BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
Mosquito hawks or "devil's darning-needles" are often very destructive to bees in some of the southern states, but do no damage in the North. In the South lizards also frequently prey on bees. Spiders are sometimes mistakenly considered enemies of bees; but, from the way they make war on the moth miller, we think the spider should be called the beekeepers' friend:
Wasps, hornets and yellow jackets sometimes capture bees, but there are very few places where they are really troublesome.
_INDEX._
Preeneted or Made.................116
Inside the Hive................43-48
QUREEN
Introduce, How to.................60
Handbeling of................59
Introducing, When Done................59.95
Clipping of................114
LD Explained................15
Defetities................36.57,59,96
Kingbird, Bee Enemy................122
Description of................36-39
Drone-laying................58,59
Egg-laying of................38
Labels for Honey Containers................83
Exeluder Described................12
Laying Workers, Deserbbed................58
Finding the................56
Lizards, Bee Enemy in South................122
Importance of a Goed................39
Introduction of................59,60,95
in City
Asgies Season of................38
of Apiary................32-34
Length of Life of................38
That Protects from Stinging................34
Lost................57
Missing................36,57,96
MAMAGEMENT
New One Provided................36,87
In Producing Comb Honey................84-89
Normally One in Hive................38
In Producing.Extracted Honey...71-77
Number of Eggs Laid by................38
in Spring................108-116
Nuptial Flight of................37
of Queensland Colony................57,59
Barring a................56
Marketing Comb Honey....89
R Replacing of................57,95,96
Marketing Extracted Honey....82,83
Supercedure of................57,95,96
Martin, Bee Enemy................122
Tested................57,95,96
Mats, Covering Tops of Frames103
Mice, Presentions Against....121
Unsatisfactory, Replaced....57,95,96
Motbs, Precentions Against....121
Untested................96
Motbs, Hrew to Destroy................121
Work with................56-60
Mosquito Hawk, Bee Enemy................122
QUREEN-CELLS
Moving Bees Home................23
Description of................36,37
How Given in Requeening................58
Where Bull................36,47
Nectar Changed to Honey................40
Qaoclines Colony. How to Detect....57
Newspaper Uniting Plan................95.114
Queenless Colony, How Managed....57
Noesma Apis................118
Queenlessness, Proof of................96
NP Explained................15
NUCLEI
Races of Bees................21
Buying................24
Replacing of Queen................57-59
Directions on Receiving................25
Requeening. Process of................36,87,96
Sizes of................24
ROBBING
Nucleus, Distinguished from Colony.24
Dead Colonies................110
Distingished from Playflights....94
Ontdoor Wintering................101
May be Serious................92
Out@t to Produce Comb Honey19,20
Precentions Against....79.93,94
Out@t to Produce Extracted Honey11,18
Weak Colonies................94
When Extracting................93
Packing, When Needed................101
Packing, When to Remove..108,109.115
Packing-case, Quadruple................104
Packing-case, Wintering in...101.104
Paill, Friction-to-for Feeding....100
Seeton. Deserbied................120
Paper-packed Hives................105,109
Section-holder, Described................19
Paralysis, Symptoms of................118
Selling Honey................82,83,89
Paralysis, Treatment of................118
Separator, Use of................19,20
Parthongenesis, Defined................38
Shade, Desirable for Bees....32
Playflights, Mistaken for Robbing...94
Single-walled Hive................14
POLLEN
Skep, Straw................11
Alie Called Bebrend................40
Skep. Transferring from................27
Description of................41,47
Skunks, Bee Enemies................121
How Carried................22
Smoker, Described................17
Substitutes for................47
Smoking the Swarm................70
Peultry-raising and Beekeping....7
7 Spiders, Bee Friends....182
Pound Packages, Burging....26
Preventing Swarming in Comb-honey
Dwindling................101
Production................86-88
Management....108-116
Preventing Swarming in Extracted................
Stores Necessary................111
heney Production................73-77
Springs, Use of................20
Prefit from Beekeeping....6
Stages in Bee Development....41
Propolis, Description of................41,47
Stings, How to Avoid................49-52Stings, How Treated 52 Preventing in Producing Comb Hon-
STORES 36, 57, 95, 96
Amount of 98, 99
Proventing in Producing Extracted
Candy, in Early Spring...................112
Honey................73-76
Kinds Bad for Winter................ 99
Saxon of................61
Necessary in Spring................111
SFAUP 98, 99
Plenty for Wintering................ 98
Poor...................99
Poor................99
Senled, Giving...................111
Syrup................99
Tarred Paper Cover...................105
Storing Honey, How and Where...82
TransNFERRING
Strain-can in Extracting...................81
Super, Described................12, 13, 19
Super Springs................19
Supering, in Comb-honey Production, 86
Trap, Queen and Drone...67
Supering, in Extracted-boney Production...76
Travel-stained Comb...................44
Supercedure of Queen...36, 57, 95, 96
Tray, Chaff................14, 103
SWARM................73-76
Buying................73-76
Cateber, Manum................73-76
Uncapping-can, Construction of....80
Clustered High................66
Uncapping-knife, Described....17
Clustered Low................66
UNTING
Clustered on Unshakable Place...67
Defined................113
Directions for Hiving................25, 26
Newspaper Plan of................114
Distinguished from Colony................ 25
Welx Colonies................ 95
Hiving, with Clipped Queen...63-66
Hiving, with Unclipped Queen...65-68
Peyming to Hive................63
Wy
Smoking the................70
Watar, Bees' Need of................118
With Virgin Queen...70
Wax, Description of................42, 43
SWARM PREVENTION................73-76
Whalbreaks, Important....32,101
a Great Problem................73-77
with Increase, in Producing Extract-
Brod-chamber Contracted in...100,102
ad Honey................75
in Collar................101,106
Without Increase in Producing Ex-
tracted Honey................76
in Packing-cases................104
When Producing Comb Honey...86-88
Outdoors................101-105
Swarms, After................69
Requirements for Good................ 98
Swarming Uniting, Treatment of....69
Ways of................101
SWARMING
Anticipating...................88
with Tarred Paper Tied on................105
Causes of................62
Winter Nest, Described....100,102
Description of................62, 63
Winter Protection, Taking Away...108
General Observations on................70
Wire-entrance Guard................68
Indications of................63
Worker, Described................39, 40
Out................68
Worker, Laying................58
ILLUSTRATIONS
APIARY................78
in City Back Yard................ 33
Porter................15
in Town................33
Beekeeping and Fruis Combined...7
Protected by High Fence................102
Beekeeping Combined with Poultry-
Protected by Trees................33, 101
Raising................6
.B
BERS................62
BERN................73-76
Brush................18
Brushed Off a Comb................79
Juel Emerging................40
Enjoyed by Kiddies................8.
Larva of................41
Examining................50-55
Papa of................41
Full Frame of................22
Smoker................17
Guarding Entrance...92
Stages in Development of................41
Handing Frame of................40
Singer Dissected................52
Eept by Schoolboys................5
Yell................17
Queen, Drone, Worker................36
BEE-ESCAPE................43
Board................15
Shaking, Off a Comb................79Taken from Shipping Case 24 Tool 17
BOX HIVE 17
Combbs in 28
Hives, Big Load of 17
Transferring from 28
Hives, Paper-wrapped 105, 106
Undesirable 27
Honey-extractor 18, 80
Broad-chamber, Single-walled 14
Honey in Section Boxes 84
Broad, Worker 46
Brush, Bristle 18
Introducing Queen in Mailing Cage 60
Breaking Been Off Oomb 79
Kiddies Enjoying Bees 5
Oage, Combles Bee-shipping 26
Page, Mailing and Introducing 60
Larra of Bee 41
Candy, Fed to Bees 4118
LCOATION
Capping Receipack 80, 81
Oellar, Wintering in 106
Apirary on Roof 38
Cred, in Town 32
Drone and Worker 46
Eggs in 89
Mailing Oage, Introducing Queen in 60
Queen 87
Clipping, Method of 114
Packing-csee Made of a Shipping Crate.104
Colony, Weak 110
Packing-csee, Quadruple 104, 105
Poster Be-ocse 15
Pups of Bee 41
in Tree, Sample of 43
Quadruple Packing-cse 104, 105
of Drone and Worker Cells 46
QUEEEN
of Worker Brood 46
and Drone Trap 70
Combbs, Bees Between 42
and Workers 88
Comba in Box Hive 28
Bee 36
Cover, Taking Off Outer 51
Cell, Putting into Hive 58
Development of Bee, Stages in 41
Clipping of 114
Division-Board, Loose-banging 15
Exelder 12
Drone Bee 36
Looking for 68, 115
Eggs in Cells 39
Root, A. I., Examining Bees 2
Bees (Guarding 92
Schoolbys Handling Bees 5
Blowing Smoke into 50
Normal Scene at 22
Boxes Containing Honey 84
Examining Frames of Bees 51-55
Comb-honey, with Foundation 16
Extracting Equipment 80, 81
Holder, Beews 20
Extractor, Two-frame 18, 80
Holder, Plain 20
F
Shade, Good for Bees 82
Feeding Hard Oandy 118
Shaking Been Off Comb 79
Feeding Srup in Pails 100
Shipping Oage, Combles 26
Eence 20
SHipping Case, Taking Bees from 24
SMOKER
for Shallow Super 14
Essential 17
Handling 52-55
Nursing Fire in 49
Hoffman Self-spaced 13
Operating 49-51
Leaning against Hive 52
Using Bellows of 49
Normally Full of Bees 22
Bage in Development of Bee 41
of Comb Foundation 44
Singer Dissected 52
Lifting Out 52
with Foundation 16
A Shallow and & Deep 18, 14
Fruit-growing and Bekeeping 7
Beweway Section 20
Plain Section 20
Glores 17
Supers, Positions of 78, 75, 86-88
H Handling Frame of Bees 52-55
Chustered on Low Branch 66
HIVE 6
Out from Branch 66
Looking for Queen 68
Opening 50, 51
Packed with Leaves 102
on Branch 61
Packs of, with Comb-honey Super. 19
on Outside of Hive 62
Parts of, with Cernsting-super 11
Shaken upon Sheet 68
The Several Parts of 11, 19
Shaking, into Basket 67Syrap, Feeding, in Pails................................100 V
Vell................ 17
Trared Paper Wrapping................105,106
Transferring from Box Hive................28 Water for Bes................113
Transferring from Tree................30 Wax, Secreted by Bees................48
Trap, Queen and Drone................70 Windbreak, High Pence................102
Tray of Leaves................103 Windbreak of Trees................33,101
Tray, Placing Cover Over................103 Wintering in Cellar................106
Wintering with Tarded Paper Tied
Uncapping Honey................81 on................105,106
Uncapping Knife................18,81 Worker Bee................36,47
## Appendix A Albert R. Mann Library
Bekleeping Library
**TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE**
**BULLETIN**
**Published Bimonthly by the Texas Department of Agriculture**
**AUSTIN, TEXAS**
**March-April, 1912**
**Texas Bekeening**
**By**
**LOUIS H. SCHOLL**
**Consulting Apicultural Expert**
**Texas Department of Agriculture.**
**ED. R. KONE**
**Commissioner of Agriculture.**
**For a copy of the Bulletin apply to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Austin, Texas.**
**Entered as second-class matter, May 8, 1900, at the Post Office at Austin, Texas, under Act of June 6, 1900.**
**AUSTIN PRINTING COMPANY**
**Austin, Texas.**
**1912**The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
[http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003421439](http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003421439)485-413-20m
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
**Texas Belekeeping**
**Louis H. SCHOLL**
For a copy of this Bulletin apply to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Austin, Texas.
Entered as second-class matter, May 8, 1909, at the Post Office at Austin, Texas, under
Aet of June 6, 1900.
AUSTRIN PRINTING COMPANY
**The Leading Honey Producing State in the United States.**
{Built by the bees of Wm. Wiede. Maxwell, Texas.}
This bulletin is printed to meet the requirements of those who desire more complete practical instruction in the art of successful beekeeping in Texas than is afforded by any other publication that has issued from the press--men who have grown old in the business, and yet who realize that they can still learn something from a work of the sort, and others who contemplate engaging in apieulture, either exclusively or as a side line to hortielture or general farming--and, also, to promote the spread of beekeeping over the State, for the direct advantages of increased production of honey and bees wax, and for the still greater benefits of larger yields of fruit and many farm crops that will aerue from the pollinizing activities of the bees. The author, Mr. Louis H. Scholl, of New Braunfels, is one of the most widely and thoroughly experienced and eminent beekeepers in the United States, and owner and operator of apiaries that, in number of colonies, magnitude and value of output, and profit-yielding, rank with the best in the country.
An old and good rule is that, where success is desired, it is well to take the advice of the successful. It can be applied in this instance with certainty of excellent results.
Mr. Seholl is Consulting Apicultural Expert of the Texas Department of Agriculture, and, as such, will answer any question, addressed to this Department, that readers may wish further light on, after reading the bulletin.
There is not a farmer in Texas to whose interest it would not be to have an apiary on his place, and comparatively few, who, on account of location, could not have one at small initial expense and maintain it in paying condition without consuming time needed for other farm operations.
To have for the home table an abundance of choice honey--the most delicious and wholesome sweet--is an item that would, alone, compensate for money and labor invested. Added to this, under proper management, there would be sure to be a surplus of honey and considerable beeswax that could be sold at good prices, and, under some circumstances, there could be made every year a barrel or two of superior vinegar that there would be no difficulty in finding purchasers for. Furthermore, an apiary situated in the right place, would result in larger crop yields than if there were invested in fertilizers many times the money and the value of the labor put into it.
I hope that this clear, concise and admirable monograph will be like the little leaven that was placed in the measures of meal and that soon leavened the whole mass, and the result be that, in the near future, Texas will be dotted over with apiaries and there will be solved an important part of the problem of producing larger per acre yields of crops, at less expense than smaller yields are now obtained.
Ed. R. Kone,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
TEXAS BEEKEEPING
The Old and the New Bekeeping
The Farmers' Greatest Friends
The Bees' Real Mission
Some Striking Examples
More Bees, Better Crops
Do Bees Puncture Fruit?
Polson Sprays and Bees
BEEKEEPING PROFITABLE
How Many Colonies for a Living
Who May Keep Bees?
Farm Bekeeping
City Bekeeping
Bekeeping for Women
Making a Beginning
The Study of Good Books
Handing Bees
THE FAMILY OF HONEY BEES
Worker Bees
Development of Bees
The Queen, or Mother, Bee
The Drones, or Males
Black, or German, Bees
Italan Bees
Cyprian Bees
Holy Land, or Palestine, Bees
Carnional Bees
Banat Bees
Caucasians
Which is the Best Bee?
Starting With Nuclei
Moving and Shipping Bees
Moving Bees Short Distances
Transporting Long Distances
How to Ship Bees
Shipping Bees by Freight
LOCATING BEES IN THE APIARY
Water for Bees
Locating Out-Ajarates
How Far Do Bees Fly?
Renting Locations
HIVE EQUIPMENT
Hive Bottoms and Covers
Supplus Arrangements
Make or Buy Hives?
What the Beginner Needs
When to Buy Supplies
Painting Hives
APIARY MANAGEMENT
Honey Flows
Spring Examinations
Building-Up Colonies
Feeding Bees
Uniting Bees
Laying-Workers
U. S. Bulletins on Bees
Texas Department of Agriculture Bulletins
143Index.
HONEY PRODUCTION
What is Honey?
No Manufactured Comb Honey
Preparing the Supers
Putting in the Foundation
When to Put on Supers
Why Bees Don't Work in Supers
COMB BUILDING AND BEESWAX
Rendering Beeswax
Sun-Extractors and Presses
Comb Foundation
Why Comb Honey Costs More
Artificial Comb
WORK SHOP AND HONEY HOUSE
Under One Roof, But Separate
Everything in Its Place
Where to Keep Honey
Honey as a Food
Honey Vinegar
COMPARTATIVE PROFIT IN COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY
Texas Standard Packages
Bulk Comb Honey
Taking Off Honey
How It Is Packed
Extracted Honey
MARKETING HONEY
Low Honey Prices
A Honey Price List
Shipping, Sight Draft Attached
Shipping Honey
Granulation of Honey
Socuts Before Swarming
Swarm Prevention
Preventing After-Swarms
Clipping Queen's Wings
Natural or Artificial Increase
Making Rapid Increase
QUEN REARING
Improving Bees
Re-Queening
Kind of Queens to Buy
Rearing, or Buying, Queens
Introducing Queens
TEXAS DIVIDED APICULTURALLY
Main Honey Sources
Other Honey Plants
Planting for Honey
Bees and Alfafla
Buckwheat as a Honey Plant.
White and Yellow Sweet Clover
Cotton very Important
DISEASES AND ENEMIES
Foul Brood
Giving Treatment
Other Diseases
Bee Moths
Other Enemies
EDUCATIONAL
Field Meetings
Beekeepers' Associations
Exhibiting at Fairs
Books on Beekeeping
Binding Publications
As in many other things, Texas, the great Lone Star State, ranks first in the bekeeping industry. So large in size that the area of fourteen Northeastern States, if superimposed upon it, would not cover its surface without leaving a good portion exposed to view and
extending over a distance of more than seven hundred miles from North to South and another hundred miles more than this in breadth, it can well pride itself on advantages no other State in the Union possesses.
In this wide extended and magnificent area the bekeeping industry has been characterized by great expansion and marked improvement in the last quarter of a century and, as a consequence, the demand for reliable information pertaining to the pursuit has increased to a remarkable extent. This information is desired notonly by our own people of Texas, but by outsiders more especially, whose attention has been attracted to the exceptional possibilities in Texas beekeeping. It may be well to state that no other part of the country is receiving as much attention in the apieultural world at this time as Texas is, and that, although Texas is now the leading honey producing State, it is destined to become still more important apieulturally. With a great number of its localities unoccupied by bees and much of its beekeeping yet unimproved, the opportunities for the progressive apieulturist are excellent indeed.
The growing desire for reliable information on the subject is gratifying, since it shows an activity interest in beekeeping, to the advantage of the State, which is already in the first rank in so many things and of which we as Texas are so justly proud. Letters of inquiry have become so numerous that it is impossible to reply to them promptly and intelligently by correspondence and, for that reason, this bulletin has been prepared and, it is hoped, will prove acceptable.
It is impracticable to cover all subjects in a bulletin of this kind, however. The vast extent of the State, its great differences in altitude, latitude and climatic conditions, together with the consequent variety of its flora and the variance of the numerous blooming periods of these, call for modifications of methods and application to suit the several localities.
While the apiarist must deal with conditions resembling almost identically those of the tropics in the most southern portion of the State, North Texas presents others that are very much different. This is not only true as regards temperature, but the whole range of atmospheric phenomena and resulting effects on the floral vegetation upon which the honey bees find their subsistence.
Such other information as is not contained in this bulletin will be eheerfully supplied, and may be obtained by directing inquiries to the Consulting Apicultural Expert of the Texas Department of Agriculture, Austin, Texas.
The tendeney is for old apiarists to keep more bees and for others to engage in the business. I hope this spirit will continue and diffuse itself till all who can profitably embark in the pleasant and profitable pursuit will do so, for it would mean gratifying pushing forward of the ear of progress in the State. I trust that all who respond to the impulse will do so with the determination to keep bees better than ever has been done before. The opportunities in Texas for energetic, interested persons are excellent. It must be remembered that adverse seasons may be met with here, as elsewhere: but, they are comparatively few and far between, and that, compared with other parts of the country, they are above the average of favorableness. Taking everything into consideration, the future of Texas api-culture is one of great, and, in my opinion, assured promise.
Louis H. Scroll.
## 4 Texas Beekeepering.
Many who see the busy honey bee, with its merry hum, flying from flower to flower, in its daily toil, little realize what an intensely interesting and fascinating study is connected with so small a bit of insect life. Closer investigation will reveal that while a single bee, with all its energy and industry and the innumerable journeys that are made by it during its short life of toil, will collect only about a teaspoonful of honey during a season, yet more than a hundred pounds have been taken from a single hive, or colony, of bees. Time and again single colonies have stored from two hundred to three hundred pounds, or more, of honey during a year. Although this does not prevail with every colony of bees, it shows to what extent nature makes use of little things to aecomplish large results. It is thus that these small creatures, the honey bees, are responsible for no less an accomplishment than that of placing Texas in the lead of all other States as the foremost producer of crops of honey, beeswax and other products of the apiary.
From a small beginning the beekeeping industry in this State developed rapidly until, several years ago, Texas attained first place in honey production. The annual output of honey gathered and stored by honey bees in Texas is enormous. It is impossible to give figures covering present production, since reliable statistics are not at hand at this writing.
THE old and new beekeeping.
Although honey bees are not native to America, it was not very long after they were brought to Florida by the Spaniards in 1763 that they drifted westward and finally into Texas, where they found easy "obstinence upon the great abundance and variety of natural flora.
While the early settlers depended upon obtaining their supply of honey from bees in hollow trees and caves in which they dwelt, it was not long until honey bees were kept in sawed-off "'logs' brought from the forests and set on end under orchard trees, or in a convenient place in a fence corner. These "'logs' were later replaced by plain upright box hives, or "'box gums," as they were called, and which are still to be seen in many places. These rudely constructed and unprofitable hives and the attendant crude methods of beekeeping are waning rapidly, h o we v er, and modern movable frame hives are everywhere taking their place.
The antiquated way of "'robb i n g "'b e e q m s " should become a thing of the past. The cruelty connected with the old method of ruthlessly cutting the combs of honey from the box hives after these have been carelessly pried open, is nothing short of barbarous. The bruising and mashing of beautiful combs is a disagreeable process in itself, and the drowning of, and otherwise destroying, thousands of little innocent bee lives by the rude hands of a merciess owner is to be detested.