BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
The Berkshire Association arranges with shopkeepers throughout the county to dispose of the honey, bearing distinctive labels supplied to members. As these labels are numbered and the secretary keeps an account of those issued, any complaint or abuse of the privilege would quickly bring down punishment on the wrong-doer. Until the question as to the best means of assisting members in the disposal of their produce is taken up by the Associations, there is no reason why there should not be formed, in each village, a little club. The members could arrange not only for the sale of their honey, which, when graded, would be of similar quality, but they could procure hives, frames, foundation, bottles, and, in fact, all necessary appliances at a reduced rate for quantities and save on the carriage.
Honey varies in qnality and aroma according to the source from which it is obtained by the bees, but this fact is often lost sight of or ignored, and all kinds are mingled together, thus producing a sample of moderate quality. All honey, therefore, should be graded whether it is in comb or extracted. The selection can be made by the colour of the capping, which is a pretty safe guide as to the similarity of the contents of the combs, particularly if they are from hives in the same apiary.
Sections most evenly filled and sealed will be classed as of first quality. There can be no question as to what style of filling is best. For exhibition purposes the tastes of the judges have to be considered, some preferring sections from which the comb can be cut all
round without spilling much honey. But, however nice this may appear, such sections do not travel well, and therefore a well-filled section should be aimed at, with the cells built up to the wood all round, as well as filled and sealed. When so completed, they will, if properly packed, travel with safety. Thin sealing is preferred by the consumer, but the liability to weeping must be considered. A slight jar may crack a thin surface of comb and cause the honey to ooze out or "'weep," and thus spoil the appearance and attractiveness of the section. A fairly thick and even capping is decidedly to be preferred, in order to ensure with the all-round sealing a perfect because the most marketable section of honey. Badly filled sections that are unfit for sale should be cut up and put into the honey cistern when the grading takes place.
Before sections leave the producer they must be scraped free of propolis, and placed in cases with glass on one or both sides. These cases are either made of enamelled tin or cardboard. Instead of using these boxes the faces of the section may be glazed and the glass fixed on by a slip of paper being pasted round the section \(\sharp\) inch of which ornamented is fixed on the glass, thus not only holding it securely to the section, but making a most attractive article of commerce. For safe transit to and from shows, and at the same time proving a means of effective display, show cases may be used, which fit into or are attached to spring travelling crates (Fig. 55).
These and other travelling crates add so much to the cost of the ontific that other means must be devised for the safe carriage of sections to the dealer or consumer. For this trade, unless otherwise ordered, glazing should be omitted, and the sections placed side by side, six in a row. At each end place a square of wood the size of the section, then a lath above and another below the row. A parcel may then be made of the half-dozen, and if well and tightly packed in newspaper, they may afterwards be packed on straw in a box, and breakages will be the exception and not the rule. A firm which to my knowledge bought twenty-two tons of English honey in one season, positively
refuse to deal in sectional honey, for they say that the packing is so bad that they rarely receive a parcel in good condition. By adopting the above method of packing much loss and expense may be avoided, and more satisfaction given to the purchasers.
_Drained or extracted_ honey is easier to deal with than comb honey, and being of a less perishable nature is more generally produced. Small quantities such as whatever amount is required for home consumption, and what is sold in the neighbourhood of the apiary, should be put up in neat 1-lb. glass jars, either to be covered with parchment (Fig. 56) or with a metal cap (Fig. 57), and have affixed to them an attractive label.
Bottle Covers and Labels.
Upon the label it is an advantage to draw attention to the fact that it is the nature of honey to candy or set, and that this change will take place early or late according to the crops from which it is gathered, the
nature of the soil, and the character of the season. It might also be stated that candying is a sign of purity, and that the honey may be re-liquefied by standing the jar in hot water.
Bottling and the filling of cans should take place a day or two after extracting, and before the honey begins to candy : 28-lb. cans, square with patent lids, are sold at very reasonable prices, and may be packed two in a box.
Candying may be deferred, if not altogether prevented, by subjecting the honey to heat, but there is a liability in thus treating it to drive off the delicate aroma, and therefore heating honey should be avoided as much as possible. Jars may be despatched to customers in boxes (Fig. 58) after being separately surrounded by a sheet of corrugated paper (Fig. 59).
## Chapter 22. _Wax Extracting_.
The wax resulting from the sliced combs, or the eappings taken from combs that are passed through the extractor, is of very good quality. There is no difficulty in dealing with such scraps of comb, but it is not every apiary where such combs are dealt with. Until wired foundation, or wired frames, become more general there will always be some frames containing combs that, through falling, buckling, or stretching, are unsuitable for breeding purposes. These should be removed, when not occupied with brood, and melted.
The methods now employed to separate wax from the eocoons, &e., render the operation simple, and not, as was once the case, the most distasteful, because the most messy of all the operations in the apiary. Wax melts at a temperature of 146, consequently any arrangement that will hold the refuse from which the wax will, as melted, run away, may be adopted.
A very simple plan, devised by Mr. Cowan in 1888, is to place the combs upon a sieve over a pan ofwater. When placed in a moderately hot oven the wax will fall down as it melts into the water below, and unless subjected to too great heat will not be harmed by this method of extracting. An extractor on this principle was designed by Mr. Killick in 1887. A bowl with a perforated bottom is placed upon a pan of water, and the action of the heat upon the combs is as stated above when a sieve is used.
Refuse scraps of comb are by some bee-keepers stored away for a general melting operation, but this plan may cause loss, for should the wax moth gain access to the store much, if not all, will be rendered useless. When a small quantity has accumulated it should be put, without further delay, into some kind of wax extractor, for the wax will keep indefinitely though the combs may be quickly spoilt. The solar wax extractor, which has recently been recommended, consists of a case with a glass front, placed at an angle to collect the direct rays of the sun. A box with a front wall of 2 inches, and back wall 6 inches, will prove effective in dealing with small quantities of comb. Upon the slanting front is placed a sheet of glass. Inside the case is fixed a pan covered with a sheet of perforated zinc. Upon the zinc is placed the scraps of comb to be operated upon. If the extractor is now placed in the direct rays of the sun on a hot day the wax will be quickly melted and run through the zinc into the pan below. This method may be used at any time when the rays of the sun are sufficiently powerful to melt the wax.
The most popular extractor is the "Gerster " (Fig. 56), in the form of a saucepan and steamer.
The lower compartment is simply to hold water for the purpose of producing steam. In the bottom of the upper section is fixed a tin plate communicating with the outside by a small tube. Upon the plate, slightly raised by legs, stands a cylinder of perforated zinc, into which are placed the scraps of comb. When the apparatus is placed over the fire the steam
from the lower passes to the upper compartment, and melts the wax, which runs through the zinc, falls upon the plate and runs thence through the tube, finally dropping into a basin placed beneath. A little water should always be placed in the basin.
The following is a simple means of extracting the wax from old combs when neither of the above
\(\begin{array}{cccc|c}&\mbox{\sc FAOE}&\\ \mbox{\sc Conbs, renewal of }&\ldots&\ldots&76&\mbox{\sc Extractor (wax), Gerster}&178\\ \mbox{Cells, size of }&\ldots&\ldots&20&"&\mbox{\sc Killick }&\ldots&177\\ "&\mbox{\sc worker, necessary }&55&"&\mbox{\sc Cowan }&\ldots&176\\ "&\mbox{\sc queen }&\ldots&21,56&"&\mbox{\sc Cost of }&\ldots&102\\ "&\mbox{\sc pitch of }&\ldots&21,121&"&\mbox{\sc Solar }&\ldots&177\\ "&\mbox{\sc cappings of }&\ldots&29&\mbox{\sc Eggs, quantity laid daily}&29\\ \mbox{\sc Condemned bees }&\ldots&139&\mbox{\sc Egg-laying, sole work of}&\\ "&",\mbox{\sc disposal of }&161&\mbox{\sc queen }&24,90\\ \mbox{Colony of bees, a good }&\ldots&89&"&\mbox{\sc when com-}\\ \mbox{\sc Cone escape }&\ldots&65,130&\mbox{\sc mened }&\ldots&29\\ \mbox{\sc Casts }&\ldots&\ldots&\ldots&82&"&\mbox{\sc when stopped }&29,89\\ "&\mbox{\sc sign of issue }&\ldots&33&\mbox{\sc Excluder zinc }&64,102,115,127\\ \mbox{\sc Cyprian bees }&\ldots&\ldots&38&\mbox{\sc Enemies of bees }&\ldots&153\\ \mbox{\sc Carnional bees }&\ldots&39&\mbox{\sc Carbolic spray}&\ldots&\ldots&45&\mbox{\sc Foundation }&\ldots&9,56,63\\ \mbox{\sc Carbolic cloth }&\ldots&\ldots&45&"&\mbox{\sc advantage of }&74,85\\ \mbox{\sc Carbolic solution }&\ldots&\ldots&46&"&\mbox{\sc casts for }&\ldots&75\\ \mbox{\sc Crowding bees, advantage}&\mbox{\sc wired }&\ldots&\ldots&76\\ \mbox{\sc of }&\ldots&\ldots&\ldots&64&"&\mbox{\sc wiring }&\ldots&81,82\\ \mbox{\sc Clubbing, advantage of }&170&"&\mbox{\sc brood }&\ldots&\ldots&75\\ \mbox{\sc Commencing bee-keeping }&99&"&\mbox{\sc super }&\ldots&75,102\\ \mbox{\sc Cleansing flight }&\ldots&156&"&\mbox{\sc fixing }&\ldots&78\\ \mbox{\sc
**Manufacturer of the IYO HIVE as approved and authorised by Mr. C. N. White.**
**TEOMAS E.****BLOYY**
Beps to call special attention to the following sonsonable articles, which for high quality have never been excelled:-
**Lewis & Co.'s NOW-WHITE POISHED SEGUTS.-These Sections are snow-white, and nothing like them has ever before been seen in this country. They can be had in both \(\div\)way and 4-way, also in the form called _Blow's Patent Grooved and Split-of-go Sections._
**BLOW'S SOFT GANDY (Pere Came Scoar with Honey). _Spectally prepared in One-Pound Borces. 6d. per Boa; 6s, per Doa._
**SUPER AND BROOD FOUNDATION OF PURE BEESWAX.**
**Nover Kennedy for FOUL BEROOD.-Half-plant Bottes as. 6d.; Pint Bottes, de. Numeros Unsodiciated Testimonials.**
**Emanelled Metal Section Cases.-** Exhibitors at Shows, and those who have large quantities of Comb Honey for public sale, have become keenly alive to the fact that one of the greatest inducements to Shopkeepers to consent to stock Honey, and to the Public to buy it, is the appearance and nestness of the get-up of the package containing the Honey in Comb. They can be had with or without fastening.**
**Hooney Scotches.-**Special attention is called to the Metal Seven-top Honey Bottle for use at Shows, these being of very fine quality.**
**Perfection and Rapid Tix Feeders.-**Now is the time for Feeding-up Stooks that are short of supplies. For quick feeding, the RAPID TIN FEEDER is all that can be desired. My Feeders have stood the test of many years, and are still the best in the market. In the Catalogue mentioned below full descriptions and illustrations will be found.**
_Honey Extractors, Honey Ripears and Honey Prestate will all the latest improvements. Also Smolars, Timware of every description. Best Shogheld Knives and Cutters of all approved patterns._
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**J. E. GOWARD,**
_MANUFACTURER, THE "MODEL APIARY,"_
**HOLME, PETERBOROUGH,**
_LECTURER AND CERTIFIED EXPERT,_
_SOLICETS APPLICATION FOR HIS_
**CATALOGUE (POST FREE),**
_IN WHICH FIRST PRIZE APPLIANCES AND ALL IMPLEMENTS PERTaining_
_TO SUCCESS IN BEE CULTURE ARE SHOWN._
**THE "IVO" HIVE is manufactured by J. H. E., under special directions and permit from Mr. C. N. WHITE._**
_Now Ready at all Booksellers and Libraries._
In a Gloucestershire Garden.
HENRY N. ELICAMBE, M.A.,
VICAR OF BITTON, GLOUCESTERSHIRE, and Honor RAT CANON OF REISTOL ;
AUTHOR OF "PLANT LORE AND QARDEN-Craft OF SHAKESPEARB."
WITH ILLUSTATIONS.
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GARDEN associations.
London: : _LEDWARD ARNOLD, 37, Bedford Street, Strand, W.C. Publisher to the India Office._
## Works by
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Common-sense cookery for englise housgeholos. Based upon Modern English and Continental Principles, with Twenty _Menus_ worked out in detail. By A. Kenney Herbert ("Wyvern "), Don of the Order of the Cordon-Rouge, Author of "Culinary Jottings," &c. Large crown 8vo, cloth, price 7s. 6d.
## Mr. Edward Arnold's List.
England in Egypt.By Alfred Milner, C.B. Popular Edition, with an Additional Pretatory Chapter on Egypt in 1894. Large crown 8vo, with Map, cloth, 7a. 6d.
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## INSERT FOLDOUT HERE
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS
THE MANAGEMENT OF HONEY BEES,
UPON AN IMPROVED AND HUMANE PLAN,
BY WHICH THE
LIVES OF BEES MAY BE PRESBERVED.
abundance of Honey of a SUPERior quality
MAY BE OBTAINED.
BY THOMAS NUTT.
DISCARDED
STSTUHE BEUNION,
REVISED, ENLARGED, AND EDITED, BY THE
Rev. THOMAS CLARK.
WISBECH:
PRINTED BY JOHN LEACH, FOR THE WIDOW of
THE LATE T NUTT,
0/ whom it may be had at her Reidence, Rose Cottage, Spalding, or at
Neigrobus and Son's, 127, High Holborn, London.
8OLD ALSO BY LOongman and co, PATERNoster-ROW, London,
AND J. MIDL, PHILADEPHIA, NORTH AMERICA.
PRICE TEN SHILLINGS.
DEDICATION,
BY permission,
QUEEN ADELAID E.
May it please your majesty,
To pen a dedication skillully is generally the most difficult part of an author's task; but a dedication to ROYALTY is so delicate a matter, that I almost tremble for the success of my undertaking--tremble list \(a\)
inscets, exhibits to man the most perfect pattern of devoted attachment, and of true allegiance on the part of the subject Bees to their Sovereign, and of industry, ingenuity, prosperity, and apparently of general happiness in their well-ordered state,--and as these most curious and valuable little creatures have hitherto been most cruelly treated--have been, and still are, annually sacrificed by millions, for the sake of their _sweet_ treasure; I do feel a pleasure, and think there is a sort of analogical propriety, in dedicating to your Gracious Majesty this work, the leading feature of which is--Humanity to Honey-Bees. Under your Majesty's fostering and influential Patronage, I cannot but anticipate that this object will be essentially promoted, and that the management of Bees, in this country at least,* [vi] Dedication. will not hereafter reflect disgrace upon their owners.
In this pleasing hope, I humbly bcg to subscribe myself, YOUR MAJESTY's most dutiful and most grateful
THOMAS NUTT.
Moulton-Chapel, Lincolnshire, Nov. 27th, 1832.
PREFA C E.
Could I disarm criticism as easily as I can deprive Bees of their power to sting, this would be the proper place to do so; though I am doubtful whether it would be well-judged in me, or to my advantage, to stay the critics' pen. But possessing no such talismanic power, I shall adventure my little book into the world, without any attempt to conciliate the critics' good-will, or to provoke their animosity, conscious that from _fair_ criticism I have nothing to fear. That I shall be attacked by those apiarians who are wedded to their own theories and systems, however faulty, is no more than I expect: of them, I trust, I have nowhere spoken disparagily; towards none of them do I entertain unkindly feelings--far otherwise. Their number, I
### 3iii preface.
am led to believe, is not formidable ; and as gentlemen, and fellow-labourers in the same work of humanity, their more extensive learning will hardly be brought to bear against me with rancour and violence. Should any one of them, or of any other class of writers, so far degrade himself, I shall have the advantage of the following preliminary observations, viz. that one set of my collateral-boxes placed in a favourable situation, and _duly and properly attended to,_ for one season only, will outweigh all the learning and arguments that can be adduced against my Bee-practice,--will be proof positive, visible, tangible, that there is in my pretensions something more than empty boast. Luckily for me, there are plenty of those proofs to be met with in the country, and there are some--several, not far from town ; they are at Blackhcath, at Kensington, at Clapham, and at other places. As hundreds of the Nobility and Gentry of this country will recollect, there was one of these incontrovertible proofs of the truths of what I am stating, exhibited for several weeks at the National Repository last autumn, where it was seen, examined, admired, and, I may without any exaggeration add, _universally approved._
At the time I have been speaking of, I had not read one single book on Bees ; nor had I then one in my possession. Whatever my practice may be, it has resulted from my own unaided experience and discoveries. To books I am not indebted for any part of it : may, had I begun to attempt to improve the system of Bee-management by books, I verify believe, I never should have improved it at all, nor have made one useful discovery. _The bees themselves have been my instructors._ After I had so far succeeded as to have from my apiary glasses and boxes of honey of a superior quality, to exhibit at the National Repository, where, with grateful thanks to the Managers of that Institution for their kindness to me, I was encouraged to persevere, Bee-books in profusion were presented to me, some of them by friends with names, some by friends whose names I have yet to learn. I have read them all : but nowhere find, in any of them, clear, practical directions, how honey of the very purest quality, and in more considerable quantity than by any of the plans heretofore proposed, may be taken from Bees, without recourse to any suffocation whatever, or any other violent means ;--how all the Bees may be preserved uninjured ;--and how swarming may be prevented. These are the grand features in my plan ; and minute directions for the accomplishment of these most desirable objects are laid down in this book.
I by no means maintain that my system of Bee-management is incapable of improvement; but I do think that the principles upon which it is founded _are right ;--_that the foundation is here properly laid,--and that every apiarian who may hereafter conform to, or improve upon, my practice, will be instrumental in contributing a part towards raising the superstructure--namely--an asylum or sanctuary for Honey-Bees.