BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
_Solifoay_ in a garden, 33, 34.
_Sang_ of the bees, a fgn of their health, 102.
_Spain_
INDEX. 253
_Spain_, bee-hives incredibly numerous in, 226; number in the
poffeffion of one prieth, ib.
_Spiders_, a finite drawn from, 196; enemies to bees, 222; how
to deftroy them, ib.
_Spiet_ font out before (warming by the bees, 156, 159; their
ambaffiddors fonetimes fufpced to be, 188.
_Spring_, hives fonetimes found in, without a single bee, 121;
the author's method of managing bees during, 124; his ce-
lebration of the return of, 132; entries of hives should be
widened in, 133; 134.
_Sting_ of a bee, defcribed, 80, 81; its wound proves mortal
to fsmall animals, 81, as well as to the bee, _ib._; directions
to guard against it, 82, 83, 84, 85; effects of it on different perfons, 86; remedies, 87, 88.
_Stock_ hives, average profit from, 4, 6; probable increafe of,
5; may be preferved fn the work fefons, 9; increafe
from, in a good one, 44; directions to choose them in
September, 88; and prepare them for winter, 95; should
be chofen and marked, when the neighbouring flowers are
modify faded, 201; how to fupply a deficiency of flock
hives, 203; mode of operation, 204, 205; bees may alfo
be purchafed cheap from bee-killers, 205.
_Storm_, the late, fatal to bees, 121, 122; _ie_ Cold.
_Sufferber_, names of the, xi, _et_,_eq.
_Summer_, the midt of, incredible rapidity of the bees in, f23;
entries of the hives should then be widened, 134; how
to re-inforce a weak hive in fummer, 141; Queens then
breed very fat, 199.
_Swammerdam's_ opinion as to the ufe of drones, 68; refuted, _ib._
_Swarming_ of bees, artificial, fonetimes equally neceffary and
advantageous, 150, 168, 179; deftructive to bees when
attempted by unfkiful perfons, _ib._; directions how to
perform it properly, 170; when two fwarms meet, _ib._;
and do not unite, 171; a Queen may be offered to each,
172; the critical moment to do this, _ib_; account of two
hives that were united, 173; and of a duel that enfued
tween254 INDEX.
tween the Queens, 174; how to a d when half the young fwarm have been prevented from emigrating, 175; with a fsmall fwarm and lying-out hive, 176; with two fsmall fwarms, 177; with an old hive that has a royal cell, and an empty one, _ib._; with a hive that has long lien out, i78; the author's former practice, _ib._; now almoft entirely given up, i79; how to return a fwarm, when the mother hive cannot fparc it, _ib._; and how _to_ prevent a late fwarm from coming off, i80; _see_ Bees, Hives, and Reinforcing.
_Swarming_ of bees, natural, preferable to artificial, when it can be obtained, i49; the time uncertain, i50; attendance neceffary, _ib._; variety of chances referencing fwarming, _ib._; previous fymptoms, i51; a certain fign of its taking place, _ib._; manner of fwarming, _ib._; i52; beautiful appearance in the air, i52; noife unneceffary, except when the bees attempt to fly off _ib._; caution to be obferved, i53; means to make them fettle, _ib._; mult be carefully watched till the heat of the day be over, i54; will f sometimes fly off, notwithstanding every method is ufed to prevent them, i55; young fwarms fond of old hives, whole bees are dead, i56; fuch hives of-ien left on purpofe to entice them, by roguilb bee-mafters, i57; this equal to theft, _ib._; and ought to be fridly punified by law, _ib._; a contrary decision, however, _ib._; criterion to determine, whether the hive was previously inhabited by living bees, i58; a fwarm will fly four miles to a dead hive, _ib._; they fly in a direct line, i59; directions how to follow them, _ib._; and fearch after them, _ib._; i60; 161; decifive proof of their identity, i6e; old trees, churches, ruins, &c. should be fearched, i61; how to take them out when discovered, _ib._; how to _manage them when the Queen cannot be got, i62; figns of a fecond or third fwarming, _ib_; tolling, the young Queen's proclamation, or petition, defcribed, i63; very harmonious, i64; an old Queen fonetimes goes off with a colony, _ib._ i65; two fwarms often join together, i66; method to prevent this,
**I N D E X.** 255: this, 167 ; if both fmaill, rather advantageous, _ib._, x68 ; various weights and numbers of fwarms, 168.
* _Swarm_, two, thrown annually in good years, 4 ; four taken off in one forenoon, 140; fomettimes fly off, 155; two will often join together, 166; extraordinary number in one year, 225.
* _Swest_, on the flood of a live, defcribed, x51 ; when dried, a fymptom of an approaching fwarms, _ib._
* _Syrup_ in the flowers, not changed, but extracted by the bees, 20, 22; different opinion urged by a correffondent, 22; his experiment in proof of it, 23; _we_ Honey.
**T**
_Temper_ of the bees should be tried in artificial (fwarming, 177.
* _T barley_, a writer on bees, 2 ; quoted, 164, 192; his account of the fmaill white fcales carried in by the bees, 192; and the formation of wax, _ib._; 193 ; contreverted, _ib._; 194, 195.
* _Tradfmen_, country, added to keep bee-hives, 227; might have a hive for every hand they employ, _ib._
* _Trees_, fruit, of all kinds, the biofilms of, afford honey, 15 ; benefit of planting, 40 ; _/e_ Plane-trees.
* _Turnip_, the flowers of, yield both honey and farina, 11; blobform early, and continue long in flower, _ib._; should be fowed in fummer, 12 ; and allowed to run into flower in fpring, _ib._; advantage of rearing them, 40.
_Uniting_ of bees, directions for, 135, _et seq._; _we_ Hives, Reinforcing, Swarming, &c.
**V**
_Vicer_, bees have, as well as virtues, 116.
_Filages_, fome country, might have a hive for every houfe in them, 227.
_Virgii_
**INDEX X.**
_Faster_, good favourable to bees, 6, 7 ; bad, very hurtful to **them, vii, 7, 8, 9, 29, 223 ; incontancy of it, the only preventive of bees from thriving, 29 ; how to guard againft its effects, vii. 223 ; _/e_ Cold, Heat, Rain, Wind, &c _Weigbs_ of hives, that require fupplies of food, 125, 126 ; of honey sufficient for that purpofe, 126 ; of fwarms, 168 ; of hives increaded by changing their friuations, 185 ; by the junction of fwarms, 198 ; and by being long kept, _ib Wheeler_, George, Eiq; his account of a repair of honey, 225 ; 226. _Wbite_ clover, white honey extrached from, 21. _Wbite_ matter thrown into the royal cells, by the bees, difquisition concerning it, 65, 66. _Wbite_ Stephen and W. writers on bees, 2 ; the former quoted, 103 ; and refuted, _ib_. _Wbite_ thorn, honey dew obferred on the leaves of, 19. _Wiidman_, Mr, a writer on bees, 2 ; quoted 19, 105 ; his re-foning upon the cold endured by bees in Ruffia, 105 ; con. troverted, _ib_. 1e6, 107, fays that ants do not hurt bees, 222. _Wind_ hurtful to bees, 7, 29, 169. _Winter_, how to prepare flock hives for, 95, 96, 97, 98 ; and to manage them in, 99, 100, 101, 102 ; a mild one fuppofed to be-dangerous to bees, 103 ; this opinion refuted, _ib_. 104 ; experiments, 107 ; fever winters fometimes kill whole hives, 197. _Wonders_, fecemingly incredible, which the author can perform with bees, 140, 141. _Wood lice_ hurtful to bees, 223 ; how to extirpate them, _ib_. _Wood_, advantages of hives made of, 144 _Working_, or common bees, Schirach's opinion of, 54 ; any one capable, in an early fage, of becoming a Queen, _ib_. ; description of them, 78, 79, 8 ; differ in fome particulars from both Queen and_drones, 80, compofe the whole community for three fourths of the year, 81 ; perform the whole labour of the hive, _ib_. ; and kill the drones, _ib_. ; unlefs hurt or af-K k **k**fronted
ADVERtisEMENT.
Any Gentleman, or Lady, vbo may be definous of
confulling or employing the _Author of tbi:s work, with_
_regard to the Management of Bees, in any ref/ech,_
_upon adderfing a line to bim at Mr Grant's, Leith_
_Wynd, Edinburgh, will be duely waited upon._
_The Author embraces this opportunity of returning_
_btis beft thanks to bi numerous v followers in general,_
_and to tbofe of tbi metropolis in particular, for the_
_very liberal encouragement be bas repeatedly met_
_with from them as a Honey Dealer; and begs that_
_they will favour bim with their orders, as early as_
_pol/table, for the boney of the en/uing f/a/on, to prevent danger of being di/appointed._
July 18. 1795._
# a_practical_treatise_on_the_hive_and_honey_bee_1860
**B v L. L. LANG 6 STROTH,**
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.
Jour A. Douglas & Co,
_Electronypers,_
_Pridriders,_
_18 William Street, N. Y.,_
_131 Pudon Street, N. Y._I am happy to learn from my friend Mr. Langstrogh, that a new edition of his work on the Hive and Honey-Bee is called for ; I consider it by far the most valuable treatise on these subjects, which has come under my notice. Some years before it was published, I became acquainted with the main characteristics of his system of Bee-culture, and even then, I believed it to be incomparably superior to all others of which I had either read or heard. This conviction has been amply strengthened by the testimony of others, as well as by results which have come under my own observation.
In my early life I had no inconsiderable experience in the management of bees, and I am bold to say that the hive which Mr. Langstrogh has invented, is in all respects greatly superior to any which I have ever seen, either in this or foreign countries. Indeed, I do not believe that any one who takes an intelligent interest in the rearing of bees, can for a moment hesitate to use it; or, rather, can be induced to use any other, when he becomes acquainted with its nature and merits.
At length the true secret has been discovered, of making these most industrious, interesting, and useful of insect-communities, work in habitations both comfortable to themselves and wonderfully convenient for their aggregation, division, and rapid increase ; and all this without diminishing their productive labor, or resorting to the crude"measure of destroying them.
Mr. Langstrooth teaches us in his book, how bees can be taken care of without great labor, and without the risk of suffering from the weapon which the Creator has given them for self-defence. Even a delicate lady need not fear to undertake the task of cultivating this fascinating branch of Rural Economy. Nothing is easier for any family that resides in a favorable situation, than to have a number of colonies, and this-at but little expense. **I** sincerely hope that many will avail themselves of the facilities now placed before them for prosecating this easy branch of industry, not only for the sake of the large profit in proportion to its expense, which it may be made to yield, but also for the substantial pleasure which they may find in observing the habits of these wonderful little creatures. How remarkably does their entire economy illustrate the wisdom and skill of the Great Author of all things.
I cannot but believe that many Ministers of the Gospel, residing in rural districts, will accept of Mr. Langstrooth's generous offer to give them the free use of his Invention. With very little labor or expense, they can derive from bee-keeping considerable profit, as well as much pleasure.
No industrial or material employment can be more innocent, or less inconsistent with their proper work.
There are few portions of our country which are not admirably adapted to the culture of the Honey-Bee. The wealth of the nation might be increased by millions of dollars, if every family favorably situated for bee-keeping would keep a few hives. No other branch of industry can be named, in which there need be so little loss on the material that is employed, or which so completely derives its profits from the vast and exhausatless domains of Nature.
I trust that Mr. Langstrodt's labors will contribute greatly to promote a department of Rural Economy, which in this country has hitherto received so little scientific attention. He well deserves the name of Benefactor; infinitely more so than many who in all countries and in all ages have received that honorable title. Not many years will pass away without seeing his important invention brought into extensive use, both in the Old and New World. Its great merits need only to be known; and this, Time will certainly bring about.
ROBERT BAIRD.
of them, however, has he displayed himself more clearly than in the economy of the Honey-Bec :
"What well-appointed commonwealths! where each
Adda to the stock of happiness for all;
Wldom's own forums! whose professors teach
Eloquent lessons in their vaulted hall!
Galleries of art! and schools of industry!
Stores of rich fragrance! Orehestras of song!
What marvelous stats of hidden alechemy!
How of, when wandering far and erring long,
Man might learn truth and virtue from the REE!
Bowkaa.
The attention of Ministers of the Gospel is particularly invited to this branch of Natural History. An intimate acquaintance with the wonders of the Bee-Hive, while beneficial to them in many ways, might lead them, in their preaching, to imitate more closely the example of Him who illustrated his teachings by " the birds of the air, and the lilies of the field," as well as the common walks of life, and the busy pursuits of men.
It affords me sincere pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. Samuel Wagner, of York, Pennsylvania, for material assistance in the preparation of this Treatise. To his extensive and accurate acquaintance with Bee-keeping in Germany, my readers will find themselves indebted for much exceedingly valuable information.
L. I. LANGSTIROTH.
Oxford, Butler County, Ohio, March, 1859.
egin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**EXPLAATION OF PLATES.**} \ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{FLATES I to XI. Inclusive, show the various style of Movable-Comb filters, and the Implications used in the Library. For explanation of these plates, see **p. 871**. \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{FLATE XIIL--Fis. 81, 88--Drone-Bee, of magnified and natural size. See p. 80.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 83, 86--Drone, of magnified and natural size. See p. 40.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 83, 86--Worker, of magnified and natural size. See p. 54.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Those Illustrations were copied (with some alterations) from Bragot,} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{FLATE XIIIL--Fis. 87--Besides of Wax, highly magnified. See p. 60.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 88--Abdomen of a Warker-Bee, magnified, and showing the exuding scales of wax. See p. 69.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 80--Section of a Cell, magnified, and showing the usual position of the egg. See p. 44.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 40--Larven of Been, in various stages of development. See p. 64.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 41--Section of a Cell, magnified, and showing Larrea, See p. 44.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 42--Warker-Larven, fully grown, and ready to split its Cooson. See p. 45.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 43--Worker-Nynph. See p. 45.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 46--A. Quench-Coll of the natural size. See p. 66.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 58--A. Quench-Cell et open, to show the unmatched qnech. See p. 66.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 44--Eggs of the Bee-Moth, of natural and magnified size. See p. 254.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Fros. 46--Larven of the Bee-Moth, fully grown. See p. 81.} \ \multicolumn{2}{c}{XI} \ \hline \end{tabular}
## Chapter 1
Pacts connected with the invention of the movable-comil here-like.
Practical bee-keeping in this country is in a very depressed condition, being entirely neglected by the mass of those most favorably situated for its pursuit. Notwithstanding the numerous hives which have been introduced, the ravages of the bee-moth have increased, and success is becoming more and more preeravous. While multi-tudes have abandoned the pursuit in disgust, many even of the most experienced are beginning to suspect that all the so called "Improved Hives" are delusions or impostures ; and that they must return to the simple hox or hollow log, and "take up " their bees with sulphur in the old-fashioned way.
In the present state of public opinion, it requires no little confidence to introduce another patent hive, and a new system of management ; but believing that a new era in bee-keeping has arrived, I invite the attention of Apiarians to the perusal of this Manual, trusting that it will convince them that there is a better way than any with which they have yet become acquainted. They will here find a clear explanation of many hitherto mysterious points in the physiology of the honey-bee, together with much valuable information never before communicated to the public.
It is now more than twenty years since I turned my attention to the keeping of bees. The state of my health of late years having compelled me to live much in the open air, I have devoted a large portion of my time to a minute investigation of their habits, as well as to a series of careful experiments in the construction and management of hives.
Very early in my Aparian studies I constructed a hive on the plan of the celebrated Huber; and by verifying some of his most valuable discoveries became convinced that the prejudices existing against him were entirely unfounded. Believing that his discoveries laid the foundation for a more profitable system of bee-keeping, I began to experiment,with hives of various construction.
Though the result of these investigations fell far short of my expeetations, some of these hives now contain vigorous stocks fourteen years old, which without feeding have endured all the vicissitudes of some of the worst seasons ever known for bees.
While I felt confident that my hive possessed valuable peculiarities, I still found myself unable to remedy many of the perplexing casualties to which bee-keeping is liable; and became convinced that no hive could do this, unless it gave the _complete control of the combs_, so that any or all of them might be removed at pleasure. The use of the Huber hive had satisfied me, that with proper precautions the combs might be removed without enraging the bees, and that these insects were capable of being tamed to a surprising degree. Without a knowledge of these facts, I should have regarded a hive permitting the removal of the combs, as quite too dangerous for practical use. Atfirst, I used movable slats or bars placed on rabbets in the front and back of the hive. The bees began their combs upon these bars, and then fastened them to the sides of the hive. By severing these attachments, the combs could be removed adhering to the bars. There was nothing new in the use of such bars--the invention being probably a hundred years old--and the ehlef peculiarity in my hive was the facility with which they could be removed without entraging the bees, and their combination with my improved mode of obtaining the surplus honey.
With hives of this construction, I experimented on a larger scale than ever, and soon arrived at very important results. I could dispense entirely with natural swarming, and yet multiply colonies with greater rapidity and certainty than by the common methods. All feeble colonies could be strengthened, and those which had lost their queen furnished with the means of obtaining another. If I suspected that any thing was wrong with a hive, I could quickly ascertain its true condition, and apply the proper remedies. In short, I felt satisfied that bee-keeping could be made highly profitable, and as much a matter of certainty, as most branches of rural economy.
One thing, however, was still wanting. The _cutting_ of the combs from their attachments to the sides of the hive, was attended with much loss of time both to myself and the bees. This led me to invent a method by which the combs were attached to movable frames, so suspended in the hives as to touch neither the top, bottom, nor sides. By this device the combs could be removed at pleasure, without any cutting, and speedily transferred to another hive. After experimenting largely with hives of this construction, I find that they fully answer the ends proposed in their invention.
In the Summer of 1851 I ascertained that bees could be made to work in glass hives, exposed to the full light of day. This discovery proeured me the pleasure of an acquaintance with Rev. Dr. Berg, then pastor of a Reformed Duteh Church, in Philadelphia. From him I first learned that a Prussian clergyman of the name of Dziergon,* was attracting the attention of crowned heads by his discoveries in the management of bees. Before he communicated to me the particulars of these discoveries, I explained to Dr. Berg my own system and showed him my hive. Ile expressed great astonishment at the wonderful similarity in our methods of management, neither of us having any knowledge of the labors of the other.
Our hives he found to differ in some very important respects. In Dziergon's hive, the combs not being attached to movable frames but to bars, cannot be removed without cutting. In my hive, any comb may be taken out without removing the others; whereas in the Dziergon hive, it is often necessary to cut and remove many combs to get access to a particular one; thus if the tenth from the end is to be removed, nine must be taken out. The German hive does not furnish the surplus honey in a form the most salable in our markets, or admitting of safe transportation in the comb. Notwithstanding these disadvantages, it has achieved a great triumph in Germany, and given a new impulse to the cultivation of bees.
The following letter from Samuel Wagner, Rsq, Cashier of the Bank of York, in York, Pennsylvania, will show the results obtained in Germany by the new system of management, and his estimate of the superior value of my hive to those there in use.
* Freacounol Tsertson.
"York, Pa., Dee. 24, 1852.
"Diaz Sir :-The Dzierzon theory and the system of bee-management based thereon, were originally promulgrated _hypothetically_ in the 'Eichstadt Bienen-zeitung,' or Bee-Journal, in 1845, and at once arrested my attention.
. Subsequently, when in 1848 at the instance of the Prussian Government, the Rev. Mr. Dzierzon published his 'Theory and Praetiee of Bee Culture,'I imported a copy which reached me in 1849, and which I translated prior to January, 1850. Before the translation was completed I received a visit from my friend the Rev. Dr. Berg, of Philadelphia, and in the course of conversation on beekeeping, mentioned to him the Dzierzon theory and system as one which I regarded as new and very superior, though I had had no opportunity for testing it practically. In February following, when in Philadelphia, I left with him the translation in manuscript--up to which period I doubt whether any other person in this country had any knowledge of the Dzierzon theory ; except to Dr. Berg, I had never mentioned it to any one save in very general terms.