BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
In the spring of 1911 apiary inspection for the first time in Tennessee was undertaken. This inspection was made possible through an appropriation by Legislature of 1911 (Chapter 50, Acts of the Fifty - seventh General Assembly). The results of the initial work in apiary inspection are most.gra if y i n g The beekeepers take kindly to the requirements and seem very willing to do all they can to cooperate and to extend the work. It is surprising to learn how very few of them are acquainted with the bee diseases, and, in fact, how few are giving their bees the proper care and attention. The problem of bettering the beekeeping interests is an educational one and it will be necessary to get public sentiment back of the requirement in order that a more liberal appropriation may be made for this important work. There are at present nearly 3,000 beekeepers having 10 colonies and more in the different parts of the State and the number of colonies of bees is 144,487. The task of inspection, therefore, is no small one, and with the present appropriation for the work only the larger apiaries and the salable queens can be carefully inspected. Not until more money is available for the protection of the beekeepers' interests can a full survey and a complete inspection be made. It is a fact that bee diseases and the bee moth are at the bottom of all the beekeepers' troubles, and in the effort to adjust these matters an educational campaign is as important as an apiary inspection. From the work thus far conducted it is evident that when once instructed the beekeepers will gladly take up the work and the prospects in honey producing will be even better than heretofore.
Figure 11: Inspecting the Bees
The Department of Aplary Inspection, of the State Board of Entomology, was organized May 1, 1911, in accordance with Chapter 50 of the Acts of the 57th General Assembly.
During the season of 1911 in speeding have been made in 70 aplaries, containing a total of about 800 colonies. The number of diseased aparies found was 14. Number of colonies treated, 41. Colonies destroyed, none. American fouh brood was located in Hamilton, Giles, Lawrence, Williamson, and Roane Counties, and European fouh brood in Anderson, Montgomery, and Shelly Counties. Most of these cases have been cleaned np, and the bees are now in a healthy condition. However, a few reports of disease were received too late in the season to admit of successful treatment and these will be attended to in the early spring.
A card index has been prepared, containing the names and addresses of over 800 beekeepers in the State, together with the number of colonies, their condition, etc. This will be added to from time to time.
The honey erop for the past two seasons has been very light in some parts of the State, and the loss of bees during last winter was heavy. This was caused in most cases by starvation, although some of the loss was due to disease.
Respectfully submitted,
J. M. BUCHANAN,
State Inspector of Aplaries.
## 10 Report of Aplary Inspection for 1912
I respectfully submit the following report of my duties as Inspector of Aplaries for the first six months of my commission:
My commission as Inspector of Aplaries for Tennessee was received June 6, 1912, and I at once entered upon my duties as such, in accordance with House Bill No. 70. Acts of 1911. Former Impector, J. M. Buchanan, of Franklin, Tenn, turned over to me the names and addresses of about 800 Tennessee beekeepers that he had collected during his service. To each of those I mailed a copy of the Aplary Law and the following announcement of the change in the inspector:
"This announces the appointment of Dr. J. S. Ward as State Inspector of Aplaries, to fill the vacancy lately made by the resignation of J. M. Buchanan, of Franklin, Tenn. Dr. Ward asks the cooperation of the beekeepers of the State in his efforts to protect the honey industry from the different bee diseases. Correspondence is solleited, and reports of bee disease will be given prompt attention."
The month of June was spent in doing inspection work, mostly in Davidson, Manry and Rutherford Counties. Only one year was found infected with fouh brood. This was given radical treatment, with satisfactory results. This month's inspection work, however, was without guidance so far as reports of diseases was concerned, and much of the time was used in giving instruction in the more approved methods of bekeeping.
Figure 44: A Compact Aplary on City Lot
The Tennessee Agriculture Train started on its tour over
**Exhibition on**
**agricultural train**
**nessce Board of Entomology instructed me to join the train at Franklin, Tenn., with an apiary exhibit, and spend the months of July and August in an educational campaign in the interest of the bekeceping industry. The exhibit, being hastily prepared, was not as nearly complete as desired. It consisted, however, of observatory and working hives, with frames of foundation-drawn comb, division boards and queen ex-cider, extractor, an uncapping meller, smocker, veils, feeders, extracted and comb honey, specimens of Caucasian, German and Italian queen, and a good working colony of bees in an observatory hive, with super. This apiary exhibit, while small, proved one of the most attractive exhibits on the train. A working colony of bees in an observatory hive with glass sides, so the bees could be seen in their movements over the comb, was an interesting revelation to the thousands of people who passed through the train. Demonstrations and instructions in bekeceping were given in the car by the exhibit at every stop the train made throughout the State. In addition to these demonstrations in the car, about 100 open-air lectures were given on bekeceping.**
**Literature on bekkeeping as a practical and profitable industry was distributed until the supply was exhausted. Much interest was manifested in the modern methods of keeping bees, with many calls for bulletins, books and pamphlets of instruction.**
**The names and addresses of bekeepers and those interested in the honey industry were gathered at every stop the train made. These have been filed, both alphabetically and by counties, for ready reference and convenience in mailing out bulletins and other literature of instruction.**
**While on the train we were particularly impressed with the need of education and instruction in bekkeeping among**
**need the bekkeeping**
**bekeepers. Old and unprofitable methods should be discharged and all the practical methods should be taught, so as to enable the bekeceppers to gather the tons and tons of honey that are going to waste every year. Thousands of acres of Tennessee soil are covered every spring with white clover blossoms, from which we get the finest of honey. This natural resource of wealth should not be allowed to go ungathered because of ignorance. According to the last census report issued by the Government, Tennessee ranked third in the number of hives or colonies, but only fifth in honey production. This low place in honey yield grows out of the fact that the majority of the 300,000 colonies in the State are kept in old-fashioned "gums" or homemade boxes, and exed for by impasetailed and unprofitable methods. This is not as it should be, and your Inspector of Aplaries will exert himself to develop the industry through lectures, demonstrations and the mailing of bulletins, circulars and letters of instruction.**
**This educational work, however, will be much hampered by the present small appropriation. One thousand dollars falls far short of the amount needed to promote this industry. The annual income from honey and wax is only about $25,000, when the available natural resources are approximately $2,000,000.**
**The work on the Agricultural Train stopped September 1st. Inspection work was then resumed and continued until cold weather. Most of the work was done in Robertson, Williamson and Bedford Counties. The losses from diseased colonies in Bedford County were heavy. Whole aplaries were wiped out with black brood, and the bekeepers discourared. Nearly two weeks were spent in this country treating colonies and giving instruction. At no place was my inspection work resented. Every bekeeper was willing and ready to cooperate with me.**
**After advising with the Board of Entomology, a lantern**
**Lectures given**
**outful was purchased for giving illustrated lectures on Bee Culture during the winter months. Lectures with and without the lantern have been given during October, November and December, at the following places : Jackson, at the West Tennessee Farmers' Convention : Fairfield, Water Valley, Bellbuekle, Nashville, Capers, Egansville, Smyrna, Bethel, with two other engagements at Oakland and Donsset that failed. Sickness prevented a lecture at the Middle Tennessee Farmers Institute at Nashville.**
**The number of reports of bee diseases have been disappoint-
**Report of diseases**
**ing. The fear of having their bees destroyed, or discouragement and indifference, or a lack of confidence in curative and preventive treatment, or ignorance of the Aplary Law, has made the bekeepers slow about reporting troubles.**
**After studying the conditions of the honey industry in Tennessee for these six months of my commission, I have outlined the following plan of work for the remaining winter months : First, go continue the lecturing : second, to obtain, as far as possible, the names of all the bekecepers in the State : third, to mail out literature on bekkeeping : fourth, to invite cooperation and insist upon reports of bee diseases A tabulation of all reports will be kept and arranged for a vigorous inspection campaign in the early spring.**
**Very truly,**
**J. S. WARD,**
**Inspector of Aplaries.**
* [14] M. C. C. Collins, "The \(\pi^{+}\pi^{-}\) production cross section in the \(\pi^{+}\pi^{-}\) final state", _Phys. Rev. D_ **58** (1998) 114502, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.114502, arXiv:hep-ph/9709234.
than American foul brood and spreads more rapidly. On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the disease will disappear of its own accord, a thing which the author never knew to occur in a genuine case of American foul brood. European foul brood is most destructive during the spring and early summer, often almost disappearing in late summer and autumn."
If taken in time, both of these diseases may be controlled without serious loss to the bekeeper, but if allowed to go unchecked they will soon ruin any apiary, great or small.
The basis of treatment of both diseases is to deprive the infected colonies of all combs, whether empty or containing brood or honey, the bees being put into a new or thoroughly disinfected hive and allowed to start housekeeping anew. It will be from four to six days before they have any young to feed, and by that time all the honey they had in their honey sacs when taken from their infected hive will be gone, and the young will receive pure food, fresh from the flowers.
Except in fairly large apiaries, it is not worth while trying to save any of the brood from infected colonies. When it is desired to save such brood, it should all be given to one or two diseased colonies and allowed to remain for two or three weeks, after which these colonies should also be treated. In transferring diseased brood it is best to put it above a queen-excluding honeyboard, so that the queen of the colony may not lay eggs in the diseased combs. It is not wise to dequeen such colonies, for colonies without a queen are less likely to keep out robbers, and if robbers gain access to the infected honey the disease will then appear in the colonies to which they belong. The combs from diseased colonies may be melted and the wax recovered, and wax from such sources appears to be safe to use in foundation-making, etc. The refuse from the combs should be burned. The honey as a rule is, not worth trying to save. It is difficult to sterilize, and its. return to the bees for food is most unwise. If it is clear, its use as human food is all right, for the microscopic plants are harmless to the human system. But do not let a single drop of it get to the bees.
The frames from diseased colonies may be saved by being immersed for a few minutes in a very strong solution of washing soda that is kept boiling during the operation. As soon as all wax and bee glue (propolis) are dissolved from the frames, they are rinsed in clear water, and after drying are ready for use again. Hive bodies, floors, covers, and other parts may be similarly treated, but usually it is easier to scorch these over with a gasoline torch, or by some similar method. *
The larvae affected with pickled brood die just preceding or just after capping and usually present a watery appearance. The cause is not known and the disease does not seem to be infectious.
It is usually treated by requeeing, on the assumption that it is congenital.
Paralysis is a disease of the adult bee. Its cause is not known and it is not common in the Northern adult bees
Slarrhoea, or dysentery, as it is often called, is more properly a temporary digestive disturbance than a disease. Itmost frequently follows confinement to the hives for an undue length of time and under unfavorable conditions. Bees maintain the heat necessary for life by the consumption of honey. When the honey is deficient or low in the natural sugars, as when it is thin and unripe, or contains honeydew or an excess of pollen, they have to consume an undue amount to keep up the normal heat, and the system becomes overloaded with waste matter. Unless the weather permits the bees to fly occasionally, the matter is voided in the hives and the trouble is aggravated.
Leaky or insufficiently ventilated hives will cause the bees extra effort to keep warm and so bring about the trouble, even though the honey is perfect for their purpose. A warm, sunny day will usually cure the trouble, but if combs are badly soiled, it may be necessary to give the bees a clean set of combs and a clean hive and feed them some warm sugar-syrup.
Moderate spotting of hives when bees fly in winter and spring need cause no alarm, but if the trouble seems excessive about any particular hive, it had better be opened and examined.
Sackproof is one of the diseases of bees which has Saebrood been frequently mistaken for "picked brood," but the difference between the two diseases are distinct. As described pickled brood is a fungus disease which attacks not only the larvae but also the pupae and the adult bees. According to Circular 169, issued January 13, 1913, by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, samples of sackproof have been received from all of the states except three, while no samples have been received of bees affected by a fungus disease.
Mention here is made of the sackproof for there are several indications of this disease in Tennessee. The following full description is given in Circular 169, above referred to:
**A disease of the**
brood which is not
American fool brood, European fool brood, pickled brood, feel brood
shilled brood, nor starved brood, This disorder of the brood has for many years been recognized by beekeepers as being different from fool brood. Doolittle, of America, in 1881, wrote of a disease which he says is similar to and called fool brood, but which is not fool brood. He writes that larvae die here and there throughout the comb and that the disease may disappear entirely or it may reappear the next season. Jones, of Canada, 1883, wrote also of a disease which results in a dying of the brood, with appearances similar to fool brood ; but he states that the disease is not fool brood. He says that the bees frequently remove the dead brood and that no further trouble ensues. Simmins, of England, in 1887, wrote of dead brood which he says is not fool brood and describes the difference in appearance between the brood dead of the disease and brood dead of fool brood. He state, furthermore, that the condition is different from chilled brood and that Cheshire did not find any microscopic evidence of disease in larvae dead of the disease. An editorial in one of the bee journals in 1892 is of particular interest at this point. The editor wrote that he had recently encountered dead brood which did not seem to be infections and which lacked two decisive symptoms of the real fool brood, viz.: the ropieness and the glue-pot odor.
"My own study of this dead brood, recognized by the beekeepers as being different from the fool brood, was begun in 1902. Eight samples labeled 'picked brood' were received from the bee inspectors of New York State during 1902 and 1903. These samples were examined and were found to be practically free from microorganisms. The result of these examinations were published in January, 1904. Burri, of Switzerland, in 1906, reported the results of the examination of 25 samples of brood material thought by the beekeepers to be diseased. He placed the results of his examinations under the following headings : 'Sour brood,''stinking fool brood,' 'nonstinking fool brood,' and 'dead brood free from bacteria.' Four of the 25 sample examined contained dead brood free from bacteria and unaccompanied by other diseases. Kursteiner, of Switzerland, in 1910, in classifying the results obtained from samples examined by him made the same classification as made by Burri. During the past six years 362 samples of this disease have been received by the Bureau of Entomology and diagnosed in its bacteriological laboratory.
"There is, therefore, a disorder attacking the brood of bees in which brood dies, but in which there has not been demonstrated any microorganism to which the cause of the trouble could be attributed. For this disease the name of "sackproof" is here suggested.
"As stated, my first examination of this dead brood was
The name "saebrood" made in 1902, when samples were received diagnosed by heekeepers as 'pickled brood.' The fact was easily determined at that time that the disease could not be considered a fungus disease and was, therefore, not pickled brood. In the past my preference has been to refer to this condition only as the'so-called pickled brood.' Since the disease is not, pickled brood, it will produce less confusion and be more scientific if the term 'pickled brood' be entirely omitted in the name for the disease. Many larvae dead of this disease can be removed from the cell without rupturing their body wall. When thus removed they have the appearance of a small closed sac. This character suggested the name'saebrood.' The name has the virtue, therefore, of being both appropriate and brief.
"The strength of a colony in which sackrod in present is
The symptoms of frequently not noticeably diminished. When the brood is sabrood
hadly infected, however, the colony naturally becomes appreciably weakered thereby. The brood dies after the time of capping. The dead larvae are, therefore, almost always found extended lengthwise in the cell and lying with the dorsal side against the lower wall. It is not unusual to find many larvae dead of this disease in uncapped cells. Such brood, however, had been uncapped by the bees after it died. In this disease the capping are frequently punctured by the bees. Occasionally a capping has a hole through it indicating that the capping itself had never been completed. A larvae dead of this disease loses its normal color and assumes at first a slightly yellowish tint. 'Brown' is the most characteristic appearance assumed by the larvae during its decay. Various shades are observed. The term 'gray' might sometimes appropriately be used to designate it. The form of the larvae dead of this disease changes much less than it does in foul brood. The body wall is not easily broken'as a rule. On this account often the entire larvae can be removed from the cell intact. The content of this saclike larva is more or less watery. The head end is usually turned markedly upward. The dried larva or scale is easily removed from the lower side wall. There is practically no odor to the brood come.
"In the study of samples of this disease received directly
The infections mature
from beekeepers no microorganisms have been found, either
and came of sackrood
culturally or microscopically, to which the cause of the disease can be attributed. This fact, together with the fact that the disease often disappears without any great loss to the colony, would tend to indicate that the disease is not infectious. The experimental evidence which I have obtained proves, however, that the disease is infectious."
**FILE A REQUEST OF INSPECTION FOR YOUR BEES**
We would like to encourage all beekeepers of Tennessee to report any trouble which their bees may experience, and remedies if known will be given. If there is any indications of foul brood or sacbrood being present write to the State Board of Entomology, Knoxville, Tenn., and arrangements will be made as soon as possible for the Apiary Inspector to inspect your apiary without expense or inconvenience to you.
**Fig. 48--Gentile BES and Close Inspection Two of the Secrets of Successful Bekeeping**
**AIPARY LAW**
Chapter 50, Acts of 1911
**House Bill No. 70**
AN ACT to suppress infectious and contagious diseases of bees; to provide for an inspector of apiaries, to define his powers and duties, and to define certain misdemeanors and provide punishment therefor.
Supervision of State Board of Entomology
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That within thirty days from the passage of this Act, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall appoint a duly qualified and competent Inspector of Apiaries whose duties it shall be to inspect the bees of the State, as prescribed in this Act; and such Inspector of Apiaries shall act under the authority and supervision of the State Board of Entomology.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That upon receiving information from any source, of the existence of disease in any apiary in the State, the Inspector of Apiaries shall examine such apiary, and all others in the same locality, and shall ascertain whether or not the disease known as Foul Brood, or any other disease which is infectious or contagious in its nature, and injurious to honey bees, exists in such apiaries and shall designate each colony and apiary which he finds infected, and shall notify the owner or person in charge of such bees thereof; and the owner or person in charge of such bees shall at once practically and in good faith, apply, and thereafter fully carry out up-on such diseased bees, such treatment, as may have been prescribed by the Inspector for such cases; and shall also thoroughly disinfect, to the satisfaction of the Inspector, all 'bee hives, combs, honey and apparatus used in connection with such diseased bees; or the said owner or person in charge may, at his election, utterly destroy by fire all such infected bees, hives, combs, honey and apparatus.
Authority of Inspector
Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the Inspector of Apiaries or his deputy or assistant shall have the right to enter the premises of any beekeeper where bees are kept, and inspect such bees, and any person resisting or refusing to allow such inspection, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars.
Treatment of Diseased Apiaries
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That any owner or keeper of bees who shall be notified by the Inspector of Apiaries, that Foul Brood or any other infectious or contagious disease exists in any of the hives in his apiary, and who shall within ten days from the time of receiving such notification fail or refuse to treat or destroy such bees, hives, combs, or appliances, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars, nor more than twenty-five dollars.
**Sale of Infected Bees**
Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That any person who shall knowingly sell, give away, or offer for sale, or who shall expose in his apiary or elsewhere, any infected bees, hives, combs, honey or other infected thing, or shall conceal the fact that Foul Brood or otherdisease exists in his apiary, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars.
Transfer of Diseased Bees