BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
Full particulars how to transfer bees from Box Hives to Movable Frame Hives, given in Bege-Keepers' Magazine No. 5, of Vol. XV.
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Handsome and instructive circular and price list of Bees and Queens for 1888, from the KNICKEROCKER BEE FARM.
The first part contains 125 commercial Tables of _ready_, or instantaneous, calculations in all kinds of Grain, Stock, Hay, Coal, Cotton, Merchandise ; in Interest, Wages, Trade Discount, Exchange ; in measurements of Logs, Lumber, Land, Cisternas, Tanks, Bins, Wagon-beds, Corn-crbs Cord-wood, and Carpenters', Plasteres', Maons', and Painters' work.
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**Aviling its many _original features_, we h.e. only space to mention a very simple process for adding long columns of figures by "Casting out the tens," whereby the mind is greatly reduced, and errors avoided ; entirely new methods for shortening ; operations in Multiplication and Division, in Merchandise, an computing Interest, True, Bank, and Trade Discount, Proff and Loss, Stocks and Bonds, extracting Roos, and especially in practical Mensuration, all of which will prove highly in-resting and beneficial to every one who appreciates this great and useful science, particularly young people, who desire to become proficient in rapid methods of calculation.**
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## 12 The Bee-Keepers' Magazine.
## 13 Sections, Sections
We are turning out the very finest one-price sections in the market and sell them VERY CHEAP. Also be hives, frames, shipping crates, EXCLLEENT and very cheap. Write for free illustrated catalogue. G. B. LEWIS & CO., Watertown, Wisconsin.
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## 14 The Bee-Keepers' Magazine.
## 15 The Bee-Keepers' Magazine.
## 16 The Bee-Keepers' Magazine.
## 17 The Bee-Keepers' Magazine.
The Bee-Keepers Magazine.
227 Use and Abuse of Unfinished Sections, by
228 J. A. Buchanan
242 Exhibiting at Fairs, by C. R. Isham
230 Bee-Keeping in Russia--A Floating Exhi-
Tunisian Bees
230 bition
243 The Way to Start
231 The New Heddon Hive Considered and
Practical Work in the Apiary--Making
Criticised, by G. L. Tinker
244 Artifical Swarms
232 Foul Broed Cure, by Frank R. Cheshire
246 Hungry for the Magazine
233 Carniolans
249 Beginners' Department
234 Questions and Answers
250 Scientific Department--
Clubbing List
251 Larval Bees, by Prof. A. J. Cook
236 Honey Market
251 Adulteration of Honey
240 A Puzzler
51 Six Months
52 Specim Copy Free:
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For the Bee-Keepers' Magazine,
**BY JULIAALLYN.**
**PART THIRD.**
_(Contmond.)_
**In our life's history, often year after year passes with scarcely a ripple of change to make us note the progress of time. Then again comes some fortunate or baleful circumstance which changes the whole aspect of affairs and makes life of new importance, and we feel that a new era existence has been opened before us.**
**The death of Molly's father had cast a burden of responsibility on Molly and her mother which the flight of years had seemed to increase. The '' Bee Lecture '' was to prove a milestone or turning point in the Heath family's fortune. At the close of the lecture Rev. Edward Pierson, the young Epis-copal clergyman, had presented to Mrs. Heath a Mr. Dyer, a middle-aged gentleman of fine appearance, who was intending to remain in Marston during the winter. After a short general conversation Mr. Dyer informed Mrs. Heath that he was formerly a college classmate of her husband's, and had been extremely interested in Rob's presentation of the subject of apiculture. Quite a lively and confidential chat ensued, and as Mr. Dyer was curious to know how this subject had come to interest the children, Mrs. Heath had confided to him Molly's repugnance to school teaching, and her hope that in bee-keeping the family funds might be increased, and how encouraged they were with their first year's experience. Mr. Dyer listened attentively, but said no more upon the subject then, but asked permission to call at Rosecroft, a request which Mrs. Heath cordially granted, saying that, as a former friend of her husband, she hoped he would visit them often during his stay in Marston.**
**The acquaintance formed at the '' lecture" ripened into warm friendship as the weeks went by. On one occasion the conversation turning to the subject of how he came to visit Marston, Mr. Dyer informed Mrs. Heath that he had but recently returned from California, having gone to that distant State, soon after his graduation, and that now he had come back to his former home and was looking up old friends. Tracing his former classmate and correspondent to Marston, he had experienced quite a shock at the news of his death, but at the sight of Rob, whose close resemblance to his father brought up olden-time memories, the days of his college life returned with new vividness before him. Then the subject of university life being brought forward, Mrs. Heath said that in two years Rob hoped to be through his high school studies and wanted very much to go to college. Mr. Dyer then informed Mrs. Heath that her husband had materially assisted him when he had first started in business and one object in coming East had been to see if he could in some way return the favor of the past, and he hoped he might be permitted to send Rob to a university and pay for his four years' course. For Tom, too, Mr. Dyer had plans. Observing his skill in drawing, he proposed that after a couple more years of study he should enter the office of a prominent architect in Marston and take a thorough course in civil engineering. These plans were confided only to Mrs. Heath and Molly, as he wanted the boys for the present to learn to depend upon themselves. With mueh gratitude and thankfulness of heart Mrs. Heath listened to this proposal, and when, after a time for deliberation, it was accepted, a burden of care and responsibility for the future was lifted from her and Molly's life.**
**The bright moonlight drive home from the lyceum meeting had been rather a trying time for Molly. Ned had seized it as the long-sought opportunity of informing Molly of his future prospects and plans in life, and as he informed her that she was the center about which all his other plans clustered and in her hands lay his future happiness, it was a rather difficult matter for Molly to assure him that a year or two of patient waiting must be his duller and duller, his uncle determined destiny, and that just now apiculture engrossed her undivided attention, and that she should not feel satisfied to give up any enterprise until she had given it a fair trial. At the end of a couple more years she could tell much better whether bee-keeping were her calling or not. Poor Ned, could only wish that the bees were in sunny, Italy, where they came from, and asserted that refined, delicate women had other duties to perform ; it would do very well for men or as a pastime for boys, and much more in the same strain. But when asked how he liked the lecture he confessed that in spite of himself he had listened attentively and would watch with added interest the development of the colonies his uncle had purchased. During the winter Molly's time was very much occupied in mission work. Business at the mills had been slack and many of the operatives had been thrown out of employment. The "Busy Bees" had met twice a week for sewing, and under Molly's supervision, many garments had been made and carried to destitute families. The Grahams had greatly assisted Molly in this work, for living in tenen house themselves and mingling with the poorer classes, they could more readily find out the wants of those in the same condition of life. Rev. Mr. Pierson, the young, unmarried rector, in his church charitable work, came frequently to enlist Molly's sympathy and aid in behalf of some sick or afflicted member of his parish, and thus far and wide Molly became known and loved, in her almost daily ministrations. Social life too demanded her attention, for no gathering was considered complete without her kind and genial presence. Ned Steams often complained that Molly never had a moment to spare for him. He event became rather bitter and low-spirited over the fact that he so often found the young clergyman in attendance, when he called at Rosecroft. Indeed the fates seemed against him, for just at this state of affairs, as the woolen business continued to grow
**The Way to Start.**
The goods came all right, am very much pleased with them. My first swarm came out on the 26th of this month. There was a splendid outlook for early swarms, but there came about a week of cool weather and three heavy frosts, which put things back a little. Am afraid that our main honey crop is ruined for this season on account of fires in the mountains, which I think has killed all the young sourwood trees, but has got a good start from apple, peach and cherry bloom. Locust and poplar comes in later. If I am so fortunate as to get any sourwood honey, I want to send you a sample and get your verdict on it. I send you in this the outline of my wife's hand for a pair of gloves, and I must tell you that that hand is not half afraid of bees as I am, in fact Mrs. S. attends to hiving all my swarms through the week, and I attend to them on Sundays. You see I had never seen a swarm of bees hanging on a bush until r885, and did not have my first swarm home until 1886, so you see I have not been keeping bees very long, and did not start them until I had read the Magazine for some time, and had read Langstroth through twice. Well, I must close. Respectfully, S. F. Stutor. Lyndburgh, Va., April 30, '88. [To those who may contemplate the keeping of bees we commend Mr. Sutor's method of starting in the business. Note that he read the Magazine some time and Langstroth through twice before making the first step. He knew what he was about before beginning and thus avoided the false steps that many times cause a loss of the colony and discourage the novice.--E.D.] From the British Bee Journal. Practical Work in the Apiary-Making Artificial Swarms. Although swarms may be made artificially from ordinary hives, the modern moveable-comb system presents far greater facilities for the multiplication of stocks in this way. So easy is it to make artificial swarms that many have ruined their apiaries by dividing up their The Bee-Keepers' MAGAZINE. 233
Stocks do but little work, and necessarily go backward whilst without a queen, hence the advisability of enabling them to obtain one as soon as possible alter making the swarm. As we have removed a frame containing brood and young bees, with the queen, and placed it on the old stand, all bees on the wing gathering will return to the old spot and finding the old queen there will set to work like a natural swarm. This method is good, and is the only way to make a swarm when the bee-keeper has not more than one hive, but it should be only adopted if the hive is _very_ strong. When the bee-keeper has a number of hives, and does not desire a very rapid increase, or if his hives are not very strong, it is always better to make a swarm from two or more stocks, so that little is taken out of each. We can make a swarm from two hives by taking the queen with a frame of brood from one hive, and, instead of moving this last to a new position, a second hive is - moved from its stand and taken to a new position, while the original hive, from which the queen was taken, is placed on the stand of the second hive. Of course, as in the first plan, the hive containing the comb with queen upon it takes the place of the hive from which she was taken. The original hive without the queen is strengthened by the returning bees of the second hive, and can be further assisted by the insertion of a ripe queen cell or fertile queen. The bee-keeper who expects to rely on artificial swarming should have a nursery for furnishing queen-cells, and these it must be borne in mind, cannot be had at a moment's notice, but can only be obtained when a stock has been for some days deprived of a queen, - either by removing her for this purpose or by natural or artificial swarming. Should a natural swarm issue, artificial swarming can be begun a few days afterwards, as there will be a number of queen-cells found in the hive from which the swarms left. If queen-cells are wanted, the usual way is to artificially swarm the best stock in the apiary, and after ascertaining the 234 THE BEE-KEEPERS' MAGAZINE.
The main honey flow in most sections of the country is nearly, if not quite over. We hope the beginner has stores of the golden sweet, and it is not now the question : "How shall I get my honey " but "how shall I keep it and dispose of it?" If we make garden, weeds spring up, and it takes more time to fight the weeds than it does to cultivate the vegetables ; so it is in bee keeping. The work is not simply the putting on of empty sections, and the taking off of full ones, but we are required to fight enemies. These enemies belong mostly to the insect tribe, though there are several that do not. The wax moth very properly leads the list. This moth is of a light grey color and about half an inch long. It is an exceedingly lively little creature and quite troublesome to catch. The moth itself does no injury, but like most of its tribe, in nature, all the bad traits are concentrated in its young, the _larvae_, as they are called. The moth mother lays her eggs in cracks in the hive, or about the entrance, as some suppose, and the young hatch out, tiny worms. The healthful diet of these larvae is wax. See how wonderful nature is in adapting her creatures to the purposes for which they were created. Here is this white worm, eating what we consider more indigestible than iron filings, and _getting fat on it too._ If you should offer the best of Huyler's bon-bons or a hunk of wax it would say "Give me that lucious morsel, that piece of wax."
Bees. you know, permit no foreigner to invade its household, and the presumption would therefore be that this wormy intruder would at once be ejected from the hive, but nature comes to its rescue, and by means of delicate glands provides it with a net-weaving device whereby it can surround its path with a web impenetrable to the bees. Thus in its silica lane this tram travels on undisturbed, until ready to weave the cucoon, within the walls of which it shall undergo that metamor-, this so emblematic of the resurrection.
This sounds all very pretty, but me-thinks when the bee-keeper looks at his store of comb honey, put away in a nice warm room preparatory to placing it enticingly before his customers, and finds its beautiful surface seamed and scarred by the winding paths of the tramps before spoken of, and waxy excrements hanging in festoons about the snow white boxes, and honey running down between the cracks; then, I fear, the bee-keeper will rise up in his wrath and say words no mortal man should hear. It is therefore I preach this sermon and advise you to possess your souls in peace, for a little preventive will entirely rid you of the danger of saying the words before hinted at. Sulphur fumes are not considered a desirable perfume by these moth worms--in fact they speedily die under its influence. Therefore within a couple of weeks after taking off your box honey subject it to the fumes of sulphur in a closed room, and repeat the dose in a weeks' time.
Comb, or as it is sometimes called box honey, should be kept in a warm, dry place. If kept in a cellar, it will sweat and sometimes spoil. The capping of comb is porous, and through these pores the moisture of the cellar enters the honey and causes it sometimes to sour ; at any rate the sweating makes your honey unsightly and unfit for market.
Italian bees being more vigorous than the blacks or German brown bee, they are more unceasing in their warfare against the wax moth, and we must score one in their favor on this count. I spoke of the Italian bee on page 184 of the Magazine for this year, and perhaps it would be well to give its characteristics more at length, seeing we have advanced a little more in bee-keeping. The Italian, to begin with is a bee with yellow rings on the abdomen. These rings number three in the worker, counting from the thorax. Let me explain that the body of the bee is divided into three principal divisions, viz, Head, Thorax, and Abdomen. Take up a dead bee and foi
## 1 The Bee-Keepers' Magazine.
low me as I attempt to explain its parts so that you may be able more readily to understand ''bee lore" when you read it. On the head you find the tongue. In the Italian this member is supposed to be slightly longer than in the black, hence deeper flowers can be sucked dry of their nectar. On the head are the antennae or feelers, supposed to be also the bee's ears and nose. Near them you see two great eyes, which look like iridescent patches, These are their _compound eyes_, called so because each eye is composed of hundreds of separate lenses, or eyes. It is supposed that these eyes are sort of telescopic, in their ability to discern distant objects, because it is a well-known fact that the bee, when about to return home from a distant point, sometimes several miles away, makes circles in the air as if to get its bearings, and then with unerring accuracy make a straight line for home, hence the term ''bee line." It becomes apparent that this ability to go straight home either depends on extraordinary powers of vision or an internal compass. I have viewed about everything inside a bee, but have not yet struck that compass, hence must presume the compound eyes lead the wanderer home. Up on the forhead can be seen three little spots forming a triangle. These are what are known as the _simple eyes_, and are supposed to be shortsighted, and therefore used at home. Let me say, however, that eyes are not a necessary adjunct in hive work, for either these simple eyes are not used at all, or else they endow the bee with the vision of seven cats, for no matter how dark the night may be, work never ceases within the ''waxen walls."
In the next division, called the thorax, is centered most of the active members, viz, the wings and the legs. The wings are four in number, two on each side. Each pair are held together, while flying, by tiny hooks situated along the front edge of the under wing. With a strong magnifying glass these hooks can be readily seen. The legs are six in number, three on a side. Each foot has hooks, to enable the
The BEE-KEEPERS' MAGAZINE.
The Clands and the Food of Larval Bees.
PROF. A. J. Cook.
Since the article which I wrote on the glands of bees and the food of larvae, I have had some correspondence with L. Stachelhausen, of Salem, Tex., one of our German-American bee-keepers whose information and opinion are worthy of great respect. He does not accept the view of Schienenz and Leuckart, which I presented, but that of Schonfeld. He presents his case with so much of reason that I am a convert at once, as all must be if the facts stated are as he represents them, and I have little doubt but they are. I am glad we have one in our neighborhood who is so conversant with German research, and so excellent a scientist, that he sees the true bearing of each fact. I hope that he will not be allowed to longer hide his light under a bushel.
At my request, Mr. S. has consented to the publication of his views. He asks that I comment upon the subject, which I am very pleased to do, as I had already contemplated writing another article, giving the views of Schonfeld. I have re-written the article, and have commented in []'s.-A. J. Cook.
objections to the gland theory.
Until 1870 it was believed that chyme was fed to the young larvae, or, rather, that the larval food in the cells is chyme. In that year, Von Siebold examined and described the salivary glands of the bee. The large size of these glands seemed to indicate that they had some other purpose than to secrete the siliva. It seemed possible that they might secrete the larval food. Fischer described these glands a year later, and expressed the same opinion as to their function. Leuckart then declared that he had taught this theory to his students for years.
I then thought this theory very plausible, and probably the true one ; but I expected further study and a closer examination, but expected in vain. Von Siebold, and probably Leuckart as well, worked on other problems. I supposed a microscopic examination of the secretion from these glands would prove the identity of the same with the food of the larvae, but no such proof was forthcoming. It may be said, that there is too little of the product of the glands for analysis. But just this seems to indicate that the comparatively small glands cannot secrete so large a quantity of larval food.
[This view alone would not count for much. There is too little nectar in most flowers for a successful analysis ; yet the bees gather pounds of it in a day. Supposing that the lower head-glands of a single bee do not secrete enough material for successful analysis at any one time, yet thousands of bees might do this with the whole day before them, and have enough left to feed all the larvae.]
In 1880, Schonfeld published his theory, which seemed to me nearer the truth.
Years before, Leuckart described the larval food as a granular, milky, uniformly colored fluid containing many microscopic corpuscles, similar or identical with the blood corpuscles, and with the corpuscles found in the chyle, or digested food, in the true stomach, which chyle passes directly through the walls of the stomach by osmosis. Wolff states that the blood corpuscles originate in the stomach.
Analogy of the mammalian favors the gland theory of Leuckart. It seems plausible that the young bee, like the young calf, is fed with milk ; yet not so plausible when we remember that the larvae is not a young bee. I would rather compare the larvae to the embryo of a mammal, and this is now-ished directly from the blood. The chyle of bees is, in fact, identical with their blood, and contains everything necessary to build up the body of the bee ; so it seems rational and natural to suppose that the chyle is the larval food.
[Analogy is always an uncertain argument. In case of animals as wide