BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That the Inspector of Apiaries shall have full power, in his discretion, to order any owner or keeper of bees, dwelling in box hives, in apiaries where disease exists, to transfer such bees to movable frame hives within a specified time, and in default of such transfer, the Inspector, may order the destruction of such box-hives and the bees dwelling therein.
Certificates Required on Bees Coming into Tennessee
Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That any person, firm or corporation who shall bring into the State of Tennessee, any colony or colonies of bees, shall immediately notify the Inspector of Apiaries of such fact, stating where such bees are being kept, and shall at the same time file with the said Inspector a certificate from the duly appointed Inspector in the County or State from which such bees were shipped, stating that such colony or colonies are free from any infectious or contagious disease; and in default of such certificate it shall be the duty of the Inspector of Apiaries to proceed to examine such bees, and ascertain whether they are free from Foul Brood or other disease. Any person, firm, or corporation who shall fail to notify the Inspector as required by this Section, for a period of ten days from the arrival within the State of Tennessee of such colony or colonies of bees, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars.
Inspection Required of Queen Bees
Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That any person, firm or corporation, engaged in the rearing of queen bees for sale, to use honey for the making of candy for use in mailing cages, which has been boiled for at least thirty minutes. Any person so engaged in the rearing of queen bees shall have his apiary or apiaries inspected at least twice during each summer season, and upon the discovery of any disease which is infectious or contagious in its nature, and injurions to bees, said person shall at once cease to ship queen bees from such diseased apiary until the Inspector of apiaries shall declare the said apiary free from any disease. Any queen breeder who shall violate the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars.
Precautions of Inspector
Sec. 9. Be it further enacted, That the Inspector, after inspecting infected bees, or handling infected hives or fixtures, shall, before proceeding to any other apiary, thoroughly disinfect any portion of his person or clothing or any tools used by him which have come in contact with any infected material.
Report of Inspector
Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, That the Inspector of Apiaries shall make an annual report to the Commissioner of Agriculture giving the number of apiaries inspected, the number of diseased apiaries found, the number of colonies treated, and the number of colonies destroyed, and statistics bearing on the bee industry.
Saliary of Inspector
Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That the Inspector of Apiaries shall receive a salary of five hundred dollars per annum, together with all necessary expenses while actually engaged in performing his duties under the provisions of this Act, provided such salary and expenses shall not exceed one thousand dollars per annum.
Appropriation to State Board of Entomology
Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, That the sum of one thousand dollars annually be, and is hereby appropriated to the State Board of Entomology, in order to carry out the provisions of this Act.
Comptroller to Draw Warrant
Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, That the Comptroller of the State be, and is hereby authorized to issue his warrant upon the State Treasurer for the sum of one thousand dollars annually, out of any funds not otherwise appropriated; that said sum shall be made payable quarterly to the State Board of Entomology upon the presentation of the proper vouchers.
Sec. 14. Be it further enacted, That this Act shall take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it, and that all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act are hereby repealed.
Passed April 6, 1911. Approved April 19, 1911.
STATE BEEKEPERS' ASSOCIATION
After the State Board of Entomology had sent Instruction in
out some 2000 blanks relative to the beekeeping
beekeeping
interests of the State, nearly all of which were carefully filled out and returned, it was very evident that the State was well adapted to beekeeping and that the beekeepers were very desirous of information on modern beekeeping. Consequently, in 1906 there was started, for the first time in Tennessee, a course in beekeeping. This was given at the University in connection with the Agricultural Short Course. Several students, both men and women, from different parts of the State attended regularly this course. From the interest taken and the enthusiasm shown it was conclusive that with very little effort a large class in beekeeping would be possible. In 1907 a course in beekeeping was continued with a better attendance and increased facility for developing the practical side of the work. This year prizes were offered for two of the best essays entitled "The Value of the Honey Bee to the Farmer." Prizes were offered by queen breeders and manufacturers of beekeepers' supplies. This feature, together with several talks by practical beekeepers, were features which meant much to the course. In 1908 the course in beekeeping was given for the third year, in connection with the Agricultural Short Course. The number of students registered for the work was 27, representing both sexes, from different parts of the State. Prizes were again offered this year for the best essay on "Why Beekeeping Should be Encouraged in Tennessee." Lantern slide views, charts, models, a full line of beekeeping equipment, with practical talks illustrated by free-hand sketches, featured the course, adding both simplicity and practical importance. The afternoons during the course were devoted to practice in constructing hives and putting together hive parts, placing foundation in brood and super frames, also sections, in making syrups for fall and spring feeding. Several afternoons were profitably spent in visiting apiaries in proximity to Knoxville.
At the close of this third successful session many History of the
of the practical beekeepers and attendants became
State Beekeepers'
interested in forming a State beekeepers'
tion. Many letters were written to beekeepers'
in the different parts of the State and on the last
day of the course in beekeeping a meeting was held for the purpose
of forming an association. Many talks were made in favor of an
association and letters read from absent members. As result of a
motion that a State beekeepers' association be formed the vote was
unanimous, and the following officers were elected: President G. M. Bentley, Knoxville; Vice-President, Jno. M. Davis, Spring Hill; Secretary-Treasurer, Edward S. Ezell, Church Hill.
Dues of the Association were fixed and a committee appointed to
draw up a constitution and by-laws. In the spring of 1909 the secretary of the Central Tennessee Beekeepers' Association, an organization
recently formed by the beekeepers of Davidson, Wilson and Williamson Counties, asked for suggestions in regard to the blending of the
two associations. This was deemed advisable by both officers and
members of the two associations and the Tennessee Beekeepers' Association was the result. The organization is in a very prosperous condition, having over 100 members. Meetings are held several times during the year at Nashville. For the past two years the January meeting has been held in conjunction with the three-days annual meetings
of the State nurserymen and fruitgrowers.
Following is the program: The accompanying figure shows those
in attendance at the January (1913) meeting.
The Tennessee Beekeepers' Association held its
Annual Conven-
Annual Convention, Friday, January 31, at the
of the State
Maxwell House, Nashville, sessions being held
Beekeepers' Assoc-
citation 1913
both morning and afternoon. A number of
interesting addresses, lectures, and discussions were
made, affording a great deal of general and
the members present, and several matters of
routine
business were
The officers elected for the ensuing year were as follows: President, Jno. M. Davis, Spring Hill; Vice-President, N. O. Walker, Franklin; Secretary-Treasurer, J. M. Buchanan, Franklin.
The annual address was delivered by the President W. M. Joseph,
of Nashville. He reviewed the progress of the Association, and
outlined the things for which the organization stands. He also devoted
some time to his views on certain problems facing beekeepers. He was
followed by Porter Ward, of Elkton, Ky., who spoke on "Does Bekeeeping Pay?" He answered this question with an emphatic affirmative, saying that few professions or lines of business afford greater profits
from the capital used, always provided that modern methods and equipment are used.
A discussion of the Pure Food Laws as applying to the sale of
honey was carried on by several members, it being stated that these
laws are good and quite adequate, but that honest beekeepers should
be constantly on the lookout for violators.
An interesting stereopticon lecture on "Tennessee Beekeeping"
was made by Dr. J. S. Ward, of Nashville, State A
He showed lantern slides illustrating live conditions in this State as
he found them in pursuing his official work as Inspector. He made
a number of optimistic remarks on the outlook for the beekeepers in
Tennessee, and pointed out a number of good, new methods applying
to the business.
The afternoon session began with an address by G. M. Bentley,
of Knoxville, on "The Apiary Inspectors' Meeting at Cleveland, Ohio."
This meeting was held last December; the report gave a number of interesting excerpts from the transactions of the Convention.
Dr. L. E. Webb, of St. Bethlehem, made a short talk on "The Pleasures of Beekeeping," and delighted the audience with his skilled method of handling the subject. He showed that the business can be made a very profitable one, and that it is also one from which many pleasures can be derived. He dwelt on the life and habits of bees, showing the interesting features connected with them.
RELATION OF BEEEKEPING TO HORTICULTURE
Paper read before the State Horticultural Society by Dr. J. S. Ward
Outside of the beekeeping world the great majority of people think that the only benefit humanity receives from bees is the production of honey and wax. It is not generally known nor even understood that bees were created not so much for the purpose of gathering the delicious sweet for mankind, as for carrying the pollen grains from one flower to another, so that these may bear fruit and seed. The real economical value of the bees is to be found in the work of fertilizing
and cross-fertilizing seed and fruit-bearing plants so valuable to man; the honey and wax is secondary.
Comparative anatomy and physiology between animal and plant life is one of nature's most interesting studies. Animals have a skeleton, so does the tree in its cellulose tissue; animals have a skin, so does vegetation in its bark; animals have a circulation, lungs, and digestive ferments; the tree presents corresponding organs and functions in the flow of its sap, in the respiration and transpiration of its leaves and in the digestive function of its diastase ferment. Stronger still is the analogy when we come to the study of the anatomy and physiology of the generative organs. The sex organs exist in plants and flowers very much as in animals, and fertilization before fruitage is as absolute in one as in the other. In some species the male and female organs are found on different plants, as in the mulberry; again, these organs will be found in different flowers on the same growth, as in the common rag weed, also sometimes called bitter weed, or hog weed. Here the stamens and pistils occupy two distinct and entirely unlike flower. Common corn is another example of this class of plants that bearsthe sex organs in different flowers on the same growth. In the great majority of instances both organs are found in the same flower. No matter what the arrangement may be it is absolutely necessary that the pollen grains from the anther or the male part of the blossom reach the pistil, the female part of another. In some flowers the anther reach maturity and throw out the pollen before the seed chamber is developed or the stigmas receptive. In the willow bush we find a good example of this condition. In other plants the pistils mature before the anthers ripen as in the common figwort and the horse chestnut. Again we have flowers whose anthers and pistils mature at the same time, but because of their relative position self-fertilization is impossible. Other arrangements might be mentioned showing the impossibility of self-fertilization and nature's demand for cross-breeding. All of this also tends to confirm the popular belief in the danger of close in-breeding in animals as well as in plants and the desirability of cross-breeding in stock and cross-fertilization in plant life.
A German writer by the name of Sprengel published a book in 1793 on "The Secret of Nature in the Form and Fertilization of Flowers Discovered," in which he claimed the independent creation of species through self-fertilization. Later on other investigators reached different conclusions; among them was Andrew Knight, whose experiments proved to him that in no plant does self-fertilization occur for an unlimited number of generations. It was not until after the appearance of Darwin's "Origin of Species" that Knight's theory was emphasized in a general law of nature. In Darwin's second work, entitled "Various Contrivacances by Which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilized by Insects," he sums up his work by stating that "Nature abhors perpetual self-fertilization."
The pollination or fertilization of plants is brought about in two ways: first, by the wind; second, by insects. Plants whose flowers are small and inconspicuous, as the willows, pines, oaks and birches,have very light and dry pollen, which in favorable weather may be blown about and pollinate many flowers, but often the wind is ineffective on account of the pollens being sticky by reason of moisture in the air in the form of rain, heavy dew or fog. Most of the flowers, however, are not of the "wind-bearing" type and require some other agents than the wind to carry the pollen, and these agents are the insects. Insects go from flower to flower gathering pollen or nectar for food, and in crawling over the stames and pistils they get their little bodies covered with the pollen grains and easily, effectively transfer them to the stigmas of other blossoms, resulting also in the cross-fertilization that nature demands. Observation and experiments teach that without insects there is but little pollination and without pollination the blossoms with their pistils wither and die without fruitage.
Muller in his investigations found that in Germany 2,750 out of 6,231 visits of insects to flowers were made by the Hymenoptera, and of this number (3,481) more than half (2,191) were made by the Apidae, the family to which the honey bee belongs. Waite, in his bulletin on "The Pollination of Pear Flowers" (Bul. 5, Div. of Veg. Pathology, U. S. Dept. Agr.) after mentioning a large number of species of insects which visit pear blossoms, says: "The common honey bee is the most regular and important abundant visitor, and probably does more good than any other species."
The bees need protein as well as carbohydrates to make a well-balanced ration for the young growing insects. The honey, which contains the saccharin or carbohydrates, is stored in large quantities, but the pollen, which contains the protein material, is not stored in any appreciable quantity; it is practically gathered from day to day. Nature thus compels the bees to use every opportunity to gather pollen for the maintenance of the colony--for self-preservation, and thereby inducing them to pollinate the blossoms, which would otherwise be unproductive.
Dr. Fletcher, in a paper read before the Ontario Association of Beekeepers, said: "It can be shown that, owing to its size, weight, and habits, no insect is so well calculated to insure the fertilization of fruit blossoms as the honeybee, which flies rapidly from plant to plant, and, by running over the flowers in search of pollen or nectar, brushes off the pollen and carries this vitalizing element on the hairs of its body to the next flower visited."
Dr Phillips says: "While the honey bee is, perhaps, not better equipped than other insects, especially other bees, for carrying pollen, there is one respect in which it outranks all others as a valuable asset to the fruit-grower. We are not able to propagate other insects in quantity, and introduce them to orchards at the proper time; but it is a very simple matter to carry in colonies of bees to insure a crop, if
Figure 55: Bees Carrying Pollen
the weather is fit for the bees to fly. Many orchardists realize this, and keep bees solely for the benefits derived from cross-fertilization of the fruit blossoms."
Mr. McIntyre at the California State Fruit-Growers' Association said: "A gentleman stated that he had a friend in this State who started into fruit-growing several years ago, locating thirty-five miles from any fruit-growing section, or where any bees were located. The first year that his trees blossomed, and in expectancy of at least some returns from his orchards, what should be the result but complete failure? He was advised to procure some bees to aid in the fertilization of the blossoms. He did so, and since then his orchard has been productive."
Mr. C. J. Berry, of Tulare County, California, whose fruit orchard contains over 400 acres, says: "Bees and fruit go together. I can't raise fruit without bees. Yes, sir'e. I have been all about my big orchard. Two years in succession I have put netting over some limbs of trees; and, while they blossomed all right, nary fruit; while on the same tree, where limbs were exposed to the aid of bees, plenty of fruit."
Dr. Fletcher, of the Ottawa Experiment Station, again says: "It will be found that not only are flowers absolutely necessary to bees, as the source of their food--nectar and pollen--but that bees and other
insets are no less necessary to most flowers, so that their perpetuation may be secured.
"This fact should be recognized by the fruit-grower above all others; for were it not for insects, and particularly for the honey bee, his crop of fruits would be far less than they are every year, and even in some cases he would get no fruit at all.
"Failure in the fruit crop is more often due, I think, to dull or damp weather at the time of blossoming, which prevents insects from working actively in the flowers, than to any other cause."
H. W. Collinwood, editor of the Rural New-Yorker, says: "We can easily forgive the bee his short working days when we consider the good he does. There is no question about the debt fruit-growers owe him. People talk about the wind and other insects in fertilizing our flowers; but I am confident that any man who will really take the time and pains to investigate for himself will see that the bee is nearly the whole story. I have seen the certain results of his good work in a neighbor's orchard. Those bees "broke the trees" down just as truly as though they had climbed on the trees by the million and pulled at them. The appearance of those trees after a few years of bekeeping would have convinced any fair-minded man that our little buzzing friends are true partners of the fruit-grower."
Figure 56: Buckwheat FlowersShowing Stigmas, Pollen Baskets and Nectar Glands
Thus we see that the interest of the beekeepers and of the fruit-growers are identical, and instead of clash between them there should be cooperation. They should live near one another or every orchardist should be a beekeeper or every beekeeper an orchardist. Dr. Phillips says in substance that it is a conservative estimate to claim that the honey bee does more good to agriculture in its office as a cross pollinator than it does as a honey gatherer. The estimated annual value of honey and wax in Tennessee is $250,000. With Dr. Phillips' statement that "the indirect benefits of the beekeeping industry add annually to the resources of the country considerably more than the amount received from the sale of honey and wax" we feel safe in placing the present value of the bees to the fruit-growers in Tennessee in the fertilization of the fruit blossoms at more than $400,000 annually. In the honey bee as pollinators of fruit and gatherers of honey and wax we have a combined valuation of approximately $1,000,000 annually.
In conclusion will say that the real value of the honey-bee has not been known, not realized and, of course, could not be appreciated. The possibilities of the beekeeping industry are great and in Tennessee alone can safely be placed at $2,000,000 annually. Education is needed. Ignorance alone stands in the way of progress along this agricultural line. An educational campaign is pleading for an opportunity which is made possible only by proper legislative enactments and the appointment of competent officials.
**BEEKEPING TERMS EXPLAINED**
**Absconding swarm--A swarm which leaves the hive and flies away.**
**After-swarm--Those swarming two or more times.**
**Alighting-board--Projecting board at hive entrance.**
**Apiarist--A beekeeper.**
**Apiarty--A collection of beehives, colonies, etc.**
**Apiculture--Beekeeping.**
**Artificial swarm--A swarm made by dividing the colony of bees.**
**Bee-bread--The pollen of flowers gathered and deposited by bees in the comb.**
**Bee escape--A trap through which bees pass one way but not the other.**
**Bee-gum--A hollow log used as a hive.**
**Bee hive--A box or confine in which bees live.**
**Bee-moth--A medium-sized moth which deposits eggs in the comb, the young of which do considerable damage to the comb. Their presence indicates a weak colony.**
**Bee-paralysis--A disease of adult bees.**
**Bee-plants--Flowering plants which produce nectar accessible to bees.**
**Bee-space--From one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch.**
**Beeswax--A wax excreted from the lower side of the abdomen of the bee, the foundation for the comb.**
**Bee tree--A tree occupied by a colony of bees.**
**Bee veil--A thin covering for protecting the head.**
**Black bee--A variety of honey bee from Germany. It is black or dark brown in color. It is frequently called wild bee.**
**Bottom board--The floor of the hive.**
**Box hive--A plain box used as a bee hive.**
**Broad--Young bees still in the honey comb.**
**Broad-comb--Honeycomb in which the queen deposits eggs.**
**Brushed swarm--An artificial swarm of bees produced by the brushing part of the bees of a full colony into an empty hive--practiced to prevent swarming.**Candied honey--Honey which has crystalized.
Cappings--The wax coverings of cells.
Carniolan bee--A variety of honey bee supposed to have originat-ed from Carniola, Austria.
Carton--A pasteboard box for holding comb honey.
Colony--A mass of bees comprising a swarm.
Comb--Six-sided cells made of beeswax, to hold honey or young bees.
Comb foundation--Beeswax which has been stamped into thin sheets to imitate honeycomb.
Comb honey--Honey and comb in natural condition.
Cyprian bee--A variety of honey bee supposed to have originated in the Island of Cyprus.
Danzenbaker brood frame--17 long, 7% inches deep dividing the separation of a colony into two or more colonies.
Division-board--A partition used in the hive to reduce its size.
Drone--A male bee, the product of an unfertilized egg.
Entrance--An opening in a hive through which bees enter and leave.
Extracted honey--Honey separated from comb.
Extractor--A contrivance for throwing honey from uncapped combs.
Feeders--Devices for artificially feeding bees.
Foul brood--A bacterial brood disease, contagious.
Frame--Four small pieces of wood fastened together to hold the honeycomb.
Hive--Artificial quarters for bees.
Holy Land bees--A variety of honey bee supposed to have originated in Palestine.
Honey--Nectar of flowers gathered by bees and stored in comb.