BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
**Salvia carduacea,** thistle or annual age. "Inner coast range valleys and throughout the San Joaguin Valley, southern California, June." (Jepson). "A well-known honey plant." (Richeter).
**Salvia columbariae,** annual age. "Throughout the coast ranges, Sierra Nevada and southern California, on hill and mountain slopes." (Jepson).
**Salvia sonomensis,** Greene, creeping sage. "Montana species at middleattitudes. Ramona Mountains west of Calistoga, Mt. Shasta, Calaveras and Mariposa Counties, San Diego County. May." (Jepson). "Also June, Sierra foothills from Sierra to Inyo Counties, main source of honey in many districts." (Richter).
Concerning the regularity of yield from sage, Mr. P. C. Chadwick wrote in Gleanings in Bee Culture (January I, 1911), as follows:
"South of the Tehachapi Mountains lies practically the entire sage of our State, notwithstanding eastern people and many of our westerners term every form of small growth on the vast slopes of the Rocky Mountains "sage brush." There is no denying that the button (or black) sage is, of all honey plants, our chief surplus producer. Neither does it average a crop more often than every other year, regardless of rainfall, for it seems necessary, from its semi-arid nature, to be dried out or rested before it comes back to its prime yielding condition. I have seen it return some surplus for three consecutive seasons; but the middle season was not what could be considered a crop, even after a sufficient rainfall."
Again he writes to the same journal to the effect that the sage ranges soon give place to other crops (Dec. 15, 1911):
"If I should predict that thirty years hence the sage ranges of California would be almost a thing of the past there would doubtless be criticism of my views; but I firmly believe that we shall face such a condition, for enigration to this part of California is increasing rapidly. Hillisides are yielding to the blow, where twenty years ago it would have been thought almost impossible."
Some writers give two hundred pounds per colony as a fair average in a good sage year, so that with even one good year in three it comes well up with the yield of many plants more constant in their production.
SAINFOIN or ESPARCET (Onobrychis sativa).
Sainfoin is grown to a limited extent in Canada, and although given numerous trials in various parts of the United States, has not, till the present, succeeded in establishing itself successfully. It is a splendid forage crop, somewhat similar to alfalfa, and is an important source of nectar in Italy and other parts of Europe.
Several years ago it was given an enthusiastic endorsement as a honey plant for America by John Fixter, at that time apparist at the Central Experiment Farus at Ottawa, Canada. A test plot at the Farns proved so attractive to the bees that it attracted much attention on the part of eastern beekeepers. He reported that it yielded nectar in the morning and that the bees began work upon it fully an hour before they did on aiske or white clover. A further advantage was stated to be that the first bloom came between fruit bloom and white clover and the later bloom at a time when there was a dearth from other sources. On plots side by side he reported that there would be something like a hundred bees on the sainfoin to ten on the white clover.
In spite of the glowing accounts of its value and a general attempt to boom the plant, it failed to succeed. It should be remembered, however, that there was a general failure with alfalfa when first attempts were made to grow it in America, and it would seem worthy of further trial to see whether there are not sections better adapted to its growth.
The following article by C. P. Dadant, reprinted from the American Bee Journal, page 790, 1904, will give some information about the value of the plant in European countries:
"Sainfoin, otherwise called esparcet, is widely cultivated in Europe, especially in France. Its name, "sainfoin," is French, and literally means "healthy hay"--sain-foin. It is a perennial, gives a splendid hay crop, and in some sections of the European continent it is a first-class honey-producer.
"The small province of France, formerly called "Gatinais," is the leading producer of sainfoin honey. According to the best authorities, the honey of Gatinais has the reputation of being of the whitest color and sweetest taste, and is said to be in no way surpassed by white clover benoy.
"Gaston Bonnier, the eminent professor who was President of the International congress of beekeepers at Paris in 1900, says in his book, the 'Cours Complet d'Apiculture,' that sainfoin honey is one of the best appreciated grades. He ranks it next only to the honey of the Alpine hills of eastern France and Switzerland.
"From immemorial times the honey crops of Gatinais have been considered as leading in the amount of production, and this was all credited to the sainfoin, which is grown there in immense quantities, somewhat as alfalfa is grown in the irrigated plains of the West. It was in Gatinais that the custom of inverting hives began, in order to secure the largest possible quantity of honey from the bees, regardless of future consequences. For that reason the beekeepers of Gatinais were compelled to replenish aparies every season with bees brought from away, as their only aim was to secure the largest possible quantity of sainfoin honey during the short period of the bloom, and many of their bees perished the following winter.
"Although sainfoin has already been tried in the United States with unfavorable results, I believe it is worth while to try it again, especially in the countries where alfalfa succeeds so well. It might prove a useful honey plant.
"We must, however, not close our eyes to the fact that honey plants do not yield honey in the same proportion in all localities. White clover, which is the source of so large a crop of white honey in this country, is absolutely useless as a honey producer in some other countries. Edouard Bertrand, the editor of the Revue Internationale, told me positively that there never had been any white clover honey harvested in Switzerland by any of his friends, although it is quite common in the Swiss meadows."
**SALAD-TREE, see Red-Bud.**
**SALAL (Gaultheria shallon).**
Salalal is an evergreen shrub, one to five feet high, common from central California north to Washington. It grows abundantly in the redwood forests commonly covering the ground. The flowers occur in racemes three to six inches long and are pink or pinkish white.
It blooms with salmon-berry, wild blackberry and chittam, so the honey is seldom secured unmixed.
**SALIX, see Willow.**
## 11 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
The salmon berry or THIMBLE berry, also known as flowering raspberry, shown at Figure 124, is a well known honey plant on the Pacific Coast. It occurs along the coast from Alaska to Mexico. It also occurs in the mountains as far south as Colorado and New Mexico. It is a shrub with erect stem and red fruit. It is known to some extent in Ontario west to Dakota.
Salmon berry is frequently mentioned as a source of honey in the Pacific Northwest, especially in Washington, Oregon and British Columbia.
## 11 SALM CEDAR (Tamarix gallica)
Scholl's Bulletin lists the salt cellar as a source of honey in Texas. "Common European shrub which seems to have escaped in many places in Texas." (Conter). "On readside, in thickets and waste places in warmer parts of southern United States, naturalized from southern Europe." (Small) The author has reports of this plant being common in the vicinity of Corpus Christi, Texas. Reported also as a honey plant in places in California.
## 12 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 13 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 14 SALM CEDAR (Tamarix gallica)
## 15 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 16 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 17 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 18 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 19 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 10 SALMON BERRY or THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 11 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 12 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 13 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 14 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 15 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
The salmon berry or THIMBLE berry, also known as flowering raspberry, shown at Figure 124, is a well known honey plant on the Pacific Coast. It occurs along the coast from Alaska to Mexico. It also occurs along the coast from Alaska to Mexico. It also occurs in the mountains as far south as Colorado and New Mexico. It is a shrub with erect stem and red fruit. It is known to some extent in Ontario west to Dakota.
## 16 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
The salmon berry or THIMBLE berry, also known as flowering raspberry, shown at Figure 124, is a well known honey plant on the Pacific Coast. It occurs along the coast from Alaska to Mexico. It also occurs along the coast from Alaska to Mexico. It is known to some extent in Ontario west to Dakota. It is known to some extent in Ontario west to Dakota.
## 17 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
## 18 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
The salmon berry or THIMBLE berry, also known as flowering raspberry, shown at Figure 124, is a well known honey plant on the Pacific Coast. It occurs along the coast from Alaska to Mexico. It is known to some extent in Ontario west to Dakota. It is known to some extent in Ontario west to Dakota.
## 19 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
The salmon berry or THIMBLE berry are frequently mentioned as a source of honey in Texas. "Common European shrub which seems to have escaped in many places in Texas." (Conter). "On readside, in thickets and waste places in warmer parts of southern United States, naturalized from southern Europe." (Small) The author has reports of this plant being common in the vicinity of Corpus Christi, Texas. Reported also as a honey plant in places in California.
## 10 SALMON BERRY and THIMBLE BERRY (Rubacer parvilforus)
The salmon berry or THIMBLE berry are frequently mentioned as a source of honey in Texas.
**SAPINIDUS, see Wild China.**
**SASKATCHEWAN-Honey Sources of.**
**The sources of nectar, in the order of their importance, are frewed, wolfherry, prairie flowers, alsike and white clover and Siberian pea-tree. Willows and mapples for early brood rearing are important.--F. W. L. Sladen.**
**SASASAFRAS (Sassafras officinalale).**
**Sassafras is an exceedingly well-known tree in the Southwestern States. It is known occasionally as far north as Ontario and Massachusetts southward to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas and south to the Brazos Valley in Texas. It is a conspicuous feature of the old fields of the southern plantations. It has spicy aromatic bark and mucilaginous buds and leaves which many people enjoy chewing. Oil of sassafras is distilled from the roots.**
**The flowers are small, yellow and inconspicuous, but are attractive to the bees. The writer has found occasional reports of bees working on sassafras in the Southern States. At Buffalo, Texas, it is reported as blooming about two weeks. H. B. Parks reports that it yields well in Missouri. The blooming period is early and short, hence its principal value is for spring brood rearing. It was blooming with willlow on March 20, 1918, in Leon County, Texas, when the author visited that section, and the bees were apparently getting considerable nectar from sassafras at that time.**
**SATUREJA, see Wild Pennsylvania.**
**SAW PALMETTO, see Palmetto.**
**SCILLA.**
**The Scilla siberica, or Siberian squill, is an early blooming old world flower commonly naturalized in the grass of lawns, parks, etc., for ornamental purposes. It has small blue flowers which appear as soon as the ground is free from frost in the spring. The bees seek them eagerly and, coming at a time when little is to be had, they keep the bees busy on the few sunny days of early spring. Flower lovers will find this plant a desirable addition to their garden list. Aside from planting the bulbs no care is necessary. It will thrive in a stiff bluegrass sod, where few other plants would grow. It is only necessary to avoid cutting the grass till the plants have matured.**
**SCROPHULARIA, see Figwort.**
**SCRUB PALMETTO, see Palmetto.**
**SENSITIVE PEA, see Partridge Pea.**
**SHEEP LAUREL, see Laurel.**
**SHITTIM-WOOD, see Gum Elastic.**
**SHOESTRING VINE, see Bluevine.**
**SHRUBY TREFOIL, see Hop-Tree.**
Pacific Coast. It is also common in the hill country of much of California, in the White Mountains of New Mexico and in parts of Colorado and other mountain States. The blossoms are small and inconspicuous, but they are attractive to the bees, nevertheless. The snowberry is a valuable plant in many localities in the West, but is of special importance in Washington and British Columbia. There it is reported as blooming during the last half of June and well into July and as furnishing an important secondary flow. According to H. A. Scullen it is very important in northern Idaho and in Stevens County, Washington, the bees work upon it in preference to white clover.
Snowberry is a close relative of Indian currant and is illustrated in connection with that plant. (See Indian Currant).
**SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN (Euphorbia marginata). SPURGE.**
Snow-on-the-Mountain is a showy plant easily recognized by the white margined leaves. It is native from Minnesota to Montana and south to New Mexico and Texas. It is also cultivated for the peculiar foliage. It is probably nowhere important as a honey plant, and is of special interest from the fact that its nectar is so often reported as poisonous. (See Poisonous Honey.)
**SNOWVINE or PEPPER-VINE (Cissus arborea).**
The snowvine is a climbing vine with heart-shaped leaves, and berries the size of a pea, and which are edible. It is common in the low borders
Figure 12: SageLoss (Guakerono angustifolani).
of woods and along streams from Virginia to southern Illinois and southward to Florida and eastern Texas. It is a relative of the cowitch. (See Cowitch). It is common in Alabama and Georgia from the central belt to the coast plain, where it begins to bloom in June. It is reported as being the source of considerable honey of fair quality.
Soapberry, see Wild China.Soapbush (Guaicum angustifolium).The soaplush is native to the dry lands of south Texas and northern Mexico. It blooms after rains in both spring and fall. At Crystal City, Texas, it is reported as the source of the first honey in spring, coming in March. Beekeeper's report that with very little moisture soaplush can be depended upon for honey and that it yields nectar every time it blooms. The honey is of fine quality, mild flavor and light color. The flow lasts from ten to fifteen days. (Fig. 120.) The soaplush has very hard wood, crooked and knotty branches and in places becomes a small tree and is known as lignin-vitac.
Sopldago, see Goldenrod.SORGHUM.The sorghems are widely planted as forage crops. They yield pollen in great abundance and at times honeydew is gathered from this source, also.
Soprel-TREE, see Sourwood.SORLARD CRAB APPLE, see Crab Apple.SOUR-GUM, see Tupelo.SOUR-TOP, see Blueberry.SORWOOD (Oxydendrum arboreum).The sourwood tree reaches a height of thirty to forty feet and a diameter of twelve inches, on high lands, but seldom exceeds twenty feet in height on the low lands. It is a common tree from West Virginia to north Georgia and west to Arkansas. The white flowers grow in racemes and appear in July. It is sometimes called sorrel tree, because of the acidity of its leaves. The wood is soit and is not of much value except for light fuel.Sourwood honey ranks high, both in quality and in quantity of yield. Many people regard it as the finest honey produced in America. It is light in color, of heavy body, fine flavor and slow to granulate. The bloom lasts from two to three weeks and comes in mid-summer, when bees have ample time to build up to maximum strength for the flow. Although sourwood honey is produced in limited areas in several States. North Carolina and eastern Tennessee probably contain the finest forests and remarkable yields are sometimes reported in this region. The crop from this source seldom fails and it is regarded as one of the most dependable sources of nectar. A lady beekeeper, writing from North Carolina, stated in the American Bee Journal that she had never known it to fail. An average of as high as 75 pounds per colony from sourwood has been reported and the local demand usually takes it all at prices above the open market.
## 11 South Carolina--Honey Sources of
Willows, fruit blossoms, including such wild fruits as bawthorne, huckleberry and blackberry, furnish abundant nectar for early spring. Tuliptre, sourwood and clover, persimmon, black-gum and holly are all good sources of nectar. Cotton may be expected to yield also on suitable soils. (See also North Carolina and Georgia for a longer list of plants likely to be of value in this State.)
## 12 South Dakota--Honey Sources of
The best bekkeeping territory in South Dakota is in the sweet clover districts in the southeastern part of the State. In this region large crops of fine honey are secured.
Maples and willows, dandclions and fruit blossoms start the bees off in the spring. White clover and alsike both yield well in the eastern part of the State. Sweet clover is important wherever grown and alfalfa is valuable in some localities. Heartsease is the principal source of honey in late fall. There are also many minor sources, such as are common to the Middle West.
## 13 Southern Buckthorn, see Coma.
### Southern Crab APPLE, see Crab Apple.
### 13 Sow Thistle (Sonchus).
The sow thistles are weeds which are widely distributed from eastern Canada to Florida and from British Columbia to California. They are reported as valuable in east Texas, and Richter lists two species as yielding nectar in California. Probably seldom important.
### 13 Spanish Bayonet, see Yucca.
### 13 Spanish DAGGER, see Yucca.
### 13 Spanish NEEDLE (Bidens).
The Spanish needles, also known as bootjacks, beggar ticks, stick tights and marigolds, are very widely distributed plants, and are of interest to the beekeepers from Nova Scotia to California. Most of the species are weeds growing commonly on low and swampy lands. Not all of them produce honey in appreciable quantity, and possibly some of them are not sought by the bees at all. Figure 12 shows **Bidens aristoss,** which has an attractive yellow flower and is most frequently mentioned as a source of honey. This is particularly valuable on the lowlands along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. During the seasons of 1915 and 1919 much honey was gathered from it.
Two species are reported among the honey plants of California by Richter, B. fondosa and B. pilosa. The former is one of the most widely distributed species and closely resembles the one shown, but has a wider leaf. **Fondosa** is seldom reported as yielding nectar, and it is of doubtful value to the beckeeper.
Figure 127 shows the western bur-margidol **(B. involucrata),** which occurs from Illinois and Iowa south to Texas and Louisiana. This is reported as a good honey plant. This flower has no colored corolla, but is surrounded by greenish rays.
August is the month of flowering with this species. The Spanish needles are all late bloomers, and where they occur yield nectar, and add something to the fall honey flow.
**SPARKLE-BERRY, see Farkle-Berry.**
**SPICEWOOD, see Dogwood.**
**SPIDER PLANT (Cleome spinosa).**
The spider plant is a close relative of the Rocky Mountain bee plant and very similar in habit. The spider plant had quite a boom among beekeepers of a few years ago. The seed was sold quite generally and planted in gardens, but as it is of no value except for honey and as an ornamental, its popularity soon declined and it is seldom mentioned of late. It secretes nectar abundantly and the bees work upon it freely just at nightfall, and again in early morning. It is a native of the tropics and has escaped and run wild in many places from North Carolina to Arkansas and Louisiana.
Figure 127: Western bur margidol.
Much has been written about the remarkable secretion by this plant and the excitement it causes among the bees. Under favorable conditions it is one of the very best of honey plants and, if sufficiently common, would no doubt be the source of large quantities of surplus honey. There are reports to the effect that spider plant grows abundantly in neglected fields in some localities in southeastern Missouri and is there important. It is said to require a rich soil for best results in nectar secretion. A single blossom secretes nectar so freely that a bee often finds a drop larger than it can carry at one load.
**SPIKEWEED (Centromadia pungens).**
Spikeweed is a common plant in California, where its range is given by Jepson as follows:
"Abundant on the plains of the lower San Joaquin southward to southern California and westward to Walnut Creek and Alameda. On the alkaline plains of the upper San Joaquin this species covers tens of thousands of acres and often forms thickets four or five feet high. It is abundant in the low, more or less alkaline plains of Solano County and forms extensive colonies in summer fields. Extermination is often accomplished by means of bands of sheep, which leave the fields perfectly clean and destitute of this spikeeweed pest.--Flora of Western Middle California.
According to Richter, carloads of honey from spikeweed are shipped
Figure 19: Sparish needle (_Bidens aftona_),
annually from Fresno County, the honey being of amber color, good quality and quick to granulate. He states that other plants are replacing spike-weed to such an extent that it is no longer of the importance which it was in the past.
**SPOON-WOOD, see Laurel.**
**SPRING BEAUTY (Claytonia Virginia).**
The spring beauty is one of the early spring flowers common in open woodlands from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alaska and from New England west to Minnesota and Nebraska and south to Georgia and Arkansas. Appearing so early in spring it is much sought by the bees at a time when there is little of either nectar or pollen available. At a later season it would be of such slight value as to be hardly worthy of notice on the part of the bekeeper. Figure 129 shows a bee on the blossom of a spring beauty.
**SPRURE (Picea abies).**
For years past there has been an occasional mention in our bekeeping literature of spruce honey, or of bees working on spruce. As far as the writer has been able to ascertain this is true only of the Norway spruce. Since the Norway spruce is not a native of this country, it is seldom found
Figure 129: The bees seek the spring beauty in early spring.
in considerable numbers except in the vicinity of cities, where it is planted freely for ornament. (Fig. 10.)
It was at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph that the writer first saw the bees working on spruce to any extent. It was about June 12, and the bees were humming through these trees in large numbers.
There are hundreds of these trees about the college grounds, and considerable honeycomb seemed to be coming to the college apiary from this source. Honeydew is seldom desirable, as it is usually of poor quality and only serves to spoil the quality of good honey. However, this spruce honeydew seemed to be of rather better quality than is generally the case with
Figure 10: The Norway apirec is the source of honeydew.
loneydew, and, as it came ahead of the clover flow, was probably nearly all consumed for brood rearing.
For a time the writer was puzzled to know whether the bees were getting an exudation of sap from the tree, or were in fact getting honeydew. They were working on what appeared at first sight to be buds at the base of the new growth, but which under the microscope proved to be insects identified as **Physokermes picea**.
**SPURGE, see Snow-on-the-Mountain.**
**SQUASH (Curcurbita maxim), also (C, moschata).**