BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
"I have also observed that, when the weather was so cold or so wet in June, as to prevent a young swarm from going abroad, as much comb was constructed, nevertheless, as might have been built, if they had been able to fly about the fields.
"Wax is formed by the bees themselves; it may be called an external secretion of oil and originates between each plate of the underside of the belly. On first observing it, in examining a worker, I was embarrassed to explain its appearance, and doubted whether new seals were forming, and whether bees cast the old ones like the shells of lobsters, but I soon discovered that this substance could be found only between the scales of the belly. When examining the workers climbing on the inside of the panes of glass hives, I saw that most of them exhibited this substance; it gave the lower and posterior edge of the scales the appearance of being double, or thereseemed to be double scales; but I ascertained that this substance was loose and did not adhere.
"Having proved that the pellets brought on their limbs were farina from the stamens, apparently destined for the food of the larvae and not for wax making, and having found nothing else which could be supposed to be wax, I conjectured that these scales might be wax itself. I placed several of them on the point of a needle, which I held to the flame of a candle; they melted and formed a globule. I doubted no longer of this being wax and made sure of it in a more positive way by ascertaining that they are never found except during the season that bees construct their combs."
In the remainder of the paragraph the author relates having made useless efforts to seize the moment when they detached the scales from themselves.
He afterwards affirms that it is with this material, transduced through the rings of their abdomen, that they build their combs, but he believes that they add to it a little of the fecundating dust of the stamens, when the wax secretion is not sufficiently abundant for their work.
_From the Annals and Magazine of Natural History,_
Ser. 9, Vol. vii., p. 509, _Jhin_ 1921.
_On the Mite_ (Acarapis wondi, _Rennie_) _associated with_
_Tale of Right Bee Disease. By Stanley Hirst._
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
The discovery of the constant presence of a mite in bees suffering from Isle of Wight disease is of considerable interest. The first scientific account of the mite and its relations with the disease has been published by the discoverers (Dr. Rennie, P. B. White, and Miss Elsie J. Harvie) *. The present note deals with the affinities of the mite, and gives a detailed account of its external structure. My best thanks are due to the Rev. G. H. Hewison and Mr. W. Herrod-Henpsall for giving me bees infected with _Acarapis wondi._
Genus Acarapis, Hirst, 1921.
_Acarapis,_ Hirst, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1921, p. 357.
Closely allied to _Tarsonemus_, but differing as follows:-Second and third legs of larval stage very short (almost rudimentary) and without either claws or pulvillus (whereas in the larva of _Tarsonemus_ these legs are about as long as the first and provided with paired claws and a pulvillus). Female lacking the club-shaped pseudostigmata that are present in _Tarsonemus_, and with the fourth leg shorter and wider and provided with more numerous hairs (in this last respect somewhat resembling the fourth leg of _Scutacarus_).
* Trana. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, lit. part 4, March 1921, pp. 737-770, 3 pls.
A 27/93
M. S. Hirst on the Mile associated with
_Acarapis woodi_, Rennie, 1921.
_Tarsonemus woodi_, Rennie, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, iii. 1921, pp. 768-779, 2 text-figs., 1 pl.
\(\dagger\).--Body oval, being longer than wide. Segmentation not very distinct; one of the transverse lines is much more distinct than the others and divides the body into'a cephalotoracic and an abdominal division. Specimens mounted in fluids and examined with a \(
rac{1}{12}\) oil-immersion are seen to have five weak dorsal tergites, separated from one another by transverse lines and also by minute longitudinal striations. At the posterior end there is a minute, almost annular projection, possibly representing an additional segment. Stigmata minute, but distinct, being paired; one is placed on each side of the neck-like elongation of the anterior end of the body.
_Vener_.--Sternal epimeron Y-shaped. Posterior epimera much weaker than those of the anterior pairs of legs. There is a minute Y-shaped chitinous structure midway between the legs of the third pair. In the middle line between the last pair of legs there is a slight projecting lobe divided into two by a minute indentation in the middle.
_Chestoray of Body_.--Sixteen hairs are present on the dorsum, all of them being long, except the last pair, which are shorter. On the cephalothorax (first tergite) there are two pairs, one placed behind the other. Second tergite (first of abdomen) with four hairs, third with a pair, fourth with four, the small posterior tergite with a pair. There is a hair on each of the anterior forks of the sterual epimeron, and another pair placed in front of the dividing-line between cephalothorax and abdomen; also two pairs of shorter hairs on the abdomen between the legs.
_Legs_.--First leg with only one claw and with a well-developed pulvillus, almost circular in shape; second and third legs with a pair of strong claws, with a pulvillus in between them; fourth leg much shorter than the others, and without either claw or pulvillus, and furnished with long hairs.
_Chestoray of Legs_.--There are a number of hairs on the legs, including some very long and fine dorsal hairs. Besides these ordinary hairs, there are a number of modified hairs. Tarsus of first leg dorsally with a rather large striated " olfactory." hair, which is sharply pointed at the distal end, and also another much shorter one laterally. A large _Ise of Wright Bee Disease._ **511**
_" olfactory "_ hair is also present on the second tarsus. There_
_Aearapis woodi, $_, dorsal view._
_are also two pairs of rather long, curved, slender sensory_
_",_hairs, with their end blunt, as if broken off, placed dorsally near the end of the first tarsus. Fourth leg with five hairs ; three of them, of varying length, arise some distance from the distal end, the other two are placed at the extreme end of the tarsus, one of them being very long and fine, the other fairly long.
Tracheal tubes distributed as shown in fig. 5.
_S.--Dorsum_ consisting of only three distinct divisions or tergities, the first (cephalotoracic) being large, the second (first abdominal) still larger, the posterior one quite small and oval in shape. There is also the curious little caudal structure present as well in the males of _Tarsonemus_.
_Cheetotaxy of Dorsum_.--There are in all twelve hairs on the dorsal surface--viz., two pairs on the first tergite, one placed behind the other, an anterior row of four and a posterior pair on the second tergite, and a pair of shorter hairs on the small posterior tergite.
_Palp_.--Slender, apparently unsegmented, and of small size, but fairly elongated; two minute hairs are present on it.
_Chelicera_.--Long and styliform, as in the female and larva.
_Legs_.--With the exception of the last one, the legs are very like those of the female. Fourth leg somewhat shorter than the others, and without claws or pulvillas; it is divided into three free segments, the basal one being the stoutest and bearing a single hair; the second segment with two ventral and one rather long fine dorsal hair; tarsus ending in a short blunt spine and a very long fine hair.
_Nymphal Stage_.--There is no free nymphal stage, but; if the larval skin containing a fully developed adult of either sex is carefully examined, an inner delicate chitinous membrane (without any trace of limbs) enveloping the mite can be found, and perhaps it represents the nymphal stage.
_Larval Stage_ differing considerably in size and general appearance according to the degree of development. It is elongated and usually egg-shaped or sac-shaped.
_Dorsum_ with bands of transverse striations alternating with plain unstrated areas; the latter are possibly weak tergites, and bear very short hairs--one pair on the first area, two pairs on the second, one pair on the third, two pairs on the fourth; the first (cephalotoracic) tergite appears divided in two wieu examined from above, so there is evidence of five segments in tile larval stage. Posteriorly (ventrally) there is a minute oval (anal) plate at the extreme end of the body. Laterally there are a number of straight and curved
segmented (four segments can be distinguished, however). First pair of legs ending in a pair of well-developed claws
with an almost heart-shaped pulvillus between them. There is a short hair on the second segment from the distal end of
this leg, and the tarsus has two hairs on it--viz., a comparatively long, blunt, curved hair dorsally (probably sensory)
_Acarpus woodi, \(\mathbb{C}\)._ The tracheal system.
\(lacktriangle\), signal opening.
and a short blunt hair. Second and third legs with the tarsus in the form of a short cone, without either claws or pulvillas,
* 518 Mr. S. Hirst on the Mite associated with
Note.--Apparently only adult bees are infested by this
mite, which lives in the tracheal tubes of the head and thorax.
It is not known how infection takes place--possibly by bees
visiting the same flower or drinking-place. Many species of
Typoglyphidae have a migratory or travelling stage (hypopus),
but this stage is not known to occur-in the Tarsonemidae.
In his "Acarina or Mites " (Report No. 108, U.S. Dept.
Agricult. 1915, p. 109) Mr. Nathan Banks asserts that " The
curious ['Tarsonemid] genus _Soutacarus_ has a migratorial
nymphal stage much like the hypopus of the Typoglyphidae.
**a,** last leg of female; b, ovun, greatly enlarged; c, first leg of larva;
d, second leg of larva.
This stage has been found on bees and ants," This is a
nistake, however, for it has been pointed out by Michael
(' British Tyroglyphidae,' vol. i. p. 126), and also by Enzio
Reuer in his very excellent paper " Zur Morphologie und
Ontogenie der Aeariden" (Acta Soc. Fennice, xxxvi. 1909),
that the nynphal stage is suppressed in _Disparipes_ (=_Scutacarus_).
The hypopial stage is always a nymph, and there is no free
nymphal stage either in _Acarapis_ or _Tarsonemus_; so that it
is probable that the disease spreads through the adult mite.
_Ise of Wight Bee Disease._ **519**
A'ter the death of the bee the mites continue to live for several days, and the great majority of them seem to die finally without leaving the body of the host. Occasionally a few adult mites may be found moving about on the dead bodies of the bees. Whilst dissecting some healthy live-bees from Golder's Green, I found a single specimen of a male _Tarsonemus_ (seus stricto) in one of the thoracic trachea--so that more than one species of mite of this family can gain access to the respiratory system of the bee. I have also found specimens of _Tarsonemus_ (s. s.) on dry specimens of _Apis dorsata_ and _Anis forealis_ (both Indian species of bees) and on _Apis mellifera_, var. _indieu_ (from Singapore).
[http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003627522](http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003627522)
Outapaires
and their management
**M. G. DADANT**
1 9 1 9
**To**
**H.E.D.**
Inereased demand for honey, better means of transport to outyards, and consequent increased interest in beekeeping as a pursuit have changed many smaller beekeepers into outapiris\({}^{\dagger}\)s. This volume, I hope, may, in some degree, aid the beginning outapirist in planning and managing his system of apiaries.
The marketing of honey, though it is connected closely with the outapirist, is not treated in this book. It is a subject, however, which has not had its share of attention from the beekeeper. Were better methods of distribution striven for as are methods of production, the demand for our product would be almost unlimited.
The writer is specially indebted to his father, brothers, and to Mr. Frank C. Pellett for ideas and information embodied with his own in this book. The cuts have, nearly all of them, appeared in the American Bee Journal for which they were made by Mr. Pellett.
* 1Chapter I--INTRODUCTORY
* 13Beginnings of Outapiaries. Dependent upon the Man. Prime Requisites.
* 2Chapter II--CHOOSING A GENERAL LOCATION
* 21Desirable Place to Live. Honey and Pollen. Overstocking. No Foulbrood. Nearness to Market.
* 3Chapter III--SELECTING APIARY SITES
* 3.1Distance Apart. Honey Flora. Good Roads. High Ground. Wind Breaks. Shade. Other Considerations.
* 4Chapter IV--BASIS OF PLACING THE APIARY
* 4.10Owner Not Renter. Rental Price. Bees On 'Shares.
* 5Chapter V--THE APIARY ITSELF
* 5.11Arrangement. Number of Colonies-Overstocking. Deooy Hives. Watering places. Wax Extractors. Fire. Extra Supplics.
* 6Chapter VI--GENERAL SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
* 6.11Permanent Apiary. Migratory Beekeeping. Central Plant. Keeping Records.
* 7Chapter VII--WINTER AND SPRING WORK
* 7.11First Examination. Second Examination. Drone Layers and Queenlessness. Feeding and Spring Dwindling. Building Up--stimulative Feeling. Foulbrood. Hospital Yard.
Apiaries, Distance apart
Apiary, Arrangement of colonies
Apiary, placing
Artificial windbreaks
Arrangement of apiaries
Automobiles and Trueks
Bee-escape
Brod-chamber
Building up colonies
Capping Cans
Capping Melters
Cappings, Handling
Carload Shipments
Chaff packed hives
Clamps, Bees in
Climatic Conditions
('onsts of operation
Dadant method of wintering
Decoy Hives
Demaree plan
Distance Bees Fly
Drone Comb
Drcne Layers
Electrie Power
Examination of colonies
Full work
Feeding, Stimulative
Fi'e, Danger of
Four Colony case
Grimm, Adam
Hand barrow
Harbison, John
Honey, Heating from extractor
Honey-houses, Central plant
Honey-houses, Interior arrangement
Honey-houses, Location of
Honey-houses and arrangement
Honey-houses, Permanent
Honey-houses, Portable
Honey-houses, Sectional
## Illustrations
The late John Harbison Fig. 1
Minor honey-plants are useful
Broken land furnishes diversity of flora
Bees gathered around rye chop in spring
Diagram of the Dadant apiaries
The apiary should be well above flood marks
A slope furnishes the most natural windbreak
Some beekeepers use a slatted fence windbreak
A brush fence windbreak
A Kansas apiary protected by natural windbreak
'Ramada'\({}^{\prime}\)' in New Mexico serving as shade
Colonies in long rows facing in same direction
Fig. 12
The hives may be placed in rows facing each other
The Scholl apiaries are arranged in groups of five
John W. Cash finds forty colonies the limit
The California apiary often contains 200 colonies
A watering place for bees should be provided
Fig. 17
A three-deck watering trough of a queen-breeder
Rough records on the back of hive caps
Fig. 19
Ten pound friction-top pail for stimuative feeding
Five-gallon oil cans for hauling feed
Placing wet combs in the open is to be discouraged
The France honey strainer
The Dadant strainer for barrels
Fig. 34
Large settling tanks for storing honey
Fig. 25
Box arranged for sulphuring combs from below
Fig. 26
A cylindrical honey-house made for storing combs
Fig. 27
Hives wintering close together
Fig. 28
An apiary of chaff-packed hives
Fig. 29
The single colony packing case finds many advocates
Fig. 30
The quadruple case is difficult of improvement in colder latitudes
where outdoor wintering is desired
Fig. 31
A pile of leaves stacked in nets
Fig. 32
The leaves are corded on a big truck
Fig. 33
The straw mat is placed next to the frames
Placing the big telescope covers back on the hives
Fig. 35
The completely packed hive
Fig. 36
One of the France pillars in Wisconsin
Fig. 37
Cheap temporary cellar as used by Western Honey Producers in
Fig. 38
Hive screened for moving in hot weather
Fig. 39
Moving an apiary 40 miles by auto truck
Fig. 40
How one California queen-breeder moves his outfit to a new location Fig. 41
The truck is fast replacing the slower wagon in moving bees
Fig. 42
Where the haul is short and the weather cool, colonies may be moved with the covers on
Fig. 43
'Old Sally,' a seemingly indestructible car in the Dadant apiaries,
seeing service in moving bees a short distance
Fig. 44
A light pleasure car with commodious box on the rear, is a prime
requisite in the small outapiary system
Fig. 45A big three ton truck hauling cased honey
Fig. 46
Trailer pulled by a pleasure car
Fig. 47
Another type of trailer often encountered
Fig. 48
For transporting bees, there is nothing better than the launch
Fig. 49
Bees clustering around a screened window
Fig. 50
Screened entry to the honey-house that will keep bees out
Fig. 51
A temporary house in use in << Texas apiary
Fig. 52
Three types of extracting houses
Fig. 53
Honey-house built so that it may be cut apart
Fig. 54
Honey-house with ample ventilation for extracting
Fig. 55
An outapiary honey-house with cellar beneath
Fig. 56
Central extracting plant of K. E. Sutton
Fig. 57
Central plant of the Jager apiaries in Minnesota
Fig. 58
Interior arrangement of M. H. Mendleson honey-house
Fig. 59
A. A. Lyons of Colorado runs two extractors
Fig. 60
Settling tanks and heating system in basement
Fig. 61
## Chapter 2 Prerequisites
When the beekeeper outgrows beekeeping in his home apiary and decides to take up 'outapiary work, it is assumed that this is done with the main object of increasing his income.
It is therefore evident that it is desired to eliminate the non-essentials and to formulate a plan that will give him the greatest returns for the least labor involved. He must make the most out of the apiary always, but he should do it in the least time and not sacrifice himself to petty details to the detriment of his ever-growing industry. The grass may not be well kept, the hives may be out of level, but the other extreme of minute exactness in outapiary work is nearly as bad as lack of care, at least financially.
Experiments as a rule will, or should be, confined to the home apiary, in which more time may be spent and more careful supervision given, though the keeping of outapiaries will give opportunity for a larger variety of experiments and room for more general observation on many subjects.
In the early days of outapiaries it was considered good prac'.ec to keep a man at each apiary during the summer. In '.ome instances now, where very large outapiaries are possible, a helper is kept at each yard during the swarming season. But with the coming of the automobile and truck, and with better roads, it is the usual practice to handle all yards from a central home apiary or from several central apiaries if the system is sufficiently large to warrant division of control.
### 2 The Beginnings of Outapiaries
Too many of us are apt to assume that outapiaries are of but recent development; that they have been in operation but aFigure 1: The late John Harbison of California, one of the pioneers in the production of honey in outapiaries.
few years. Yet two of America's pioneer beekeepers were wont to handle their bees in several apiaries and made a success of producing and selling honey. As early as 1869 John Harbison of California was mentioned as having several hundred colonies scattered in different localities, while Adam Grimm, one of Wisconsin's most noted beekeepers, was considered a prominent authority on hauling bees to outapiaries, the overstocking of localities, etc. His writings on these subjects appeared in the American Bee Journal as early as 1874.
### Dependent on the Man
It will be useless to try to give a definite plan in this book whereby anyone can keep bees either at home or in the outapiary and be uniformly successful. Success will depend chiefly on the man. He must first of all be a successful beekeeper in his home apiary. A beekeeper who cannot make a success of his home yard should not attempt the more difficult outapiary management, for he will surely fail.
Furthermore, he should have his heart in his work. Nor must he be so wrapt in details that he cannot give up some of these in order to make his plans correspond to the demands of his increased holdings.
### Prime Requisites
The beekeeper should decide before launching into outapiary work, as to the kind of hive he is to use. It should, as much as possible, be elastic enough to fit in with his system, leaving, in mind that non-swarming should be one of the prime requisites; especially is this true with the outapiary, where only occasional visits are made.
His bees should be of good energetic stock, disease resistant, and as nearly non-swarmers as is possible. Unless he has had experience with other races, he can do no better than to stick to pure Italian stock.
## General Subjects Given Limited Treatment
It will be impossible in this book to give detailed plans of operations on specific subjects such as swarm control, disease, wintering, increase, and honey production.
These subjects will necessarily be treated only as they apply specifically to outapiaries, and the reader is advised to make a study of each subject in connection with some good text book on beekeeping. Subjects more generally applicable to outapiaries such as moving of bees, honey houses, automobiles and conveyances, etc. will be more fully treated.
Extracted honey will be discussed mostly since it lends itself best to the outapiary.
## Chapter 1 Choosing a Location
For many years there has been conducted, in the American Bee Journal, a department to answer questions for beginners and veteran beekeepers alike. Probably one of the questions most frequently asked is ''Where shall I locate?''
### 1.1 Desirable Place to Live
This question cannot be answered to the satisfaction of all, since each person has considerations outside of beekeeping which will affect his choice. The climate, a home, educational facilities for his children, etc., will have a bearing on nearly everyone. One man might not like, or his family might not be able to stand, the rigors of a Montana winter, another might balk at the dampness of an Arkansas bottom, while another might prefer the solitude of a California ranch to the busy life nearer the larger cities. Still another might desire the higher altitudes for reasons of health.
Many will have established themselves and will hesitate to leave old associates and ties already made, only in order to increase the honey yield.
Granted, however, that this has been taken into consideration, and that the questioner is concerned only with the value of locating for honey production, there are several things which should be taken into account before final decision is made, and moreover, such final decision should be reserved until personal inspection of the place has been carefully made by the beekeeper. Too many have located only on the advice of somefriend or on the suggestion of some article about a certain section, laying stress on the desirable features of such location while omitting the drawbacks, which in themselves might alter the situation.
We have in mind a veterinarian who left a certain section previously recommended to him. It was an excellent place for his practice, but he held fleas in abhorrence, and they abounded there.
Figure 2: Minor Honcy plants are useful in helping stimulate brood-rearing.
**Honey and Pollen**
A first class place for honey production must be one containing honey plants in sufficient quantity to assure at least one main flow during the year; the best places being those which contain the greatest profusion of plants, and are capable of guaranteeing the largest surplus yield.
In the white clover regions, of the East and ('entral West, those places are most sought after which have another main flow besides the clover, because the clover flow is not certain. A basswood location or sweet clover, buckwheat, or fall flowers combine well with white clover, while a location containing a number of these would be preferable to one with only two flows.
Naturally, we might conceive of a location having all of these flowers which would be only of minor importance in honey production, from the fact that such plants were not in sufficient abundance to make a surplus flow, while another location containing clover alone, might give such enormous crops in good seasons as to overbalance failures of short years.