BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
**Corners.--**Metal. This term is properly applied to pieces of sheet metal which are fastened to the corners of wooden frames for the purpose of strengthening them. The term has, however, been used to designate pieces of metal which, when applied to the upper corners of the ordinary hanging frames, form the projecting supports from which the rest of the frame hangs. Such so-called corners are shown at c in the figure.
A more appropriate name for these would be metal arms. Metal arms have been constructed in various ways--of wire and of sheet tin. The usual way is to make them of tin, and they are so formed that they may be folded round the corner of the frame so as to hold firmly and present two thin edges by which they rest upon the bearers or rabets. The advantage of metal corners is that the bees cannot fasten the frames to the rabets with propolis. The frames are therefore easily set free for examination and do not require to be priel loose. The disadvantages are that the frames move about very easily when the hive is carried. Some very able bee-keepers do not like them on this account.
**Cover Board.--**Honey board.
**Crate.--**A skeleton box for holding sections either on the hive or on their way to market.
**Cross.--a.** Irritable; easily made angry.
**Cross.--n.** When two races or breeds are bred together the progeny is said to be a _cross._ See _Hydrid_.
**Cross-Mated.--**A queen of any breed which has met a drone of another breed may be said to be _cross-mated._ This term is greatly to be preferred to the word "impurely" mated, which really has no meaning whatever.
**Cross Stleks.--Sticks,** or spleets as they are sometimes called, which are placed in box and straw hives to support the combs.
**Crown Board.--**Honey board.
**(ry Baek.--**It is a curious fact, well known to breeders of the higher animals, that the effect of a cross will frequently disappear for several generations and then appear again in a very marked degree. This principle is known to physicians as _Altevish_ (q. v.), and amongst breeders of stock such progeny is said to "'cr back,"--a term derived from a well known hunting expression. It is therefore never safe to breed from two cross-bred animals. Crossing between pure breil animals is permissible when we intend to use the cross itself or when we intend to breed from it by mating with a pure male or female, but not otherwise.
**Cushion.--** A bag or similar receptacle filled with some porous material which does not conduct heat freely. Cushions are used to protect the bees, and may be used both on top, sides or bottom of the frames. When used at the sides, the form employed is generally called a _division board_ (q. v.).
**(Viprian Bee.--** A race of bees found in the Island of Cyprus. They resemble the Italians very closely. Prof. Cook says "'they may be distinguished by the bright, leather-colored'. Innule which tips their thorax posteriorly, and by the fact that the under side of their bodies is yellow to the tip. They are more active than are the Italians, and the queens are more prolific. The good qualities of the Italians seem all to be exaggerated in the Cyprian, except the trait of amiability. The Cyprian bees are second only to the Egyptian in irritability. That they will become less cross with handling is to be expected." See _Race_.
**Dalmatian Bee.--** A race of bees found in Dalmatia. They are slim, wasp-like, and very black, the wings of the abdomen being banded with a light yellow. See _Race_.
**Dead \(\Lambda\)ir-Space.--** See _Air Space_, _Dead_.
**Decoy Hive.--** A live properly arranged for the reception of bees and set out in the hope that a swarm will take possession of it. This device is very old, but has never been _generally_ successful, although occasionally a swarm will be secured by it. It was described by Markham in his 'Countrie Farm " (1610).
**Deprivation.--** Removing honey from the hives.
**Deserting Colony.--** Colonies frequently leave their hives in a body in fall or spring, when their supplies are exhausted or other conditions are unfavorable. Colonies under such circumstances have been called "'Abnormal Swarms " and "'Abscending Swarms " (q. v.), but neither of these terms is quite applicable under the circumstances. The term _Deserting Colony_ expresses the exact condition of affairs.
**Dlarrhea.--** Generally called Dysentery (q. v.).
**Dipping Plate.--**\(\Lambda\) plate of wood or metal which on being dipped in melted wax becomes coated with a thin layer or sheet of this material. This sheet is then peeled off, and after being passed through a proper mill or press is known as comb foundation, or simply as foundation (contracted to f d n).
**Distance Guides** \(ackslash\) Pins or blocks attached to the sides of the
**Distance Pins** \(ackslash\) top bar of a frame to aid in keeping it in position, and at a proper distance from the others.
**Dividing.--**\(\Lambda\) method of artificial swarming by dividing a colony.
**Division Board.--** A board used for dividing a live so as to contract the space in which the colony is kept. They are of two kinds: The plain ones consist simply of a thin board; the cbacushion division board consists of a frame about two inches thick, the sides being covered with very thin boards, and the hollow being filled with chaff. The latter are a most excellent device for preventing the escape of heat from the cluster in winter and early spring. Some writers think it is "too much machinery," but we think the advantages greatly overbalance the very slight extra complication. A Chaff Cashion Division Board is shown in the annexed engraving. We believe this contrivance is due to A. I. Root.
**Dollar Queen.--**See _Queen, Dollar_.
**Driving Bees.--**Bees may be caused to leave their combs and hive and pass into an empty box by continued rapping on the sidev of the hive. This is often done for the purpose of transferring, making new swarms, etc., and is called driving.
**Drone.--**A male bee.
**Drone Brook1.--**The common name for brood which produces drones. More properly termed _brook drones_.
**Drone Comb.--**Comb with cells large enough to certain drone brood.
**Drone Egg.--**An expression generally used to denote those eggs which produce drones. More properly termed _egg drones_.
**Drone Trap.--**A trap for catching drones. It generally consists of a cage of some sort with meshes or wires through which the workers can pass freely, but through which the drones cannot pass. Into this cage the drones are led by a long or crooked passage so that they cannot find their way back. The workers fly off and the drones are kept prisoners.
The modern improvements in hives, and especially the invention of foundation, enable us to control completely the production of drones, and it is better to prevent their being reared than to waste honey in producing them.
Sometimes, however, the bees tear down worker eomb and raise drones. They may then be destroyed while in the brood condition. Shaving their heads off is a simple method. Sometimes we wish to remove them after they have emerged; in that case the drone trap is of great use.
**Drumming.--**To rap or beat the sides of a hive for the purpose of alarming the bees and causing them to leave their comb and hive and pass into another receptacle. See _Driving Bees_ and _Foreing Stearms._
**Dummies.--**A term applied by some English writers to division boards. A contraction for _dummy frames_.
**Duplet.--**The hive set over or under another.--_Keys._
**Duplicate.--**To set one hive over another.
**Dysentery.--**A disease in which bees void large quantities of very soft faces. Cause and cure are not yet fully understood. Even the nature of the disease is unknown. Some claim that diarrhoea is the proper name for the disease, and probably it is, but the advances thus far made in insect pathology do not warrant as in coming to a decision. It may be, however, that ere long the pathological histology of the bee will be so well understood that this point will be fully decided. In the meantime, there can be no objection to the use of the old word.
**Egg.--**The first condition of the bee after it leaves the body of the mother. When first extruded, and before it has been exposed to the air, the egg has a soft glutinous surface which enables it to adhere to any object which it may touch. The queen places it at the bottom of the cell and it remains as shown in the figure which is considerably magnified.
When a colony is in good order all the eggs in the hive are laid by the queen, but it sometimes happens that fertile workers (q. v.) are present, and they too lay eggs. Such eggs are often, and we think not improperly, called _ieorker eggs_. The queen lays eggs under three different conditions, and capable of producing three different kinds of bees--queens, workers and drones. Sneh eggs pegged are generally called _queen eggs, worker eggs,_ in cell. and _dyone eggs,_ but it is obvious that this mode of expression is faulty. All eggs laid under proper conditions are _queen eggs;_ there are no "'drone eggs," for drones never lay eggs, and by "'worker eggs" may be meant eggs laid by workers. If, however, we regard the word egg in this case as denoting the condition of the bee, we may be enabled to express exactly what we want to say without circumloeution or doubt. The terms _egg queens, egg developers, egg drones,_ express the facts precisely. In the case of eggs laid by workers, which eggs always produce drones, "worker eggs" would be proper, and the expression "worker egg drones" would distinguish them from " queen egg drones."
**Egg Drone.--**A drone in the condition of an egg. An egg which will produce a drone. Such eggs, when queen eggs, are known by being laid in drone cells. Worker eggs (that is, eggs laid by workers) are laid in any kind of cell.
**Egg Queen.--**This is undoubtedly the same as an egg worker.
**Egg Worker.--**A worker in the condition of an egg. Such eggs are always laid by queens, and are really queen eggs.
**Egyptian Bee.--**This bee was at one time regarded as a distinct species and named _apis fusciata_, but it is now generally thought to be a mere variety or race belonging to _apis mellifera_, the common honey bee.
"The German apiarist, Herr Vogel, has given special attention to this variety, and has discovered in it some interesting peculiarities. It never gathers propolisis, but uses wax in its place; and it seems proof against the cold. But the most singular fact that has cone to his knowledge is, that there exist regularly in an Egyptian colony some twelve or so small drone-laying queens, which would be called fertile workers but that they have a distinctive appearance, consisting in the waxen yellow of their breasts--a feature which is possessed also by the drones of their progeny."--_Neighbour_.
Under these conditions it will be interesting to study the question of hybridity in connection with this bee, and we have made arrangements to do so.
Prof. Cook says of these bees: "They are very yellow, intensely cross, and frequently have fertile workers. They are probably the bees that are famous in history, as having been moved up and down the Nile in rude boats or rafts, as the varying periods of nectar-secreting bloom seemed to demand."
**Eke.--**An addition to a hive, making it larger. This term was generally used in connection with the old straw hives or skeps, and by it was meant an additional ring or hoop, the same diameter as the original straw hive, placed under the old hive. Neighbour defines _eke_ as half a hive placed below the main hive, while a whole hive used in the same way is called a ".nadir" (q. v.). We believe, however, that any addition to the old straw live was called an ".eke," which merely signifies an addition.
**Emerging Bees** \(ackslash\) Young bees just leaving the cells in which
**Emerging Broad** \(ackslash\) they were raised. The term _ketching brood_ is frequently but improperly applied to young bees in this condition. See _Hatch_.
**Engraft.--**A queen cell is said to be _engrafted_ when it is taken from one comb and so arranged in another that the bees fasten it properly.
**Entrance.--**The opening or passage through which bees enter and leave the hive.
**Entrance Blocks.--**Blocks by means of which the entrance to a hive may be regulated as to size and position.
**Entrance Guard.--**A device by means of which queens and drones are prevented from entering or leaving the hive while the workers have free passage. This is accomplished by fastening in front of the usual entrance a strip of wood or metal, pierced with holes which are just large enough to admit a worker, but too small to allow a queen or drone to pass. A very excellent form of this device is that shown in the figure and known as Jones' Entrance Guard. It is made of zinc, the openings in which do not change by being alternately wet and dry.
**Extractor.--**A machine by means of which the honey is thrown out of the cells by centrifugal force. The honey is collected in suitable vessels and the combs, quite uninjured are returned to the hive. A very good form of this machine is shown in the figure on the opposite page.
**Extracted Honey.--**Honey that has been taken from the combs by means of the extractor. Prior to the invention of the extractor, honey was obtained in a liquid state by mashing the comb and straining out the honey. Honey obtained in this way from combs taken from the body of the hive (as in the old system of brinstoning) is always contaminated with bee-brend, the animal fluids of larvae and other impurities. It was called _strained honey_ (q.v.), and this term should always be applied to it, while the term _extracted honey_ should always be used to denote honey obtained by means of the extractor.
**Farina.--**This word literally means flour, but it has been used occasionally by botanists to signify pollen, and consequently bee-keepers have sometimes used it in the same sense. But in view of the fact that true flour is used by bees as well as true pollen, it would be well to avoid the use of the word farina as a synonym for pollen.
**Feenndate.--**To impregnate. The queen is feenndated during a successful wedding trip. The words _fertile_ and _fertilize_ are generally used where the words _fecundated_ and _fecundate_ ought to be employed. See _Fertilize_.
**Feeder.--A device for holding bee-food in such a way that the bees can readily take it without being drowned.**
**Fertile**
**Fertilize**
**Fertilization**
**_date_ and _fecundation_, is greatly to be regretted. It is true that the word _fertilization_ is used by botnists quite generally to signify the process by which the pollen renders the ovale fertile, and there are a few instances, outside of works on the bee, in which the same word is used to signify the act of fecundating the ovnm in animals, but in the latter case its use is exceptional and, in the ease of the queen bee, improper; because the word, if used in this sense, has two distinct meanings, and hence confusion is apt to arise. The word _fertile_ means fruitful, and a queen bee may be fruitful without having been fecundated. Indeed, we ordinarily speak of fertile workers, which are never fecundated. It is true that in both these cases, drones only areproduced, but this does not alter the case; it would still be impossible to speak of either the queen or worker as _unfruitful_. If, however, we relegate the words under consideration to their proper places, and give them their most usual signification, we shall be able properly to speak of a _fertile_ and _fecundated_ queen as meaning one that is both fruitful and impregnated. See _Fecundate_. The subject is also discussed in our Introduction.
**Filly.--**A fourth swarm, the third being called a _coll_ (q. v.). A coll is a male foal; a filly is a female foal. In this country the term _coll_ is applied to the young of the horse without distinction of sex, but this is an Americanism which ought to be carefully avoided by all who appreciate accuracy of language.
**Flight.--**An after swarm or cast.
**Flight, Cleansing,--**When bees issue from the hive to void their feces, after a long confinement, they are said to take a _cleansingflight_.
**Flight, Marriage**
**Flight, Marinional**
**Flight, Welding**
**Flight, The queen makes an excursion from the hive for the purpose of**
**Flight, The queen has a marriage flight. Such a flight is said to be _successful_ or _unsuccessful_ according to obvious circumstances.
**Floor Board.--**The bottom board (q. v.).
**Flour.--**See _Meal_.
**Forage.--**Bee-food obtained from natural sources.
**Force.--**To drive. See _Driving Bees_.
**Forcing Box.--**A box which is made to fit exactly over a hive so that the bees may be driven into it by the process of drumning (q. v.). In this way artificial swarms are forced, and the bees are sometimes removed from the hive previous to the process of transferring.**
**Foul Brood.--**The name of a disease which is undoubtedly the most dangerous to which bees are subject. But little is really known regarding it with any degree of certainty. It is now generally thought to be due to the growth of a microseopic fungus, though this is by no means certain. It affects the brood but not the old bees, and generally gives evidence of its presence by its horrible odor.
**Foundation.--**Sometimes contracted to _fdl n_. This term was used by Huish and the older writers to signify guide comb, used to induce the bees to build comb on the slats or bars of the bar-hive. It is now applied exclusively to sheets of wax so stamped as to form an artificial beginning for comb-building. By many it is regarded as one of the three great inventions which have entirely revolutionized bee-keeping, while others, who by no means stand low down in the ranks of bee-keepers,think that the advantages to be derived from the use of foundation are greatly overestimated.
One of the great objections to the use of foundation is its tendency to sag and thus distort the cells, which in this way are made longer in one direction than in another. This is very well shown in the engraving, where it will be seen that the cells are much larger from top to bottom than from side to side. To prevent this various devices have been employed--the most efficient being either to wire the frames (see _Frame, Wired_) or to insert line wires in the foundation itself.
**Frame.--**When the word _frame_ is used by bee-keepers, without any qualification, it signifies the movable frame in which comb is fastened or built. Frames are usually made of three light strips of wood which, with a stronger one called the top-bar, form a rectangle. The parts of the frame are as follows:
The arms are the projecting portions of the top-bar which rest upon the rabbets or bearers. The comb-guide is that portion of the top-bar which projects downwards at C, and serves not only to strengthen the top-bar, but to secure the sheet of foundation. Before foundation was introduced, bee-keepers relied upon this depending part of the top bar to guide the bees in making straight comb. Hence the term "comb-guide." There are several very different sizes of frames in use, the following being the dimensions of those most used:
outside dimensions of the principal frames in use.
_Note.--_These are the outside dimensions in inches of the rectangular part; the arms project at each end \(
rac{9}{4}\) of an inch.
egin{tabular}{l c c} & Length. & Depth. \ Adair................ & \(13
rac{3}{4}\) & \(11
rac{1}{4}\) \ American & \(12\) & \(12\) \ Gallup & \(11
rac{1}{4}\) & \(11
rac{1}{4}\) \ Langstroth & \(17
rac{3}{4}\) & \(9
rac{1}{4}\) \ Quinby & \(18
rac{1}{4}\) & \(11
rac{1}{4}\) \ Quinby frames with closed ends & \(19
rac{1}{4}\) & \(11\) \ Simplicity & \(17
rac{3}{4}\) & \(9
rac{1}{4}\) \ Standard of the British Association of Bee-Keepers, 14 inches long by \(8
rac{1}{2}\) deep. & **Frame, Broad.--**A frame filled with brood comb. & **Frame, Broad.--**A wide frame for holding sections. It is lung in the hive like any other frame, but the comb being built in sections is easily removed. A better term is _Wide Frame_ (q. v.) & **Frame Cover.--**The mat or thin sheet used for covering the tops of the frames for the purpose of keeping the bees down. It is generally made of enamel cloth or duck. Sometimes improperly called a quilt (q. v.). A mat (q. v.) is sometimes used instead of a cloth cover. & **Frame, Hanging.--**A frame made to _hang_ in the hive from rabbets or bearers. See _Frame, Standing_. & **Frame Holder.--**A stand for holding frames while the bee-keeper is at work. & **Frame, I.--**The Langstroth frame. & **Frame Stand.--**Same as Frame Holder (q. v.). & **Frame, Standing.--**A frame which stands upon the bottom bar instead of hanging from arms resting on rabbets or bearers. & **Frame, Wired.--**A frame in which vertical and diagonal wires are placed so as to prevent either the bottom bar or any comb or foundation that may be in the frame from sagging. &
Wired frames frequently have a stout tin bar placed vertically in the center as shown in the figure. This we dislike on two grounds: 1. We object to any metal in the hive except the very finest wire. Metal is too good a conductor of heat, and carriesaway the heat from the cluster too rapidly. 2. Anything that takes up permanently a large space in the centre of the combs is objectionable.
We place a stiff wooden rod between the top bar and the bottom bar when the frame is wired, and as soon as the bees have built out the comb this rod is removed and its place is soon filled with comb.
**Frog-Cheese.--**The puff ball. A large fungus used for smoking bees.
**Fune-Box.--**"The box kept for the purpose of fmining."--_Keys._ Bees were "funed" or "funigated" by exposing them to the smoke of the puff-ball (q. v.) which stupefied them to such an extent that they fell from the combs.
**Fume**\(\left\{
ight\}\)\(v\). To expose to stupefying fumes. The word is never used in reference to destructive fumes like those of sulphur.
**Fuzz-Ball.--**The puff-ball (q. v.).
**(ierman Bee.--**The common honey-bee; the kind usually kept in box hives. Called also _Black Bee_ and _Brown Bee_. See _Race_.
**(liassing.--**Putting glass in sections or honey boxes.
**(Glucose.--**This word means _sweet_, and has no relation to the _gluey_ or sticky qualities of the substance, as some writers on beekeeping seem to think. It is a variety of sugar, and its chemical relations will be found in this work _s. v. Suger_.
Glucose is a natural constituent of the juice, and especially of the nectar of many plants, and as such, it is present in all honey. It is consequently exceedingly difficult to detect it when it is used as an adulterant of this article.
**(glucose, Artificial.--**Artificial glucose is made from starch, the process being to change the chemical constitution of the starch by means of acids, and then remove the acids by means of lime. When moderately well made it contains no starch, as many bee-keepers seem to think, and no dextrine--and these two impurities are easily detected, as are also the sulphuric acid and calcite sulphate (plasticer of paris), which are present in very rudely prepared specimens. Glucose can also be prepared from rags and from saw-dust; but when the latter material is used the product is so difficult to purify that it is fit only for the manufacture of the coarser kinds of alcohol used for varnishes, etc.
In commerce, however, _glucose_ is a name appropriated to a strong solution of grape sugar, in which the conversion of the starch is not carried quite to completion, and consequently some specimens contain a large proportion of dextrine. The term _grape sugar_ is applied to the same compound, further converted, and reduced to a solid condition. Of the nature and characteristics of glucose most writers on bee culture have a very confused idea. The editor of one of our prominent bee-journals told his readers recently that it was "'s liquid and always a liquid." This is a mistake, as every chemist knows, and we understand that some western manufacturers are now producing crystallized glucose which, in appearance, is almost equal to granulated cause sugar.