BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
As already stated, the primal cause is alternating cold and warm weather. At any very cold temperature, prolonged for days, honey probably would not candy at all, but chill into a hard waxy mass, readily softening again in a warm atmosphere. As some honers differ chemically, it may be assumed that some other cause operates to bring about the solid condition than wam and cold changes. Just what that is, we do not know; only we do know that stirring or violent agitation hastens granulation; and we also know that, if some granulated honey is mixed with ordinary liquid extracted, the latter will candy much more rapidly; for when honey _once starts_ to granulate, the process goes on very rapidly, although it may take from ten days to six months for the honey to pass entirely from the liquid condition into the solid.
This problem of honey-candying is very interesting. It sometimes happens that of two lots taken from the same barrel or can, and plaoed in two self-sealing packages, the honey in one will soon candy while in the other it will remain liquid, notwithstanding that both packages have been subjected to the same temperature and general conditions. If this happened in the case of sealed packages only we might suppose that the scaling of one package was less perfect than the other; but that the candying does not depend on the sealing altogether is shown by the fact that the two lots of honey may not be sealed at all, and yet one of them turns to a solid while the other remains liquid. It should be stated that these instances are by no means frequent; indeed, they are rare; yet they occur just often enough to excite our curiosity.
Another interesting fact is that, while honey may candy solid within six months from the time it is taken from the comb, when kept in the same cans under the same conditions for a period of two or three years a gradual change takes place, or at least has been known to do so. We have seen alfalfa honey after it had been in glass jars seven years, and were told that it had candled solid within a few months after being taken from the extracting-cans. At the time we
## Chapter 7 Canled Honey.
saw it (seven years after), it was going back to the liquid condition. Some cans were almost entirely liquid, and others had streaks of candidied honey reaching out like the branches of un evergreen-tree all through the package. These same jars are being watched with the expectation that the honey will ultimately turn back to the liquid state. But there is no probability that it will taste the same as before it candied. Indeed, there is every evidence to show that so far it has undergone a slight chemical change. Whether that change is due to the continued effect of light upon the granules is not known.
### The science of granulation.
While we do not know very much as yet about the theory of honey-canding, yet we do know that, while the nectar of flowers may be, chemically, eane sugar, yet after it has been stored in the hive by the bees, and partially digested or worked over as explained under Honey elsewhere, it is known to science as invert sugar. Ordinary honey is a combination of dextrose, levulose, and water, in approximately equal proportions. "I Honey candies upon standing," says Dr. Headden, of the Colorado Experiment Station at Fort Collins, "because of the ability of its dextrose to assume a crystalline form much more readily than the levulose." At the Colorado State bee-keepers' convention, he showed samples of free dextrose and levulose. The former looked like, very nice light-colored brown sugar; the latter appeared like a cheap grade of dark-colored molasses. The doctor went on to explain that, if candied honey were subjected to a sufficient pressure, the greater portion of the levulose could be obtained, leaving the solid mass largely dextrose. The levulose of honey candies slightly, but is very different in appearance from its dextrose constituent.
How to get candied honey out of thyroid-combs and yet naive both the cobb and the honey.
Where honey candies at all in broods, it will usually be only partially. After unequping, M. M. Baldridge, of St. Charles, III., recommends placing all such conbs in the extractor, and throwing out any portion of the honey remaining liquid. He next lays the combs in the bottom of a clean wash-boiler, und, from an elevated dipper pours water slowly into the cells. He then turns the comb over and treats the other side the same way. As fast as the combs are splashed with water he places them in a hive or super. After they have all been doused he takes them out and sets them over strong colonies. He says the bees, by aid of the water liquefy the whole mass, clean the combs, and save both the combs and honey.
Candied comb honey in sections can scarcely be treated in this way, as it would be impracticable to unequ the cells. These should be treated in a capping-melter, as directed a couple of pages back.
_HOW TO MARRET'CANDIED IIONEY:_ Some years ago attempts were made to put up candied honey in small packages for retail purposes; but it was not until the year 1901 that any real progress was made. At that time R. C. Aikin, of Lovedand, Colo., began to put up his honey in cheap hard-puils. He allowed it to candy, and then sold it direct to consumers. The packages being cheap he could afford to put
only expense is for bags, wh'ch can be bought of supply-dealers, in 2-lb. size, for $7.00 per 1000, and other sizes in proportion. It was thought for a time that the Eastern and basswood honeys would not candy solid enough when put up in this shape; but experience shows that they can be handled in that package as well as alfalfa, providing they are already graining when the bags are being filled, or if a little old candied honeys is mixed in to expedite the process. _This is_ of _in_ one of _proper sizes, the covers put on, and the honey allowed to stand. In the course of two or three weeks in cool weather it should become quite solid; but it should be remembered that at an extremely cold temperature honey will not candy; but does so readily during alternately warm and cool weather. Oyster-pails have the advantage that bee-keepers can buy them at any grocery, and they are almost as cheap as the Aikin paper bugs. They have the merit,also, that honey can be sold in them in a practically liquid condition without fear of leaking. They can also be handled quite roughly. If the honey should candy, all the better.
cutting candied honey into beicks. But honey in 60-lb. square cans that is candied solid requires a good deal of treatment before it can be gotten out, put into bags, and candied again. The cans must be first immersed in a boiler of water
## 5.1 Canled Honey.
that it can be spread on bread like so much better.
Our people have found it advantageous to adopt the 1-1b. brick or 48 to the 60-lb. cake from the square can. It sells in our market from 25 to 30 cents retail, thus making a good margin on 10-cent honey,
caution.
Do not attempt to cut the tin off from the can of candidied honey unless the honey is very solid. If it is slightly mushy there will
warmed up, put it into the cold room again, and so continue with changes of temperature. Stir the honey occasionally, and always make it a rule to have some candidied honey mixed with that which you desire to bring to a solid condition, which greatly hastens the process.
cautious.
kducating the public to canded honey.
The question may arise whether it would can of candidied honey unless the honey is honey in any one of the forms described. It
could hardly be deemed advisable to furnish buyers or commission houses knowing neither the shipper nor the real character of such honey. The packer or producer must first introduce it to his own customers -- people who know him. The nature of the honey must be explained; how put up; that only the purest and best can be solidified in this manner; that it can be liquefied by putting the pail in water about as hot as the hand can bear, etc. In short the trade must be educated 1 to it. The fact that no unrive or glucosed honey can be put up in bags or bricks will be a strong "talking-point" on the purity of the honey. When the facts _once become known_, old prejudices give way.
We have been putting up honey, both in bags and in brick form, sliced by wire, and the trade keeps so strong that we are scarcely able to supply the demand. The grocersCANDIED HONEY.
egin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**CANDIED HONEY.**} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**Knead it with the hands. The kneading**} \ \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**released and they are pleased.**} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**makes it more pliable and soft, so it will**} \ \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**A short time ago we cut up some brick honey with a wire into packages weighing 5unces. These sold for a nickel.
**CATALPA**.
**CATALPA** (_Cuthip species_), or hardly) contain, is sure of the few trees profitable to grow for lumber alone in the central perturbations of the United States. It is a new-keepers tree, and for that reason is mentioned here. While not quite equal to the black houst, either for honey or for its economic value as a timber tree, it has the merit of not being attached by hovers, as the black houst usually is, and it is now being grown to some extent as an investment by farmers in the Central States. It does not rank very high as a honey-hearer, but where extensively diluted we shall doubtless heiner of favorable reports later on.
There are other catalysis, but so far as known none are valuable for timber-planting; and some farmers, neglecting the difference, have lost money by investing in the other species.
The experts of the United States Department of Agriculture are of opinion after examining a number of catalysis plantations in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri that it will yield as large profit as any ordinary from crop. The _net_ profit is stated to be from $5.00 to $7.00 per year when properly cured for. The greatest value of the timber is for use as fence-posts, cross-ties, and telegraph-poles, the branches being used as lifewood. It is not thought advisable to wait till it reaches sw-log dimensions. It requires good soil and is best grown from seed. Where a bee-keeper wishes to improve the honey-bearing flora of his locality the better course would be to grow the young trees for others to plant, selling them at a nominal figure when planted within reach of the hees in his own apiary.
Prof. W. J. Green, of the Ohio Experiment Station, who has devoted considerable study to the question of commercial culture of the hurty cathpa, has this to say:
Most sedsmen have been careless regarding the kind of seed which they sold, hence the majority of the trees which have been grown from these seeds are of the wrong kind, because the hundy cathpa does not produce as much seed, and is more difficult to produce. It is impossible, when the trees are small, to tell what they are. After they have attained some site it is possible to distinguish the different kinds. They are easily distinguished by the biosoms and such. The station is now making considerable effort to introduce the true handy cathpa, and we have quite a number of trees which we expect to send out to different parts of the State for the sake of experiment. We do not expect to tell the trees nor give them away, but we shall require the party to conduct an experiment to play for the trees.
The caution frequently, on good soil, makes on increase in diameter of an inch a year. I saw trees in question a few days ago that were planted only ten years ago, and one of them was more than a fool in diameter. On ordinary soil they would not grow as fast. There are some near Wonser that are about twenty years old, not very much larger than the one mentioned at Creston. We have some on the station around that are ten to twelve feet high, three years from planting. I know of a prove where the trees are planted eight feet apart each way, and at twenty years of age are worth on an average $1.00 per tree for posts and poles. I hope that you will plan a grow of this tree, for it is surely very valuable, and I do not know of any species of tree that will be likely to yield greater profit._Glemings in Be Culture_, March 15, 1964.
Those who intend to plant cathpa in the North should take pains to get the true seed of the _hardy_ cathpa (_Catalpa species_). The Southern etalpa (_Catalpa catalpa_) will not answer, neither will the Japanese (_Catalpa bignonoides_).
**CATALAV** (_Alecati greggii_) or minosa. This is quite an important honey plant or tree, rather, in Texas. It yields immense quantities of excellent honey that ranks with the best white honey of the North. While possibly it would not sell alongside of our elovers, yet in localities where it is produced it is praised very highly for table use, no honey being classed higher except that from the "guajillia," which see.
The catelax is a busly tree with low-speeding branches, attaining a height of anywhere from 15 to 20 feet. It derives its name from the busly and fuzzy blossoms suggestive of the furry coat of a cat, and the peculiar kind of claws or hooks, shaped very much like the claw of a common house cat. If one tries to push through the bushes or among the branches he will conclude that, unless he "backs up," he may " remain hooked." Perhaps he will anyhow.
The illusion-stration on the following page shows a small twig, life size. The leaves are small and in clusters while the blossoms have a cottony or downy look. One of the seed-pods, after the blossoms have been east off, is shown at the upper left-hand corner of the plate.
The tree comes into bloom about the first of May, and yields honey for a considerable length of time before going out of bloom. In July there is a second crop.
Like the guajillia and mesquite it grows in the semi-desert regions of Texas and Arizona where it would be impossible to entry on farming without irrigation. There are vast areas in both States mentioned that will probably never be used for any thing more useful to man than catelax, guajilla, and mesquite; so that the onward march of
most other caeti, and it does not take long to grow. The long flower-steen seen in the illustration shoots up with marvelous rapidity; and when the golden-yellow flowers appear, hundreds of bees cluster on them as if they were taking syrup from a feeder. The nectar can be gathered by hand. There is a common impression that this plant takes something like a century to reach maturity, but where the climate is suitable it does not exceed ten years in any case; and once the plantation begins to flower, it keeps up its annual procession of blooms, though not from the same plant.
The most suitable localities for century pear, hundreds of bees cluster on them as if they were taking syrup from a feeder. The nectar can be gathered by hand. There is a common impression that this plant takes something like a century to reach maturity, but where the climate is suitable it does not exceed ten years in any case; and once the plantation begins to flower, it keeps up its annual procession of blooms, though not from the same plant.
The most suitable localities for century pear, hundreds of bees cluster on them as if they were taking syrup from a feeder. There are western Texas and Southern Florida.
**CLIPING QUEENS.** See Queens.
**CLOVER.** Perhaps no class of honey plants yields more or better honey than the clover family. In the northern portions of the United States we find white clover common in our pastures. It is honey from this plant which gives the name of "clover" to most of the honey bearing that nine. Closely related to it is the white'Dutch, which is often found on laws in cities; in fact, it is the only white clover from which the seed can be gathered and used, large quantities being mixed with lawn-grass seed. Alslike and red elovers are coming to be more and more cultivated as fudder. Where the clovers of our pastures give way to intensive agriculture, the alike and red elovers, and, in the western country especially, alfalfa, are taking their place.
The failing of white clover from the pasture lands has been met by rapid counter-spreading of sweet clover along the road-sides and railway tracks, and over the country generally. A few years ago this plant was scarcely known; but now it extends over the entire country.
The alfalfa, referred to under this heading elsewhere, is being introduced all over the western country. Indeed, at the present time it may be said to be the most important crop ever raised on irrigated land. In quantity and quality of its honey it comes near surpassing the white clover, which has for years carried off the honors: for any honey said to be equal to white clover receives the highest economium.
There are other clovers, such as the crimson, which are being introduced to some extent. Sahifoin is largely grown, has sonic-what the characteristics of alfalfa, and is now being introduced to some extent in this country from Europe, where it is a very important fodder-plant.
Having discussed in a general way the clovers that have any connection with bee-keeping, we will now consider the different varieties.
_WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens)._
This at one time was considered the most important source of honey in the world;and in the central and eastern States it will without the use of a silverianDermade set-holds first honors in spite of the fact that easily for the purpose.
In this is the largest kind of red clover known, as its name indicates and it does, many seasons, furnish a very large amount of honey. As a rule, however, like the red clover mentioned above, it is seldom visited for the common base: that nearly every season is visited more or less by Italians: which some seasons (where very large fields are near by store remarkably large amounts of very fine honey from this one source above. In bloom principally throughout the months of August and September, it is a very important base-print. Although the latter is hardly equal to that from common face-aware, and roads. Unfortunately, the result of this plant can be viewed as a good stand to be secured and placed under a good stand to condition to furnish a fair crop of animising shape.
_ALSIE CLOTER:_
This was formerly supposed to be a hybrid, since in appearance it is so nearly intermediate between the white and red clovers; hence its name. _Treshum:shindum_. It is now known to be a distinct species. While it fields fall as much honey as the red, the details are so short that tees find no filling in reaching it. If some imagine a large lead of white clover, with ensembles of the petals typical a beautiful pink-equal in beauty to a dahila if they were not so common-you will have a very good idea of the alsine. The bad is much like that at other covers, except that, in conflict, it is a soft clover that often, without the spots of down that are seen on the white and red clovers.
If alike clover came into bloom as a season when bees could get little the, as buck-sheet does, we would place it instead of blueshort, that on the list of plants for artificial gravumes." When white clover does not occur spontaneously, a dislike is randomly, ahead of every thing else how knows. In not only produces hours in large quantities, but the quality is not excellent by any thing thrown in the world. It is true, many people prefer standard: monotonic space, and other aromatic figures, at first taste: but we believe every one tires of these after a time, while clover stands almost alone, as the great staple for every-day use, with our "brend and butter."
## 5.1. Cultivation, and sowing the seed
The cultivation is so much like that of red clever that what applies to one will do for the other. The seed of alike is much smaller and less quantity is required ; the general rule being four pounds to the aere. As it blossoms only the second year, or very sparingly the first, with ordinary cultivation it can be sown almost any time, and, in fact, it is often sown on wheat on the snow in March. In this way we can see just how evenly we are getting it on the ground. The farmers near us who furnish the finest seed say they have the best success with that sown with oats in the spring. Although alike will produce some honey with almost any cultivation, it is important to have the ground nicely prepared, if we wish to get large yields of either hay or honey. On good mellow ground, finely pulverized, we may get a growth of 3 ft, in height, and a profusion of highly colored blossoms that will astonish one who has never seen such a sight; especially when the field is roaring with the hum of busy Italians. Such heavy growth being liable to lodge badly during wet weather, it may be well to sow a sprinkling of timothy seed with it. When put in early, good soil sometimes produces considerable bloom the first season, but not much is to be expected until the second year, when it is at its height. It will continue to yield years afterward to a greater or less extent, for it seems to cling to the soil. It may be sown in the spring on fall wheat; but where timothy has been sown with the wheat in the fall previous, it is apt, on some soils, to cloke out the alsike. Apparently, even one sowing will go a long way.
## 6. saving the hay
Raised for hay and honey, without any reference to saving the seed, it gives at least two good crops every season ; in this case it is eut when in full bloom. In our locality it usually blooms the last of June, and sometimes furnishes considerable honey before the white clover is out. The hay is admitted by all to be equal to any of the grasses or clovers in use, while pasturage, after the clover is cut, is most excellent for all kinds of stock.
1ts value for mileh cows is shown by the following, taken from _Gleanings in Bee Culture_, Vol. XIII., page 161 ;
## 7.2. A storage-plant
It has no superior, producing a large flow of very rich milk. June 15th, when 1 shut the stock out of the alsike, I allowed them to run in a field of red elover that was just coming into blossom, and at the end of the third day the five cows had shrunk their milk to the amount of 9 quants to the milleg. Then, in October, to test if further for red, as there was quite a growth of leaves on the ground 1 again allowed the cows in the field. You may imagine my surprise when I found, at the end of a week, they had made a gain of 10 quarts to the milleg.
Millington, Mich. M. D. York.
## 8. saving the seed
The seed is always saved from the first crop of blossoms, and it should be allowed to stand about two weeks longer than when ent for hay. If you wish to get a good price for your seed, it must be very nicely cleaned. It is thrushed out with a clover-huller, made expressly for clover seed, and then cleaned with a funning-mill with appropriate sieves. Timothy seed is very nearly the same size, making it difficult to remove it all, unless by a funning-mill having the proper blast arrangement. As the alsike weighs 60 lbs, to the hushel, and timothy only 45, there is no great difficulty in doing it effectually.
We need scarcely add, that whoever raises seed for sale should exercise the most seriousle are to avoid sending out fool seeds of any kind ; and where Canada thistles or weeks of that class prevail, we would, under no circumstances, think of raising seed to be sent all over the land. If they are in your neighborhood, raise hay and honey, and let seed be furnished by some one who is differently situated.
## 8. Proof of tile crop
The seed has for a number of years sold for from 85,50 to 85,00 per bushel, and the average yield of seed is about four bushels per acre, 60 lbs, being rekoned as a bushel. It retails for 15 to 18 cents per bound. See Clover.
The following, taken from _The Former_, of St. Paul, Minn., not only shows what profit may be realized in raising alsike, but is another proof of its value as a hay crop. The reader will observe that the writer is in no way interested in bees.
## 9.3.1 Wild tray fanners to raise aike without any reference to be-keeping at all?