BEE-spoke-data/bees-v0 huggingface dataset:
It is unneecessary to give any tests for impurities in artificial glucose, as bee-keepers have no use for the article. It is never adulterated; as soon might one carry coals to Newcastle, or sin to the lower regions, as to think of adulterating glucose, which is itself the impersonation of adulteration, and is never used for any other purpose unless, indeed, it be the manufacture of alcohol.
In view of the immense frauds to which the manufacture of glucose gives rise, its production and sale should be strictly regulated by law, if not altogether prohibited. It has lately received the endorsement of the National Academy of Sciences, but then we all know what the endorsement of the scientific men of this country is worth; a glance at the advertisements of the manufacturers of patent articles will give us all the information we need on that point. Pure glucose may be harmless from a physiological point of view--that is to say, it may not be an actual poison--but we must remember that it is never sold at retail under its own name. It cannot be found in open market, offered to the consumer direct. It is used by the confectioner, the syrup manufacturer, the manufacturing grocer, and others, to adulterate their goods, and in every case it is sold for what it is not--that is, for pure case sugar, while it is well known that its actual value, as judged by its sweetening power, is only one-third that of sugar. It is, therefore, a fraud, which tells most heavily against the poorer classes, and yet, to the extension of this fraud, the National Academy of Sciences lends the sanction of its name! Attempts have often been made by bee-keepers to employ glucose (both liquid and solid) as a food for bees. Sono have reported fair success; others declare that it is very injarions. Many years ago (1859) the author was impressed with the idea that since glucose or grape sugar is a prominent constituent of honey, it ought to form a good food for bees. He therefore prepared some from potato starch and fed it to a small colony with success; but when made on the small scale, it was altogether too expensive to compete with common sugar. But, since glucose has become an article of commerce, the price is greatly reduced. Under these conditions we have tried it again, both in the pure state and when mixed with eane sugar, but we must confess that, thus far, we have found no economy in its use. We found that colonies fed on it were especially deficient in comb-building power, and our experiments were on a considerable scale. We used hundreds of pounds of glucose carefully tested for purity.
Bee-keepers should never allow it to enter their apinaries under any shape whatever. It will be very difficult to keep it out of the surplus boxes, and then the bee-keeper lays himself open to a charge of the worst kind of adulteration.
**Good Candy.** See _Candy_.
**Gouged Honey.--**Honey which has been ''gouged '' out of the top of a ''bee gum'' after taking off the cover.
**(franulated Honey.--**See _Honey, Granulated_.
**Grape Sugar.--**Known also as _potato sugar, rag sugar, glucose_, etc.
For its elemiacal relations see _Sugar_.
In eommerce the term _grape sugar_ is applied to the solid product obtained by slow evaporation from the solution. When in the state of a thick syrup it is known as glucose. See _Glucose_ and _Sugar_.
**Gray Bees.--**There seems to be a special strain of bees known throughout the South by this name.
**Green Honey.--**See _Iloney, Green_.
**(frub.--**See _Larva_.
**Guide Comb.--**See _Conb, Guide_.
**(fun.--**See _Bee-Gun_.--**This term is sometimes, though very improperly, applied to propolisis, which is a true resin. In the ''Dictionary of Chemistry,'' by Watts, one of the highest authorities in this department of science, gun is defined as ''a vegetable substance which forms a thick glutinous liquid with water, is insoluble in alcohol, and is converted by_nitric acid into oxalic and nucleic acids.'' None of these properties characterize propolisis.
**Haekle.--**The straw covering which used to be set over the conical ''skeps'' to protect them in winter. Called also a _eoped_.
**Hatch.--**To produce from eggs by incubation.''_--_Welst.r_. To issue from the egg. The word hatch, through all its different meanings, carries the original idea of production from the egg, and any other meaning is only by way of analogy, as ''to hatel a plot,'' etc. It should therefore be confined to this meaning; if we use it, as is commonly done, to express the issning of the matured bees from the cells, we give it two meanings and introduce confusion. The term, _latching brood_, therefore, should be used to signify the very young larvae just issuing from the egg; when we wish to signify brood that has matured and is issuing from the cell, the term _emerging brood_ (q, v.) should be used. Our readers must bear in mind, however, that almost all writers fall into this mistake; and by ''hatching '' brood, mean brood that is just emerging from the cell.
**Hatching Brood** A term which is properly applied only to **Hatching Eggs** |larvo which are just issuing from the egg; eggs which are just hatching. Often improperly applied to brood that is just emerging from the cells. See _Ildch_.
**Health Bee.--**A race of bees which takes its name from the district known as Luneberg Heath. In form and appearance they are similar to the German Bee, but are very inferior for practical purposes, as they build drone comb, and produce large numbers of drones, even with a young queen, and keep constantly swarming.
**Hexagon.--**A figure having six sides all equal and six angles also equal to each other, as shown in the figure.
The hexagon has the remarkable property that the distance from the centre to any of the angles is precisely equal to one of the sides. Hence, it can be inscribed in a circle by laying off the radius of the circle (the distance from the centre to the circumference) along its circumference.
**Hexagon.--**Six sided. Most of the cells of which honeycomb is composed are hexagonal. The teru _hexagonal_ has been improperly applied to what is known as the _quincum_ arrangement (q. v.).
**Hill's Device.--**A contrivance by means of which the bees are enabled to pass _over_ the combs, from one to the other, during very cold weather. It is a substitute for winter passages (q. v.), but in our opinion is not equal to them. It has the advantage of not disfiguring the combs, as the winter passages are said to do, though not to our eyes. As well speak of the combs as disfiguring the frames.
Hill's device consists of a number of
enved strips of wood nailed to a cross-piece as shown in the figure. When laid on the top of the frames it keeps the cover or quilt up so as to allow the bees to pass under it. The cross piece is often made of iron, a great mistake, since metal is too good a conductor of heat. Wood would be much better.
**Hive.--**_n_. A box or basket in which bees are kept. In the old-fashioned system of bee-keeping the hive consisted of a box, basket, or hollow log, in which the bees lived, and to the sidesof which they attached their combs; where movable frames are used, the live includes only the outer shell and its appurtenances.
The old sense of _live_ is _house_. Some Germans still call a _bee-live_ a _bee-house_. In practical apiculture the word is never used as synonymous with "'swarm " or "'eolony," though it is sometimes so used in poetry.
**Hive.--**_v_. To cause a swarm of bees to enter a live.
**Hive, Leaf.--** A live invented by Huber, in which the frames are hinged together end to end.
**Hiver.--** One who hives bees.
**Hiving.--**The process of removing a swarm of bees from the place where they have clustered to a hive.
**Hiving Basket** A basket or box used for living bees. It is **Hiving Box** used to receive the bees from the cluster and carry them to the hive.
**Holyland Bee.--**This name has been given to the bees found in Mount Lebanon, Mount of Olives, Mount Hermon, the Valley of Sharon, Bethlehen, the Hills of Judea, Jerusalem, Jordan, Ammon, East of Jordan, near the desert, Galilee, Damascus, and various other places in that region. Mr. Benton, however, claims that there are, in the countries named, two distinct kinds of bees possessing very different characteristics. These he calls the _Sprion Bee_ and the _Palestine Bee_. They will be found described under these heads.
**Honey.--**The nectar of flowers gathered and stored by the bees. This and this alone is true honey. That the bees do effect a change in the nectar is undoubtedly true. Pure cane sugar syrup when fed to bees and stored in comb is no longer cane sugar, though neither can it be called honey. So, too, bees often gather the juice of fruit, honey-dew, molasses from grocer's hogsheads, and other stuff, and store it in their cells, but none of this is honey, even though it has passed through the honey-suc of the bee."
As might be expected, honey varies greatly in its composition--different varieties being seetered by different plants. The composition also varies with the age of the honey, as a portion of the cane-sugar is gradually converted into inverted sugar by the action of a ferment contained in the honey. Whether this ferment is of animal or vegetable origin is not yet fully settled.
Some hold that the ferment is similar to that found in the juice of most fruits; others think that it originates in the dilimentary canal of the bee itself. Those who claim a vegetable origin for it, suggest that the bees try to prevent fermentation by the addition of an acid (formio acid?) and by sealing up the cells.
Honey contains four different kinds of sugar: 1, cane-sugar; 2, fruit sugar or glucose; 3, _inverted_ sugar (so-called because it turns the plane of polarization to the left or inverts the action of the fruit sugar; 4, a sugar of which but little is known, but which is evidently distinct. Under the action of the peculiar ferment previously mentioned, and which is generally present, the cane sugar gradually changes to sugar of the second and third kinds, and as these are less soluble than cane sugar, the clear, limpid fluid gradually becomes opaque and granular--in other words, the honey is said to granulate.
From this it will be seen that there may be some pure honey which will not granulate, and also, that it would not be so very difficult to produce an imitation or fraudulent honey which would granulate. Therefore, the greatest safeguard which the consumer has against adulteration lies in the reputation of the producer.
The specific gravity of honey varies as widely as its chemical composition. We have seen the bees gather a liquid which was little more than sweetened water, and we have seen the contents of the cells so dense that they solidified before the cells were sealed. The differences in the following data are, no doubt, due to this cause.
egin{tabular}{l c c} & SPECIFIC GRAVITY of Honey. & Weight of a Gallon. \ Authority. & Spec. Gravity. & 10 & 515 lbn. \ Paris Codex. & 1 & 333 & 11 & 115 \ Dnnean. & 1 & 450 & 12 & 09 \ Various works on Natural Philosophy & 1 & 450 & 12 & 09 \ Ow own determination of clever & & & \ honey extracted after being & & & \ sealed. & 1 & 370 & 11 & 507 \ \end{tabular}
The gallon is the standard U. S. gallon of 231 cubic inches, holding 8 & 339 lbs. of pure water.
A cubic inch of water weighs & 0361 lbs; this multiplied by the specific gravity of any sample of honey, will give the weight of a cubic inch of that honey. Thus & 0361 multiplied by 1 & 370 gives & 04945 lbs. as the weight of a cubic inch of clever honey. This is at the rate of rather less than 21 cubic inches to the pound.
A syrup of the same specific gravity as average honey & (1 & 350) may be prepared by dissolving & 7 lbs. of cane sugar in 3 lbs. of water. See _Sugar_.
Honey is adulterated ordinarily by mixing it with glucose or syrup of cheap cane sugar, and adding some flavoring extract.
Since glucose has become so abundant and so cheap, has driven all other adulterants out of the field, and as it is somewhat difficult to detect except by experienced chemists or honey producers, it is very largely used. Hassal names starch, chalk, plaster of Paris, and pipe clay, as chief adulterants, added for the purpose of giving a lighter color to very dark honey. These are easily detected by simply dissolving the honey in hot water and collecting the sediment. Pure honey contains scarcely any sediment. The starch, if unboiled, will fall down with the other impurities. If rendered soluble by boiling, it can still be detected by the blue color produced on the addition of iodine.
Blyth, in his "Dictionary of Hygiene," names, in addition to starch, treacle or molasses, potato sugar (grape sugar and glucose) and syrup.
To consumers of honey, we would say that the only sure way to get a reliable article of honey is to procure it in original packages properly sealed, and bearing the label of some known producer. If such packages are tampered with, the producer undoubtedly has a remedy at common law, and can claim heavy damages from the seller.
The most common form of adulteration, or rather of substitution, is to place a small piece of comb honey in a glass jar and fill up the jar with glucose. The presence of an ounce of comb honey generally serves as a credential for a pound of glucose.
**Honey. Artificial.--**When a substance which is exactly like a natural product, in its chemical and physical properties, is produced by art, we may well give it the name of the natural product with the prefix " artificial." But under no other circumstances can this be justified. Therefore, we have no such thing as _artificial honey_. We have adulterated honey, imitation honey, fraudulent honey, but no artificial honey; for the simple reason, that as yet, we have not been able to produce the article in our laboratories. We can take eane sugar syrup, and by adding a little honey we have something which may be sold for honey, but only by fraud. And so with glucose. If this be added to honey we get a product with all the evil qualities of the adulterant, and with the delicate flavor and stimulating acid of the honey attenuated to the last degree. Such mixtures certainly are not artificial honey, even though they be sold for such. We might just as well call a mixture of milk and water, artificial milk.
To illustrate still further, let us take the case of the diamond: If a manufacturer could crystallize carbon so as to form a gen like the diamond, he would produce something which might be called an artificial diamond, for it would be really and truly a diamond made by art. But a piece of heavy glass or, as it is called, paste, cannot be called an artificial diamond, even though it be sold and used as such. It is merely an _imitation_ diamond, which is a very different thing.
**Honey-board.--**A board with suitable openings placed over the frames for the purpose of supporting the honey boxes.
**Honey-bag.--**An enlargement of the alimentary canal of the bee in which it carries its load of honey.
**Honey-box.--**A box in which bees store honey apart from the hive.
**Honey-comb.--**This term is applied generally to all the comb in the hive, as every part may at some time or other be used by the bees for storing honey. Some writers, however, use this term to denote comb specially set apart for honey. The cells in such comb are very deep and frequently turned up at the ends. See _Comb_, under which word the reader will find the chief points of practical interest to bee-keepers.
In regard to the etymology of the latter part of the word _honeycomb_ lexicographers differ greatly in opinion; Webster and Worcester, \(s\), \(v\), _comb_, give the Anglo-Saxon _combe_, a valley, as the word from which it is derived; Skeat and others derive it from comb--the same word as that used to denote a common' toilet article. Skeat say: "'The likeness to a comb is fanciful, but there is no doubt about the word." At first sight, merely calling to mind the honeycomb as it comes to table, or as it is seen in improved hives, the likeness is rather fanciful, but if we turn up an old-fashioned skep, and notice the lower edges of the comb projecting below the cluster of bees, the likeness becomes quite obvious, especially to the comb once used by women to keep their hair in place. The word stands alone amongst languages being peculiar to English. The Germans speak of honey-comb as _houig-scheibe_--a "shive" or slice; Swedish, _houigskaka_; Danish, _luning-kave_--honey-cake; Icelandish, _huanigsseinur_; Dutch, _lonigreen_--honey-string; French, _gateau_--cake, and _ragon_--rays.
**Honey-dew.--**The best authorities are agreed that there are two kinds of honey-dew; or, at least, that honey-dew is derived from two very distinct sources. One kind is purely vegetable and is exuded by plants--often to such an extent that it falls on the ground in a shower. The other kind is produced by aphids or plant lice. Bee-keepers are justly very suspicious of honey-dew. It may do, perhaps, for warm-weather food, but it is generally agreed that bees cannot winter well on it, although exceptional cases are recorded.
**Honey Extractor.--**See _Extractor_.
**Honey-gate.--**Since thick honey does not flow freely through the ordinary fancet, bee-keepers have adopted the "'molassesgate " as it is called. When used for honey it is properly called a honey-gate. The pipe, instead of being closed by means of a stop inserted in it, is shut at the end by means of a sliding gate.
**Honey, Granulated.--**After what we have said under the head _Honey_, the reader will readily understand how it is that honey granulates. Granulation, in this case, is a change resulting in crystallization, and the exclusion of the atmosphere serves not only to defer the change, but to prevent to a certainextent, the subsequent crystallization. It is a curious fact in regard to crystallization that when a strong solution is sealed up while hot, it will remain liquid indefinitely, but if the air be admitted, or if a centre of crystallization be inserted in it, the whole at once assumes the crystalline condition. Take a saturated, boiling solution of alum or glauber salt, contained in a glass bottle or flask, and cork it tightly with a good common cork. If laid aside till cold, it will remain clear and limpid, but the moment the cork is withdrawn, crystals shoot through every part of the liquid, and the whole becomes a crystalline mass. The same is true in the case of honey. If hermetically sealed (in the way fruit and meat is put up in air tight cans) while warm it will remain liquid indefinitely, but if exposed to the air while the temperature is low, it speedily crystallizes. May not this be one reason why the bees so carefully seal their winter stores?
The granulation of honey is a very good test of its purity. Imitation and adulterated honeys rarely granulate. Ignorant persons, however, who are not aware of this fact, are unfortunately apt to regard granulated honey with suspicion.
**Honey-house.--**A house for collecting and keeping honey. It is generally a small building connected with the apiary.
**Honey-knife.--**1. A long thin knife used for separating the combs from the sides of a box-hive. 2. A knife of peculiar shape used for cutting off the gaps of the honey cells before the comb is placed in the extractor.
**Honey, Narbonne.--**Honey obtained from the neighborhood of the town of Narbonne in France, in the department of the Andre, 3 miles from the Mediterranean. It is an old town and was known to the Greeks 500 years B. c. For a long period it was a most magnificent city, adorned with temples, trinphal arches and amphit theatres, and famous for the purity and salnubrity of its air. Now all its splendor has shrunk into a collection of antiquities, and its only celebrity is its honey, which is considered the best in France, and by some the best in the world. Narbonne honey owes its delicious flavor solely to the abundance of fine honey-bearing plants especially roscenary, which grow in its vicinity.
**Honey-sac.--**See _Honey-bag._
**Honey Slinger.--**An extractor (q. v.)
**Honey, Virgin.--**That which drains spontaneously from the comb when the cells are uncapped. Some authors claim that stocks which have never swarmed can alone give virgin honey, but this would be to make a distinction without a difference, as the fact of swarming or not swarming makes no difference with the honey.
**Honey Wine.--**Mead (q. v.)
**Honey Apiracy.--**An apiary which is kept in a house specially constructed for the purpose. The hives are reached from the inside by the apiarist, and the bees pass out and in through suitable holes in the sides.
**House, Honey.--**See _Honey-House_.
**Hungarian Bee.--** A race of the honey bee found in Hungary. See _Honey_.
**Ilyrid.--**The term hybrid should undoubtedly be applied only to animals whose parents are of different species. When the parents are merely different races or breeds of the same species, the product is more properly termed a _cross_ (q. v.) Consequently, unless we decide that the Italian and the common bee are distinct species, the product should be called a cross, and not a hybrid or mule.
One of the special characteristics of hybrids or mules, at least in the higher animals, is that they are sterile or unfertile. Whether this law extends to animals lower in the scale of being, insects, for example, has never been determined so far as we know. Indeed, the bee is the only insect that we can call to mind, to the breeding of which it has ever been attempted to apply generally received principles. The few other insects that are cultivated by man are never, so far as we know, controlled in their mating propensities. One of the most interesting and scientific results to be derived from the introduction of the _Apis Dorsata_, will be the determination of this point: Will the progeny of the _A. Dorsata_ and any of the varieties of the _A. Meliti-flea_, be fertile?
So far as we can at present see, however, the term hybrid, as applied to the progeny of an Italian queen and a black drone, is entirely incorrect. The progeny is merely a cross. Still more absurd is it to call a pure Italian queen, fecundated by a black drone, a hybrid. Such a queen is not even a cross; she is merely cross-mated, or, as it is more commonly called, inpurely mated, and the term _cross-mated_ should always be used in such cases. There ought certainly to be a limit to the absnrdities to which language, even though sanctioned by high authorities, may be allowed to carry us.
**Hybrid Queen.--**See _Queen_, _Hybrid_.
**Imago.--**The fully developed insect. The last and perfected stage of insect life, when the pupa-case or musk which covered it, is dropped, and the inclosed image or being comes forth.
**Inferior Hive.--**The lowest of a storified set.
**Introducing a Queen.--**When a queenless colony is induced to accept a strange queen, the latter is said to be successfully _introduced_. The conditions upon which depends success in the introduction of a queen are not fully understood. Sometimes a queen may be introduced without any trouble whatever; at other times, the bees cannot be made to accept a queen except by extraordinary methods. It is said that if quecns are introducedjust at dusk, the operation is much more likely to be successful than if the operation be performed earlier in the day.
**Italian Bee.--**A race of bees which seems to have been developed in a province of Northern Italy, north of the Ligurian Gulf, or Gulf of Genoa. This region is shut in by high, snow-eapped mountains on the one hand, and the sea on the other. The bees inhabiting it have therefore bred in-and-in, until their characteristics have become fixed and a distinct race has been developed. Spinola called it the _Ligurian Bee_, a name now very generally given to it in Europe.
**Italianizing.--**Changing colonies from any other kind of bee to Italians. This is done by the introduction of an Italian queen.
**Jelly, Royal.--**The food of the larvae which develop into queens. Its composition is not fully understood. By some it is supposed to be precisely the same as the food upon which the larvae-workers are reared, the quantity in which it is supplied alone making the difference. Others believe that its composition is entirely different. The subject needs investigation.