BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
But, however valuable and uefeful many of the treatifes already published on this fubject have been; he is confident, from the repeated obfervations and experiments he has made, that moft of them are not only defective, but even erroneous in many particulars ; and that the culture of bees in Britain +, has never yet arrived at any thing near that degree of perfection, to which it might be brought, if the fytem which he has formed, and now fubmits to the public, were generally undertood and properly practifed. If we only consider the almoft infinite number of mellifuous flowers, which perfume the air in the honey feafon ; and, in particular, the white clover, which fo generally and profitably now overfpreds fo large a part of our lands in grafs ; the various**
**his chief pleafure, as well as bufinefs, to fudy every pobfile improvement refpecding that wonderful race. During the honey feafon, he has often been fo intent upon this fudy, that he hardly allowed himfelf fleep for whole weeks together. + Although the author, in making out his calculations relative to the increafe of Bee hives, was under the neceffity of confining himfelf to fome one particular country, and naturally made choice of his native land, his plan will, nevertheless, he is confident, apply with equal propriety to England, Ireland, America, or indeed any other part of the known world, capable of producing proper food for thefico.**
**PREFACE.**
**rious fpecies of mufard, and plants of a finilar kind, found fill in our corn fields, together with the vaft abundance of heath, that grows fpontaneously on our extensive moors and hills, we may jufly fay, how large and numerous are our pafture grounds, but how very few are our flocks to feed on them!**
**A judicious author jufly obferes, that the culture of bees is a branch of rural economy, the more valuable, that it is within the reach of the pooreft cottager, and requires neither plowing, manure, cattle, nor rich meadows. All that is wanted, is a fsmall degree of attendance, which may be given by the meaneft, as it is requifite only for a fhor time ; and therefore the plentiful harveft of honey and wax that is produced, may be considered as fo mary rich crops reaped without sowing.**
**As nothing is fo hurtful to bees as bad weather, fo nothing can be fo little counteracted; although even the bad effects of it may, in Rome meafure, be prevented ; for, we can preferve our bees in cold and fnowy winters, by confining them ; and, in a late fpring, or rainy fummer, we can preferve them from famine, by feeding them properly. But, even in the moft unfavourable weather, I never defpond ; for
**VIII.** **PREFACE.**
I have obferved, that in the very work featfons, and notwithstanding the final number of hives, that there are in Scotland, a tolerable quantity of honey is always produced : And therefore, had there been 20 times more hives in the kingdom, and a few flowers artificially raifed, with proper attention, there would have been, even in thefe very bad featfons, juit 20 times as much honey and wax collected as there was : and in good feafons, fuch as lat year, (1794) when there was a great deal of honey produced, even from our final flock of hives, what an immenfe quantity would have been collected, had there been forty or fifty times more flock hives in fpring!
Impreffed with thefe ideas, and anxious to do all in his power to promote an object fo beneficial to the country at large, as well as to individuals, the author firth ventured to lay his fentiments before the public in 1789, by publishing a Treatife on the Management of Bees, which, he was happy to find, attracted the notice, and procured him the patronage, of many refpectable and public-fpirited gentlemen. Encouraged by thefe flattering marks of approbation, he had thoughts of publishing a fecond edition ; but as, in the continued,
x. PREFACE.
for which he embraces this opportunity of returning them his belt thanks. And here he cannot help mentioning a circumstance which he etfeems peculiarly fortunate, as it introduced him to the employment and parronage of that refpectable partiot, the president of the board of agriculture; whole exerons for the improvement of his country, and general benefit of society, far exceed his praife. One morning in autumn latt (1794) as the author was carrying a few very fine honey combs, to a gentleman in the New Town, he was met by Sir John Sinclair, whom previoufly he did not know, * and was defired to bring to him fome of his fine honey next morning. This he accordingly did, and a converfation having enfued, refpecting the time he had fpent in the culture of bees, the number of hives he kept, &c. &c. he was defired by the public-fpi- rited Baronet to draw up a plan for the rearing of bees in a more extensive manner: and the author having executed this tafk to the belt of his
* About a year before this, feveral gentlemen had defired the author to wait upon Sir John Sinclair, and lay before him a plan for the rearing of bees; but diffidence always prevented him, and probably ever would, if Providence had not brought about the interview in fome fuch manner as the above-mentioned.
**PREFACE.** **xi.**
**his abilities, Sir John Sinclair was kind enough to lay it before the Highland Society, who were fo good as to honour him with one of their higheft premiums, for his unremitting.and fuccefsful attention, during a period of no lefs than 26 years, in acquiring a knowledge of the operations of bees ; and for the various dificoveries made by him, tending to multiply the number of hives, and quantity of honey and wax in this kingdom, contained in his communications to the fociety, and now laid before the public, in this treatife.**
**This encouragement led the author to hope, that his plan might turn out to be generally adopted, if once univerfally known. He therefore ditributed fubcfription papers, in order to try the minds of the public in general; and in doing this, his fuccefs far exceeded his moft flanguine expectations; for he farcely met with one in an hundred, who did not improve of his plan; as will appear from the refectable lift of fubcfriptions prefixed to this work, and which might have been rendered greatly more numerous, if the author's time and other avocations had permitted him to circulate his propofals more generally.**
**b**
**The**
**xi:**
The author, therefore, without farther apology, now fubmits his plan to the attention of the public ; and he has not a doubt, but that, if the directions therein given are frictly adhered to, and perfvered in by gentlemen of property, and the public in general, in a few years Scotland will not only fave much money now fent abroad for honey and wax, but will even be able to render them articles of export.
He needs only add, that, in the following treatife, he has not, as too many authors in all branches of fcience are apt to do, trained any arguments to fupport a favourite hypothesis: But, on the contrary, his whole theory and practice being founded on experience and facts, he flatters himself, that he has delivered his fentiments throughout the work, in a manner for plain and intelligible, that the moft unlettered reader will not miltake his meaning.
NAME
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Hector McDonald Buchanan, Eto; W.
S. Edinburgh
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Captain Abraham Bunbury
Revernd Mr Allison, Newburn
Mr James Arbuthnot, jun. Peterhead,
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cipal of the University of Edinburgh
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William Cadell, Eto; of Banton
Natural Hiltory Society, Edinburgh
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Mr John Buchan, accountant, Edin-
b 2)
James Clark, M. D. Newcastle
Thomas Dixon, Olaf-hoef,
Thomas Cleghorn, Efo; coachmaker,
Mr James Donaldon, Dundee
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for of Agriculture, Edinburgh, 3 copies
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dinburgh 24 copies
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Ivernef\({}_{3}\) copies
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Mrs Diron, Queen Street, Edinburgh
Mrs C. Durham, George's Square, E-
diburgh
Mr John Dennis, Newcastle
Efo; of
( xvi )
Jonathan Anderton Ludford, M. D. Clarendon, Jamaica Archibald Mline, Etoj; W. S, Edin. Rverend Mr Henry Lundie, Edin. Rverend Mr James Landels, Coldingham Mr Herman Lyon, apothecary, E- dinburgh Mr George Lothian, merchant, Glafgow Mr William Lothian, merchant, E- dinburgh Mr Addon Langhorn, Newcastle Mr M. Lofthoufe, Gatehead, Newcastle Mr George Moway, Newcastle Mr John Law, meffenger, Edinburgh Mr Maitland, Gayfild, Edinburgh Mr Robert M'Kay, manufadurer, Mr Berwick Archibald M'Kinlay, Etoj; merchant, Edinburgh Mr Daniel M'Queen Sun-Fire-office, Edinburgh Mr Hugh M'Whirter, Bleacher, Inglegreen (copics of anatomy, Edinburgh Mr George Mickle, Swinton Houfe, a Mrs M'Donald of Sanda Mr Moore, fchoolmafter, Morpeth, Mrs M'Donald, of Clarendad, z cop. Donald M'Donald, Etoj; of Kinloch-motidar Argus M'Donell, Etoj; of Auchtrichen Donald M'Intosh, Etoj; writer, Edinburg Mr Andrew Muirhead, Edinburgh Mr John Moir, printer, Edinburgh, a bupgh. Captain M'Kenzie, Royal Navy Alscander M'Kenzie, Etoj; writer, E- dinburgh William M'Leod, Etoj; of Kaimes, fheriff depute of Bute John M'Murdoch, Etoj; Drumanrick Lauchlan M'Tavith, Etoj; W. S. Edimen- z. Marjoribanks, Etoj; Prince's Street, Edinburgh David Martin, Etoj; limner, Edinburgh John Ogilvy, Etoj; of Gardoch, Gilbert Meafon, Etoj; of Mordun Stephen )
Hon. John Swinton, Lord Swinton
Hon. Sir John Sinclair, of Ulbfilter
Betphen Pemberton, M. D. Newcastle
Reverend Mr James Playfair, Bendochy
Hon. Lady Diana Sinclair, of Ulbfilter
Mr Samuel Paterlon, merchant, Edinburgh
Hon. Lady Janet Sinclair, of Ulbfilter
P. Sandilands, Efoj Edinburgh
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Dr John Prodor, furgeon, New-
Mr Peter Pae, merchant, Coldingham
Mr George Purves, Auchencrow
Sommerville, Efoj; furgeon, Haddington 3 copies
(burgh
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Charlej Stewart, M. D. Edinburgh
man, Baronet
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Peter Ramfay, Efoj; younger of Barn-
born, banker, Edinburgh
J Ramfay, M. D. Newcastle, a cop.
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Alexander Renton, Efoj; Lamberton, 6
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of Cromarty, a copies
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Redpath, M. D. Berwick, z cop.
Mr Charles Rait, wood manafatur-
er, Newcastle
Raid, Efoj; builder, Edinburgh
Mr Thomas Robfon, Eder, Morpoth
John Tawze, Efoj; W. S. Edinburgh
Mr Robfon, hip-builder, Newcastle
Mr Thomas Robfon, wharfinger,
J Thompon, M. D, Gayfield, Edin-
S
burgh
Charles Thomfon, Efoj; Edinburgh
Right Hon. Sir James Stirling, Bart,
Thomas Tod, Efoj; Edinburgh
Lord Provof of Edinburgh (copies
Thomas Tod, junior, Efoj; George's
Hon. David Smith, Lord Methven 2
Square, Edinburgh( xviii )
**Alexander Tweedie, Efiq:** of Quarter
John Tweedie, Efiq: writer, Edinburgh
Mr Robert Tweedie, merchant, Edin-
**Andrew Wardrop, Efiq:** fargebu,
**Edinburgh**
**Jahn Wilfon, Efiq:** morpeth
**James Wood, M. D. Newcastle
Mr John Tajt, joiner, Guyzon**
**Mrs Alexander Wood, Edinburgh**
**George Wood, Efiq:** fargeon, Edin-
**Mr Robert Thomfon, merchant, E-
**Ghughugh**
**Mr Andrew Thomfon, Lauder**
**Mr Thomas Thomfon, inn-keeper,**
**Gatefide**
**Mr Walker, North America**
**Mr William Thomfon, Haddington**
**Mr James Thorburn, grocer, Edin-
**John**
**Mr William Wafon, apholferer,**
**Mr Trinin, engraver, Bourdeau houfe**
**Mr John White, fcholomalter, Ayton**
**U**
**Mr Robert Whitfield, Morpeth**
**Mr Jofeph Whitfield, bookeller,**
**James Ure, Efiq:** comptroller of the**
**Cufoms, Alloa**
**Mr George Whitlaw, Ayton**
**Reverrend David Ure, A. M. Edin-
**Mr** ------ Woodman, Mcpeth**
**Jurgh**
**Mr Ebenezer Young, baille of Dunfe**
**Cafpar Voght, Efiq:** Hamburg
**John Veitch, Efiq:** Surgeon, Ayton**
_A confiderable number of fab/criptions, befdate thofe above inferred, have been obtained for this work, wobich the author is forry be cannot in-fert, bis corref/ondents not having yet tranmitted bim their lifts._( xix )
**C****HAP. I**. _Of the Pleafure and Profit that attend_
_the keeping of Bets._
**C****HAP. II**. _Of the Apiracy._
**C****HAP. III**. _Of the Pafurage, or Flowers, proper_
_for Bees to feed on, with a Catalogue of fome_
_of the principal ones._
- - **II**
**C****HAP. IV**. _Reafons why there are fow Bee-_
_bives in Scotland._
- **C****HAP. V**. _Reafon for,and practicability of, increa
_Pleafure and Profit of keeping Bees._
years ; and Philifcus retired into the woods, that he might have more convenient opportunities of obferving them. Among the moderns, I shall jufl only mention Purchas, Rouden, Geddie, Butler, Warder, Bradley, Thorly, Thomas and Daniel Wildman, Stephen and William White, and Keys, all Englishmen, and Robert Maxwell, a Scotchman ;all of whom have published treatfies on them, the most of which have appeared within this century; and they have given many ofeful directions how to manage bees, according to the knowledge they had attained to, reflecting that admirable infect.
The knowledge of bees, like that of many other things, is found out by degrees, and may be faid, in Rome meafure, to be fill but in a fate of infancy, as appears by the many miffakes fallen into, and taught by thofe who have wrote on that fubject, notwithstanding their fair promifes in their title pages; as--" A Complete "Guide for the management of Bees," &c. They have all been frangely milled in their opinion about the generation of bees, afterting that the Queen lays three different kind of eggs, _vis_, one kind for the production of the Queen Bee, another for that of the Working Bees, and a third _Pleafure and Profit of keeping Bees._**3** third for the Drones ; an opinion, which the author of the followingheets will, he humibly hopes, prove to be erroneous.
As in every undertaking there is fome leading motive, which excites us to engage in it, fo the rearing of bees is attended with a degree both of profit and pleafure, highly deferving the attention of the philofopher, the gentleman-farmer, and the induftrous pearant. What is more pleafant, than to obferve the labours of a hive of bees in the fpring, when the days begin to lengthen, and froft and fnow, like birds of darknefs, cannot bear the fun! Then thefe induftrous creatures begin to fly about, and dance and fing, rejoicing at the return of the genial feafon! Then they reform what is amifs in the hive, and, as their family enlarges, they omit no opportunity of gathering in fresh provifion for their increafing young. In the honey feafon, how delightful to fee them hurrying in their yellow loads! How diligent they are to lay up provifion for the returning winter! View them in this failing clover 'field, or yonder flowery mead! See how bully they work! And hear how fwetely they fing! How pleasant to behold a fwarm of bees lightly flying in the air, and darkening the heavens A 2 with Plagure and Profit of keeping Beer with a thousand varying lines! Now, behold the innumerable tribe, formed into one compact body, fufpended from yonder verdant shrub, establishing themselves into an independent colony, while their careful mafter, with confcious delight, meditates on his increasing fibre!
Bees, when properly managed, are alfo very profitable, as, in good years, moft hives will throw two fwarms; in moderate years, one. Although, in bad years, perhaps, fome will fwarm none at all, yet, estimating by moderate years, and allowing each hive, one with another, to fwarm only once, which valuing at 15s. each, twenty flock hives will thereby yield their mafter 15!, yearly;--no finalfum to be got with fo much pleafore, and fo little toil. They will yield that much, although one or two flould die in winter; nor need any think my eftimate too high; if their hives be good, they will have that much one year with another. For example, in fummer 1787, the advantage ariing from bees was fuch, that many proprietors of them made 3os. and fomeven 4os.of one fingle hive; and in March 1788, I told a hive to a neighbour of mine,which in the following fummer_Pleagure ana Profit of keeping Bess._ $
**mer**: **increased to five, four of which he fet a fide for flock hives that autumn.**
As there is no concern, in rural economy, more profitable than bees, in favourable fazons, considering the trifling expence that attends them, we fhall here give an effimate to what extent bees may be reared, and alfo what their value may amount to in ten years.**
**Suppofe, for inflance, one fould begin with five hives, which will coft him _gl._, no great fum to commence bee-mafter with, and allowing each hive, one with another, to double their-number, they will increafe in the following proportions :**
\begin{tabular}{c c} Ycir. & Hives. \\
1 & \(S\) \\
2 & 1o \\
3 & 2o \\
4 & 4o \\
5 & 8o \\
6 & 16o \\
7 & 32o \\
8 & 64o \\
9 & 128o \\
1o & 256o \\ \end{tabular}
## 6 Pleafore and Profit of keeping Bee
Thus, in the fpace of 10 years, 5 hives will produce 256o fwarms, which, valued at 10s: each hive, a very moderate estimation; amounts to 128ol. clear profit; allowing the fecond and third swarm to pay for hives, floods, labour, and incidental loffes.
By the above calculation, my reader muff not conclude, that every hive of bees will produce fo many ; but, I confidently affert, that many have done fo, and much more, in proportion, according to the time they have food ; but, fuppofing 16o of thefe hives fhould fail by cold, robbers, famine, or bad.management, during the above mentioned years, there, will fill remain 12ool. of clear profit.
Let it alfo be confidered here, that by the above estimation, it is taken for granted, that the fcafons are very favourable for bees, being fine, calm, funny warm weather, with foft flowers now and then, and alfo plenty of good pafture in their neighbourhood, whereon they will work and fing without moleftation; wantonly fkipping from flower to flower, and riffing all their fweets, rejoicing that they are amply provided with fuch plenty of provision, while the fining fun invites them to enjoy it. With what delight have I often witneffed my induftriousPlagure and Profit of keeping Beet. 7 induftrious ferrants carrying on their work with fo much fimplicity, alacrity, and chairfulness, and finging fo fwetely ; infornuch that they are fit to make me join the concert, and fing,
Wbat's tbi I bear, makes fuch melodous found! Surely I've got on fome encbanted ground. 'Tit Canaan's infels tbat I here behold,
Wbofe legs do glitter like the yellow gold.
The furze and broom in lufre here do /bine,
Wbofe yellow tops regale thofe flocks of mine.
Here fiver freams in flow'ry valley glide,
And rove of willows deck the river's fide :
Here lambkins play upon the funny braes,
And fwetetfl netfar fells on clover leet.
Here are the fields with Nature's colours digbt,
Grateful to finell, and pleasant to the fight.
Retired plagure footes and calms the mind ;
A noify world of leaves a fiting behind.
On the contrary, however, fhould the feafon go to theother extreme, and, inflead of fair weather, fhould windy, cold, wet, cloudy, and heavy weather take place, during fummer, the bees will by it be fo much difheartened and difcou-raged, that they will lament and mourn, in fo pitcous
of the Apiary._
In fuch unfavourable fafons, bees increafs
fo very little, that, perhaps, the owner can
farcely collect, from among all his hives, as
many good ones, as will keep up his flock
properly for the next feafon ; but as fuch bad f
fons does not happen often, it should not
diffourage any perfon from commencing beem
matter, as even, in the very worft, with proper
care, the flock may always be preferred, which
is not the cafe with many other articles in
which mankind deal.
It is hardly neceffary to obferve, that bees
have amazingly thriven laf year, as almost
every hive produced twice, and many even
thrice; and confequently, the price of honey
has thereby been greatly reduced, from what
it was in former years.
C H A P. II.
OF THE APIARY.
As a general rule, place your hives where they
will be leaf expofed to the wind, and enjoy as
much of the influence of the fun as poffible ;
for wind always retards the bees in their work,
B while
**10**: _Of'the Apiary._
**while the fun's beams invite them to it. Although it is well known, that bees will thrive well in high and windy f
**Pafurage of Bei.** **11**
**C H A P. III.**
**OF THE PASTURAGE, OR FLOWERS, PROPER FOR BEEs to FEES ON, WITH A CATALOGUE OF SOME OF THE PRINCipal ONES.**
**Among the great variety of flowers, which wife Nature has fo profufely laid before our noble infects, from which they may abundantly fupply themselves with food, we shall, in the firft place, give fome particular account of thofe five principal ones in this country, from which bees extract vast quantities of honey;--viz. turn-nips, rape, muffard, clover and heath; and then conclude this chapter, with fome account of many other excellent flowers which bees feed on.**
**Turnips, in particular, blow early in the fpring, and continue long in flower ; and they alfo yield both honey and farina, by which the bees are greatly excited to go abroad, and work upon them, when perhaps, in late ftuations, they have farcely any other flower to B 2 work**
**12** _Pafurage of Bees._
work upon. In fuch places, therefore, it is highly proper, that turnips be fowed, and allowed to remain in the ground during winter.