BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
The _respiratory system_ is very highly developed in the bee, consisting (Fig. 1) of large air-sacs (_Tvu_&_, _I-to_) in the head, thorax, and abdomen, and of tubes called trachene given off from them (_Tva_, _LTva_). Fig. 1 shows principally the parts in only the right side of the body. In the abdomen a large sac (_10_) lies on each side connected with the exterior by short tubes opening on the sides of the first seven segments. Three
substances. This change is effected partly by the inhaled oxygen combining with the waste products, resulting in the formation of compounds of nitrogen which dissolve in the blood, and of carbonic acid gas which diffuses into the tracheal tubes and is exhaled. The nitrogen compounds are supposed to be removed by the _Molipidian tubules_ (Fig. 6, _Molt_), which are regarded as the kidneys of insects.
The _nervous system_ consists of a series of small masses of nerve tissue called _ganglia_, lying along the median ventral line of the body cavity (Fig. 1, _1Gnq-7Gng_), the two of the thorax being much larger than those of the abdomen. Each two are connected by a pair of cords called _commissures_. Nerves are given off from these ganglia to the various organs and parts of the body, and to the legs and wings. In the head there are two ganglion lines. One is called the _brain_ (_Pey_) that swells positised into a large pouch known as the _bursta copulartz_ (_BQx_), opening to the exterior in the eighth segment beneath the base of the sting.
During copulation the drone ejects the spermatozoa into the upper end of the vagina of the queen. The spermatozoa convisist of minute vibratory threads (Fig. 7, C), which, probably, by their own motion, make their way up through a small tube opening into the dorsal wall of the vagina, and so reach a globular sac (Fig. 7, _Spmn_) called the _spernatco_. Here they are held during the rest of the lifetime of the queen, to be extruded in small bundles, of about a hundred each, according to Breslaw, upon the eggs passing out of the vagina. Thus are the female eggs _fertilized_, the drone eggs developing without the addition of the nule element.
Figure 5: Left side of string and its accessory plates, with alkaline gland (_BGI_) and base of poison-sue (_Pey_) attached. _BGI_, alkaline-poison giza: d; _Lct_, lancett: _Qth_, otolong plate: _Pey_, base of poison-sue holding secretion from acid-plant (see Fig. 8); _Qd_, underline state: _IX_S, medium part of ninth abdominalstorm (_ShA_, arm of sheath; _Shb_, bulb of sheath; _ShS_, short of sheath; _StntP_, palpus of string; _Trt_, tringular plate.
Figure 11: \(\&\)-Alimentary causal and salivary glands of worker, dorsal. _Det_, salivary duct; _IG_, pharyngeal glands of heat supracerebral glands; _20I_, salivary glands of head postcerebral glands; _30I_, salivary glands of the thorax; _HS_, honey-stomach; \(M\), reservoir of thoracic salivary gland; _Mat_, Malipshian tubulie; \(G\), esophagus; _High_, pharynx; _Pront_, preventriculus; _Rect_, rectum; _Ryl_, rectal glands; _SInf_, small intestine; _Vev_, ventriculus.
Figure 7: **A**, reproductive origins of drone, dorsal: B, inner view of dorsal wall of bulb of penis; O, group of spermatozoa; D, terminal segments of drone, lateral, showing penis (_P_o_) partly protruded; E, later level of penis and ejaculatory duct (_kJD_, _AcG_), accessory mucosa gland; B, bulb of penis; _Urb_, _AcG_, closing organs of ninth abdominal sternin; _Ten_, penis; _Frb_, but of penis; _VrIS-N_, seventh to ninth abdominal sternin; \(s\), gelatinations mass of inner wall of bulb of penis; _VrIS-N_, seventh to eighth abdominal sternin; \(s\), gelatinations mass of inner wall of bulb of penis; _Tes_, testifi; and, fortunnel to at least one of bulb of penis; \(e\), iodine-like plates of penis; _VrDef_, was deferenst; _Vr_, seminal vesicle; \(e\), _cr_, dorsal and ventricular plates in wall of penis; _pyv_, terminal chamber of penis through which the rest is everted; _zz_, court-tatory pouches of penis.
_.11rounding Stevans..._.A swarm which leaves for parts unknown.
_.21 daytime Frame..._13% inches long, 11% Inches deep.
_.34 After Swarms._--Swarms which come after the first swarm.
_.41 Albine Bec..._A very light-colored variety of the Italian bee.
_.42 Alighing-board._--The projection before the entrance to a hive.
_.43 American Frame..._12 inches long, 12 inches deep.
_.44 Antenna._--Horns of the bee; are the organs of touch, and perhaps other senses.
_.45 Anthers._--They double bags containh pollen in the male parts of flowers.
_.46 apriori._--Helating to bees.
_.47 apriori._--A bee-keeper.
_.48 apriori._--A collection of bee-hives, colonies, appliances, usually on a spot of ground.
_.49 apriori._--Bee-keeping.
_.41 apriori._--The insect family to which bees belong.
_.42 apri._--The genus to which honey-bees belong.
_.43 apri._--Plant-louse which seerets honey-dew.
_.44 artificial Fevenallation._--The impregnation of vir-gim quenes in confinement (never accomplished).
_.45 apriori._--Fevenallation of virgin queen's non confined spaces (not correct term).
_.46 rittelel Pasturage._--Plants purposely cuttle-vated for their bee-neetar.
_.47 rittel Peltrue._--He meal or pea flour fed as a substitute for the pollen of flowers.
_.48 rittel Swarm._--A swarm made by dividing a colony of bees.
_.49 Axonception Frame._--The standard frame of the British Isles. 85x314 inches.
_.41 Bellus alcet._--Cause of European't boul brood. (Che-shire).
_.42 Bellus Guthierl._--Origin of sour broad. (Burri.)
_.43 Bellus Larsee._--Cause of American fouid brood.
_.44 (White.)_--Ballus a queen._--A mob of bees's lightly cluesing around a queen in an effort to kill her.
_.45 Bar-frame._--The English name for Lang. frames.
_.46 Bec-bread._--The pollen of flowers gathered by the bees and deposited in the comb.
_.47 Bee-brush._--A brush used in removing bees from off their combs.
_.48 Bec Culture._--The care of bees.
_.49 Bec-dress._--a suit or dress to wear while work-lin with bees and preventing strings.
_.40 Bec-escape._--A trap (or small pin) to allow bees to pass out of a super, but preventing their return.
_.41 Rec-gloves._--Generally made of cloth or leather, to protect the hands from stings.
_.42 Bec-gim._--A hollow log used for holding a swarm of bees.
_.43 Bec-hive._--A box or other contrivance for holding a colony of bees.
_.44 Bec-house._--a shelter for bee-hives.
_.45 Bec-line._--The shortest distance between two points.
_.46 Bec Metamorphosis._--The bee passes through three stages before becoming a perfect insect --first the egg, then the larva, and next the 17.
_.47 Bec-motion._--A small moth which deposits its egg in combs.
_.48 Bec Paradysis._--A disease which affects adult bees, cause unknown.
_.49 Bec Plants._--Florcing plants which produce nectar for bees.
_.40 Bec-post._--Fool brool.
_.41 Bec Sipote._--From 'i to % of an inch.
_.42 Bec-tent._--Used in covering a hive of bees while it is being operated upon.
_.44 Bec-tent._--As sort of fat made by the bees and secreted in foids or pockets under thehd-men in the form of scatles, which are subsequently kneaded into comb.
_.45 Bec-tree._--A hollow tree occupied by a colony of wild bees.
_.46 Bec-vel._--A net well for protecting the head from the attacks of bees.
_.47 Rittel._--A very fat of the honey bee from germany which is nearly black or dark brown and found wild in many parts of the U. S. Huber.
_.48 Bettler._--The standard frame of the British Isles. 85x314 inches.
_.49 Bectilus alcet._--Cause of European't boul brood. (Che-shire).
_.40 Bectilus Guthierl._--Origin of sour broad. (Burri.)
_.41 Bectilus Larsee._--Cause of American fouid brood.
_.42 Bectilus a queen._--A mob of bees's lightly cluesing around a queen in an effort to kill her.
_.43 Ber-frame._--The English name for Lang. frames.
_.44 Bec-bread._--The pollen of flowers gathered by the bees and deposited in the comb.
_.45 Bec-brush._--A brush used in removing bees from off their combs.
_.46 Bec Culture._--The care of bees.
_.47 Bec-dress._--a suit or dress to wear while work-lin with bees and preventing strings.
_.48 Bec-escape._--A trap (or small pin) to allow bees to pass out of a super, but preventing their return.
_.49 Bec-gloves._--Generally made of cloth or leather, to protect the hands from stings.
_.40 Bec-gim._--A hollow log used for holding a swarm of bees.
_.41 Bec-hive._--A box or other contrivance for holding a colony of bees.
_.42 Bec-hive._--A shelter for bee-hives.
_.43 Bec-line._--The shortest distance between two points.
_.44 Bec Metamorphosis._--The bee passes through three stages before becoming a perfect insect --first the egg, then the larva, and next the 17.
_.45 Bec-motion._--A small moth which deposits its egg in combs.
_.46 Bec-Parysis._--A disease which affects adult bees, cause unknown.
_.47 Bec Plants._--Florcing plants which produce nectar for bees.
_.48 Bec-post._--Fool brool.
_.49 Bec-post._--Fool brool.
_.41 Bectilus._--The genus to % of an inch.
_.40 Bec-gim._--Fool brool.
_.41 Bectilus._--Fool brool.
_.42 Bectilus._--From 'i to % of an inch.
_.43 Bec-tent._--Used in covering a hive of bees while it is being operated upon.
_.44 Bectilus._--A sort of fat made by the bees and secreted in foids or pockets under thehd-men in the form of scatles, which are subsequently kneaded into comb.
_.44 Bectilus._--A hollow tree occupied by a colony of wild bees.
_.45 Bec-vel._--A net well for protecting the head from the attacks of bees.
_.46 Bec-gim._--A variety of the honey bee from germany which is nearly black or dark brown and found wild in many parts of the U. S. Huber.
_.47 Bectilus._--The grand and others speak of "black" bees in a hive as separate from the workers and drones.
_.48 Bectilus._--The floor of a bee-hive.
_.49 Bectilus._--A plan box used for housing a colony of bees.
_.40 Bectilus._--Hoice stored in small boxes or set-tions.
_.41 Bec Combs._--Small pieces of comb made as connecting links between two combs.
_.41 Bririvation._--The operation of killins a colony of bees with sulphur fumes.
_.42 Broad._--Young bees not yet emerged from their cells.
_.43 Broad._--Combs reserved for breeding purposes.
_.44 Broad._--The part of hive reserved for breeding only.
_.45 Brool._--_reiving._--Italising bees from the egg.
_.46 Brool._--_reiving._--An artificial swarm of bees made by brushing a portion of the bees of a full colony into a spare hive. This prevents natural swarming.
_.47 Buzzbees._--Of the genus Bombus. There are many species.
_.48 Buzz Combs._--Bhifts of combs which form ladders between the broad chamber and supers.
_.49 Buzzbees._--The spoon of the bees' tongue.
_.49 Cmdited Honey._--Crystallized honey, or honey that has solidified by the action of cold.
_.49 Capped Brool._--Young bees in their cells with a covering of wax to protect them.
Quen-cells.--Large cells in which queens are raised.
Quenning.--The act of introducing a queen into a queenless colony of bees.
Quencentess.--Having no queen.
()_quencent-rearing.--Rialsing queens.
Quen Register.--A written history of a queen tacked on a hive.
Quencent's Voice.--A sound made by a queen. See Tipinjinz.
Quinby Franc.--A plain frame without shoulders and having closed ends. -18% inches long by 11% in depth; old style 19% by 11 deep.
Quinby Hive.--A hive invented by Mr. Quinby based on the hive of Huber's leaf hive of the latter part of the 18th century.
Quin.--A cover for brood frames made in the form of a thin eushion.
Rabbet.--Usually has reference to a narrow piece of tin folded in a peculiar manner to form a rest for the shoulders of the hanging frames.
Rendering Wax.--The process of melting combs and refining wax from its impurities, usually done by means of hot water or steam accompanied by pressure on the mass of material.
Ilepository.--An above-ground house resembling a cellar for protecting hives from cold winter weather. Usually erected on a hillside.
Ilevering.--Turning over or inverting a hive with bees to accomplish certain results.
Ilep Honey.--Honey in which the process of enduleoration by the bees has been completed. See Edueloration.
Ikobbing.--Filtering from other hives when flowers are scarce.
Ikoyal Cell.--Queen cell.
Royal Jelly.--A rich food secreted in the chyle stomach of bees and fed only to young queens in the larval condition.
Scott Organ.--Thought to be the antcune of the bee.
Sealed Brood.--Capped brood, the young bee is not exactly sealed because the capping is porous.
Section Box.--A sectionally constructed box for containing a small honey comb.
Section Holder.--A device for holding sections while in process of being filled on the hive.
Separator.--A thin board or piece of tin placed between combs to insure their being very accurately made by the bees, particularly section comb honey.
Sheet.--A piece of enameled cloth for placing over the brood chamber conserving the heat.
Shook Swarm.--An artificial swarm made by shaking bees from a very populous colony into a fresh hive. By this means natural swarming is closely imitated.
Step.--Generally used in the country to indicate the old fashioned hives without frames. In England it is synonymous with the word hive.
Step.--An old-fashioned bee-keeper.
Skyungum.--The refuse from a wax extractor.
Smaker.--A machine for making smoke and puffing it to control bees.
Solar Wax Extractor.--A glass covered box melt-inz beeswax by the heat of the sun.
Saur Brood.--Similar to foul-brood; amostidentical.
spent Queen.--A mother bee whose ovaries are almost or wholly exhausted.
Stermentation.--One of the germs contained in the semen of drones.
Spirector.--A rushes through which the bee breulles.
Spirocheate apis.--Microbe found in foul brood by Mausen.
Spreading Brood.--The work of transposing combs filled with brood and empty ones that the queen will be provided with empty cells to lay in.
Stans.--Male organ of flowers producing pollen.
Sigmas.--Female organs of flowers.
Suspacade.--A plan the bees have of disposing of a decaying queen and substituting a young one.
Searum.--A natural division of a hive of bees into two for the purpose of increase. The old queen goes with the first swarm.
Sewarm Catcher.--A basket on the end of a pole defined to catch swarms hanging up ln trees.
Sterming Season.--The period of the year when swarms usually issue ln numbers.
Spirians.--Same as Holy Land bees, light colored, productive and cross.
Torus.--The foot of a bee.
Tested Quencent.--A queen whose progeny show she has mated with a drone of her own race.
Thorax.--The waist of a bee.
Ttering Up.--Adding supers on the top of a hive.
Transfering.--Ordinarily applied to the process of changing bees and combs from common boxes to movable frame hives.
Transformations.--See Metamorphos.
Transposition Process.--Transposing a larva from one cell to another with a spoon.
Truerst Stein.--A term applied to comb honey with a dissolved appearance and supposed to be caused by the dirty feet of the bees, which it is not.
Tragon Recs.--A genus of stinginess bees in South America and Asia. Some species bite fouplously.
Unqueensing.--Removinr the queen of a colony of bees.
Unripe Honey.--Honey not sufficiently evaporated and formic acid added by the bees.
Unscaled Lerva.--Young bees in the worm form not yet covered over with a wax capping.
Virgino Oucen.--An unteemated queen which can lay only drone-producing eggs.
Wax.--A secretion produced from certain glands or pockets on the under side of the abdomen of the bee, a species of fat produced by the consumption of honey or any kind of sugar. It is estimated bees consume from 6 to 20 lbs. of honey in the production of one point of wax, depending on circumstances. Wax is produced by bees quite spontaneously when the weather is warm and food abundant. In cool weather it requires much more food to produce the wax.
Wax Extractor.--An appliance for rendering wax by the action of heat and also pressure.
Wax Pocket.--The receptacles on the under side of the abdomen wherein the bees secret their wax.
Wearing.--Larve intended for workers are waned; it not, they become queens.
Wild Bees.--Escaped or feral bees living in hollow trees or in small caves.
Vindoreks.--Either specially constructed fences or barriers composed of growing trees to reduce the force of the wind.
Wintering.--The care of the bees during winter.
Worder Hee.--An undeveloped female lee. dwarfed by withholding stimulating food during the larval condition.
Worder Klym.--A female egg, will produce either queen or worker.
Zi e.--S':Urito acted Zinc.
**Picture Gallery of**
**Apiaries and Bee-exhibits**
During the years since our journal, _Gleinnings in Bee Culture_, was started, a large number of fine and beautiful engravings of apiaries and of bee and honey exhibits have been presented to our subscribers. These engravings were executed at considerable cost; and as they are instructive, and suggestive of many ideas in regard to apiaries and exhibits, we have thought best to put the better part of them in permanent form right after the body of this work. Instead of going to a large expense in visiting different apiaries, one can see how different bee-keepers arrange their thrives, and how their apiaries look. Each engraving in order will be found to contain some hint or distinctive feature which it is hoped will be found valuable. As our space is limited, we give a brief description of each engraving by number. The last of the series show photographic views of The A. I. Root Company's manufa during and publishing plant.
No. 35,--F. W. Redfield's House Made of Honey for Exhibition Purposes.
The A. I. Root Company's Exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition.
No. 50.--A Swarm of Bees Entering a Hive from the Sack in which They were Captured.
The A. I. Root Company's Lumber-sheds where an Aggregate of $75,000 Worth of Lumber is Stored at One Time.
\({}^{44}\)Gleanings in Bee Culture " Ready for the Postofilice.
Note.-The view shows only about one-third or the list ready to mill\(-\)En.
Description of Foregoing Engravings.
No. 1.-This picture shows A. E. Mannu's side-hill
the crop here represented when gathered weighed apiracy. This spot was selected because the ground is descending, thus affording good drainage, and Mr.
many is situated in the heart of the town of sk00.
Manum thinks the bues can locate their lives better
in inhabitants.
The building in the background is the
in such a place, e-pectially the young sues when
they go out to mate and as every hire can be seen
from the honey-house, the attendant can be watching for swarms while working inside. It must not be supposed that this hill is very steep, as the
picture would lead one to think, as the descent is
very slight neither are the hires arranged on the
amphitometer plan, but are set in straight rows.
Mr. Manum has three aparies on level groud d, and
he finds the water from melting snow often makes
it too damp for the bees: hence his preference for a
slope.
No. 2 -This view is thoroughly characteristic of
Nevada, showing the bonanza system on which bees
are kept in the Sage-brush state. The honey usually
obtained is not only conspicuous by its quantity,
but its quality as well. Owing to the fact that the
honey is mostly collected from alfalfa clover, and
the extreme dryness of the climate, the honey or
Nevada is never surpassed in color, flavor, or density combined. It is not unusual to see piled up
underneath the cottonwood-trees ten or twenty tons
of honey awaiting an opportunity to ship it to the eastern markets, where it is highly appreciated.
Owing to the extreme dryness of the climate it is
wholly impracticable to use wooden packages, and
in takes its place altogether, as is shown by the
illustration. Those who look on Nevada as a desert
will probably be astosthished to know it is an excellent honey-producing State.
No. 3.-This beautiful picture was shown the author of this book (E. H. Root) while he was in Los Angeles. The location is six miles north of Los Angeles, and is an ideal place for wintering. The
foot of the mountain, in the background, is such as
may be seen there on all unretained land. Between the mountain and hires may be seen a growing
the growth of affairs. The trees at the left are probably orange. Each hire is the center of six others
standing around it, and they are far enough apart so
one can walk around each hire. The extracting-room is a cloth tent. An iron pipe leads from the
extracting-room to the storage-tank. The highest
yield Mr. McCarroll has had per colony is 200 lbs. of
extracted honey.
No. 4.-This shows how straw skeps are made in
England. These are still made in England to a limited extent, and some of the advanced bek-seeppers
use them for taking down swarms, in temporarily
housing swarms, and for various other uses in the
aplay. Being light and cool these skeps are hander than a box.
No. 5.-The peculiar feature of this apilar is that
the honey is almost wholly obtained from sweet
clover which was distributed in waste places by the
owner s-sremal years previous to the taking of this
view. It will be noted the supers are in place and
the crop here represented when gathered weighed
12,00 lbs, nearly all of it from sweet clover. The
apilar is situated in the heart of the town of sk00
inhabitants.
honey house. It is evident the owner of this apilar
she is a Neon and successful bekeeper, and as a matter
of fact the honey sold from it enabled its owner
to start a drugstore He admits not being able
to keep away from the bees, and the ship-shape
appearance of every thing would indicate that to
be the case.
No. 6.-This is a thoroughly characteristic view of
a Mexican apiary. Just such apirates exist all over
Mexico. The young man, a true son of the soil, is
about to hive a swarm in a long basket-work hive
which he holds in his hand. He also has a cloth to
put over the hive to shade and protect it until
meaning time when it will be placed among the others.
The honey is taken by putting the hives over the
fumes of burning sulphur and kill my the bees.
No. 7.-During a trip to Colorado in 1900 Mr. Root
made a visit to Mr. Philip Large, of Longmont, and
was there attracted by the sight of a large solar-
cruver, elevated as shown in the cut so as to allow
of extra heat being applied underneath. At the
back end there is a cupboard door communicating
with an air-tight compartment. In this is a large
lamp placed under the slanting part of the extractor,
Mr. Large was greatly pleased with the working of
the extraction. For information regarding the
practical working of solar extractors, see the
spectal, page 96s.
Nos. 8 and 9.-Views in the famous apiary of 750
colines, all in one apiary, owned and managed by
E. W. Alexander, of New York. It is hardly possible
to show in one picture 150 hires but the view marks
ed 10 gives us an idea of the extent of this apiary.
As. 10.-A view of the honey-house and bek-similar
of Mr. E. W. Alexander, at Delanson, New York,
who described it in _Guanings In Bee Culture_ for
January 15, 1997, as follows: "First, I will describe
the building, which is 24 feet wide and 36 long. The
longest way is north and south. The cell or occupies
24x0 feet of the ground floor at the north end; then
the tank-room occupies 16x4 feet of the south end,
and its floor is on the same level with the cellar
floor. This room has four doors in it-one wide door
opening into the south end of the cellar; also one
wide outside door in the south end of the building
where we roll out the barrels of honey into the
wagon when we ship. Then we have a door on each
side of this room, which comes very handy to carry
bees in and out of the cellar from the lower part of
the bekep-yard by putting screens on these two doors;
and by leaving them open we get a fine current of
air through the tank-room, which has much to do
with ripening and thickening the honey. The cellar
also has an outside door at the northeast corner,
where the greater number of colonies are carried in
and out. The shop part is on the upper floor, which
is level with the floor of the extracting-room, and is
6x2x4 feet.
over thing to get there quickly." we are liable to find things not quite dress-parade style for a snapshot photo.