BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
**Bee Veil.--**See _Veil_.
**Bee-Worm.--**An old name for the larva of the bee.--_Ray_.
**Bell-Glass.--**A glass vessel, shaped somewhat like a bell. They are used to a considerable extent as surplus receptacles by English bee-keepers. They present a very neat appearance, and when the comb is built in fancy shape, as shown in the figure, they are quite ornamental on the table. But honey stored in such glasses costs a good deal more than when stored in, ordinary sections.
**Black Ree.--**The common honey bee; the kind usually kept in box hives. Called bell-glass. also _Browa Bee_ and _German Bee_. See _Race_.
2. Robber bees that have lost their hair and become black and shiny were supposed by Huber to be a distinct kind of bee, and in several works they are mentioned by the name of _Black Bees_. They are, however, only the common bee.
**Bottom-Board.**--The board which forms the bottom of the hive. It may be either fixed or movable. The fixed bottom boards form part of the hive, while in the case of movable bottom boards, the hive is simply placed on them. Both kinds have their advantages and disadvantages. Van Deusen has invented a clamp by means of which the bottom board may be made either fixed or movable at will, thus securing all the advantages of both systems.
**Bottom Rail.**--The lower horizontal bar of a frame.
**Box Hive.**--A hive consisting of a plain box with a few cross-sticks for supporting the combs, In such a hive the comb and bees cannot be examined or handled and most of the operations of modern bee-keeping are impossible. Box hives are therefore things of the past, and bee-keepers who are behind the times are called "box-hive men." When we look back, however, and see what was accomplished by such men as Quinby, using box hives, we cannot fail to be impressed with the fact that thorough scientific work will always produce good results even with the poorest implements and in the face of the most formidable difficulties.
Those who have read the first edition of Quinby's "Mysticies of Bee-Keeping "--a work which will always be a classic no matter what improvements may be made in the art, will be greatly amused at the following extract from the latest edition of an English standard authority, "Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art." Under the head "Hive," we find this subsection:
"_American Box Hives._ The well known circumstance that bees often collect enormous stores of honey when building their combs in a large space (as under the roof of a house) has led to the design of hives of immense size. Some employed in America have been found as large as sentry-boxes. These large boxes are easily stocked by supporting a hive of bees on a few cross-bars placed in the interior, when the bees rapidly extend the combs below the small hive, often completely filling the box. The plan is not so advantageous as might at first appear, as all the combs contain wood and bee-broad, and the honey yielded is consequently always impure, and moreover, is not easily obtained without destroying the bees."
Shades of the lamented Quinby--how is this for a fair representation of the American Box Hive!! This is about on a par with Blyth's "poisonous honey, from the Savannas of New Jersey." See _Honey._
**Box Honey.**--Comb-honey (q. v.) stored by the bees in boxes.
**Bred.**--_n._ A term applied by stock breeders to races artificially produced and established. It is in this that a breed differs from a _race_ (q. v.) and both differ from a _variety_ in that they have been so established, either by careful selection and culture in the case of breeds or by long-continued and potentand natural influences in the case of races, that all danger of "'crying-back" (q. v.) is past. Owing, probably to various hitherto insurmountable difficulties in the way of mating, we have no " breeds" of bees; we have _races_ and _strains_ (q. v.) but no breeds.
**Breed.**--t. 1. To raise young. In bee-keeping this is generally called _broad-rearing_ or _broad-raising_. See _Raise_.
2. To produce a distinct breed. To do this requires thorough knowledge of the nature of the animals under experiment and careful attention to certain laws which are tolerably well understood as they affect the higher animals, but have not been investigated in the case of insects. But from the fact that scientific apielture is an art of but a few years growth, we may reasonably hope for as great advances in this direction as has been made in the case of cattle and horses.
For the present, however, we can only follow the laws which have been found to obtain in the breeding of cattle, and await the discoveries which it is hoped that careful experimental investigation will give us.
**1.** In attempting to establish a new breed or to improve an old one, we must, contrary to the usual opinion, pursue a relentless system of breeding in and in, and it's here that the skill and judgment of the expert breeder will be most fully shown. We have on the one hand the danger of weakening the constitution of our stock, and on the other, the danger of producing a lot of mongrels without any fixed characteristics. The experience of all great cattle breeders has shown that it is only by in and in breeding that the tendency to "'cry back " can be eliminated, and these men have also shown that when sufficient care is exercised in the selection of the breeding stock, the danger of weakening the constitution is not to be feared. In this connection it should be remembered that all the well-marked native races of bees must have been produced by a series of in and in breedings, combined with a system of natural selection, which allowed the survival of none but the fittest--all the weak and non-prolific, and all the poor honey-gatherers being killed off during severe seasons. It is the same here as with the great herds of cattle and horses which roam at large in various countries. The most powerful and active bull or stallion obtains the leadership of the herd and breeds in and in with his own cousins, sisters, and even daughters, until one of his progeny, more powerful than he, displaces him in turn. But here we have the weak and feeble calves and foals selected by the forces of nature with better judgment than ever man exercised and killed off by the incleniency of the weather as surely as ever buteher's knife did its work.
2. It will be found that certain males and females have the power to perpetuate their own characteristics in their progeny more powerfully than others. This is a most important factor in any attempt to build up a new breed, or to maintain or improve a certain strain. We see it marked in the human family where certain men and women have given origin to a long line of representatives which possess marked characteristics. Stock breeders are quite familiar with the fact, and there are certain strains of cattle specially valuable for milk, butter or flesh which owe their origin to some well known cow or bull.
3. It will be found that the influence of the male is in general (not always) more powerful than the influence of the female _provided he is pure bred_. Thus far too little attention has been paid to the character of the drones, though this is not to be wondered at when we consider the great difficulty of the subject. We must remember that it would be almost impossible to select an individual drone as we select a bull from a cattle-herd or a queen from an apiary. It is even difficult to make sure of getting our queens mated with the drones from any given hive, but even in the face of all these difficulties, the importance of the subject must not be forgotten.
There are other points which will readily occur to the scientific breeder. Thus we must not forget that the impregnated female is herself influenced by the male. This has not the same importance with bees that it has with cattle, but how far the impregnation of the queen may influence her drone progeny is a point that cannot bear to be overlooked.
Lastly, the "environment," as evolutionists call it, will, no doubt, have something to do with the production of excellence in any given breed, though less here than in eases where the mother may be trained or worked, as with cattle or horses. Prenatal influences have a wonderful effect on the progeny of mammals, and may it not be that eggs obtained from a queen in the height of her productive power and activity will produce far better breeding stock than eggs from the same queen when her energies are dormant or not fully developed? This brings up the important question of the best age for breeding queens. And does not the quality of the eggs laid by the queen in the early part of the season have quite as much to do with the quality of the queens produced as does the so-called swarming impulse on the part of the workers?
All these questions deserve careful _experimental_ consideration. They may be _suggested_ by theoretical reasoning but they cannot be _sulted_ in any such way.
It is in the process of natural selection, however, that the environment will aid us. No stock that has had fair play during the summer and fails to be ready to meet the winter, should be kept for breeding. _We_ may feed and keep them for other purposes, but nature would have destroyed them, and we should not attempt to perpetuate them either in the male or female line.
**Breeding "1** **In and In."**--When a queen is feeundated by a drone which is near of kin to her (as brother or cousin), the progeny is said to be the result of breeding "in and in,"
**Bridal Trip.--Wedding flight (q. v.).**
**Brinstone.--\(n\).** **Salphur. The word literally means** _burn stone_**, and is applied only to sulphur in the form of solid masses like stones or rolls.**
**Brinstone.--\(v\).** **To expose to the fumes produced by burning sulphur. See** _Sulphur_**. When used in connection with beceeping the word signifies the destruction of a colony for the sake of obtaining their wax and honey.**
**Broad Frame.--See** _Wide Frame_**.**
**Broad.--Young bees while in the various stages between the egg and the bee which has emerged from the cell. The use of the word** _brood_ **in this connection is very old.** **Skeant tells us that in** **Z**lrire's Homilies (A.D. 975) speaking of bees, the writer says: "Of tham hunige hi bredath heord** **brood** **"--i.e., with the honey they nourish their brood.**
**Breoding Bees.--The nurse bees (q. v.) are so called by some European writers.**
**Broad-Cluster.--The cluster of bees which cover the brood-nest.**
**Broad Comb.--Combs** _containing_ **broad. The term does not apply to empty worker or drone eomb which** _might_ **contain brood but does not. Such eomb is called either** _worker conab_ **or** _drone comb_ **according as the case may be.**
**Broad-Drones.--Drones in the brood state. See** _Egg._
**Broad Frame.--A** **frame of the right width to receive brood-comb.**
**Broad-Next.--That space in the hive which is occupied by the queen for laying. In fall, winter, and early spring, this space is confined to a small portion of the centre of the hive, and includes the centre space on two or more combs, but in warm weather the queen sometimes lays in combs at some distance from the brood-nest, and even in the boxes arranged for eomb honey. But there is always a spot where the rearing of young is specially carried on, and this is the brood-nest.**
**Broad-rearing \(\left\{
ight\}\). The raising of brood. See** _Raising._
**Broad-Workers.--Worker bees in the condition of brood. See** _Egg._
**Brown Bee.--The common honey bee; the kind usually kept in box hives.** **Called also** _Black Bee_ **and** _German Bee._ **See** _Race._
**Buckwheat Swarm.--A** **late swarm produced by the stimulus eansed by the great flow of honey obtained from buckwheat.**
**Bunt.--This term properly signifies** _smut_ **or the fungus (Uredo fetida) which produce disease in grain, but it is also used as a name for the puff-ball (q. v.).**
**Cage, Queen.** See _Queen Cage_.
**Candy.--**_n._ This favorite material for feeding bees is prepared by boiling sugar syrup until it is sufficiently condensed. There are three forms depending upon the method of preparation.
1. Sugar candy, so called. This is sugar crystallized by leaving the saturated syrup in a warm place (90\({}^{\circ}\) to 100\({}^{\circ}\) Fahr.), the shooting of the crystals being promoted by placing sticks, or threads, at small distances from each other in the liquor; it is also deposited from compound syrups, and does not seem to retain much of the foreign substances with which they are loaded. Brown sugar candy is prepared in this way from raw sugar; white sugar, from refined sugar; and red sugar, from a syrup of refined sugar which has been colored red by means of some coloring matter of which cochineal is to be preferred.
2. Boiled candy or barley-sugar (q. v.). This is prepared by boiling the syrup, the several stages of the process being as follows: Well clarified and perfectly transparent syrup is boiled until a "skimmer " dipped into it, and a portion " touched " between the forefinger and thumb, on opening them, is drawn into a small thread, which crystallizes and breaks. This is called a "weak candy height." If boiled again, it will draw into a larger string, and if bladders may be blown through the "drippings" from the ladle, with the mouth, it has acquired the second degree, and is now called " bloom sugar." After still further boiling, it arrives at the state called " leathered sugar." To determine this re-dip the skimmer, and shake it over the pan, then give it a sudden flirt behind, and the sugar will fly off like feathers. The next degree is that of " crackled sugar," in which state the sugar that hangs to a stick dipped into it, and put directly into a pan of cold water, is not dissolved off, but turns hard and snaps. The last stage of preparing this article reduces it to what is called "caramel sugar," proved by dipping a stick first into the sugar, and then into cold water, when, on the moment it touches the latter, it will, if matured, snap like glass. It has now arrived at a "full candy height." Care must be taken throughout that the fire is not too fierce, as, by flaming up against the sides of the pan, it will burn and discolor the sugar, converting a portion of it into caramel which is said to be poison to bees in cold weather; hence the boiling is best conducted by steam heat.
Any flavor or color may be given to the candy by adding the coloring matter to the syrup before boiling it, or the flavoring essences when the process is nearly complete.
For feeding bees the earlier stages are to be preferred as containing more water and as being softer and more easily raspel down.
3. White candy. This is prepared by boiling a strong syrup until it becomes solid on cooling. While still hot the pan is placed in snow or ice water and constantly stirred until the entire contents consolidate into a white mass. Candy in this condition absorbs a large quantity of water and is easily used by the bees. As a winter food we have found it excellent. It may be moulded into cakes or bricks and laid over the cluster, or it may be packed in wired frames and hung by the side of the bees.
**4.** There is also a preparation which is known as "Good's Candy " or "Sholtz Candy." Langstroth, in his Hive and Honey Bee, gives the following directions for preparing it.
"Rev. M. Scholtz, of Lower Silesia (Europe), recommends the following mixture for feeding bees: "Take one pint of honey and four pounds of powdered lump sugar;" heat the honey, without adding water, and mix it with the sugar, working them together to a stiff doughy mass. When thus thoroughly incorporated, cut it into slices, or form it into cakes or lumps, and wrap them in a piece of coarse linen and place them in the frames. Thin slices, enclosed in linen, may be pushed down between the combs. The plasticity of the mass enables the apiarist to apply the food in any manner he may desire."
**Candy.--** When honey or sugar crystallize from a solution they are said to _candy_. Candied honey is that which has solidified.
**Cap.--** 1. When the cover of a hive is made in the form of a box it is sometimes called a _cap_.
**2.** The cover of a cell--either brood or honey. Sometimes called _the capping_.
**Cap.--** To cover a cell or seal it over.
**Capped Brod.--**Seaded brood (q. v.).
**Capped Honey.--**Seaded Honey (q. v.).
**Cappings \(ig{\}}\) The caps of honey cells which are removed when Caps**
**Card.--** A frame filled with honey comb. A sheet of honeycomb.
**Carniolan Bee.--**A race of bees found in the mountains of Southwestern Austria. The workers are light grey, and are remarkable for the gentleness of their dispositions. See _Race_.
**Carrier Bees.--**Workers that are old enough to forage.
**Cases for Sections.--**This term is nsed indiscriminately to denote two distinct devices: 1. Wide frames filled with sections and hung in the hive like ordinary frames.
**2.** Crates or boxes in which sections are placed and held while on the hive while the bees are filling them, or packed for shipment.
**Cashiered Stocks.--**Stocks of which the bees are either d-stroed or united with other stocks.
**Casts.--**This term is usually ano properly applied only to "second, third, etc., swarms," but some authors use it to denote any swarm.
**Caterpillar.--**This term properly applies only to the larva of lepidopterous insects (months and butterflies). According to some etymologists, it should be applied only to those larvae that are hairy--the word being literally a hairy she-cat (Old French--_chate peleuse_). Webster gives _a stealer of food_ (_Caler_, food, and _piller_, robber).
**Caneasian Bee.--**A race of bees found amongst the Caucasian Mountains and said to be very active and amiable.
**Cell.--**Literally a small house or room. The compartments of the honey comb in which the bees store honey and raise their young. They are of various sizes and forms--round, pentagonal, hexagonal, etc. See _Comb, Queen Cell_, etc.
**Cell, Royal.--**See _Queen Cell_.
**Chaff Hive.--**A hive with double walls, the space between them being filled with chaff or some porous material which will prevent the passage of heat, and consequently will keep the hives warm in winter and cool in summer.
**A section of one of the most popular forms--the "Simplicity "--is shown in the accompanying engraving where A, A, are the outer sides; C C, the inner walls, and B, B, chaff. H is the entrance, and E, E, a movable cover. It will be seen that this hive is a two-story hive by construction, though of course it
inch, so that each square inch contains 25, and the surface on both sides contains 50 cells. An ordinary Langstroth frame, moderately filled with brood (say a space six inches by eleven) will contain 3,300 young bees, and three such frames will produce about 10,000--a number which constitutes quite a nice little swarm. It is easily seen, therefore, how rapidly weak stocks may be built up during warm weather by giving them occasionally a frame of sealed brood.
The cells of drone comb are much larger--four of them placed side by side measuring one inch or 16 to the square inch.
The depths of both worker and drone cells are the same, but as the caps of the worker cells are flat while those of the drone cells are very considerably convex, the latter really has what is equivalent to a greater depth.
In store comb--that is, comb for storing honey--the cells are often irregular in size and shape. Honey is often stored both in worker and drone cells, but the bees often build comb in corners and out of the way places and use it for storing. Cells for storing honey are generally much deeper than brood cells--sometimes as much as two inches deep and turned up at the ends. See also _Honey-comb, Wax_.
Comb, Artificial--All attempts hitherto made to construct comb artifically have failed. We frequently see the article mentioned in the newspapers, but in all such cases the writer draws on his imagination for his facts, and a very poor imagination at that. Thus we have seen it stated dozens of times that comb honey was now manufactured on a large scale by first making comb of paraffine, and then filling it with flavored glucose. It is needless to say that as yet this cannot be done. There is no end to the projects of this kind which might be suggested. Thus we might propose the manufacture of delicate india rubber comb, in which the bees might store honey, and then, instead of passing it through an expensive extractor use a common wringing machine to squeeze out the honey.
Shortly after the introduction of the movable frame, beekeepers become deeply impressed with the importance of utilizing old wax in the manufacture of new comb, and various plans for getting the bees to work up old wax were proposed, but none have been successful except what is known as _Foundation_ (q. v.). This, however, cannot be called "artificial comb," simply because it is not comb but only foundation.
That bees would use artificial comb for all purposes was very fully shown by that most ingenions apiarist--the late M. Quinby. He constructed comb, with proper sized cells, out of very light sheet metal, and coated it with a very thin layer of wax. A small section of this artificial comb when placed in the brood nest was used by the queen to receive her eggs, and which hatched into larvae that were duly nursed by the bees, and finally matured. As an experiment, this was a most important step;that thus far, a really practical article of artificial comb is a thing of the future.
**(Comb-Bars.--Bars or slats to which comb is attached and from which it hangs in the bar-lives.**
**Comb** Basket.--That part of the extractor which receives and holds the comb. The term is sometimes used instead of comb box or comb carrier, but this application of it should be avoided.**
**A comb basket for small pieces of comb is shown in the engraving.**
**Comb** Box.--Another name for comb carrier (q. v.).**
**Comb** Bueket.--A comb carrier (q. v.).**
**Comb** Carrier.--A box made of such a size as to hold one or more frames of comb so that they may be easily carried about. It should have a close-fitting cover so that the honey shall be protected from files and robber bees, and the brood from chilling drafts. It may be made of tin or very thin boards--one important point being to have it quite tight. The engraving shows a very neat and convenient article made of tin by Root, of Medini, O.**
**comb-carrier.**
**For the confusion of names in regard to this article, see introduction.**
**Comb** Cutting.--See** _Pruning._
**Comb** Foundation.--See** _Foncalation._ **This term was sometimes used by old writers to signify a starter for which, of course, they used natural comb.
**Comb Guide.--**Any arrangement by which the bees are induced to build comb in the exact place that it is wanted. The best comb-guide is a strip of foundation. Before foundation was invented, small pieces of comb were used, and the term was also applied to the edge of the top bar of the frame.
**Comb-Holder.--**A device for supporting a frame of comb after it has been removed from the hive and until the bee-keeper is ready to return it. In some cases the comb-holder is a separate stand, and it is then perhaps more properly called a _comb-stand_
or _comb-horse_. The engraving shows a very convenient form of holder which may be hooked over the edge of the hive and which will hold the first frame of comb, so as to give more room in the live while examining the others.
**Comb Honey.--**Honey in the comb as distinguished from extracted or strained honey.
**Comb Horse.--**See _Comb-Holder_.
**Comb Pruning.--**See _Praving_.
**Comb Roller.--**A German device for unearping when extracting. It consists of a roller with short wires projecting from its entire surface. When passed over a comb it breaks the caps of the cells so that the honey is easily thrown out. It is not as good as the knife.
**Comb Stand.--**See _Comb Holder_.
**Condenned Bees.--**Bees that are to be consigned to the brimstone pit.
**Coppet.--**A hackle (q. v.).
**Corbicula.--**Literally, a little basket. The pollen-basket found on the legs of the bee.