BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
Hatch-Gemmill wax press, 131- Head, 183, Plate XXV. Heart, 188, Plate XXV. Hetherington super springs, go. Hive, arrangement in apiary, 14- cover, 15, 83. the description of, 14- entrance, how to contract, 167. essential parts of, 83- history of, 83- how to get the cover off, 95. how to handle it, 83- how to lift out the brood frames, 96. how to open, g2. industries of, 96. Hive--_Continued_ inhabitants of, 17. Langstroh,8-frame,10-frame, 14- maximum for opening, 104. oee and one-half story, Plate XXV. the reasons why it must be opened, 94. telescope cover, 91. tenement, for wintering, 149- to change the location of, 25. Hive-stand, 15, 14. Hives, chaff, 14, 15- chaff for wintering, 148, Plate XXII. Dadant-Quinby, size of, 77- decoy, 79. devices for carrying into cella, 152. double-walled, 11. double-walled, cover for, 13. entrance toward south, 15. how to group, 10, 25- large, for extracted honey, 77- large sizes limit swarming, 77- observation, 109. shade boards for, 11. shaded by awning, 11. shaded by thatched roof, 11. shaded by trellis, 11. well shaded, Plate IV. where to put them, 20. Hiving bees, Plate XI. maxima for, 72. Holy Land bees, 47. Honey, the amount produced in the United States, 58. baswood, 198. buckiveheat, 108. composition of, 57- flowers, 194. gardens, 199, 204- healthful food, 58. how produced, 57- how to take off in supers, 108. house, 15.
Maxima--_Continued_
for hiving bees, 71.
for introducing queens, 163.
for opening the hive, 104.
for prevention of bee moth, 176.
for producers of comb honey, 116.
for the producer of extracted honey, 114.
for wintering, 154.
to prevent robbing, 171.
McEvoy, William, treatment of foul brood, 177.
Medics, 101.
Mellokos, 205.
Metatarsus, 185.
Micropyle, 194.
Milkweed, 204.
Miller, Dr., 102, 163.
Mignonette, 105.
Motherwort, 204.
Mouth parts, 184, Plate XXV.
Muscles, 187, Plate XXV.
Muth bottles for extracted honey, 123.
Nervous system, 188, Plate XXV.
Nucleus, method of introducing queen, 163.
to begin with, 13.
Observation hivex, 103, opposite frontispiece.
Ocelli, 183, Plate VL.
Eiophagus, 194, Plate XXVI.
Out-apariaries, 209.
Ovaries, 192, Plate XXVI.
Oviduct, 192, Plate XXVI.
Oxydendram arboreaux, 199.
Palp, 185, Plate XXV.
Paraffiare, wax adulterant, 134.
Parker foundation listener, 18.
Partnership of bees and plants, 195.
Peach, 196.
Pear, 196.
Picked brood, 179.
Piping of queen, 31, 32.
Planting for honey impractical, 199
Pliny, 107.
Pladia iatorpancalia, 175.
Plum, 196.
Plum kbosoms, Plate XXIII.
Points about bees wax, 126.
Poison glands, 193, Plate XXVI.
Pollen, 59.
fed to drone, 37.
how gathered, 59.
how placed in cell, 60.
made into bee bread, 60.
Pollen-baskets, 59, 186, Plate VII.
Pollen-comb, Plate VII.
Porter bee-escape, 12, 18.
Propolis, how collected, 62.
how to disadve, 63.
its source, 60, 61.
made from varnish and cement, 61.
various uses of, 62.
Pussy willows, 197.
Queen, Plate V.
armour of, 30, 31,
balling of, 32, 158, 159.
cages, 160, 161, Plate XVI.
cages, the Miller, 163.
capacity for egg laying, 38.
cell, 39, Plate V.
cell, how to find, 98.
cell, how to cut out, 98.
clipping wings of, 75.
development of, 28.
duels, 30, 31.
egg, 29.
excluder, 78.
first flight of, 32.
head of, Plate VI.
her attendants, 28.
how she lays egg, 33, 34.
how to find, 99.
how to handle, 99.
how to introduce, 160.
**INDEX--Continued**
Queen--Continued**
introducing by nucleus method,
introducing cage, Plate V.
introducing of, 157.
issues from cell, 30.
larva, 30.
leg of, Plate VIL.
maxims for introducing, 163.
mother of her subjects, 17.
piping of, 31, 32.
rearing, 156, 157.
removed to prevent warming, 79.
reproductive organs of, 30. Plate
selection of, 17, 28.
surrounded by workers, 99.
tested, 14.
trap, 19, 75, Plate XIV.
virgin, leads after-swarms, 79.
80, 81.
weapons, 30, 31.
wedding flight of, 32.
when to introduce, 159.
Queen-clipping device, too.
Queen-excluding honey-board, use of, 108.
Queenless colony, 29.
Queens, development of new, 19.
females, 17.
Queen's wings, how to clip, 100.
Quinby, 207.
Rape, 204.
Raudfus wax-extractor, 130, 131
Rearing queens, 156.
Reaumus, 107.
Red clover, 200.
Red maple, 197.
Red raspberry, 204.
Reproductive organs, 191, Plate
Repiratory system, 183, Plate
Robbing, borrowing, 170.
fate of the robbed colony, 170.
Robbing--Continued**
how it is done, 166.
how to detect, 167.
how to prevent, 10a.
how to stop, 167, 168, 169.
maxims to prevent, 171.
the result of, 164.
slow, 170a.
when it is likely to happen, 165.
why, 164.
Rocky Mountain bee plant, 204.
Root, 207.
treatment of fuel brood, 177.
views about smoking bees, 93.
Royal jelly, 29.
Rye flour for feeding, 141.
Sage, white, 203.
Sage, black or button, 103.
_Soralaria vendii, 204._
Section glazed for comb-honery, 106.
holder, Plate XIV.
holders, 88.
of honey, Plate XIV.
Section-bocz, 88, Plate II., III.
no bee-way, 88.
with bee-way, 88.
Sections, 11, 17.
fence between, 88.
foundation-comb for, 89.
how to put together, 89.
how to take off, 110.
no bee-way, 16.
scraping of, 111.
stained, 111.
unfinished, 110.
Sense hairs, Plate VII.
Sense organs, 183.
Sense pots, Plate VII.
Sade for hives, 11.
Sheep in apiary, 23.
Shipping-cases for comb-honery, 113.
Skeleton, 181, 187, Plate XXV.
Sungum, 131.
Sencil, organs of, 84.
Smoking bees, should be done carefully, 93, 94. Smoker, Cornell, 16, Plate \(\Pi\). how to fill and use, 93, 91. Social insects, 27. increase of, 64. Solar wax-extractor, 150, 1j1. Sour wood, 198. Spanish necclle, no4. Spraying fruit blossoms with arsenic, 196. Spermat, 192, Plate XXVI. Spermat, 193. Spider flower, 204. Spiracles, 188, Plate XXVI. Spring dwindling, 154. Spur, Plate VII. Spur wire embedder, 86. Stained sections, 111. Sting, 193, Plate XXVI. Stonach, 194. Plate XXVI. Sumach blossoms, Plate XXIV. Storifying, 110. Sunflower, 203. Saper, 11. bones, 109. cover, 11, 91. description of, 87. filled with section boxes, Plate XXV. for ccomb-honey, 87. for extracted honey, 87. foundation, 17. how to entice bees into, 108. how to prepare, 90. how to prepare and place in hive, 91. partly filled, Plate III. parts of, 87. ready to be filled, Plate XIII. sprangs, 88, 90. Supers, 15, 83. different kinds of, 83. how to take off when filled with honey, 101. Swarm, bow to hire, 66, 68. how to manage in difficult places, 69. how to reconcile to new hire, 70. how to stop, 66. size of 65. throwing dirt at, 67. use, fountain pump with, 67. Mr. West's device for saving, 71. when given off, 65. Swarm-catcher, the Manum, 19. Swarming, conditions that lead to, 65. coetrol by brushing out method, 77. control by extracting honey, 76. control by giving room, 76. control by removing queen, 79. levened by use of large hires, 77. necessary to produce combinoney, 75. of bees, 64. owing to queen or workers, 65. Swarms, dividing of, 78. Sweet clover, 105. Swiss wax extractor, 131. Syrian, 47. Syrup, for feeding bees how to make, 137. medicated for foul brood, 177.
Taking up bees, 108. Tallow, wax aduletant, 134. Tarsu, 134. Telescope cover, 15. Tencment hives for wintering, 149-Tents for bee-keeper, 104. Termites, 37. Theorax, 185. Thornapple blossoms, Plate XXVIII. Thornapple blossoms, Plate XXVIII. Thornap, 139. Tibia, 185. Tiering up, 108. Tan pails for extracted honey, 133-Tinned wire, 12.
Tongue, 184, Plate XXV.
Tracher, 189, Plate XXVL
Trap for queen, 75:
Trap, queen and drone, 19.
Trees, 196.
Trochander, 185.
Turnp, 200.
When to introduce a queen, 159.
When to put bees into cellar, 153.
Trap for queen, 196.
When to find, 196.
White clover, too.
Wild flowers, 103.
Willow, 154, 197.
Wings, 185.
Winnering bees in single - walled
hives, 145.
diarcha, 179.
getting ready for, 146.
how much food needed for, 146.
in cellars, 159.
in chaff hives, 148, Plate XXII.
in hive boxes, 147.
in tenement hives, 149.
maximis for, 154.
out doors, 147.
poor honey for, 147.
spring dwindling, 154.
when to put bees in the cellar, 153.
when to take bees out of cellar
ways of, 147.
Wire embedded by heat, 87.
Wire embedder, 86, Plate III.
Wire, tinned, 18, 85.
Worker, 39, Plate V.
cell of, 37, 40, 55.
cocoon of, 44.
death of, 39.
Worker egg, in drone cells, 37.
laying, 45, 46.
leg of, Plate VII.
life and habitat of, 42, 43.
life-history of, 40, 41.
maturity of, 41.
moulding of, 41.
old age and death of, 44.
Workers, labourers, 27.
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How to keep bees
for profit
## How to keep Bees for Protein
**BY**
**D. EVERTT LYON, Ph.D.**
**WITH FRONTISPICE**
**Nta 1994**
**THE MACMILLAN COMPANY**
**1920**Univ. Library, UC Santa Cruz 1997
Cortright, 1910,
**Br THE MACMILLAN COMPANT.**
**Set up and electrostyped.** Published May, xgac.
**Nortouch 3press**
J. B. Cushing Co. -- Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
**S/F**
**As far back as the dawn of history the honey bee was regarded as a benefactor to man, and it is not surprising, therefore, that on the ancient monuments of Egypt, in the classic writings of Rome and Greece, we find many references to the bee, which, with the exception of the silkworm, has the distinction of being the only insect kept by man in a semi-domestic state for his benefit. The interest of our forefathers in these busy little people was due to the fact that honey was practically the only sweet which they could readily obtain.**
**The bees were hunted in their native habitat in the cleft of the rocks, in the heart of the trees of the forest, and such other places where they were accustomed to build their combs. In securing their golden stores the
hunters were compelled to smoke and destroy the bees, thus creating in them a fear of smoke that has been inbred for centuries.
So deeply ingrained is this fear that the modern beekeeper has but to puff a little smoke into the entrances of their hives to render them tractable and permit of their easy handling, and that without any serious interference with their multiform labors.
We do not have to search the records of the past to find evidences of the brutal and needless destruction of bees to secure their honey; for it is still the custom of a large number of ignorant beekeepers to brimstone their faithful little workers, when the adoption of modern hives and methods, neither expensive nor intricate, would render it unnecessary.
During the last few centuries there have been naturalists of note who have given much time to the study of the habits of the honey bee, and the literature of the world has been greatly enriched by the observations of Jan Swammerdam, born at Amsterdam in 1637;
Huber, the blind Swiss, who was ably assisted by a devoted wife and faithful massrant; as well as a host of others equally well known.
No less great a personage than Pliny has recorded his observations of the honey bee, and Shakespeare also frequently mentions it.
Of modern writers, Dzierzon in Germany, Cheshire and Cowan in England, Langstroth, Quinby, and Root in America, have added to the rich store of knowledge we have on _Apis mellifera_.
The Belgian Maeterlinck is not to be taken seriously in his interesting little book, "The Life of the Bee"; for however attractive it may be from a literary standpoint, it teaches the rankest heresy concerning the habits of these wonderful little people, and shows but a superficial knowledge of them.
The late Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth, known as the Father of American Bee-keeping, was the inventor of the hive which bears his name, and its almost universal adoption in this country has wrought a revolution in bekeeping both from the commercial standpoint and in the ease with which the life work of the bees may be studied.
It is the purpose of this volume to give the reader an insight into the life history of the bee family, and point out the various methods by which they may be made of increased interest and profit.
**How to KEEP BESS FOR PROFIT**
How to keep bees for profit
**BEES - fruit -- honey and money**
A HIVE of bees nestling in the grass in the orchard is neither artistic nor ornamental in the eyes of most people, and the sentiment it inspires may even be one of fear.
But when we consider that within its narrow confines there is housed a teeming population of over thirty thousand of the busiest little folk in the world, the feeling changes from fear to amazement at the wonderful work that is there going on.
Judging from the size of the population, we should naturally infer that pandemonium would reign; and this belief would be strengthened by the constant bustle and hum that accompany the bees as they come and go from their humble home to the fields in quest of nature's sweets.
Instead of chaos being the order of things, the very reverse is true; and each denizen of the hive has its allotted task which it busily and joyfully performs, and that with clock-like precision.
The young bees for the first few days of their existence spend their time in taking care of their developing brothers and sisters, feeding the larvae a food made of a mixture of honey, pollen, water, and a secretion from the glands of the head and chyle-stomach, and only varying this task by an occasional play spell of flying in front of the hive during the early part of the afternoon. Other bees, fully matured, are afield in quest of pollen from the flowers, while others are gathering propolis, or bee-glue, with which to firmly fasten the lids and bottom boards of their homes. Others still are carriers of water, while the main force of field bees are busily
of comb, and the storing of honey against a rainy day goes steadily on.
With a knowledge of these facts does not the aspect of the hive change from a commonplace-looking box to a veritable kingdom, presided over by royalty, which challenges our interest and admiration, and at once inspires in us the purpose to become the better acquainted with it?
Another thing we should not overlook -- and we are liable to do so if we look at the hive only from the standpoint of the number of pounds of honey it is likely to produce -- is, that bees bear a close and vital relation to the matter of fruit production in the neighborhood. The real mission of the honey bee after all is not the production of honey, for that is only incidental, but rather to insure the proper pollination of our fruit blossoms, and were it not for their active agency in this department of agricultural life, the fruit output of the country would be astonishingly small.
A careful examination of the body of a worker bee will reveal that nature has clothed it in a coat of fuzzy down, and as the little fellow enters the blossom in search for its hidden sweets, the particles of pollen adhere to the down, so that as the bee goes from flower to flower, it unconsciously performs the work of cross pollination.
It is a remarkable fact that nature gives the nectar-secreting organs only to those blossoms whose fruit demands the pollination of their seeds.
There have been certain sections of the country, where soil and climatic conditions were in every respect favorable to fruit production, yet there was a surprising lack of fruit, and careful examination has shown that bees were not present in the neighborhood.
Horticulturists were thus led to import bees from a distance, with almost immediate benefit to the orchards. So, if for no other reason than that of securing a good quantity and quality of fruit, bees have proved a real blessing to the farmer and the suburbanite.
## How to keep bees for profit
The phase of bee-keeping, however, that most appeals to the average man or woman, is that of honey production, and in this respect it is an unusually safe undertaking.
. It is surprising how locations, apparently most unpromising, will often produce a crop of honey from sources hitherto unsuspected, and yet it is a fact that the bees by their mar-vellous industry, and long flights of as much as five miles from home, will year after year richly reward their owners by a substantial surplus.
There are possibly not over two hundred persons of all classes, including many professional men and women, in the United States who make bee-keeping a sole means of live-lihood, and though the possibilities of profit are almost infinite, the majority of people are contented to keep from two to twenty-five hives of bees as a side line. Some of the most successful beekeepers are women, their deft fingers making them particularly adapted to the rapid handling of bees, especially incommercial queen-rearing, of which we shall speak later on. Smokers with which to subdue the colonies, veils for the faces, and gloves for the hands will enable the most timid to keep bees with perfect safety, and to go through the entire season without experiencing the slightest annoyance from stings.
How much honey a single hive of bees will produce in a single season, and how profitable bees may become, are questions that are frequently asked by the prospective beekeeper, and in answer it may be said that results will depend upon the flora of the locality, the amount of care given to the bees, and the conditions under which they have been wintered.
It is an undisputed fact that bees are the most profitable of stock that can be kept, as their keeping involves little outlay beyond the initial expense of the proper outfit, and a small amount of time given them.
There is a large number of business men who have suburban homes, and keep a few colonies of bees, giving to their care only the
time remaining after they return home late in the afternoon, or in the early morning before going to business, yet who have made a marked profit from the keeping of their few hives. The writer has had individual colonies that have given as high as one hundred and twenty pounds of comb honey each, which was sold to the neighbors for twenty-five cents a pound, leaving a net profit of over $25 a hive; this, however, was exceptional, though \(\mathbf{I}\) have known a number of people who have kept a few hives of bees to average this and more from every hive.
It should be remembered that when a large number of hives are kept in a limited territory, the output per hive will diminish in proportion to the number of hives kept in the home yard, as there will be more bees for the blossoms to support, but where not more than seventy-five hives are kept in a fairly large section, there should be little difficulty in reaping a profit close on to $5 or $6 per hive. Unless one is located in the buckwheat or alfalfasection of the country, the better plan would be not to overstock the home yard, but rather resort to a system of outyards, placing fifty to sixty hives of bees in, say, three yards, one at the home and the others three miles from the home in opposite directions, all of them being easy of access. In this way the possession of, say, one hundred and fifty hives of bees in the hands of an experienced person should provide a fair income, especially if the product is sold in the neighborhood at retail prices.
There is a large number of people who keep only three or four hives of bees to supply their own table, and an occasional gift of honey to a friend, who get great pleasure from keeping them, and who like to point with pride to the comb of immaculately white honey on the table as the product of their busy bees.
When it comes to a production of honey which runs up into tons, then the placing of the product comes under the heading of How to Dispose of the Crop, of which we will speak in a later chapter.
By all means get some bees, and be sure that you will never regret it; for the writer, after fifteen years' experience in the keeping of bees, is as enthusiastic as when, many years ago, he became the proud possessor of an old-fashioned live, and acquired the "Bee Fever," from which he has never recovered, and never expects to recover.
## Chapter 2 physiology of the honey bee
It would be impossible to minutely describe the physiology of the honey bee within the narrow confines of a single chapter, nevertheless in the keeping of bees it is necessary to understand the most important of their physical characteristics. A more thorough and extensive discussion of their various organs can be found in works by Cheshire and others, who devote whole chapters to a single organ or function of _Apis mellifera_.
The honey or live bee belongs to the order Hymenoptera, perhaps the most comprehensive order of insects, most of which are remarkable for social traits and quality of instinct.
As we look into the brood nest of a colony of bees, we find that they have built a number
## How to keep be e for profit
of accurately spaced combs, in the cells of which they store their honey and pollen, and rear their
However, the cell and the kind of egg that repposes in it. The eggs will hatch in from sixteen to twenty-four days, a worker egg takingtwenty-one days, a drone twenty-four, while a queen cell requires but sixteen days.
The laying powers of the queen bee are remarkable, as she will lay anywhere from two thousand to five thousand eggs in a given twenty-four hours. She does not, however, lay at this rate during the entire year, but does her best during the breeding season, during the summer and spring months. She is the only perfectly developed female in the hive, whereas the workers are imperfectly developed females; their lack of development being due to the smaller cells in which they are reared and the absence of royal jelly in the food that is given the egg and larvae.
The drones are perfectly developed males, and their sole function is the fertilization of the virgin queens, an act taking place while in flight, and resulting in the immediate death of the drone.
Unlike mammals, the bees have no skeleton as a framework for support, but have a framework mostly external, composed of a horny
bonelike substance called chitin. The body of the bee is made up of three distinct parts, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, all closely related.
Extending from the head on each side are the antennae, most delicate organs, in which are located the senses of hearing and smelling, and an unknown sense by which they can communicate their desires one to another.
There are also located in the head of the honey bees two sets of eyes, five in number; the three convex eyes, or occelli, are microscopic in power and are used by the bees while working in the dark recesses of their hives.
The two large compound eyes are composed of thousands of little eyes or facets arranged over the front and sides of the head, thus enabling the bee to see in many directions when in flight.
Projecting from the head and mouth of the honey bee is another wonderful and delicate organ, the tongue, marvellously adapted to the work for which it is intended. In the
**PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HONEY BEE**
first place, it is not round like a tube, but is in reality a flexible trough, the edges of which can be brought together to enable the busy worker to extract the last drop of nectar from the yielding blossoms.
By various experiments in breeding, the tongue of some strains of bees has been lengthened considerably, thus enabling them to extract the nectar from the red clover, whose corolla is so deep that its hidden sweets are beyond the reach of the ordinary bee.
The thorax is the intermediate part of the body of the bee, and in it are located the organs of locomotion, consisting of six legs and four wings. The posterior legs are the most interesting, as they have on them the little receptacles for pollen in which the bees carry the pollen from the flowers to their hives; sometimes they are so heavily loaded as to be seriously impeded in their flight.
The honey sac is located in the abdomen, and is a false or secondary stomach, and is the vessel in which the bee carries the nectar fromHow to keep bees for profit the field to its hive. The heart of the honey bee is made up of five elongated sections, resembling in appearance a clinical thermometer; beginning in the head, it extends through the thorax clear to the extremity of the abdomen.
The blood of the bee is colorless, and is oxygenated by the air coming in contact with it through the many tracheee, or breathing-holes, with which the outer shell of the bee is pierced.