BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
All honey should carry a distinctive label, containing the name and address of the seller, and to this should be added a notice stating that if the honey granulates it is merely a further sign of its purity, and that it may be readily re-liquefied by immersion in warm water. These hints if acted upon will do away with nearly all honey-selling troubles, which should never exist, seeing the large yearly influx of foreign honey.
## Chapter 13
**RACES OF BEES** 109
**capping. If this was their only. defect I could**
**forgive them; but it is not, for while admitting the**
**the**
**proificacy. of the queens, my.pure stocks**
**never attained the strength nor did they show results equal to my. blacks. This I lay entirely, to the delicacy, of the adult bees, which caused their death-rate to be far higher than with other colonies. They do not seem to be sufficiently.**
**hardy for our fickle Northern climate, but I firmly. believe in their great value for crossing with and improving the native race.**
**Carniolans are bees very similar in appearance to our own, and by, many would be taken for such. They have, however, a more greyish appearance, and are much quieter in disposition than brown bees. Their queens are very prolific, and the workers are energetic and build splendid sections. Their worst.defect is that they are in-veterate swarmers, but, like Italians, they are very valuable for crossing purposes.**
**All these Eastern races have the swarming trait very. strongly developed, and this feature causes considerable trouble to their owners, for if left unchecked some colonies will swarm while there is a.pint of bees left in the hive.**
**Coming to our own brown bee, which is not a pure race at all, I do not consider that it can be beaten, provided that a good strain is secured. They are not so gentle as the foreign bees, I admit, but they are good workers, fairly prolific, and do excellent work on sections. A good strain110 PROFITABLE BEE-KEEPING is what beginners should endeavour to obtain, and when he has it let him yearly breed from the best queen in the apiary, when in a few seasons he will have bees which will beat any of the imported races. It will often be found that the best strains have a little Italian blood in their composition, which may make them of a rather fiery nature, but this is a detail if the balance sheet comes out right.
There is another side, however, from which the pure bee question can be viewed. Bees cannot be kept pure in this country, for it is too thickly, populated, and there are too many bees. If pure stock is imported, owing to the peculiar method by which queens are fertilized, it rapidly becomes crossed, and in his endeavours to keep his bees pure the beginner often ignores the important feature of strain altogether. He finally, finds himself with a lot of three-quarter bred Italians, of no particular merit as honey gatheers, but demons to sting.
Mind, I am not decrying these bees if they be used in their native land, as there is no doubt that in their proper element some strains are first-rate. What I do maintain is that in this country, they are inferior to our own, and if, as sometimes happens, foreign bees of an inferior strain are secured, the comparison becomes more striking, so I adhere to my, conviction that success is far more likely if a good strain of the native bee is secured.
## Chapter 2x
**APPLIANCE making for amateurs**
**Our ideal bee-keeper is a handy man to whom very little comes amiss. It is an axiom that "bees do nothing invariably," and their many, little tricks and vagaries would fill a book many times the size of this volume. To deal properly with the many curious circumstances which crop up calls for a certain amount of adaptability and ingenuity in the making, or improvising, of special appliances to suit the needs of the moment. Under these circumstances I am satisfied that most people who are able to keep their bees in order will find but little difficulty in making the appliances given
**T12 PROFITABLE BEE-KEEPING**
in this chapter. This work, while affording pleasant amusement, will fill in profitably, the long winter evenings, when little else could be done. The articles given by no means exhaust the list, for a great many other things could also be made with but little trouble.
A point I would emphasize is the necessity of accuracy in the measurements. A quarter of an inch more or less does not matter in many things, but in bee goods everything must be just right, or it will not be satisfactory. Then, again, it is recommended that the wood be bought ready. planed on both sides, which will bring it to an even thickness. If the amateur has to do a large amount of rough planing the. keen edge will be taken off his enthusiasm before he gets to the really interesting work.
The first example (Fig. 1) is a most useful article, and is designed for the purpose of carrying the tools round from hive to hive, and also to act as a comb-rest. It is necessary at times to remove the first comb in a hive to give freedom in manipulation. In such cases the removed comb can be suspended on the stand, instead of placing it upon the ground, as is usual, to the danger of chilling the bees.
Very little need be said about the details, as the drawing makes it fairly clear. It should be made of \(
rac{3}{4}\) inch stuff, and well painted, while the various parts may be either screwed or nailed together.
APPLIANCE MAKING FOR AMATEURS 113
The super clearer (Fig. 2) should be carefully made. The measurement, 18 inches square, is given on the drawing, but this may be modified by circumstances. The outside measurement of a super clearer should be the same as that of the body-box of the hive on which it is to be used. The central portion '(A), which extends right through to the outside, is formed from two \(
rac{1}{2}\) inch boards glued together. Round the edges, on both top and bottom sides, are placed the strips B, which are mitred at the corners and attached with screws. These strips are 13 inches wide by 8 inch thick, and their purpose is to form beeways. The appliance is finished by fitting a "Porter " bee-escape into the centre. These escapes may be bought for sizpence each. A' better way of making this article is to make a solid frame, 13 by 14 inches, plough-grooved on the inner side to take the central portion of the clearer. This will prevent any " twisting."
The rapid feeder (Fig. 3) is on the Canadian
APPLIANCE MAKING FOR AMATEURS 115 finishing \(
rac{1}{2}\) inch below the level of the sides. The pieces BB extend right to the bottom, but the four slats in between finish \(
rac{1}{4}\) inch from both top of A and the bottom. The walls BB finish \(
rac{3}{4}\) inch below the sides of the feeder, and \(
rac{1}{4}\) inch below the level of the piece A (see diagram, Fig. 5). The piece A must be/cut away \(
rac{1}{8}\) inch deep in the centre of the bottom edge, as shown in the diagram (Fig. 6). The lid C (Fig. 3) is of \(
rac{1}{2}\) inch stuff, fitted with two ledges D to keep it from twisting. Round the bottom of the feeder, and on the outside, tack strips \(
rac{1}{2}\) inch wide by \(
rac{1}{4}\) inch thick, to give a bee-way underneath.
The appliance is used by drawing the lid aside, exposing the reservoir at the end, into which the syrup is poured. From the food flows under the piece A and into the various divisions forming the central portion. The bees ascend through the openings AA (Fig. 4), and are prevented from drowning by the slots, which at the same time admit of a great number of bees drawing upon the food at one and the same time.
This is a very good feeder for autumn use, and it may be improved by lining the inner portion with tin. If well made, however, thickly screwed
## Chapter 2 Xxi
### 2.1 Hive Making
The hive (Fig. 7) is a good type of what is known as a single-walled hive. This hive is most efficient as regards its working, and it is also simple and economical to make. It is square as regards outside measurement, thus enabling it to be used with the frames either parallel to the entrance, or at right angles, as the owner wills.
The material used should be \(
rac{3}{4}\) inch red deal, although other woods may be used. The hive floor board is designed for placing upon brick supports, but legs may be easily added if desired. First cut the pieces for the body-box. These will consist of the front and back, \(18
rac{1}{2}\) by, \(9\) inches; the sides, \(17\) by, \(9\); and the smaller pieces for the porch and entrance slides. To these add two pieces for the inner walls AA (Fig. 7), \(17
rac{1}{2}\) by, \(8
rac{1}{2}\) inches, and \(
rac{1}{2}\) inch thick. Place these inner walls at a distance of \(1
rac{1}{4}\) inches from the front and back, leaving a space of exactly, \(14
rac{1}{2}\) inches between them. They should be grooved into the sides to a depth of \(
rac{1}{4}\) inch on either side, finishing flush with the sides on the bottom edge,
**FIGURE 118 PROFITABLE BEE-KEEPING**
but \(
rac{1}{2}\) inch down at the top, to allow for the
frame top bars.
**FIG. 7**
Single-walled Hive
The space between the inner and outer walls must be filled in with strips of wood. Place
these strips flush at the bottom, but \(
rac{1}{4}\) inch below
the level of the inner walls at top. It is well to
level the top edges of these inside walls to aHIVE MAKING T19
thickness of \(
rac{1}{4}\) inch, and the beveI should be on the outer side. The porch and strip for entrance slides may be screwed on from the inside before sliding the inner walls into position. Half-inch wood will do for these. Rebate the slide strip on the inner bottom edge, and the slides on the outer top edge, but let them fit rather loosely. With regard to this, note that while hives require to be made correctly, they should fit easily. Bees disk, like nothing so much as the sharp jerks caused by the sectional parts of hives being tight.
The slides should be 10 inches long by. 1\(
rac{1}{4}\) inches in width, while the plinths which run around the bottom edge at BB are \(
rac{3}{4}\) inches wide by \(
rac{3}{4}\) inch thick. They are bevelled on the top edge' as shown, and fall \(
rac{1}{2}\) inch below the bottom edge of the body-box. They are slightly rebated on the inner bottom edge, in order to make an easy fit.
The floor-board consists of two pieces, 3 by 1\(
rac{1}{2}\) inches, C, on which are nailed \(
rac{3}{4}\) inch boards. It will be noticed that it is necessary to sink the front board for the purpose of forming the entrance. This is known as a sunk entrance, and is far and away the best of its kind, as it entails no cutting of the body-box.
The lift consists of two pieces 18\(
rac{1}{2}\) by 6; and two others 17 by. 6. It has plinths made and fitted the same as the ones on the body-box, except that they are on all four sides. For the roof two pieces 20\(
rac{1}{4}\) by 3 inches and two others
* [122] PROFITABLE REE-KEEPING English honey supply in-sufficient, 13.
* [123] Hives-- Number of frames in, 29 Separators and how to use them, 49 Single-walled frame, 28 ; To make, 117 Spring examination of, 68 40-44.
* Comb foundation, filling for, 33
- Correct method of handling, 67 Wiring of, The, 35 "Woiblett" tool for wiring, 36 Habits of bees month by month, 17-19 Heather honey, How to get, 96 Hives-
- Excluder zinc and how to use, 50 Frame hive "W.B.C.," 28 How to deal with them, 67 How to place the supers, 50
Marketable Produce--
Furniture cream, 59
Honey--
Good extracted honey,
Price of, in bulk, 6r
Section honey sells quickly, 6r
Honey soap, 59
Honey vinegar, 59 (recipe for, 59)
Sale stock and production,
Lip salve, 59
Mead, 59 (recipe for, 64)
Nuclei, 59
Practical advice on, 6o
Queen bees, Prices of, 59, 64
Sticks, 59
Swarms, 59 ; Prices of, 62, 63
Wax, 59, 61
May swarms, 18
Mid-season work, 71
Prices of a good colony of, 22
Profits attainable by bee-
keeping, 1z
Queens--
Deposed by the bees, 85
Duties of, 16
How to force bees to raise
new, 86
To introduce to a new
colony, 87
To raise for commercial
purposes, 88
Young ones essential, 85
Races of Bees--
Brown bees, 109
Carniolan race of, 109
Italian race of, 108
Removing stocks when bees
are flying, Precaution in, 75
Robbing bees, To check, 73
Roney vinegar, 59 (recipe for, 59)
Sections--
Finished ones necessary for
sale, 72
Rack for, 39
Solid ones, and how to fix,
To fix foundation in, 37
Various kinds of, 37
Skeps--Prices of, 23
Small-holders,Valuable source
of profit to, 11
Stings, and what to do for
them, 69
Swarms--
Casts, and after-swarms, 57
How they leave the hive, 54
How to capture, 55
Reason of natural swarms.
Recommended for beginners, 24
Sold by the pound, 24
To, obviate swarming, 54* [124] PROFITABLE BEE-KEEPING
To pack for sale, 57
To transfer to a frame hive,
56, 73
To utilize, 57
Travelling boxes for, 58
Temper of bees varies
greatly, 68
Three classes of bees, 16
WELLAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD, FRINTERS
PLYMOUTN, ENGLAND
. Jain, Phys. Rev. Lett. **77**, 1189 (
**Price, \(pprox\) 5 events.**
**Apine Institets and Labors Defined,**
**D. L. ADAIR, Hawesville, Ky.,**
**Published FOR THE AUTHOR**
**R****O****B****R****T****O****L****R****E****R****E****R****O****O****.**
**No. 65 West FOURUR STRET,**
**CINCINNATI.**
**Rotered according to Act of Congress, Jo the year 1872. by D. L. Adair, in the office of the Libraries of Congress, at Washington.**
## 1 Extracted and Comb Honey.
It has been known for a long time that hess hived in a larges box, or a bes-house, would continue to work year after year and seldom swarm out, and it was of course also known that they would store a great quantity of honey, but in a form that was unsuited to marketiog.
Since the Introduction of the improved System of Bes Culture, many efforts have been made to take advantage of these facts in producing non-swarming hives, but all of them being based on erroneous conceptions of the causes producing these results, they have been failures. The addition to hives of extensive box room on the top, it was soon found, would not do it. The addition of boxes on the side, while it produced better results, failed to prevent swarming. The introduction of the Melextractor caused many hee-keepers to do away with boxes, and instead give additional room In the hive for frames, without separating them from the brood-nest. This has a great tendency to prevent swarming, but does not do it entirely, from the fact that the continued handling of the comb frequently produces disorganization, resulting in abnormal action on the part of the bues, and is the source of swarming, besides which, hivos so constructed do not conform to the requirements of the bees.
If be-keeping is to be made a success, it will not be.accomplished by the use of the Honey Emptying Machine. Its limited use has already's depreciated honey that it is difficult to find a market for it at one-third the price of comb honey. In the condition of strained honey, it is necessarily brought in competition with the cheap syraps, not only from the sugar cane of the South, hut of the Northern productions from sorghum, hsets, and Indian corn, and when produced in such quantities, as it can and will he, will sick to their level or one-fourth its present masager price, while nice box honey in small packages will always find a ready market at a price that will be more remunerative than any production that is secured with so little in the producer.
The hive I now present has overcome all of the difficulties, as it gives the bes-keeper perfect control of the swarming impulse of the bee, gives them ample room to employ all the forces of the hive, and has the surplus stored in cakes, each perfect in itself, that weigh from one and one-half to five pounds, as desired, that when taken out of the hive can be formed into attractive packages of any required size, ready for the market, and always command more per pound, over and above ordinary box honey, than can be obtained for a pound of extracted honey.
To BEE-KEEPERS USING THE LANGSTROT, OR OTHER, SIMLAR FRAME HIVES.
In order to enable all to secure the benefits of the "New Idea" Hive, I will furnish them with sample Langstroh hives or those of similar construction, arranged for frames in the center, and the ends filled out with my section honey hoxes, with a right to use the honey boxes on any hive, for $10, or full directions for constructing their hives so as to add the honey boxes, with sample honey box of twenty to twenty-four sections that will hold thirty to forty pounds of honey properly arranged for being added to such hives, for $5. In sending orders it will be necessary to send the exact size of the frames used, and also the exact width and depth of the case, so that the hoxes may be nade to fit. The hive I send can have the bees put into it by simply removing the frames, bees and all, to it from the old case.
## Progressive Bee Culture.
### Bee-Keepering Twenty Years Ago.
The revolution which is now so rapidly taking place in the science of Agriculture, is as wonderful as unexpected. Twenty years ago, when the movable comb system was first introduced, those who adopted it thought they had reached perfection; and, when Mr. Colvin stated, in the Patent Office Report for 18, that he had no doubt that an apiary might be made to yield fifty pounds of honey to each hive, but few believed it.
### AND NOW.
Since that we have been progressing; slowly it may be, but certainly progressing, for by the use of the new appliances and the development of new facts, large apiaries have been made to yield an average of several hundred pounds, while single colonies have produced from 500 to 700 pounds.
### ONE Thousand Pounds Average.
At the meeting of the North American Bee-keepers Society, in December, 18?1, one member offered to sell a large number of hives, to be paid for only on condition that he should, during the season of 18?2, take ten colonies containing a quart of bees each, and from them secure 10,000 pounds, or at the rate of 1,000 pounds to each hive.
### WHY Not All?
If a single colony of bees can produce 500 to 1,000 pounds why should not all? In a year equally favorable, we can not see any reason to prevent, except the difference in management.
The revolution that Dzierzon initiated, when he constructed the movable bars, is still going on, and will only be complete when every healthy colony of bees is made, by intelligent management, to produce the maximum yield, whether that be 500 or 5,000 pounds.
### HOW is IT TO BE ACCOMPLISHED?
The important question will suggest itself to all, "How is it to be accomplished?" In general terms we may answer by saying: By a thorough understanding of the laws governing the actions of the honey-bea, and the adoption of such intelligent management as shall take advantage of those laws, which are as unvarying as the laws governing any of the forces of nature. "Were it otherwise, we would have no confidence in bee culture ever being a success.
perfected in size and elements, they are cast off like seeds and are ejected into the cells. If the queen is perfect she has a little sac, which has been named spermatheca, in which is contained the seminal fluid. The eggs, when being laid, in passing its mouth absorb small particles or filaments of this fluid, through minute holes, and are thus said to be decundated. In a normal colony such eggs always produce worker bees, and, although from the same eggs queens may be produced, it is only done when there is some derangement in the proper balance of the hive, and consequently is abnormal.
## 3 Drones an Abnormity.
If, from any cause, the eggs fall to be decundated, they produce drones. The production of drones is always the result of an imperfect action of the organs of reproduction in the queen, and is an abnormity. It may result from several causes. If the queen fails to be fertilized, she may lay eggs and produce drones. When a queen gets so old that she loses her vigor, or the sperm sac is exhausted, she lays drone-producing eggs. Experiment has proven that if a queen be subjected to severe cold so that she is chilled, the result will be the production of unfecundated eggs. Other slight bodily injuries to the queen often produce the same result.
## 4 General Cause of Production of Drones and Queens.
These are physical causes that pertain to the queen alone. The most general cause pertains to the whole colony, and is the result, as in the production of queens, of some derangement in the proper balance of the hive; and the same abnormal condition that causes the laying of drone eggs is always soon followed by an attempt to produce queens. In the spring of the year the queen is excited to laying, in proportion to the honey supply and the increase of temperature in the atmosphere. When honey becomes abundant in the fields, worker brood is matured rapidly, and the hive is soon filled with young bees, whose peculiar office it is to feed the larvae in the cells, and also the queen. The hive is rapidly filled with honey, and consequently the laying room is contracted at a time when it should be enlarged to accommodate her increased prolificeness; and she finds herself suddenly deprived of cells in which to deposit the fast accumulating eggs. The result is a physical derangement of the reproductive organs, and consequently drone eggs, which she is compelled to lay in the drone cells, if there be any in the hive.
The laying of drone eggs by the queen is nearly always followed by the building of queen cells. The Baron Von Berlepsch says: "When the queen deposits male eggs at unusual times, they (the workers) construct queen cradles and raise young queens." (_Am. Bee Gazette_, vol. 1, p. 87.) He should not have qualified the assertion by saying "at unusual times."
## 5 Laying Workers.
Drones are sometimes produced in a still more abnormal manner. A colony deprived of their queen, with no eggs from which to produce another, never fail so far as our observation has extended, to produce what are called "laying workers." They are the ordinary workers of the colony, and do not differ from them physically, in any respect. All worker bees have ovaries, like the queen, though not so fully developed, and also a seed pouch, or sperm sac, which is shriveled and aborted; and although they can not be fertilized, and consequently their eggs can not be decundated, they can, under certain circumstances, lay eggs; or, we should say, eggs are developed in their ovaries, and deposited in the cells in the same manner that the queen does it.
## 0.7 Pragressive Bee Culture
We are told by apicultural authors, that the colony, finding itself hopelessly queenless, hold an election, or, by some kind of resolution or agreement, elect one of their number as queen, and that she assumes the reins of government; but, not being of the "royal blood," or "blood royal," as some call it, she can only be the mother of common people like the drones. (Why she is not of the same blood as the queen we have failed to see.)
## 0.8 Why Workers Lay Eggs.
A little deeper study into the peculiarities of insects, and bees in particular, would doubtless give us a very different explanation of this apparent anomaly. Certain of the young bees, at a certain stage of their existence, supply the queen with the proper food for the development of eggs, prepared similarly, if not identically, as they prepare it, by partial digestion in their stomachs, for feeding the embryo queen in the cell. When the colony becomes queenless, and there are no eggs or larvae out of which to rear queens, they fail to have any place to deposit it, and perhaps feed it to some of the workers; or, if compelled to disgorge it, some of the workers eat it, and such of them as have their ovaries the most perfect are thus stimulated to the production of eggs, and, not being decundated, they produce drones. There is no reason why the drones thus produced should not be as perfect as if produced by a queen.
## 0.9 PATHENOGENESIS, AND AGAMIC REPRODUCTION.