BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
1 bive is two feet high inside--the front closed by a door seventeen by twenty-five inches. The door is one inch wider than the inside of the case, so as to shut against, instead of inside of, the jamb, to prevent a crack in dry weather and its getting tight in damp, from shrinking and swelling. The bottom board is sixteen inches wide and nineteen inches long. The two side pieces are twenty-five inches long, one of them seventeen, the other eighteen inches wide, that the door may shut over one and be hung to the other, and are nailed to the ends of the bottom board, and also to the side of the back piece, which is sixteen inches wide and twenty-four inches long, all even at the top. The bottom board projects two inches at the back, for an alighting board, and is beveled off to shed the rain. It sets back one inch (the thickness of the door), from the front on one side, and even on the other. The entrance holes are cut into the bottom board one-half its thickness, three inches wide, and extending back five inches. They are five inches apart, and two and one-half inches from the ends, extending under the back of the case, and two inches further. A wooden strip, twelve inches long, three and one-half inches wide, and one-half inch thick, with two holes three inches long, one-half inch wide, one inch from the front and two from the back, one-half inch from the ends and five inches apart, is nailed over the holes in the bottom board, inside, against the back. The bees pass in under the back board and under this strip, to pass through the holes, which, when the brood-chamber is in place, will correspond with the entrance holes in its bottom. Two strips, one-half inch square, are nailed on the bottom board, from front to rear, twelve inches apart, so that their back ends come against the end of the entrance strip, just described, upon which the brood-chamber sets, and slides in- and out, and which raises it up to the level of the entrance strip. Two other strips, one-half inch square and eighteen inches long, are nailed against the back board, inside, to keep the brood-chamber and honey boxes from going back to the back boards, for the purpose of leaving an air space between them and the back, and the case being larger than the brood chamber on every side, the said air space extends all around as well as under it. These strips do not extend to the bottom by six inches, thus leaving a space for air to circulate around the brood-chamber.
Ventilation of the case around the brood-chamber and honey-boxes is secured by boring a hole in the case between the two entrance-holes in the back board of the hive, one inch from the bottom, and another of same size one inch under the top board. These holes have nailed over them, on the inside of the case, pieces of wire cloth, or pieces of tin perforated with holes, so as to let the air pass, and at the same time exclude insects and vermin. The holes could be placed in any other side of the hive, but in the places named they will not admit light to the glass ends of the boxes. These holes are closed in cold weather by means of slides, or buttons hung on screws, so that they can be turned to cover them on the outside.
The case is generally made of wood, but, unlike any other hive, it can be built of bricks, concrete, adobe, lath and plaster, straw, stone, paper, and other material. When built of brick it is substantial, durable, and comfortable to the bees; and when three cases are built, one on another, with the top neatly finished off and covered with vines, it becomes an ornament to the door-yard or flower garden.
Figure 5:
The quarter sections, when filled with honey, weigh from two to two and one-half pounds each; the halves a little over double that, or about five pounds, giving room for one hundred pounds of honey; but as it is not advisable, as stated elsewhere, to let the bees at any time entirely fill the hive, all the full sections should be removed when the bees commence work on the last ones, which generally, in a hive of this size, amounts to about sixty pounds at a time.
The partly filled sections should be pushed back next to the brood, and the ends filled out with empty ones.
The No. 15 B hive is six inches longer than A, and turns out about one hundred pounds at a time. No. 15 C has six inches more added to its length, and will yield one hundred and thirty to one hundred and forty pounds each filling. They only differ from No. A in having greater capacity.
Taking the honey in this way has no tendency to check the bees in their work, as is the case when top-boxes are removed, but has, on the contrary, the effect to increase their industry. When surplus honey is stored in apartments or boxes separated from the main cluster, it is frequently the case that the bees fail to renew their labors in the empty ones with which they are replaced, and they seldom do so for some length of time.
The position of the entrance of the hive in one end and broadside the comb-sheets, will be objected to by many who have no experience with hives so constructed, but it is the most important point in the construction of the hive. In my first efforts at controlling swarming, I placed the entrance-holes in the middle of the hive on the side, and although I gave abundant room in the same shape as at present, swarming was retarded but little, from the fact that the brooding of the queen near or at the middle of the hive soon pushed a part of the cluster out at the entrance.
When I ascertained the true cause of swarming (as I think I have), as given here, but more fully in a paper read before the North American Beekeepers' Society, at Cleveland, I was not long in correcting this only defect in the hive, by changing the entrance to one end. A thorough trial of the hive thus arranged has resulted in no instance in swarming. Having entrances in both ends has not been so satisfactory, besides which it makes it inconvenient to manipulate the hive.
I do not claim that this hive will of itself prevent swarming, but by a little attention and care it will be found to accomplish that long desired object. If a natural swarm be put into a No. 15 hive, it will be found that they will most generally cluster at the end over the entrance, and consequently the brood nest will be established there, the result of which will be a swarm almost, if not quite, as soon as from an ordinary hive of 2,000 cubic inches. For that reason, when a swarm is bived in it, the chamber should have both ends taken off, and should be contracted to nine or ten sections, with the ends closed with the glazed end sections. When the contracted chamber is one-half or two-thirds filled with comb, which may be easily known by looking through the glass, additions of a part or the whole of the removed sections should be made to each end. The brood-nest will thus be established in the center, and will continue there during the season, unless interfered with by the bee-keeper, and the ends will be filled out with the purest of comb-honey, and no swarm will issue so long as the bees have room to work in the ends, and the hive is managed as indicated hereinbefore.
## 10 _Progressive Bee Culture._
### 10 _Bee Feeders._
Many efforts have been made to get up some arrangement by which bees can be conveniently fed, and a number of them have been patented. None of them answer the purpose perfectly, as they do not reach the cluster of bees and in cold weather are useless. In connection with the Section Bee-Hive, I have perfected an arrangement by which all the difficulties are overcome.
The accompaning cut, Fig. 6, is a representation of it. A hole or mortice, B, is cut in the top piece or bar of a brood-chamber section, about six inches long and one inch wide. Into this hole is fitted the box A, the ends of which are wood, the sides and bottom of No. 10 wire-cloth tacked to the wooden ends. A bag of coarse domestic cotton of the size and shape of the box, with a wire bent around the top a little larger than the hole, to which the cotton bag is fastened, is put into the box and filled with honey or syrup. Under the box is placed a wooden trough to catch any food that may run through faster than the bees take it. The cut represents the box as setting in the trough, but it is better to leave a space of one-half inch between them. If the cotton be thick and closely woven, the trough is useless, as the honey will not run through except as the bees suck it. The space around and below the feeder should be fitted with empty worker-comb, by cutting it in the proper shape and fastening it in with melted resin. For summer feeding, one section may be taken off next to the glass and the feeder section substituted, which may be done without interfering with the honey-boxes. For winter feeding it should be placed in the center of the brood-chamber.
### 10 _Talian Bess._
The superiority of the Italian over the common bee of the country is now generally admitted by all who have tried them.
I have no queens for sale except as follows: For single queen in nucleus hive and small colony of bees (which can, by proper management, be built up into a good colony, or if the queen be taken out to put in another colony, will rear another queen), with fertilizing arrangement attached, including my triangular nursery-cage, and also drone and queen-trap, or swarm-arrester, making a complete outfit for queen-rearing, with a sufficient number of drones, SS12.
I guarantee their safe arrival and purity. I will not be responsible for their safety if not promptly taken from the express office within twenty-four hours after arrival. I notify all parties, several days in advance, of the time of shipment.
If bees do not arrive in good living order purchasers will notify me at once, stating particulars, that I may send another queen.
horizontally. When the velocity of the machine is such as to bring into action a centrifugal force, equal to the force of gravity, the resultant motion of the honey, if ejected, would be in the direction of the line \(A\)\(D\), or at an angle of forty-five degrees. When the centrifugal force is double the force of gravity, the resultant motion will be in the direction \(A\)\(E\), at an angle of sixty-seven and one-half degrees; when quadruple, in the direction \(A\)\(F\), at an angle of seventy-eight and three-fourths degrees; and so on, in the same ratio, that is every time the centrifugal force is doubled the course of the resultant motion divides the space between its last line and the line of the centrifugal force, or true horizontal line \(A\)\(B\), but never becomes entirely horizontal; or, in other words, the centrifugal force, acting horizontally, _never entirely overcomes the force of gravity._
In all honey extractors in which the comb is placed in a fixed position, with the walls of the cells horizontal, when we apply these physical laws to them, we find this condition to exist; when sufficient of the centrifugal force is brought into action, to overcome the capillary cohesion, the resultant line of motion is diagonal to the cells, and there is only thrown out of the cells so much honey as is above the line of resultant motion, if drawn so as to touch the lower lip or margin of the cell. But in my extractor the cells are always in the line of resultant motion, and at that point are suddenly and completely emptied.
The accompanying diagram will show my meaning: \(a\)\(b\)\(a\)\(b\) represent the cells to be emptied, the lines \(c\)\(c\) the direction of resultant motion. All the honey above those lines at \(a\)\(a\) will be ejected, but all below at \(b\)\(b\) will be retained. As the velocity of the machine is increased, more honey is expelled, small particles at a time, like a fine mist or spray; but as the force of gravity is never entirely overcome, it will hold some of the honey in the cells to the last, which the centrifugal force can never draw out.
My Melipult will completely empty the honey with half the motion required by any other, and consequently without breaking down the comb, and as the honey is all or nearly all emptied from the cells at once it has less air bubbles and froth in it, and keeps better.
The machine is all iron, except the buckets, which are of tin.
There is no wood about it to get sour or dirty.
The black gresse from the gearing can not fall into the honey.
It is light, only weighing about twenty-eight pounds, and can be carried about with one hand, and shipped for small freight.
It will empty small pieces of comb, as many as can be laid on at one time.
By having buckets made for the purpose, say eight inches square and deep,with a shallow bucket for each four inches deep, with wire-cloth bottom, to set inside of the deeper ones, and extend half way to the bottom, in which a cloth can be laid, we have a perfect filter, that by pouring dirty honey into it, and revolving rapidly, will force all the pure honey through, leaving the impurities behind. It can be used also in purifying other liquids, and answers an admirable purpose in extracting the juices from berries and other fruits for making jelly, as it leaves no taste of the cloth, as is usually the case when fruit juice is strained through linen or cotton.
## 7 Hives, Rights, and TERRITORY.
Deed of individual right to make and use any number of hives by one person and in one place, $5 00 Individual right to use honey-boxes only, $00 Right and hive, No. 15 A, $0.100 Right and a sample No. 1 hive, $0.00 County rights from $25 to $100. Township rights, $10 to $25. Any person selling enough rights in his precinct, township, county, or State, to amount to the price of the same, and sending me the money, shall receive a deed to the territory.
## 8 Offer Extraordinary.
With a view to introducing my hive into every county in the United States, I will sell to the first applicant from each county, one township, precinct, or civil district corresponding to a township, by whatever name called, provided it does not exceed one-fifth of a county in population, for the sum of $10, and send a No. 15 sample hive for $4. This is a chance for several persons in such a district to club together and get the right very cheap.
### Another Offer.
Any person sending me $25 will have sent to him an individual right for himself, and full power of attorney authorizing him to sell as many individual rights as he pleases, in his county, during the year 1872, and retain all the proceeds, and the privilege of buying the county at the end of that time with a deduction of $25, and a sample No. 1 hive will be sent without extra charge; $2 extra for No. 15.
Sample hives will be sent at the following prices. Persons not owning rights must add fifty cents for trade mark:No. 1 hive, with four honey-boxes,
No. 15 A,
No. 15 B,
No. 15 C,
Nuclens hive,
Nucleus hive, with fertilizer for fertilizing queens in confinement, with
drone trap and triangular queen cage,
Drone and queen trap,
Queen cage, triangular, pronounced by all the best apiculturists of the
country the best thing out,
Per dozen,
Section bee feeder,
Adair's Melipult,
Honey trowel for uncapping sealed honey,
Saccharometer,
Atomizer,
For fuller list of prices and material, see Charles Tinius' advertisement on
last page of cover.
BOOKS--BY MAIL, POSTPAID.
The Annals of Bee Culture for 1869,
$0 50
" " " " 1870,
" " " 1871-2
" Progressive Bee Culture,
BEE JOURNALS.
American Bee Journal,
See Keepers' Journal and Natural Agricultural,
National Bee Journal,
The three,
Money may be sent by express or post-office money order (on Cannelton,
Indiana), or in registered letter, if inclosed in"the presence of the postmaster
at my risk.
No article will be sent C. O. D.
Plain directions should be given how the packages are to be marked, and
by what route to be sent; and also whether by express or as freight.
When choice of route is left to me, I will use my best judgment, but in all
cases the articles are at the purchaser's risk after shipment.
I will correct any mistakes, but will not hold myself bound to do so, if
notice is not sent within ten days after receipt of the goods.
Write your name, post-office, county, and State plainly.
In writing, please send me the names of all enterprising bee-keepers of your
acquaintance.
Persons writing letters for information or inquiry should send stamp to pay
return postage. I will take pleasure in giving any information in my possession, if asked for, and such inquiries as are of general interest I will answer
through the "Apiary" department of the _Southern Farmer_, published at
Memphis, Tennessee.
Address all letters to
D. L. ADAIR,
Hawseville, Hancock Co., Kr.
**THE SACOLLAREOMETER.**
Much of the honey taken by the Melipult is too thin to keep, and it is important to have some means of testing whether it is dense enough. The Saccharomyces is an instrument that has been long in use for testing syrupes, molasses, and the wish in sugar making. It is a glass tube with a bulb on the lower end of it loaded with fine shot, graduated so that in pure water it sinks to zero (0\({}^{\circ}\)). As the density is increased by any substance in solution with water, the instrument floats higher. In thin honey it will sometimes mark out more than 25\({}^{\circ}\) to 30\({}^{\circ}\). That is too thin and will sour. To be certain that it will keep it should indicate 38\({}^{\circ}\) to 42\({}^{\circ}\). Honey that is below this standard may be mixed with that above, until the proper density is attained. Many hollow the thin honey, and some recommend heating all of it to make it keep, but any heat applied to honey injures it by driving off the aroma, which is very volatile, and dealers in honey will not buy it.
Thick and thin honey, when put together, will not mix without being stirred. The thin will float on top..
The Saccharomyces is an indispensable implement to every bee-keeper who extracts his honey. I can furnish them by express at $1.75 each.
**THE OODERATOR, OF ACTOMIZER.**
**This is a little instrument, belonging originally to the ladies' toilet; and need by barbers and perfumers. By simply squeezing an India-rubber ball, any liquid perfumers that may be used is thrown out in a fine spray or mist. It answers an admirable purpose in sprinkling bees in many of the manipulations necessary to successful bee culture. It can be used instead of smoke in opening hives, by spraying the bees with sweetened perfumed water. It is useful in uniting bees, as by its use it is an easy matter to give all of them the same scent.**
**It is a perfect success in introducing quensens, as by its use the colony, as well as the queen to be introduced, can be sprayed with snoise, mint, or any other perfumers, and the queen let loose immediately without danger to her. It is no inconvenience to the bees, as are all the ordinary ways of sprinkling them.**
**I can furnish them by express at $1.75 each.**
**WHAT'S ITS NAME.**
**The machine for separating the honey from the comb has good by many names, but as yet none has been universally received. Honey Mackine is indefinite. Honey Bonying Machine is inconvenient. The proposition to call it** _Hruckhes_ **receives but little favor. Honey Bonyer savors of slang.** _Melettractor_**, as proposed by the French, has been adopted most generally, but I conceive that it is an improper name, as the honey is not extracted or drawn out, but is thrown or driven out, or expelled. I have, thurfore, given the name Melipult to my machine, as it expels or throws out the honey from the comb,and does not extract or draw it out. The Cata-put was an ancient war engine used for throwing stones.**
**The Melipult is a small engine used for throwing water. Why not them use the name Mellipult to describe a machine for throwing honey from the comb?**
**SLADEN's**
**"BRITISH COLDEN"**
**BEE**
_The lines methods the original kinetic_.
(Copyright)
## Appendix A SCENT-PRODUCING ORGAN IN THE WORKER-BEE
**HOW POLLEN IS COLLECTED BY THE Honey-BEE AND BUMBLE-BEE**
F. W. L. SLADEN
Fellow of the Entomological Society of London,
Asst. Entomologist for Apiculture, Division of Entomology,
Department of Agriculture, Canada;
Author of _The Humble-Bee_.
SECOND EDITION
MADGWICK, HOULSTON & CO., Ltd., 4, Ave Maria Lane, E.C.
Igi3.
The writer, devoted to bees from boyhood, started life with the intention of earning his living from them. Like many other enthusiasts, he kept an apiary and sold the honey. He established an out-apiary. He sold all the honey he could produce at a good price, and in order to satisfy the demand for more he had to go to other bee-keepers for help. But, while it was easy by these means to earn sufficient to maintain himself, the uncertainty of the British climate made it impossible for him to support a family as well, which was his next ambition. He was also possessed with a longing to become still more intimate with his bees. Was it possible for these two desires to be attained? Yes. Fully, and more than fully were they gratified by taking up bee-breeding and specialising in queen-rearing.
The notes gathered together in this little volume are the result of about fifteen years' experience in developing and managing a queen-rearing apiary as a commercial undertaking on the coast of Kent. Most of the operations described are well-known and widely practised in America, but many of them, together with the appliances employed, are modified to meet the requirements of the British climate, and some of the details are new. The bees employed were chiefly British Goldens and Golden-English hybrids, the behaviour of which probably differs in some few details from that of pure blacks or pure Italians.
American queen-breeders will detect evidences of less favourable weather conditions than their own on almost every page ; yet perhaps they will find the book worth perusal, for a trying climate teaches useful lessons.
" Queen-rearing in England " originally appeared in the _British Bee Journal_ in March and April, rgo4. The next year it was revised and published in book form. The first edition being now exhausted, the opportunity has been taken to rewrite the book ; it is now considerably larger than the former edition, much new matter having been added.
The chapter on breeding for improvement consists chiefly of a lecture given by the author on "' Mendelian Methods applied to Apiculture "' at the **Z**omological Gardens, London, on September **r**oth, **r**gr2, under the auspices of the British Bee-Keepers' Association.
The original article on "' A Scent-producing Organ in the Abdomen of the Worker Bee " appeared in the _British Bee Journal_ of April **r**th and **r**8th, **r**gor, and that on "' How Pollen is Collected by the Honey-bee and Bumble-bee, and the part played in the process by the Auricle " in the \(B.B.J.\) of December **r**th, **r**git. Both of these papers described, apparently for the first time, the true function of important specialised organs in the worker-bee, and as they are of general interest it has been thought advisable to reproduce them, with a few alterations and additions, as an appendix to the book.
The figures illustrating the text are from drawings and photographs by the writer. Some of them were made to illustrate the original articles in the _British Bee Journal_ : others are now appearing for the first time. The drawing of the legs of the honey-bee, shown at Fig. 37. originally appeared in the _Canadian Bee Journal_ for July, **r**gr2. The _British Bee Journal_ has kindly supplied the blocks of Figs. 3, 5, 6, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 20, 30, 37 to 35, 38 to 41, 43, and 44.
The hum of the bees in Ripple Court Apiary is no longer heard by the author, who has entered a wider field of bee work in Canada, but he looks back with pleasure to the happy years spent in that rural spot in the old country. and he takes this opportunity of thanking the British bee-keepers for the generous support they accorded him while there.
**F. W L. S.**
February **r**8th, **r**q**3.
Queen-Rearing in England.
I.--INTRODUCTION.