BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
The individual beekeeper must be the best judge as to the proper time to place his bees outdoors in the spring, but, generally speaking, the latter part of March, or, better still, when the pussy-willows are in bloom, or when settled, mild weather prevails, and a little added protection in the way of packing-paper placed about each hive as it is set out will help to keep down spring dwindling. The planer shavings, packing, and cases can be left on the hives of the bees wintered outdoors until fruit bloom, and will go a great way toward encouraging early brood-rearing, and here we have another advantage in favor of outdoor wintering with proper packing. In some of the northern states some beekeepers bury their bees for winter in long trenches or clamps, and cover them with branches and leaves and How to keep - bees for profit
a foot or so of earth, but we would not advise such a plan, especially for the beginner.
A great deal more might be written about the wintering of bees and other plans discussed, but as we have given the best two, we need not add explanation concerning methods that have been discarded, as it will only be unprofitable and confusing. By all means winter out of doors, and by giving the proper protection for the hives in the winter cases fully described, you will have a plan which is ideal and that will help toward success in a hundred ways.
## Chapter Xxi Sources of honey
The sources from which bees gather their honey are many and unexpected, and often in a locality that would be considered unfavorable, they gather a surplus that is simply surprising. It is not even necessary to locate in a section where the presence of honey-secreting blossoms are noticeably abundant, for there are many plants seldom observed that yield to the beekeeper a goodly supply of honey.
Not every flower that blooms produces honey, and many a humble blossom likely to be overlooked will upon careful examination prove to be a most prolific source of revenue. Nor is it advisable to plant special crops such as alsike, clover, buckwheat, and other plants primarily for the honey they willproduce, but rather depend upon the bloom that is always present in greater or less quantity.
We would not gainsay the fact that the beekeeper is favored who is located in sections where honey-producing plants are cultivated, but, even so, a close scrutiny of the flora of any locality will reveal the presence of many a source upon which the busy bees will levy a handsome tribute.
Study your locality. The following list taken from a United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin will give some idea of the many sources of supply. The larger the type, the more important the plant:--
egin{tabular}{l c c} & NORTH AND NORTHEAST & \ \end{tabular}
egin{tabular}{l c c} & NAME & [Above 40\({}^{\circ}\) N.] & TIME OF BLOOM \ Red or Soft Maple (_Acer rubrum_) &. & April. \ Alders (_Alnus_) &. &. & April. \ Elm (_Ulmus_) &. &. & April. \ Willows (_Salix_) &. &. & Apr.-May. \ _Dandelion_ (_Taraxacum taraxacum = T. off-_ & \ _cinale_ of Gray's Manual) &. & Apr.-May. \ _Sugar_, _Rock_, or _Hard Maple_ (_Acer saccharum_ & \ & = _A. saccharin:m_ of Gray's Manual) &. & Apr.-May. \ \end{tabular}
S O U R C E S O F H O N E Y
_Juneberry_, or _Service Berry_ (_Amelanchier canadensis_). May. Wild Crab Apples (_Pyrus_). May. Gooseberry and Currant (_Ribes_). May. Peach, Cherry, and Plum (_Prunus_). May. Pear and Apple (_Pyrus_). May. Huckleberries and Blueberries (_Gaylussacia_ and _Vacenium_). May-June Common, Black, or Yellow Locust (_Robinia_
_pseudacacia_). May-June. European Horse-chestnut (_Esculus hippocasia_-
_num_). May-June. Common Barberry (_Berberis vulgaris_). May-June. Tulip Tree, or "Whitewood "(_Liriodendron_
_tulipifera_). May-June. Grapevines (_Vitis_). May-June. Rape (_Brassica napus_). May-June. _White Mustard_ and _Black Mustard_ (_Brassica_
_alba_ and _B. nigra_). June. RASPBERRY (_Rubus_). June. WHITE CLOVER (_Trifolium repens_). June-July. ALSIKE CLOVER (_Trifolium hybridum_). June-July. Edible Chestnut (_Castanea dentata = C. sativa_
var. _americana_ of Gray's Manual). June-July. Alfalfa, or Lucern (_Medicago sativa_). June-July. LINDEN, or BASSWOOD (_Tilia americana_) July. Smooth Sumac (_Rhus glabra_). July. _Buttonbush_ (_Cephalanthus occidentalis_). July.
HOW TO KEEP BESS FOR PROFIT
Melilot, Bokhara, or Sweet Clover (_Melitolus alba_)
July-Aug.
Indian Corn (_Zea mays_)
Melon, Cucumber, Squash, Pumpkin (_Citrulus_, _Cucumis_, and _Cueurbita_)
_Fireveed_ (_Erechthites hieracifolia_)
July-Sept.
Chicory (_Cichorium intybus_)
Knotweeds (_Polygonum_, especially \(P\). _pennsylvan_ and \(P\). _persicaria_)
Aug.-Sept.
BUCKWHEAT (_Fagopyrum fagopyrum = F_. _escultent_ of Gray's Manual)
Aug.-Sept
Indian Currant, or Coral Berry (_Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos = S_. _vulgaris_ of Gray's Manual)
Great Willow-herb (_Eplibium angusti-folium_)
Thoroughwort, or Boneset (_Eupatorium perfoliatum_)
_Burr Marigolds_ (_Bidens_, especially Spanish Needles, _Bidens bipinnata_)
Aug.-Oct.
Wild Asters (_Aster_)
Goldenbrods (_Solidago_)
middle section
[Between 35\({}^{\circ}\) and 40\({}^{\circ}\) N.]
Redbud (_Cercis canadensis_)
Mar.-Apr.
Alder (_Alnus rugosa = A_. _serrulata_ of Gray's Manual)
Wild Asters (_Aster_, especially Heath-like Aster, _Aster ericoides_). Aug.-Oct.
Thoroughwort, or Boneset (_Euratorium perfoliatum_). Aug.-Oct.
Burr Marigolds (_Bidens_, especially Spanish Needles, _Bidens bipinnata_). Aug.-Oct.
Goldenrods (_Solidago_). Aug.-Oct.
Indian Corn (_Zea mays_). July-Aug.
SOUTH
[Below \(85^{\circ}\) N.]
Redbud (_Cereis canadensis_). Feb.-Mar.
Alder (_Alnus rugosa_ = _A. serrulata_ of Gray's Manual). Feb.-Mar.
Red or Soft Maple (_Acer rubrum_). Feb.-Mar.
Elm (_Ulmus_). Feb.-Mar.
Willows (_Salix_). Feb.-Mar.
Dandelion (_Taraxacum taraxacum\(\,=\,T.\)__officiale_
of Gray's Manual). Feb.-Mar.
_Apriot_ (_Prunus armeniacea_). Feb.-Mar.
Carolina Cherry, or Laurel Cherry (_Prunus caroliniana_). March.
Juneberry (_Amelanchier canadensis_). March.
Orange and _Lemon_ (_Citrus_). Mar.-Apr.
_Cotonwoods_ or _Poplars_ (_Populus_). Mar.-Apr.
Titi (_Clifonia ligustrina_) (Florida and southern Georgia, westward). Mar.-Apr.
Gooseberry and Currant (_Ribes_). Mar.-Apr.
_Peach, Cherry,_ and _Plum_ (_Prunus_). Mar.-Apr. _Pear_ and Apple (_Pyrus_). Mar.-Apr. _Huckleberries and Blueberries (_Gaylussacia_ and _Vaccinium_). April. _Crimson Clover_ (_Trifolium incarnatum_). April. _Black Gum, Sour Gum, Tupelo, or Pepperidge_ (_Nyssa aquatica \(=N\). sylvatica_ of Gray's Manual). April. _Ball,_ or Black Sage_ (_Ramona stachyoides, R. palmeri,_ etc. = _Audibertia stachyoides,_ etc., of the Botany of California) (California). April. _Gallberry,_ or Holly (_Ilex glaba_). Apr.-May. _Manzanitas_ (_Arcostaphylos_) (California). Apr.-May. _Acacias_ (_Acacia_). Apr.-May. _Common, Black,_ or _Yellow Locust_ (_Robinia_ _pseudacacia_). Apr.-May. _Persimmon_ (_Diospyros virginiana_). Apr.-May. _Edible Chestnut_ (_Castanea dentata = C. sativa var. americana_ of Gray's Manual). Apr.-May. _Chinquapin_ (_Castanea pumila_). Apr.-May. _Catalpas_ (_Catalpa_). Apr.-May. _Magnolias_ (_Magnolia_). Apr.-May. _Rhododendons, Rosebays, Azaleas_ (_Rhododen- dron_). Apr.-May-June _Mesquite_ (_Prosopis juliflora_) (Texas and westward). Apr.-July. _Cowpea_ (_Vigna sinensis_). Apr.-Aug. _304_SOURCES OF HONEY
TULIP Tree, or "Poplar " (_Liriodendron tulipifera_). May. Mountain Laurel (_Kalmia lalifolia_). May. Grapevines (_Vitis_). May. _Raspberry_ (_Rubus_). May. China Berry, China Tree, or Pride of India (_Melia azdarach_). May. WHITE SAGE (_Ramona polystachya = Audibertia polystachya_ of the Botany of California) (California). May-June. HORSEMINT (_Monarda citriodora_). May-July. SOURWOOD, or SORREL TREE (_Oxydendrum arboreum_). May-June. SAW PALMETTO (_Serenoa serrulata_) (coasts of Georgia and Florida). May-June. Banana (_Musa sapientum_). May-Sept. Linden, or "Linn" (_Tilia americana_). June. _Red Bay_ (_Persea borbonia = P. carolinensis_ of Gray's Manual). June. Indian Corn (_Zea mays_). June-July. _Cueumber_, _Melon_, _Squash_, _Pumpkin_ (_Cueumis_, _Citrullus_, and _Cueurbita_). June-July. CABBAGE PALMETTO (_Sabal palmetto_), coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida) June-July. BLACK MANGROVE (_Avicennia tomentosa_ and _A. oblongifolia_) (Florida). June-July. ALFALFA (_Medicago sativa_). June-Aug. Cotton (_Gossypium herbaceum_). June-Aug.
**How T C KEEP B EES FOR PROFIT**
Mellicot, Bokhara, or Sweet Clover (_Melidous alba_)
June-Aug.
Wild Pennryoyal (_Ifdeoma pulegioides_)
June-Sept.
Blue Gum and Red Gum (_Eucalyptus globulus_
and _E. rostrata_) (California)
Wild Buckwheat (_Eriogonum fasciculatum_)
(California)
_Japan_ or _Bush Clover_ (_Lespedeza striata_)
Burr Marigolds (_Bidens,_ especially _Spanish Needles, Bidens bipinnata_)
Aug.-frost.
Wild Asters (_Aster,_ especially Heath-like Aster,_Aster ericoides_)
Goldenrods (_Solidago_)
It would be well-nigh impossible to give a complete list of all the flowers that are more or less important, but in addition to the list already given we append the following, by permission of the editor of "' Gleanings in Bee Culture," and the beekeeper will do well to study it carefully and familiarize himself, with the plants that are present in his immediate vicinity. He will be astonished at the varieties to which his bees have access.
**Words in small capitals mean the subject SourcesOf Honey
is treated of in "Gleanings in Bee Culture." "See" means the subject is treated of under another name.
_Aceacia dealbata_, or silver wattle; California, from Australia; commercially important.
_Aceacia decurrens_, black wattle; California; similar to the above.
_Aceacia farnesia_ (huisache); along the Rio Grande; much grown in Europe as an ornamental plant.
_Aceacia Greggii_ (catclaw, or ufa de gato), Southwest Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona -- see Catclaw.
_Actinomeris squarrosa_, golden honey-plant.
_Agave Americana_, pulque, century plant; Mexico, Southern United States.
_Aguinaldo_ (_Ipomea sidefolia_), Cuba -- see Bellflower. Alders (_Alnus_).
_Alfilarila_ (_Erodium cicutarium_), or pin clover; Arizona and California; an excellent honey and forage plant from Europe -- see " pin clover " under head of Clover. Alfalfa, or lucern (_Medieago sativa_), see Alfalfa. Algarroba (_Inga dulis_) and other species. Alsike or Swedish clover (_Trifolium hybridum_) -- see Alsike Clover.
_Anchusa tinctoria_, dye-plant. All the anchusas are excellent bee-plants.
_Antignon leptopus_, Mexican rose, or coralita, California, Florida, West Indies, and Mexico; an excellent honey-plant.
Apple (_Pyrus_). The whole apple family is here meant -- see Fruit-blossoms.
Apricot (_Prunus Armeniaca_), California.
_Archas sapota,_ sapodilla; fruit-tree of the tropics; Florida.
Ash (_Frazinus ornus_) or flowering or manna ash; planted south for its beauty.
Asters (_Aster_) of many species almost everywhere -- see Asters.
Asparagus (_Asparagus officinalis_), cultivated.
Artichoke, true or globe artichoke (_Cynara scolymus_).
Avocada pear (_Persea gratissima_), Florida.
Banana (_Musa sapientum_ and _M. Cavendiahii_), Florida and the tropics generally.
Berberry (_Berberis vulgaris_).
Basil, or mountain mint (_Pyvenanthemum lanceolatum_).
Basswood, or American linden (_Tilia Americana_, also _T. heterophila_), Southern Kentucky, and Allegheny Mountains -- see Basswood.
Beans (_Phaseolus lunatus_), lima beans in California; horse beans (_P. nanus_) in British Isles and Holland.
Bee-balm (_Melissa officinalis_), garden flower.
Beggar-tick, or burr marigold (_Bidens fondose_), United States -- see Spanish Needle.
Bellflower, Christmas bells, Christmas pop, aguinaldo, campanilla, etc. (_Ipomea sidegolia_), of Cuba, Jamaica, and other West India islands and Mexico.
Bergamot (_Monarda fistulosa_), a kind of mint; United States.
_Bignonia radicans_, south -- see Nectar. Blackberry (_Rubus_), of many species; Europe and United States. Black gum -- see Nyassa or Tupelo. Black mangrove (_Avicennia nitida_); Florida and the coasts of all tropic seas; generally known as mangrove except in British Guiana, where it is known as "'courida "-- see Mangrove. Blackheart, or water smartweed (_Polygonum acre_), closely related to buckwheat; Illinois. Black mustard (_Brassica nigra_) -- see Mustard. Black sage (_Ramona stachyoides_ and _R. palmeri_), California -- see Sage. Blackdernut (_Staphylea trifolia_), north and west. Blue gum (_Eucalyptus globulus_), Tasmania and California -- see Eucalyptus. Blue thistle (_Echium vulgare_) viper's bugloss; a weed from Europe: Virginia and Pennsylvania. Boneset, or thoroughvert (_Eupatorium perfolitatum_), a honey-plant of considerable importance. Borage (_Borago officinalisis_), Europe, but now well known in the United States. Box-elder, or ash-leaved maple (_Acer negundo_), Northern States. Boxwood (_Buxus sempervirens_), the tree box of the Balearic Islands and Turkey; produces much honey but it is very bitter; introduced into the U. S. Buckbush (_Symphoricarpus vulgaris_) -- see Buckbush.
Buckeye (_Zsculus glabra_), Ohio and similar States.
Buckthorn (_Rhamnus catharticus_), Southern States.
Buttercup, oxalis of Bermuda (_Oxalis Bermudiana_), fine for those who wish to plant for bees.
Buckwheat (_Polygonum fagopyrum_) -- see Buckwheat.
Buckwheat, wild (_Polygonum acre_), also blackheart.
Burdock (_Lappa major_), has white pollen.
Burr marigold (_Bidensfondosa_), a near relative of Spanish needle, which see.
Bush honeysuckle (_Diverilla Japonica_), cultivated, Japan.
Button-bush (_Cephalanthus occidentalis_); important on the overflowed lands of the Mississippi.
Butterweed (_Senecio lobatus_), South and Southwest.
Cabbage (_Brassica oleracea_) common cabbage: see also colza, rape, turnip, charlock, white and black mustard, belonging to the Cabbage family.
Campanilla (_Ipomea sidefolia_), Cuba -- see Bellflower.
Canada thistle (_Ciraium arvene_), in Canada.
Cassia (_Cassia chamacerista_). Probably all cassias are honey-plants.
Cardoon (_Cynara cardunculus_); good where grown for seed; very common in Argentina.
Cardinal flower (_Lobelia cardinalis_).
Carob bean (_Ceratonia siliqua_) -- St. John's bread for the Southwest; similar to catclaw.
Carpenter's square -- see Figwort.
Catalpa (_Catalpa speciosa_), hardy catalpa, planted for its timber and shade.
SourcesOfHONEY
Catclaw (_Acacia Greggii_), important in the Southwest - see Catclaw.
Cattip (_Nepeta catararia_), an important honey-plant in Europe and North America.
_Ceratonia siliqua_, or St. John's bread, now introduced into the United States from Europe, will probably become important.
Chaste-tree (_Vitex agnus castus_) introduced from Europe into parks, cemeteries, etc. This and the New Zealand species, _Vitex litorales_, are excellent.
Chayote (_Sechium edule_), grown as a vegetable around New Orleans; a good honey-plant.
Cherry (_Prunus cerasus_), the cultivated cherry.
Chick pea (_Cicer arietinum_), known in the West as coffee pea; grown very largely in Mexico -- "garbanza."
Chicory (_Cichorium intybus_), cultivated in Europe -- a common weed here.
Chinquapin (_Castanea pumila_), of considerable importance to the South.
_Cleome ingefifolia_, also _C. spinosa_, same as Rocky Mountain bee-plant, which see.
Clovers -- see article under this head; also Alfafa, Alsike, Sainfoin, Sulla, Crimson Cl., Sweet and Peavine Cl.
Clover, alsike (_Trifolium hybridium_), Swedish clover -- see Clover.
Clover, crimson (_Trifolium incarnatum_) -- see Crimson Clover.
Clover, red (_Trifolium pratense_) -- see Clover.
Clover, yellow (_Trifolium proumbens_), New England, Eastern and Middle States to Tennessee.
Cocoanut (_Cocoa nucifera_). Florida and the tropics.
Coffee (_Coffea Arabica_ and _Liberica_); honey clear, but season very short; sometimes grown in Florida.
Coreopsis (_Coreopsis aristosa_) -- see Span, Needle; Illinois and Missouri.
Corn, Indian (_Zea mays_); under certain conditions maize, or corn, is a good honey-plant.
Cotton (_Gossypium herbaceum_); south; some say it compares with clover.
Cowpea (_Vigna sinensis_); Southern States.
Crab apple (_Pyrus coronaria_), New York; west and south.
Crocus (_Crocus_), of many species; both spring and fall varieties are good.
Crowfoot (_Ranunculus repens_).
Cueumber (_Cucumis sativus_). In the vicinity of pickle-factories this plant yields quite a harvest of honey after clover is over.
Culver's root (_Veronica Virginia_); north.
Current (_Ribes rubrum_), from Europe; cultivated.
_Cytisus prcliferous alba_ -- tree alfalfa; grown a little in California; a great honey-plant in the Canary Islands.
Dandelion (_Taraxacum officinal_).
Date (_Phenix dactylifera_); a great honey-plant now being planted in Arizona and California.
_Duranta plumieri_, or pigeon-berry, recently introduced into Florida and California; an exquisite honey-plant.
Ebony (_Zygia flexicavilis_), Southwest Texas -- not the true ebony.
_Echiops spherocephalus_, also _E. vitro_ -- excellent plants for introduction -- see Chapman. H. P.
Elms (_Ulmus_), of various species. Where plentiful the elms are of considerable importance on account of their aid in early brood-rearing.
_Eriobotrya Japonica_ -- loquat fruit of Japan; excellent honey-plant: Florida, Gulf Coast, California, Georgia, and Arizona; known in some sections as Japan plum.
Esparcetite -- see Sainfoin.
False indigo (_Amorpha fruticosa_), Ohio, Pennsylvania; south and west.
Figwort (_Sergfalaria nodosa_) -- see Figwort.
Fireweed, or willow-herb, which see (_Epiolobium angustifolium_), the great fireweed of the North; Ontario, Quebec, Northern Michigan, and the Hudson Bay country.
Fog-fruit (_Lippia nodiflora_), California (carpet-weed); Texas and the West Indies; a great honey-plant, but little known. See Carpet Grass.
_Freesia refracta alba_, an exquisite honey-plant grown in California for its buls; also in Florida and the Gulf Coast.
Gallberry, or holly (_Ilex glaba_), south; important.
Genip (_Melicocca bijuga_), in South Florida; heavy yielded where common.
Germander, or wood-sage (_Teuerium Canadense_).
Giant hyssop (_Lophanthus_) -- species, north and west.
Gill-over-the-ground, or ground-ivy (_Nepeta glechoma_).
H O W T O KEEP B EES FOR PROFIT
Giant mignonette (_Reseda grandiflora_) -- see Mignonette
Golden apple (_Spondias duleis_), Florida.
Golden honey-plant (_Actinomeris squarrosa_).
Goldenrod (_Solidago_), -- species.
Gooseberry (_Ribes grossularia_).
Grape (_Vitis labrusea_).
Ground-ivy (_Nepeta glechoma_).
Heal-all, or figwort (_Serofularia nodosa_) -- see Figwort.
_Hibiscus esculentus_ -- okra, or gumbo, of the South.
_Hibiscus sabdarifa_ -- Jamaica sorrel of Florida.
Huajilla (_Zygia brevifolia_), Texas and adjacent countries.
See Huajilla.
Hawthorn (_Cratagus Oxycantha_), Great Britain, Ireland, and North Europe; introduced here.
Hazelnut and filbert (_Corylus avelana_ and _C. Americana_), valuable in early spring for pollen.
Heartsease, which see, or large smartweed (_Persicaria mite_), on the overflowed lands of the Mississippi River.
Heather (_Erica vulgaris_); a prolific source of honey in Europe and the British Isles. The honey is thick, with a rich flavor. In the same latitude on this continent its place is taken by the fireweed, which see -- an excellent yielded also.
Hercules club (_Aralia spinosa_).
Hemp (_Cannabis sativa_, also _C. Indica_), ganja of the East.
Horehound (_Marrubium vulgare_). Good yields of honey have been reported from this plant; but it is so bitter as to be worthless except as medicine. It might improve with age.
I.O W T O KEEP BESS FOR PROFIT
I.e (_Tilia Europea_), English name for linden or basswood; now much planted as an avenue tree in the United States.
I.e (_Citrus limetta_); Florida, California, and the West Indies.
_Limnanthes Douglasii_, or marsh-flower; native of California; cultivated in England for bees.
Linden (_Tilia Europea_), or European basswood; famous in Berlin and other places as a street tree; now popular in the United States.
_Liquidambar Styracifua_, sweet gum; very important, particularly south.
Locust, which see (_Robinia pseudacacia_); now being planted for its timber in Ohio and other States. See Locust.
Logwood (_Haematoxylon Campechianum_); the various states bordering on the bay of Campeche; introduced into Florida, Jamaica, West Indies, and South America. See Logwood.
Loquat (_Eriobotyra Japonica_); sometimes wrongly named
Japan plum; south; valuable because it flowers very late.
Lucern (_Medicago sativa_); the English name for the
Spanish _alfalfa_.
Lupine (_Lupinus perennis_).
Madrona (_Arbutus Kalapensis_), southwest.
Magnolia (_M. grandiflora_ and others); south.
Malva (_M. alcea_).
Mammoth red or peavine clover -- see Clover.
Manzanita (_Artoostaphylos_), California.
**3**16
**Maples \((\)_Acer\(),\)_--_ species. The different species are of much value, yielding well for early brood-rearing.
**Marigold, which see (_Gailardia pulchella_).
**Marjoram (_Origanum vulgare_).
**Marsh sunflower (_Helianthus strumosus_).
**Matrimony-vine (_Lyeium vulgare_).
**Meadow-sweet, or spireza (_Spireza salicifolia_).
**Meliot (_Melilotus alba_), or honey lotus -- see Sweet Clover, white and yellow.
**Melons (_Cucurbita melo_). Melons of all kinds are valuable to apiarists.
**Mesquite, which see (_Prosopis pubsecens_ and _juliflora_); southwest and New Mexico.
**Mignonette (_Reseda odorata_).
**Milkweed (_Asclepias cornui_).
**Milk-vetch (_Astragolus Canadensis_).
**Motherwort (_Leonurus cardiaca_).
**Mountain laurel, sheep laurel, rhododendron (_Kalmia lafifolia_), famous for producing honey which has sickening properties -- see Prissonous H. P.
**Mustard (_Brassica arvenis_), charlock of England.
**Okra, or gumbo (_Hibiseus esculentus_).
**Onion (_Alium cepa_). There are reports of yields of honey from fields of onions cultivated for seed, having very strongly the peculiar onion odor, which, however, disappears after a time.
**Orange (_Cirrus aurantium_); considered valuable in some places.
**Oxeye daisy (_Bellis integrifolia_); Kentucky and southwest.
Palmetto.
Parsnip (_Pastinaca sativa_), from the common parsing run wild.
Partridge pea (_Cassia chameerista_).
Peach (_Prunus Persica_) -- see Fruit-Blossoms.
Peavine, or mammoth red clover (_Trifolium pratense_) -- see Clover.
Pecans (_Hicoria Pecan_). Good in the South.
Pepperidge -- see Tupelo.
. Peppermit (_Mentha vulgaris_).
Pepper-tree (_Schinus molle_), California and Florida; fine shade-tree; excellent for honey.
Persimmon (_Diospyrus Virginianum_ and _Texana_); known as "'lotus" in Europe.
_Phaeclia tanacetifolia_, a beautiful garden-plant from California.
_Phormium tenax_, New Zealand flax; sometimes grown south; good yielder; may become very important commercially.
Pin-clover, or alifilarila (_Erodium Cicutarium Geranice_).
Plane-tree (_Platanus orientalis_), also known as ycamore or buttonwood; good in Europe, and introduced here; similar to our sycamore; a fine shade-tree.
Plantain, or rib-grass (_Plantago major_), has white pollen.
Plantain fruit (_Musa paradisica_), similar to the banana, but extensively used as a vegetable in all tropic latitudes, Florida, and Porto Rico.
Pleurisy-root (_Asclepias tuberosa_); highly praised by James Heddon.
**S O U R C E S OF HONEY**
**Plums.** All kinds of wild plums yield honey.
_Poinciana regia,_ Florida.
**Poplar, or whitewood, which see (**_Liriodendron tulipifera_**)**
**Poplar (**_Populus_**), south.**
**Prairie clover (**_Petalostemon candida_**), good in Texas.**
_Protea mellifera alba,_ **South Africa; a wonderful yielded of honey. See Nectar.**
**Pumpkin (**_Cucurbita pepo_**); cultivated; the original,** _C. ovifera,_ **runs wild in Texas.**
**Rape (**_Brassica campestris_**).**
**Raspberry (**_Rubus strigosus_**), Northern Michigan and similar localities;** _R. idesis,_ **European raspberry, and** _R. rosefolius,_ **Porto Rico and West Indies.**
**Rattan (**_Berchemia scandens_**); Texas; a heavy yielder.**
**Rattlesnake root, or white lettuce (**_Nabalus altisimus_**).**
**Rattleweed, or figwort, which see.**
**Redbay (**_Persea Carolinensis_**), south.**
**Redbud, or Judas-tree (**_Cercis Canadensis_**).**
**Red gum (**_Eucalyptus rostrata_**), California and native of Australia.**