sized colony. Such small colonies usually consist of one or two frames of comb with a queen or queen-cell, and a few hundred bees. It is astonishing how small a colony will, under favorable circumstances, increase to a full sized one. We have had a colony, so small that it covered but a small portion of an frame, increase so that it wintered and became a powerful colony. But the most astonishing case on record is that of Mr. Doolittle, who once had a colony become so reduced, that by actual count there were only 81 bees and the queen, and so they held on till warm weather, when they built up without help, and actually gave a surplus of 5 lbs. on buckwheat, in sections, and were in splendid condition for winter. Such nuclei, however, should not be made to gather stores or build comb. A weak colony cannot build comb in cool weather, even if fed, while a strong colony will build comb with the thermometer below \(20^{\circ}\) Fah. if they have food. We had 5 lbs. of bees in a box (taken from a box-live which was to have been brinstoned), and while preparing to get them ready for winter they were fed sugar syrup. As they had a little comb in the box, we gave them what we thought was enough syrup to fill it; but instead of storing it, they used it to build two small sheets of beautiful white comb! The thermometer stood at \(18^{\circ}\) Fah.
Neither should such small colonies be compelled to go abroad much for stores, except in very warm weather. If fed a little every two or three days they will stay at home and cover their brood, but if compelled to forage, the brood becomes chilled, if the weather is at all cool, the bees get disgusted and desert their hive in a body.
**Nurse Bees**
It is generally believed that the duty of
**Nursing Bees**
nursing the brood devolves upon the young bees--those of two weeks old or less. Hence they are called _nurses_ or _nursing bees_. Old bees, however, will care for brood, as we have shown, by moving a colony in the evening to a considerable distance from the old stand, and placing its own queen with perfectly empty comb on the old stand. The first time we tried this the bees deserted; the second time they stayed, as we gave them comb into which we had poured honey and also comb with larvae just hatched. They went to work; the queen laid eggs which in the time matured, and the colony became quite strong.
**Nursey, Lamp.--**This consists of a double-walled hive made of tin. The space between the walls holds a liberal supply of warm water, which is kept at an equable temperature by means of a lamp. When a frame with a sealed queen cell is placed in such a hive or nursery and covered with a thick mat, the queens emerge quite as well as when the cells are left in the hive from which they were taken. Some assert that queens matured in this way are weaker than those that are matured under ordinary circumstances, while others, and those amongst our prominent queen-raisers, claim that there is no difference.
**Nymph**
An insect in the pupa state.
even been suggested as a material for foundation--a purpose for which it is totally unfit, as its melting point is only \(112^{2}\) Fah., while that of wax is \(145^{0}\). The consequence is, that it melts by the heat of the hive, and the entire mass of comb, honey and brood falls down in a disgusting mass of irreparable ruin. For a method of detecting paraffin when used to aululterate wax, see _Wax_.
Paraffin is a most useful substance in its place. It answers equally as well as wax for coating the inside of wooden vessels, and it is used for making beautiful water-proof paperand cloth, which serve to protect articles from dampness or leakage.
Some of the mineral resins or paraffins have a melting point higher than that of the article usually sold, and it has been suggested that they might be used for foundation, but we would strongly advise the bee-keeper to keep everything except pure wax and honey out of the products of his apiary.
**Parasite,--**A plant or animal which obtains nonrishment from the body of another plant or animal during the whole or a part of its existence. In the case of animal parasites, when they live in the interior of the animal on whose juices they feed, they are called _endozoa_ (singular, _endozoon_); when they live on the outside (as do lice, etc.), they are called _edozoa_ (singular, _edozoon_); or, _epizoa_ (singular, _epizoon_). Animals which merely live with others, cutting the food of the latter, and existing only where the host is present, are called _messmettes_. The animal which harbors the parasite is called the _host_.
The bee is not seriously troubled with parasites. We have occasionally found it infected with a minute species of _filaria_; bacteria and fungi are often present, and it is supposed that a peculiar species of the latter gives rise to the disease known as foul brood. Of the ectozoa that infest it there are two or three, but they do but little damage to a strong stock.
**Parent Colony** \(\{\) The colony or stock from which a swarm is-**: **Parent Stock** \(\}\) uses forth.
**Parthenogenesis.--**The production of young by a female without intercourse with the male.
**Pasturrage, Bee.--**Plants from which bees procare honey. It is natural or artificial according as it is wild or cultivated.
**Pauper Swarm.--**A deserting colony (q. v.)
**Pavillion.--**The middle hive on the collateral system.
**Piling.--**Placing hives one above the other; storyfying.
**Piper.--**An after-swarm having a virgin queen.
**Piping of Queens.--**A sound made by young queens when there is also in the hive a mature queen, but one not yet emerged from her cell.
**Pissoeeros.--**Literally, _pitch-vex_. Modern authors consider it equivalent to propolisis. Pliny tells us that it is the second foundation of the honey-comb, the first being called _commission_ by the experienced, and the third _propolis_.
**Pollen.--**The minute grains which feeundate the ovules contained within the female organs of the plant. It has also been called _friends_, but this term, in this sense, is obsolete. It is not even given in Balfior's Glossary of Botanical Terms. Pollen is also called _bee-bread_, and from a mistaken idea that it was the crude material from which combs are made, it has been called _rave wax_.
Pollen presents a peculiar and characteristic appearance under the microscope, and at one time its presence in honey was regarded as an evidence of the purity of that article. But the purer the honey, the less pollen will there be found in it. The grains of pollen vary with different orders and families of plants, but are constant in form for each species, and even for some genera. A microscope of very moderate power is sufficient to show their form and markings which are often very beautiful, as will be seen by the accompanying engraving, taken from Carpenter's work on the microscope. The figures in the engraving give a very good idea of the variation in form of different kinds of pollen. That marked A is from the _Althova rosen;_ B is from _Colorea sendens;_ C from Passion flower (_Passiflora Ceruleu_), and D from _Ifronieca purpnea_.
**Pollen, Artificial.--**We have not yet succeeded in producing pollen artificially, and it is not likely that we ever shall. The term _artificial pollen_, is therefore a misnomer. But we have good
**substitutes for pollen, amongst which are the meals of** **rye, oats, and wheat. The best, however, is** **pen-meal. This was to have been expected from its highly nitrogenons character, and** **puctice fully confirms what theory suggests. It is a great mistake, however, to call meal or** **florn,** _artificial pollen_**.**
**Pollenarious.--Consisting of meal or pollen.**
**Pollen Basket.--A concavity found on the leg of the worker bee. It is surrounded with stiff hairs which literally form a kind of basket in which the bee packs and carries pollen.**
**Portico.--A porch or covering for the entrance to the hive. It may be made quite ornamental, and if properly designed, may be made to protect the entrance from wind and rain. It leaves a large opening for the bees to strike in the first place, while the passage from the outside of the portico to the narrow entrance of the hive is thoroughly sheltered.**
**Prime Swarm.--A first swarm; one led off by a** **feonndated queen.**
**Princess.--A young or virgin queen.**
**Prize-section.--See** _Section_**.**
**Propolis.--A resinous substance collected from various plants by the bees and used by them for fastening movable parts of their hives, filling up cracks, covering offensive matter, and similar purposes. Sometimes improperly called a** _gum_**, which it is not; the term** _bee-gum_ **is used by some English writers as a name for propolis.**
**Prune.--To cut out old combs so that new may be built.** **Called by the older writers** _gelding_**.**
**Propolize.--To cover with propolis.**
**Pucks.--Puff-balls.--A large fungus, filled with dust when ripe. When thoroughly dried it is used for smoking bees, and is a very powerful narcotie.**
**A knowledge of this plant and its uses in** **apieulture cane to as from Great Britain, where there are two** **genera of** **puff-ball--the** _Bovista_ **and** _Lycoperdon_ **--the latter being the one generally used for** **stupefying bees by fumigation. The** **species generally employed is the** _Lycoperdon digundem_**, which sometimes attains a size of two feet in diameter, and is, in its earlier stages, of a dirty white color, but becomes brown by age. When quickly crushed (as when trod on) it explodes with a puff and sends out a cloud of dust. Hence the** **scientific name** _Lycoperdon_ **(q. v.), and also the old** **English name** **"wolf's bladder." It had a place in the old pharmacies as a sovereign application for staunching blood, and was also used as tinder in the days before matches, though for both these purposes several species of** _Boletus_ **were more frequently used, and indeed have, even now, a place in the** **pharmacopoia. When young and** **pulpy the** **lycoperdon isexcellent eating, but it deteriorates very rapidly after being gathered, and should be discarded if, when cut, any yellow marks or stains are visible, for then it is too old.
For fumigating bees, they are dried by artificial heat.
Thorley, in his "Melissologia or Female Monarchy," gives the following directions for collecting and using it. "When you have procured one of these pucks put it into a large paper, pressing it down therein to two-thirds or near one-half the bulk, tying it up very close. Put it into an oven some time after the household bread is drawn, letting it continue all night. When it will hold fire it is fit for your use in the method following. With a pair of scissors cut a piece of the puck as large as a hen's egg (better at first to have too much than too little), and fix it to the end of a small stick slit for that purpose, and sharpened at the other end, which place so that it may hang near the middle of an empty live. This hive you must set with the mouth upwards, near the stock you intend to take, in a pair or bucket. This done, set fire to the puck with a candle, and immediately place the stock of bees over it, tying a cloth round the hives that no smoke may come forth. In a minute's time, or a little more, you will with delight hear them drop like pens into the empty hive. When the major part of them are down, and you hear very few fall, you may beat the top of the hive gently with your hand, to get as many outas you can. Then, loosing the cloth, lift it off to a table, or broad board, prepared on purpose, and knocking the hive against it several times, many more will tumble out, perhaps the queen amongst them, as I have often found. Lodging near the crown, she often retains her hold, and falls one of the last."
**Puffs.--**Puff-balls.
**Punk-flst.--**The puff-ball.
**Ppua.--**A bee in its later stage as sealed brood. During the earlier period of its existence as sealed brood, it is simply a larva--not having spun its cocoon. After the cocoon has been spun it is a pupa, and so remains until it emerges as an _image_ or perfect bee.
The appearance of the pupa when changing its form from that of the larva to that of the fully developed bee, is very well shown in the accompanying figure from Bevan.
The appearance of the bee during the several changes from egg to inago are beautifully shown in ppua. Girdworn's work -- "Anatomie et Physiologie de l'Abeille," Plate XII.
**Pure.--**This may be a contraction for either _pure-bred_ or purely mated. It should therefore never be used alone.
**Queen.--**The mother of all the bees raised under natural conditions in the hive.*
mother had been cross-mated. Thus far, we have no evidence that we have any hybrid bees (see _Hybrid_), but if we use the word "hybrid" instead of the more appropriate term, "'cross bred," then a hybrid queen is one that is produced from the eggs of a cross-mated queen. But to complicate and confuse matters still more, the term _hybrid_ is applied by many writers, and in almost all the trade circulars, to pure-bred queens which are cross-mated. Such queens are not even _crosses_ let alone _hybrids_.
**Queen, Impurely Mated.**--A queen that has met a drone of another race is said to be "impurely mated." We prefer the term "cross-mated."
**Queenless.**--Having no queen.
**Queen Raising** | The process of developing queens from the **Queen** **Rearing** | egg or larva. See _Raising_.
**Queen, Tested.**--A queen whose progeny has been examined and found to be pure-bred. Consequently, the queen must be pure, and not cross-mated. By _pure_ is meant that she is of some well-defined race, such as the Black bee, the Italian bee, the Cyprian bee, etc. It may seem strange to talk of a _tested_ black queen, but it is perfectly proper to do so, and might be necessary.
**Queen, Virgin.**--A queen which has not met a drone; an unimpregnated queen; an unfreeundated queen.
**Queen, Warranted.**--A queen which has not been tested (see _Queen, tested_), but which the seller agrees to replace if it should prove that her progeny are not pure-bred.
**Queen-yard.**--This was a device of the late Mr. Quinby and was intended to prevent the loss of queens with clipped wings when they attempted to lead off a swarm. It consisted of a small "'yard" lined with tin, and with a smooth tin ledge which projected internally so as to prevent the queen from crawling out. Its use has been abandoned; one reason being that a number of bees would often cluster in one corner of the yurd, and the queen would escape by crawling through this cluster.
**Quilt.**--A device for preventing the escape of heat from the brood-cluster. The arrangement most frequently used consists of two thicknesses of cloth with some porous material between them and the whole "quilted" together. This has the great advantage that the whole can be lifted off at once, but, on the other hand, we have found that when coated with propolis, wax, etc., such quilts become so stiff and creased that it is impossible to make them lie flat on the frames; bees, therefore, escape, annoy the operator, and in cold weather die, because they cannot find their way back to the cluster. We prefer, therefore, to cover the frames with a thin, tough sheet (enamel cloth in summer, duck in winter), and lay the quilt on this. In this way, any old cloth or carpet makes a most excellent quilt when cut to the proper size,
**Quineunx.--**Tuis word is derived from the five marks on a five ounce weight, and signifies an arrangement in fives, this being the least number that will exhibit the system, the special feature of which is that the objects stand in straight rows in four different directions, so that if they were trees or other plants, a cultivator might be run between them on four different lines. If it be desired to get the greatest number of plants on a given area, and still keep them the greatest possible distance apart from each other in every direction, the quineunx system enables us to do it. The objects may be arranged as in the accompanying figure, where it will be seen that they form rows, the objects in the alternate rows "breaking joint" with those in the others, and the rows being placed at such a distance apart that the distances between any object and those lying around it are all equal.