BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
14. Remember that comb costs the bees about ten pounds of honey for every pound of comb. So if your honey is worth to cents per pound, worker comb or comb foundation is worth to you $1,00 per pound. This is why the business of foundation making has taken such great proportions. Every man who uses it doubles his investment.
15. The use of comb foundation not only saves a great deal of labor and time to the bees, but it also secures straight combs in the frame and does away with the over-production of drone comb.
**SUMMER**.
16. The honey harvest lasts but a few days, or at most a few weeks, so you must be ready for it. Make hay while the sun shines.
17. One pound of comb honey, neatly put up in a clean case, is worth as much as two pounds slovenly put up, and is a recommendation for the producer.
18. If you raise comb honey only for your own use, it will pay you to raise it in large frames 6 inches deep and the full length of the hive. If you raise it for sale, it should be raised in one-pound sections.
19. If you raise honey and extract it from the comb so as to return the empty combs to the bees to be filled again, you will raise twice as much after you have a sufficient supply of empty combs to keep your bees at work.
20. It pays to have an extractor and use it, if you own but four hives of bees.
21. Honey should not be extracted when first harvested, as it is watery, unripe, and will sour. Give the bees time to ripen it and keep them at work with sufficient room.
22. When bees are hanging out in front of the hive, it shows that they are uncomfortable in it or have no room. They should be given more air, more shade or more room, according to the circumstances.
**REFE EIGHTEX**When living a swarm, give them a hive full of worker-comb or comb foundation, if possible, or else give them only narrow strips for guides, but do not give them a hive partly filled with comb, as they would be sure to build a great deal of drone comb in the remaining place. It is at this time that bees build comb most readily, as they are in the best condition to produce wax.
24. If you give your bees a good supply of empty combs before the beginning of the honey crop and keep them at work, they will rarely swarm. But if they once find themselves crowded and get the swarming fever, nothing will keep them from swarming.
25. When making artificial swarms, raise your queens and drones from the best colonies.
26. A queenless colony will raise queens at once, if it has larvae less than three days old, and these queens will hatch within 10 to 12 days.
27. The old queen always goes with the first swarm, unless she is unable to fly.
28. Make but a limited number of swarms, and make them strong and early. Late natural swarms should be returned to the parent hive about twenty-four hours after hiving them.
29. The colonies that work freely on red clover should be used as breeders in preference to others, as the tongues of their bees are evidently longer.
FALL.
30. Do not take too much honey from your bees. Remember that it is their surplus you should take and nothing else. Do not kill the cow to get the milk, or the hen to get the egg.
31. When you open a hive of bees, if you see any robber bees flying about, you may be sure that there is no honey in the fields, and you must avoid leaving the hives open, or exposing honey in their reach.
32. A robber bee is easily recognized by its quick motions and sneaking ways.
33. All bees will become robbers if tempted with exposed sweets in time of scarcity.
34. Decrease the size of the entrance of your hives when the honey crop is over, but be sure and have it very large during the honey crop.
35. Bees will not work on fruit juice when there is honey in the fields, and they cannot injure sound fruit at any time. If any of you doubt this statement, put a bunch of sound grapes, or a sound peach, in a hive of bees, and note the result 24 hours afterwards. It is birds and hornets that damage sound fruit. Bees only gather the lost juices.
36. In seasons of scarcity your bees should be fed. You will have such a season once in ten, and the busy little things will repay you fully the following year.
37. Honey-dew and fruit juice are bad winter food and should be extracted from the combs. When you have to feed, if you cannot get good honey, use good sugar syrup mixed with some honey.
38. If the bees have to be fed in winter, the food should be given them before the opening of cold weather.
SUNDRY ADVICES
39. Do not watch for bee moths, but keep your colonies strong and healthy, and they will take care of the moths.
40. A good bee smoker and bee veil are indispensable to an apiarist. Some people do not use veils, but they occasionally get stung on the face, and this is not very pleasant.
41. Smoke the bees at the entrance a little before opening a hive.
42. Do not handle your bees early or late, or in the night. On the contrary, select the warmest part of the day, as the old bees are then in the field.
When you are stung do not lose a second, but scrape the sting off. Do not pinch it off, as you are more than likely to drive more poison into the wound. A sting instantly removed gives but little pain comparatively.
There is more profit with less labor in 300 hives of bees than in 160 acres of land, but you should know what to do and do it in time.
There are about 5,000 bees in a pound. A gallon of honey :reighs 11 to 12 pounds, according to its density. The cells of the worker bee measure about 5 to the inch, from wall to wall, those of the drones about 4 to the inch. There are about 27 worker cells or 18 drone cells on each side of a square inch of comb.
## 5 Bee-Culture versus Poultry raising
Poultry is raised by the masses. The large or small farmer, the horticulturalist, the market-gardener, the suburban, especially if a man of small means, but often even when he has large means, the clerk, the doctor, the minister, the widow of small income, all raise poultry, unless they are living within the limits of thickly populated districts or unless their revenue is sufficient to make them careless of small earnings like the home production of eggs and chickens.
Bee-culture is not followed by more than one in a hundred among poultry raisers, but is nevertheless a very practicable and economical adjunct, in similar conditions. A small back yard in any suburb may be used for a few hives right among the chickens. It is sufficient that the hives be placed in a shed or on a stand at an elevation of a few feet above the chicken yard, so that the chickens should be unable to jump on the hives, which they would soil more or less, besides the danger of their angering the bees by the jar. Neither should the hives face too directly into the chicken yard, unless it be so they may fly above it. The writer has often seen bees kept right among the chickens, and they seemed to learn at their first flight that the poultry were not to be considered as enemies.
With a large back yard or only a flat roof, in the thinly populated suburbs of even as crowded cities as St. Louis or Chicago, large apiaries may he kept, very profitably. We know of a gentleman who has thus kept as many as 85 colonies and harvests thousands of pounds of honey, which readily retail among his neighbors at good prices, as customers in his vicinity know that he raises the honey himself and have confidence in its quality, for that very reason.
Without aiming at such large results, the owner of a small home, anywhere in the reach of pasture lands, vacant lots covered in summer with a growth of white clover, sweet clover or mellot, heartsease or smart weed, Spanish needles or other wild blossoms: where fruit trees may be found in small numbers in every yard, or near a dairy or a park, such a party, man or woman, may easily add to the annual income, by keeping a few hives of bees. Very few industries require so little capital. As you have invested a few dollars in chickens and erected a little shed for them, you invest a few dollars in a couple colonies of bees of good breed and in sound movable-frame hives, a smoker, a bee veil, a hive tool. The total cost does not need to exceed $1.00 and you are sufficiently equipped for the beginning. Do not think of buying an extractor or other implements until the first crop begins to show in the super. But be sure to buy some literature, a good book, for you must be informed in the theory if you wish to succeed in the practice. Do not be afraid of handling your bees and examining them, provided you don't expose the brood to the cold air or the combs to rubber bees. If they are carefully looked after, supplied with room when needed, a little syrup when they are short of stores--which may happen ever at the opening of the honey harvest, kept well sheltered from the hot sun or the coldest weather, they will give you much greater proportionate returns than any similar sum invested in poultry, considering the amount of labor, for they need no morning or evening feeding, no weekly cleaning of the coop, but take care of themselves in all ordinary circumstances. In other words, they work for you and board themselves, if they are only given a chance.
If you must be away all day at your occupation, even during swarming time, arrangements may be made by which absconding swarms will be but a remote possibility. If you should occasionally lose a swarm, there will still be very satisfactory returns from your little pets.
Of course, care must be exercised not to anger the bees and cause them to sting the neighbors, but should such an accident happen, remember that the gift of a pound or two of honey will do more to smooth such wounds than the most orbane excuses. However, the accomplished bee-keeper does not have cross-tempered bees, for he learns how to handle them properly at the start, and those who have carefully read this little pamphlet know how it may be done without exertion.
A word, in closing, to the school teacher. There is no business which a teacher may undertake, more fitting than bee-culture. Nearly all of the bee work is needed during the vacation months, from May to October. Many teachers have an inadequate salary and see mature age coming with an impossibility of gathering a decent bank account. Earnings may be made during the summer months, equal to the salary of the entire school term, on a small plot of land, through bee-keeping.
## 5 Star RIGHT
by using
LEWS BEFWARE
The Standard Magazine on Bees.
_Oldest Bee-Paper in the English Language._
The editor has been a practical bee-keeper for nearly fifty years. Many interesting departments are conducted in each issue. Every section of the country is covered: every phase of bee-keeping is taken up.
BEGINNERS have their questions answered in the "Question Box Department" and save the price of the Journal many times over.
Read what some of our subscribers have to say :-
'I could not get along without The American Bee Journal, as it gives so much information and so many good ideas on handling bees,'.
'Themasville, IL.
J. H. HART.
'I find that The American Bee Journal made a profit of over double for me this year by doing what it advised.'
'Yubn City, Calif.
II. BLEVIN.
## 11 The Classic in Bee Culture.
_By Langstroth and Dadant._
575 pages, 229 engravings, cloth bound, with gilt front and back: an ornament in any library.
It is suitable for all. It gives the natural history of the honey-bee in detail, descriptions of the latest and best bee-hives, natural and artificial swarming, queen rearing, comb and extracted honey production, transporting bees, establishing apiaries, handling bees, treating diseases, enemies, wintering, feeding, robbing, marketing honey, rendering wax, etc.
'A guide that leads the bee-keeper by the hand to the practice of rational agriculture and informs him in all the necessities of it.'
A. DeRauchenfels.
Editor of the Italian Bee Journal.
The Book and Journal together form a complete library of reference for the bee-keeper, whether a beginner or an experienced apiarist.
**D.3.1**
_Handicraft SERIES (continued)._
**Alasse Working by Hoat and Abraasion.** With 300 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Contents.--Appliances used in Glass Blowing. Manipulating Glass Tubing. Blowing Bulbs and Flasks. Jointing Tubes to Bulbs forming Thistle Funnels., etc. Blowing and Etching Glass Fancy Articles ; Embossing and Gilding Flat Surfaces. Utilising Broken Glass Apparatus ; Boring Holes in, and Riveting Glass. Hand-working of Telescope Specula. Turning, Chipping, and Grinding Glass. The Manufacture of Glass.
**Building Model Boats.** With 168 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_Building Model Yachts. Rigging and Sailing Model Yachts. Making and Fitting Simple Model Boats. Building a Model Atlantic Liner. Vertical Engine for a Model Launch, Model Launch Engine with Reversing Gear, Making a Show Case for a Model Boat.
**Electric Bellis, How to Make and Fit Them.** With 16a Engravings and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_The Electric Current and the Laws that Govern it. Current Conductors used in Electric-Bell Work. Wiring for Electric Bells. Elaborated Systems of Wiring ; Burglar Alarms. Batteries for Electric Bells. The Construction of Electric Bells, Pushes, and Switches. Indicators for Electric-Bell Systems.
**Bamboo Work.** With 177 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_Bamboo : Its Sources and Uses. How to Work Bamboo. Bamboo Tablex. Bamboo and Seats. Bamboo Bedroom Furniture. Bamboo Hall Kacks and Stands. Bamboo Music Racks. Bamboo Cabinets and Bookcases. Bamboo Window Blinds. Miscellaneous Articles of Bamboo. Bamboo Mail Cart.
**Taxictorny.** With 168 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_Skinning Birds. Staffing and Mounting Birds. Skinning and Stelling Mammals. Mounting Animals' Horned Heads : Polishing and Mounting Horns. Skinning, Stuffing, and Casting Fish. P.eserving, Cleaning, and Dyeing Skins. Preserving Insects, and Birds' Eggs. Cases for Mounting Specimens.
**Tanimoring.** With 16o Engravings and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_Tailors' Requisites and Methods of Stitching. Simple Repairs and Pressing. Relining, Repocketing, and Recollaring. How to Cut and Make Trousers. How to Cut and Make Vests. Cutting and Making Lounge and Refer Jackets. Cutting and Making Morning and Fock Costs.
**Photographic Gammerons and Accessories.** Compprising How to Make Cameras, Dark Slides, Shuttres, and Stands. With 16o Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Photographic Lenses and How to Test them. Modern Half-plate Cameras. Hand and Pocket Cameras. Ferrotype Cameras. Stereoscopic Cameras. Enlarging Cameras. Dark Slides. Cinematograph Management.
**Optical Lanterns.** Compprising The Construction and Management of Optical Lanterns and the Making of Slides. With 16o Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Single Lanternns. Dissolving View Lanternns. Illuminant for Optical Lanterns. Optical Lantern Accessories. Conducting a Limelight Lantern Exhibition. Experiments with Optical Lanterns. Painting l.antern Slides. Photographic Lantern Slides. Mechanical Lantern Slides. Cinematograph Management.
**Engraving Metals.** With Numerous Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Introduction and Terms used. Engravers' Tools and their Uses. Elementary Exercises in Engraving. Engraving Plate and Precious Metals. Engraving Monograms. Transfer Processes of Engraving Metals. Engraving Name Plates. Engraving Coffin Plates. Engraving Steel Plates. Chasing and Embossing Metals. Etching Metals.
**Basket Work.** With 18o Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Tools and Materials. Simple Baskets. Grocer's Square Baskets. Round Baskets. Oval Baskets. Flat Fruit Haskets, Wicker Elbow Chairs, Basket Bottle-casings. Doctors' and Chemists' Baskets. Fancy Basket Work. Sussex Trug Basket. Miscellaneous Basket Work. Index
**DAVID McKAY, Publisher, 6o South Washington Square, Philadelphia.
Boekhinding. With 1x5 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_Bookbinders' Appliances. Folding Printed Book Sheets. Bending and Sewing. Rounding, Backing, and Cover Cutting. Cutting Book Edges, Covering Books, Cloth-bound Books, Pamphlets, etc. Account Books, Ledgers, etc. Coloring, Spinkling, and Marbling Book Edges. Markbling Book Papers. Gilding Book Edges. Spinkling and Tree Marbling Book Covers. Lettering, Gilding, and Finishing Book Covers. Index.
Bent Iron Work. Including Elementary Art Metal Worre. With 259 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_Tools and Materials, Bending and Working Strip Iron. Simple Exercises in Bent Iron. Floral Oranments for Bent Iron Work. Candlesticks. Hall Lanterns. Screens, Grilles, etc. Table Lamps. Suspended Lamps and Flower Bowls. Photograph Frames. Newspaper Rack. Floor Lamps. Miscellaneous Examples. Index.
Photography. With 70 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_The Camera and its Accessories. The Studio and Darkroom. Plates. Exposure, Developing and Fixing Negatives. Intensification and Reduction of Negatives. Portraiture and Picture Composition. Flashlight Photography. Retocubing Negatives. Processes of Printing from Negatives. Mounting and Finishing Prints. Copying and Enlarging. Stereoscopic Photography. Ferrotype Photography. Index.
_Upholstery_, With 16a Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_Upholsters' Materials. Upholsters' Tools and Appliances. Webbing, Springing, Stuffing, and Tufing. Making Seat Cushions and Squabs. Upholistering an Easy Chair. Upholistering Couches and Sofas. Upholistering Footstools, Fenderettes, etc. Miscellaneous Upholstery. Mattress Making and Repairing. Fancy Upholstery. Renovating and Repairing Upholstery Furniture. Planning and Laying Carpets and Linoleum. Index.
Leather Working. With 1x5 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_Qualities and Varieties of Leather. Strap Cutting and Making. Letter Cases and Writing Pads. Hair Brush and Collar Cases. Hat Cases. Ianjo and Mandoline Cases. Bags. Portmanteaux and Travelling Travks. Knnpacks and Satchels. Leather Oranmentation. Footballs. Dyeing Leather. Miscellaneous Examples of Leather Work. Index.
Harness Making. With 197 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_Harness Markers' Tools. Harness Makers' Materials. Simple Exercises in Stitching. Looping. Cart Harness. Cart Collars. Cart Saddles. Fore Gear and Leader Harness, Plough Harness. Bits, Spurs, Stirrups, and Harness Furniture. Van and Cab Harness. Index.
Saddlery. With 99 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_Gentleman's Riding Saddle. Panel for Gentleman's Saddle. Ladies' Side Saddles. Children's Saddles or Pilches. Saddle Cruppers, Breast-plates, and other Accessories. Riding Bridles. Breaking-down Tackle. Head Collars. Horse Clothing. Knee-caps and Miscellaneous Articles. Repairing Harness and Saddlery. Re-Lining Collars and Saddles. Riding and Driving Whips. Superior Set of Gig Harness. Index.
_Knotting and Splicing, Ropes and Cordage._ With 408 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_Introduction. Kope Formation. Simple and Useful Knots, Eye Knots, Hitches and Bends. Ring Knots and Kope Shortenings. Ties and Lashings. Fancy Knots. Rope Splicing, Working Corage, Hamondk Making. Lashings and Ties for Scaffolding. Splicing and Socketing Wire Ropes. Index.
Beeheives and Beekeepers' Appliances. With 155 Engravings and Diagrams.
_Context.--_Introduction. A Bar-Frame Beehive. Temporary Beehive. Tiering Bar-Frame Beehive. The "' W. B. C." Beehive. Furnishing and Socking a Beehive. Observatory Beehive for Permanent Use. Observatory Beehive for Temporary Use. Inspection Case for Beehives. Hive for Rearing Queen Bees. Super-Cleaers. Bee Smoker, Honey Extractors. Wax Extractors. Bekeepers' Miscellaneous Appliances. Index.
DAVID McKAY, Publisher, Gro South Washington Square, Philadelphia,Univ. Library, UC Santa Cruz 1997
**PREFACE.**
This Handbook contains, in form convenient for everyday use, a comprehensive digest of the knowledge of beehives and bee keepers' appliances, scattered over more than twenty thousand columns of Work--one of the weekly journals it is my fortune to edit-- and supplies concise information on the details of the subjects of which it treats.
Readers who may desire additional information respecting special details of the matters dealt with in this Handbook, or instructions on kindred subjects, should address a question to the Editor of Work, La Belle Sauvage, London, E.C., so that it may be answered in the columns of that journal.
P. N. HASLUCK.
La Belle Sauvage, London.
## 6 _Beehves and Bee Keepers' Appliances_.
Fig. 1.Page
T0.--Vertical Cross Section of Observatory Beehive 71.--Horizontal Section of Observatory Beehive 72.--Sectional Plan of Observatory Beehive Top 73.--Inside Frame of Observatory Beehive 74, 75.--Mounting Observatory Beehive. 81, 82
T0.--Inspection Case for Beehves. 84
T7.--Section of Inspection Case. 85
T8.--End Elevation of Inspection Case. 85
T9.--Arrangement of Case to File Two Lengths of Beehives. 86
80.--Securing End Opening of Inspection Case. 87
81.--Cross Section of Inspection Case. 87
82.--Handle for Lifting Frames. 88
83.--Hive for Hearing Queen Bees. 90
84.--Plan of Body-box. 91
85.--Section of Hive for Rearing Queen Bees. 91
86.--Modified Body-box. 92
87.--Division Board. 92
88.--Distance Rack. 93
89.--Foot of Hive for Rearling Queen Bees. 94
90.--Porter Bee Escape. 91
91.--Super-cleaner Complete. 98
92.--Section of Super-cleaner. 99
93.--Clearer in Use between Hive and Super. 100
94, 95.--Bingham Bee. 103
96.--Pattern of Funnel. 105
97.--Smoker Diaphragm. 106
98.--Coned Blast Pipe. 107
99.--Nicked Tube for Mak-ing Blast Pipe. 107
100.--Sprling. 108
101.--Wire for Making
* Spring.. 109
102.--Bottom Board of Flexible Springs. 151
103.--Clarke Smoker. 111
104.--Section of Clarke
Smoker. 111
105.--Pattern of Funnel. 113
106.--Bottom of Funnel. 114
107.--Diphragm of Clarke. 114
108.--Little Wonder Honey. 117
109.--Shortening Rack. 117
100.--Shortening Rack. 118
100.--Shortening Rack. 119
101.--Shortening Rack. 119
102.--Bottom Board of Flexible Springs. 120
105.--Driving Irons. 154
108.--Bicewender Honey. 117
109.--Shortening Rack. 118
102.--Bottom of Funnel. 114
104.--Shortening Rack. 119
109.--Shortening Rack. 119
110.--Shortening Rack. 119
111.--Shortening Rack. 119
112.--Bottom of Funnel. 118
113.--Clarke Smoker. 111
114.--Shortening Rack. 119
115.--Shortening Rack. 119
116.--Shortening Rack. 119
117.--Shortening Rack. 119
118.--Shortening Rack. 119
119.--Shortening Rack. 119
1120.--Bottom of Funnel. 119
121.--Bottom of Funnel. 119
122.--Bottom of Funnel. 119
123.--Bottom of Funnel. 119
124.--Bottom of Funnel. 119
125.--Shortening Rack. 125
126.--Glazing Top of Solar Wax Extractor. 135
127.--Foot of Solar Extractor. 135
of comb foundation, which can be purchased at a cheap rate, and will save at least ten times its cost.
One of the advantages of the movable-frame hive is the facility with which comb foundation can be fixed in it, but it is only a minor advantage, for with a little management foundation can be fixed in almost any hive. The principal advantage is the ease with which all the combs and the health and condition of the inmates can be examined. For example, it is sometimes found that the queen is lost, and if there are no eggs or very young larvae with which to make a new queen, the fate of the colony is doomed except a new queen is provided, and the bee keeper could scarcely ascertain the loss of the queen were he to use the ordinary skep hives. Again, towards winter some colonies have more than enough stores, while others, if left to themselves, would die of starvation before the spring came; the bee keeper, ascertaining this, gives to the weak ones some of the superfluous stores of the others. This shows not alone the advantage of the movable-frame hive, but the necessity of having all the frames in an apiary interchangeable, and made to a standard size.
The question is often asked by a novice in bee culture, " What is the size of a standard hive? " Whilst there is no absolutely fixed standard in this country, the British Bee Keepers' Association recommend a standard frame, which has been adopted generally throughout the British Isles ; its dimensions are 14 in. long by 81 in. deep, the top bar being 17 in. long, thus forming a lug at each end for convenience of handling the frames when filled with comb.