BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
* like that and one like Fig. 151 complete a set; the latter is about 9 in. long, and the loop 2 in. diameter. It requires 15 in. of wire. The making of a Bingham knife (Fig. 152) is not to be undertaken, except the manufacturer has special facilities for that-kind of work. The blade is made of good saw steel, 6 or 7 in. long and from 2 in. to 3 in. wide, shaped to the pattern shown, and sharpened all round like a chisel, from the under side only. A tang is made of \(\lx@sectionsign\) in. iron or steel, one end being pointed to fit the handle and the other flattened so as to be riveted to the blade. The two rivets should be countersunk into the under side.of the blade and ground flush with its surface ; when the blade is laid flat on a board,
the handle is raised about an inch from it, and the tang should be bent in such a manner as to secure this. The knife is not unlike a mason's trowel. An appliance for cutting passages through the
Figure 153: Comb Cutter.
Figure 152: Bingham Knife.
combs on the approach of winter is illustrated by Fig. 153. It is simply a tinplate cylinder about 1 in. in diameter and 4 in. or 5 in. long, having one end serrated so as to cut the comb more easily. Near the other end two wire lugs are soldered to afford a better hold to the fingers, as shown in Fig. 153.
The Cheshire transferring board, shown by Fig. 154, affords facilities for transferring the combs cut from a skep to a bar-framed hive. The table proper consists of sixteen tongues projecting from a back support about 10 in. To make it, a piece of wood about 16 in. long, 3 in. wide, and 1 in.
thick is planed quite flat and out of winding, the under surface being especially true. The tongues are all cut out of a piece of yellow pine 13 in. long, 1 in. thick, and about 11 in. wide. Fig. 155 is a view of the end of this piece of wood, showing how the tongues may be cut out. Of course, it will require care to cut the bevels to the proper angle, but any want of accuracy in the saw can be rectified by the trying plane. The dimensions of each tongue, when finished, will be : length, 13 in. ; top width, \(\frac{3}{4}\) in. ; bottom width, \(\frac{1}{4}\) in. ; depth, 1 in. The tongues must be nailed or, preferably, screwed to the back piece, each tongue being at right angles to the back, and the edges \(\frac{1}{4}\) in. apart. It is desirable to fill up the spaces between the
Figure 154: Cheshire Transferring Board.
tongues immediately underneath the support of the back with pieces of wood nicely fitted in.
The legs may be either fixed or folding, but in any case they will be cut to the shape shown in Fig. 154, the height being 6 in. or 8 in.; length from front to back, 12 in.; and thickness of the wood, 1 in. If they are folding, hinges should secure them to the back support, strap or butt hinges 3 in. wide doing the business very well. The outside surface of the legs is quite flush with the outer edge of the last tongue, and to prevent the leg shutting up when not wanted, a hook and eye, such as is used to hold the first door of a cupboard, is fitted, the hook being secured to the leg and the eye screwed into the surface of the tongue. This is shown at the right-hand side towards the back of Fig. 154. A tinplate tray to fill the space between the legs is necessary to catch any honey which may drop from the combs during manipulation. As the transferrer will be always exposed to the smearing of honey, it would be well to give it several coats of a hard varnish, which will make the surface washable. The bee keeper should always aim at perfect cleanliness.
Figure 155: Cutting Tongues from Board.
**IN D E X.**
Abbot's Broad - shouldered -
Broad Chamber for W.B.C. Bee
Frame, 49
Alley's Self-hiver, 150
American Jointed Frame, 52
--- Rapid Feeder, 145
Cages, Queen, 152-154
Case, Beehve Inspection, 84-
--- Bread Chamber, 14
--- Floor Board, 13
--- Furnishing, 49
---, Lim, 16
---, Surplus, 12
--- Materials for, 26
--- Perch, 15
--- Roof, 16
---, Tiering, 25-40 (_for_
--- Blast Pipe, 115
_details see_ Tiering Bar-frame
--- Diaphragm, 114
Bechilve
--- Fire-box, 113
--- Ventilation, 17
--- Funnel, 114
Basket, Comb, for Gerster Ex-
tractor, 138
B.B.K.A. Standard Frame, 49
Clearers, Super, 96-101
Bee Escape, Cone, 17
Comb Basket for Gerster Wax
---, Porter, 98
--- Feeder, American, 145
---, Float, 141
---, Hone Dummy, 144
---, Rapid, 145
---, Raynor, 142
---, Smokers, 102-115
---, Bee-space," 11
Bellows for Bee Smoker, 108
Springs, Bee Smoker, 108
Bennett's Self-hiver, 149
Bingham Bee Smoker, 102
--- Knife, 155
Biast Pipe for Clarke Smoker,
" Dummy," 61, 62
---, Cone, 107
--- for Queen Bee Hive, 94
---, Bock for Wiring Frame, 54
Body-box of Queen Bee Hive,
91-92
--- Tiering Bar-frame
--- Beehve, 31
---, W.B.C. Beehve, 44
--- Boller of Gerster Wax Ex-
---, Bracket, Porch, 36
Broad-shouldered Frames, 50
---, Floord Chamber, 14
---, Lining, 17
--- for Observatory Bee-
hive, 60
---,_INDEX_. I59
Escape, Porter, 98
Excluder, Queen, 63
Extractor, Cylinder, 123
Gerster, 133
Hande for Lifting Frames, 88
Honey, 116--132
Little Wonder, 116
Bolar, 133
Wax, 133--140
Wax, 153--140
Gerster Extractor, Using, 140
Guide-board, 58
Hatchet Stake, 103
Hoffman Self-spacing Frame, 59
Golar, 133
Hone Dummy Feeder, 144
Honey Extractor, Cylinder, 123
Hocks for Lifting Frames, 88
Hone Dummy, 144
Rapid, 145
Raynor, 149
Feeding Syrup, 67
Fire Box of Clarker Smoker,
Front Bee Feeder, 141
Floor Bearer for Tiering Bar-
frame Beehivc, 35
Board, 13
Observatory Beehive,
Tiering Bar-frame
Beehive, 34, 45
Brad, Embedded made
with, 57
for Tiering Bar-frame Beehive, 35
Folding Section, 65
Foundation, Fixing, in Frame,
Section with, 64
Frame-box for W.B.C. Beehive, 44
Frames, Abbot's Broad-should-
dered, 50
American Jointed, 52
B.B.K.A., 49
Block, for Wirling, 54
Broad-shouldered, 50
Fixing Foundation in, 54
Handle for Lifting, 88
Hoffman Self-spacing, 59
Hooks for Lifting, 88
for Observatory Beehive,
Self-spacing, 59
Shoulderless, 50
Standard, 49
Wax Sheet fixed in, 54
with W.B.C. Metal Ends,
Funnel for Bingham Smoker,
Clarke Smoker, 114
Furnishing Bechive, 48--66
Pine's Cast Metal End, 49
Pipe, Cone Blast, 107
Pipe-cover Queen Bee Cage, 152
Poreh for Beehive, 15
Gerster Extractor, 133
Bocker, 138
Riley, 138
Comb Basket, 138
Temporary Hives, 23
## Electro-Plating
With Numerous Engravings and Diagrams.
_Content.--_Introduction. Tanks, Vats, and other Apparatus. Batteries, Dynamos, and Electrical Accessories. Appliances for Preparing and Finishing Work. Silver-Plating, Copper-Plating, Gold-Plating, Nickel-Plating and Cycle-Plating. Finishing Electro-Plated Goods. Electro-Plating with Various Metals and Alloys. Index.
## Clay Modelling and Plaster Casting
With 153 Engravings and Diagrams.
### Violins and Other Stringed Instruments.
With about 18o Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Materials and Tools for Violin Making. Violin Moulds. Violin Making. Varnishing and Finishing Violins, Double Bass and a Violocello. Japanese One-string Violin. Mandolin Making, Guitar Making. Banijo Making. Zither Making. Dulcimer Making. Index.
**Glass Writing, Embossing, and Fascia Work.** (Including the Making and Fixing of Wood Letters and Illuminated Signs.) With _Topa Illustrations._
_Contents.--_Plain Lettering and Simple Tablets. Gold Lettering. Blocked Letters. Stencil Cutting, Gold Etching. Embossing. French or Treble Embossing. Incised Fascia, Stall-plates, and Grained Background. Letters in Perspective ; Spacing Letters. Arrangement of Wording and Coiors. Wood Letters. Illuminated Signs. Temporary Signs for Windows. Imitation Invalid Signs. Imitation Mosaic Signs. Specim Alphabets. Index.
## Photographic Chemistry
With 31 Engravings and Diagrams.
### Photographic Studios and Dark Rooms.
With 18o Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Planning Studios. Building Studios. Portable and Temporary Studios. Studios Improvised from Greenhouses, Dwelling Rooms, etc. Lighting of Studios. Backgrounds. Semic Accessories. Dark-Rooms. Portable Dark-Rooms. Dark-Rooms. Portable Dark-Rooms. Dark-Room Flittings. Portable Dark Tent. Index.
### Motor Bicycle Building.
With 137 Illustrations and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_Frame for Motor Bicycle. Patterns for Frame Castings. Building Frame from Castings. Making 34 H. P. Petrol Motor. Spray Carburettor for 31 H. P. Motor. Ignition Coils for Motor Cycles. Light-weight Petrol Motor for Attachment to Roadster Bicycle. Spray Carburettor for Light-weight Motor. Index.
### Rustie Carpentry.
With 172 Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Light Rustic Work, Flower Stands, Vases, etc. Tables, Chairs and Seats. Gates and Fences. Rosery Work, Porch, Swing Canopy Aviary, Footbridges Verandahs. Tool Houses, Garden Shelters, etc. Summer Houses, Dovecot. Index.
### Pumps and Rams: Their Action and Construction.
With 171 Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Suction Pumps and Lift Pumps. Making Simple Suction Pumps, Pump Cup Leathers, Pump Valves, Ram or Plunger Pumps. Making Bucket and Plunger Pumps. Construction of Plumbers' Force Pump, Wooden Pumps, Small Pumps for Special Purposes, Centrifugal Pumps, Air Lift, Mammoth, and Pulsometer Pumps, Hydraulic Rams. Index.
### Domestic Jobbing.
With 107 Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Cultery Grinding, Sharpening and Repairing. Simple Soldering and Brazing. China Riveting and Repairing. Chair Caning, Furniture Repairing, Glazing Windows, Umbrella Making and Repairing. Index.
### Tinplate Work.
With 28o Illustrations and Diagrams.
_Contents.--_Tinmen's Tools, Appliances and Materials. Elementary Examples in Tinplate. Hollowing Tinplate. Simple Round Articles in Tinplate. Saucepan Making. Square and Oval Kettle Making. Oil Cooking Stove. Set of Workshop Oil Cans. Fancy Paste Cutters. Lamps and Lanterns. Index.
### Other Volumes in Preparation.
DAVID McKAY, Publisher, 6to South Washington Square, Philadelphia.
N. HASLUCK. With numerous Illustrations in the Text. Each book contains about 160 pages, crown 8vo. Cloth, $1.00 each, postpaid.
Practical Drawightsmen's Work. With \(x26\) Illustrations,
_Caustiat.--_Drawing Boards. Paper and Mounting. Drawightsmen's Instruments. Drawing Straight Lines. Drawing Circular Lines. Elliptical Curves. Projection. Back Lining Drawings. Scale Drawings and Maps. Colouring Drawings. Making a Drawing. Index.
Practical Gastiting. With \(x20\) Illustrations.
_Counters.--_How Coal Gas is Made. Coal Gas from the Retort to the Gas Holder. Gas Supply from Gas Holder to Meter. Laying the Gas Pipe in the House. Gas Meters. Gas Burners. Incandescent Lights. Gas Fittings in Workshops and Theatres. Gas Fittings for Festival Illuminations. Gas Fires and Cooking Stoves. Index.
Practical Staircase Joinery. With \(x15\) Illustrations.
_Contrast.--_Introduction: Explanation of Terms. Simple Form of Staircase --Housed String Stair : Measuring, Planning, and Setting Out. Two-flight Staircase. Staircase with Winders at Bottom. Staircase with Winders at Top and Bottom. Staircase with Half-space of Winders. Staircase over an Oblique Plan. Staircase with Open or Cut Strings. Cut String Staircase with Brackets. Open String Staircase with Bull nose Step. Geometrical Staircases. Winding Staircases. Ships' Staircases. Index.
Practical Metal Plate Work. With \(x47\) Illustrations,
_Contrast.--_Materials used in Metal Plate Work. Geometrical Construction of Plane Figures. Geometrical Construction and Development of Solid Figures. Tools and Appliances used in Metal Plate Work. Soldering and Brazing. Tinning. Re-tinning and Galvanising. Examples of Practical Metal Plate Work. Examples of Practical Pattern Drawing. Index.
Practical Graining and Marbling. With \(\gamma 9\) Illustrations.
_Counters.--_Graining: Introduction, Tools, and Mechanical Aids. Graining Grounds and Graining Colors. Oak Graining in Oil. Oak Graining in Spirit and Water Colours. Pollard Oak and Knotted Oak Graining. Maple Graining Mahogany and Pitch-pine Graining. Walnut Graining, Yancy Wood Graining. Furniture Graining Imitating Woods by Staining. Imitating Inalid Woods. Marbling: Introduction, Tools, and Materials. Imitating Varieties of Marble. Index.
Painters' Oils Colors and Varnishes. With Numerous Illustrations.
_Counters.--_Painters' Oils. Color and Pigments. White Pigments. Blue Pigments. Chrome Pigments. Lake Pigments. Green Pigments. Red Pigments. Brown and Black Pigments. Yellow and Orange Pigments. Bronzon Colors. Driers. Paint Grinding and Mixing. Gums, Oils, and Solvents for Varnishes. Varnish Manufacture. Index.
Practical Plumbers' Work. With \(x98\) Illustrations.
_Counters.--_Materials and Tools Used. Solder and How to Make It. Sheet Lead Working. Pipe Bending. Pipe Jointing. Lead Burning. Lead-Work on Roofs. Index.
Practical Pattern Making. With \(x95\) Illustrations.
_Counters.--_Foundry Patterns and Foundry Practice. Jointing-up Patterns. Finishing Patterns. Circular Patterns. Making Core Boxes. Boring Holes in Castings. Patterns and Moulds for Iron Columns. Steam-Engine Cylinder Patterns and Core Boxes, Worm Wheel Pattern. Laund Bed Patterns. Head Stock and Poppet Patterns. Slide-rest Patterns. Valve Patterns and Core Boxes. Index.
Practical Handrailing. With \(x14\) Illustrations.
_Context.--_Principles of Handrailing. Definition of Terms. Geometrical Drawing. Simple Handrails. Wreathed Handrails on the Cylindrical System. The Uses of Models. Obtaining Tangents and Bevels. Face Moulds: their Construction and Use. Twisting the Wreath. Completing the Handrail. Orthogonal or Rights-angle System of Setting Wreathed Handrails. Handrails for Stone Stairs. Setting out Scrolls for Handrails. Setting out Moulded Caps. Intersecting Handrails without Basements. Index.
**Technical Instruction** (_continued_).
**Practical Brickwork.** With 368 Illustrations.
_Containts.--_English and Flemish Bonds. Garden and Boundary Walls. Bonds,for Square Angles. Excavations, Foundations, and Footings, Junctions of Cross Walls. Reveals, Piers, Angles and other Bonds. Jointing and Pointing. _D_D_amp-proof Courses and Construction. Hollow or Cavity Walls. Chimneys and Fripelaces. Gauged Work and Arches. Niches and Domes. Oriel Windows.
**Practical Painters' Work.** With Numerous Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Objects, Principles and Processes of Painting. Painters' Tools and Appliances. Materials used by Painters. Preparing Surfaces for Painting, Painting Woodwork, Painting Ironwork, Painting Stucco or Plaster; Disterning and Whitewashing Color Combination. House Painting, Varnish and Varnishing. Stains and Staining. Estimating and Measuring Painters' Work. Index.
**Textile Fabrics and Their Preparation for Dyeing. With Numerous Illustrations.**
_Contents.--_Cotton. Flax, Jute, and China Grass. Wool. Silk. Cotton Bleaching. Linen Bleaching. Mercerising. Wool Scoring and Bleaching, Scouring and Bleaching Silk. Water. About Dyeing. Index.
**Coloring Matters for Dyeing Textiles. With Numerous Illustrations.**
_Contents.--_Indigo Coloring Matters. Logwood Coloring Matters. Natural Red and Yellow Coloring Matters. Aniline Coloring Matters. Azo Coloring Matters. Anthracence Coloring Matters. Chrome Yellow, Iron Buff, Manganese Brown, Prussian Blue, Method of Devising Experiments in Dyeing. Estimation of the Value of Coloring Matters. Index.
**Sanitary Construction in Building.** With 131 Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Introductory. Soils, Subsoils, and Sites. Materials of Construction. Footings, Foundations, and Damp-proof Courses. Stability of Walls. Roods. Floors, Hearths, and Staircases. Air Space and Ventilation. A Typical Dwelling. Index.
**Iron : Its Sources, Properties, and Manufacture.** With Numerous Illustrations.
_Contents.--_Introductory; Terms Explained. Refractory Materials, Crucibles, etc. Ores of Iron. Metallurgical Chemistry of Iron. Cast Iron or Pig Iron. Preparation of the Ores. Changes in the Blast Furnace. Blast Furnace. Air Supply. Blowing Engines Working the Blast Furnace. By-products. Malleable or Wrought Iron. Production of Malleable Iron. Preparation of Malleable Iron in Open Hearths. Puddling. Refining Pig Iron and Dry Puddling. Forge Machinery. Iron-rolling Mill. Index.
**Steel': Its Varieties, Properties, and Manufacture.** With 132 Engravings and Diagrams. By William Henry Greenwood. Revised and Rewritten by A. Humboldt Sexton.
_Contents.--_Steel: Its Properties and Manufacture. The Bessemer Process. The Basic Bessemer Process. Modifications of the Bessemer Process. Gas Producers and the Siemens Furnace. The Siemens or Open-hearth Steel Process. The Basic Open-hearth Process. Modifications of the Open-hearth Process. Steel Works Appliances. The Cementation and Monor Steel Processes. Casting Steel. Forging and Rolling Steel. Microscopic Structure of Steel. Heat Treatment of Steel. Theory of Steel. Testing Steel. Specifications of Steel for Various Purpoes. Alloy Strels. Index.
_Other New Volumes in Preparation._
**DAVID McKAY, Publisher. 610 South Washington Square, Philadelphia.**
# **BEEKEPING FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE**
**By William H. Wolff**
NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS AND THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CO-OPERATINGIn the following pages the writer has drawn freely on his own experiences and on the writings and experiences of the recognized masters of this subject: especially has he made use of the excellent research work of Dr. E. F. Phillips and Mr. George Demuth of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and of the writings of A. I. and E. R. Root, of Chas. and C. P. Dadant, of Mr. F. C. Pellett and of Dr. C. C. Miller. The writer appreciates the assistance received from Dr. Phillips and Dr. B. N. Gates, both of whom were kind enough to read and criticize most of the manuscript during its preparation.
## 2 Bekeeping for New Hampshire
### W. H. Wolff
Bees are kept for two main reasons: first, for the products of the bees themselves,--honey and wax,--and second, for the part they play in fertilization of flowers.
Bees when properly housed and free from disease require only a minimum of care; in the main they look out for and feed themselves. Every colony under normal favorable conditions may be counted on to produce an annual surplus of 25 to 50 pounds of honey worth $5 to $10. Exceptionally strong colonies in the hands of an expert often yield 75 to 100 pounds or more. Such are the benefits and profits of bekeeping when the bees are given a fair chance.
Bekeeping has scarcely had a fair chance in recent years in New Hampshire, fewer bees are kept now than formerly, and instances of successful honey crops are less frequently found. There are four natural causes which have acted to repress the industry:
(1) The presence of foulbrood diseases, especially European foulbrood, mostly unsuspected and uncontrolled.
(2) The presence of many colonies of black bees and hybrids which are difficult and disagreeable to handle, and especially subject to European foulbrood. Modern bekeeping calls for the Italianizing of all colonies.
(3) Insufficient protection for the colonies in the fall, winter, and early spring.
(4) Uncontrolled swarming. Modern bekeeping, while recognizing the inherent tendency of the bees to swarm under certain conditions, aims to so control and modify these conditions as to eliminate natural swarming with its consequent loss of many swarms and the usual reduction in the honey crop even though swarms are caught.
It is felt that in proportion as beekeopers recognize the importance of these four vital points and take pains to correct them will the industry improve and prosper.
### Who Should Keep Bees
Modern bekeeping is a science, and its successful pursuit is an art demanding considerable practice and experience. The honey crop depends more on management of the bees than on season, so that, while the honey yield will often average for large apiaries fifty pounds for each colony under good and proper care, without this care little or no honey may ever be produced.
This, however, is not the whole story. The person who has from one to a few colonies of bees, who knows little respecting them and perhaps cares less, is a menace to the industry, since his colonies sooner or later are very likely to become diseased. These,
Figure 1: The honey bee: \(a\), worker; \(b\), queen; \(c\), drone. Twice natural size.
then, under neglect, will return no profit and will serve only as centers of disease infection for all bees in the community.
For these reasons, while naturally a certain number of new beekeepers must and will begin the work each season, it does not seem wise to advocate indiscriminately large numbers of persons starting in each season as small beekeepers. It is believed that better progress from the standpoint of the industry is to be made rather by encouraging those who now have bees and are interested in them to improve the beekeeping practice and to develop larger apiaries.
## 5 Bees and Blossom Pollination
It is well known that the pistis or female elements of the blossoms of many varieties of our common fruits are not capable of fertilization by the pollen of the same variety, also that many excellent varieties of strawberries and grapes produce little or no pollen. These are known as self-sterile varieties; many other varieties are partially self-sterile. From a long list of experiments it seems right to conclude that nearly all varieties of fruits are benefited when their blossoms are subjected to cross pollination with other varieties of the same species. This work of pollination constitutes undoubtedly the chief economic value of bees.
Bees often do not fly far from their hives in cool showers spring weather such as occurs in northern New England at blossoming time; hence it is highly probable that yields of fruit may be largely increased by keeping colonies of bees in or very close to orchards.
## 6 The Present a Good Time to Start Bekeeping
The results of recent investigations have removed much of the element of chance from beekeeping. This is a good reason for believing the present to be an opportune time to increase one's colonies of bees, or to make a start in beekeeping. We now know much more of the fundamental principles governing such phases of beekeeping as wintering, feeding and the control of diseases. There will always be good opportunities in this industry when the yields, through better beekeeping, are brought up to 50 pounds or more of honey per colony. Sometimes, but rarely, one finds this being done now; with a better understanding of fundamental principles it is sure to be more frequently accomplished. One very bright feature of the case is that the field of beekeeping in this state is certainly not overworked. In New Hampshire there is still plenty of room for bees and excellent markets, as yet but partially developed, for the finer grades of clover and wild raspberry honeys that are naturally produced.
## 7 The Home of the Bees
The natural home of the wild honey bee is in a hollow tree, or, in milder climates, in an opening under a rocky ledge or in some hole in a cliff. For several hundred years man has kept bees in a semi-domestic state, but they have in no sense lost their inherent wildness or ability to take care of themselves as have many of our domestic animals, but will just as happily go back to the hollow tree, emerging through some knot hole, as to live in the best painted up-to-date hive.
A good hive must meet two requirements:
1. It must be a good and comfortable home for the bees. It may be noted here that neither the single-walled hive nor the double-walled hive affords protection enough to the colony during late fall, winter and spring. This is further discussed under the heading of "Wintering."
2. The hive must be so constructed as to enable one readily to examine the condition of the colony and to conveniently perform the various operations required in modern beekeeping.
A hollow tree may ideally fulfill the first requirement of providing a comfortable home for the bees, but the second is only supplied by the movable frame hive, with its various parts separate and interchangeable.
## 8 The Modern Hive
The modern hive (Fig. 2) consists of a box or body with separate top and body and with the combs of the interior built on hanging, readily removable frames. A bee-way, or bee-space of \(\underline{i}\) to \(\underline{j}\) of an inch, is provided for on both sides and ends of these frames.