B1tta/Drug-ACE huggingface dataset:
[Title]: Evaluation of the effects of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone pretreatment on the neurobehavioral effects of methamphetamine.
[Abstract]: A relationship between formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and energy depletion has been proposed to play an important role in mediating methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity. To evaluate this relationship, we examined the effect of the spin-trap agent, alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) on hyperthermia and self-injurious behavior (SIB) and striatal dopamine (DA) depletion produced by METH (4 injections of 4 mg/kg, 2 hr intervals, s.c.) in BALB/c mice. Repeated administration of METH induced hyperthermia, incidence of SIB and striatal DA depletion (84% after 3 days). Pretreatment with PBN (4 injections of 60 or 120 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced METH-induced hyperthermia, but did not significantly attenuate METH-induced SIB or the striatal DA depletion. On the other hand, pretreatment with high doses of PBN (4 injections of 180 or 240 mg/kg, i.p.) protected against METH-induced hyperthermia and SIB, and PBN (180 mg/kg) also completely protected against the acute striatal DA depletion 60 min after the last injection of the drug. However, the long-lasting striatal DA depletion was only attenuated by 52 or 56%, respectively. These results indicate that METH-induced hyperthermia contributes to, but is not solely responsible for METH-induced neurotoxicity, and supports a role for formation of ROS and other mechanisms in the generation of METH-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. In addition, the difference in the efficacy of PBN to protect against the acute or long-lasting striatal DA depletion induced by METH may indicate that both ROS formation and other mechanisms are required for METH-induced neurotoxicity to develop.
[Drug-Disease]: PBN - hyperthermia
[Title]: A Double-blind crossover trial of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of allergenic rhinitis.
[Abstract]: In a double-blind crossover trial of pseudoephedrine 60 mg and triprolidine 2.5 mg, alone and in combination, on 40 volunteers suffering from allergic rhinitis, both drugs were found superior to placebo in reducing the effects of allergic rhinitis and were of equal efficacy. The combination tablet was consistently better than either drug in several of the assessments and was the treatment which the subjects, as a whole, preferred. Side effects were not a problem with any of the medications.
[Drug-Disease]: triprolidine - allergenic rhinitis
[Title]: A Double-blind crossover trial of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of allergenic rhinitis.
[Abstract]: In a double-blind crossover trial of pseudoephedrine 60 mg and triprolidine 2.5 mg, alone and in combination, on 40 volunteers suffering from allergic rhinitis, both drugs were found superior to placebo in reducing the effects of allergic rhinitis and were of equal efficacy. The combination tablet was consistently better than either drug in several of the assessments and was the treatment which the subjects, as a whole, preferred. Side effects were not a problem with any of the medications.
[Drug-Disease]: pseudoephedrine - allergenic rhinitis
[Title]: Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Olanzipine HGGW Study Group.
[Abstract]: BACKGROUND: We compared the efficacy and safety of olanzapine vs placebo for the treatment of acute bipolar mania. METHODS: Four-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel study. A total of 115 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder, manic or mixed, were randomized to olanzapine, 5 to 20 mg/d (n = 55), or placebo (n = 60). The primary efficacy measure was the Young-Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS) total score. Response and euthymia were defined, a priori, as at least a 50% improvement from baseline to end point and as a score of no less than 12 at end point in the Y-MRS total score, respectively. Safety was assessed using adverse events, Extrapyramidal Symptom (EPS) rating scales, laboratory values, electrocardiograms, vital signs, and weight change. RESULTS: Olanzapine-treated patients demonstrated a statistically significant greater mean (+/- SD) improvement in Y-MRS total score than placebo-treated patients (-14.8 +/- 12.5 and -8.1 +/- 12.7, respectively; P<.001), which was evident at the first postbaseline observation 1 week after randomization and was maintained throughout the study (last observation carried forward). Olanzapine-treated patients demonstrated a higher rate of response (65% vs 43%, respectively; P =.02) and euthymia (61% vs 36%, respectively; P =. 01) than placebo-treated patients. There were no statistically significant differences in EPSs between groups. However, olanzapine-treated patients had a statistically significant greater mean (+/- SD) weight gain than placebo-treated patients (2.1 +/- 2.8 vs 0.45 +/- 2.3 kg, respectively) and also experienced more treatment-emergent somnolence (21 patients [38.2%] vs 5 [8.3% ], respectively). CONCLUSION: Olanzapine demonstrated greater efficacy than placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar mania and was generally well tolerated.
[Drug-Disease]: Olanzapine - acute bipolar mania
[Title]: Procainamide and phenytoin. Comparative study of their antiarrhythmic effects at apparent therapeutic plasma levels.
[Abstract]: The antiarrhythmic effects of procainamide and phenytoin were studied in 81 patients admitted to the coronary care unit at the University Hospital in Linkoping because of a suspected or proven diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, and who developed ventricular arrhyhmias, requiring treatment, during the first 8 hours in hospital. Patients were randomly allocated to a procainamide of phenytoin group. The drugs were given as intravenous and oral loading doses followed by oral maintenance therapy. Plasma levels of the two druge were frequently determined and the electrocardiogram was continuously recorded during the 24-hour trial and analysed minute by minute. A significantly higher frequency of therapeutic failure was found in the phenytoin group (23 of 35 patients)compared to the procainamide group(13 of 39 aptients) during the first 2 hours after initiation of therapy. Four patients in the phenytoin group and 2 in the procainamide group developed symptoms probably caused by the trial drugs, necessitating discontinuation of therapy. The mean plasma levels were usually within the apparent therapeutic range (for phenytoin 40-72 mumol/l (10-18 mug/ml), and for procainamide 17-34 mumol/l (4-8 mug/ml). Seventeen patients (68%) in the phenytoin group and 10 patients (48%) in the procainamide group had plasma concentrations within this range when the therapeutic failure was observed. Nine patients died in hospital but only one of them during the trial. The results of this investigation clearly demonstrate the overall superiority of procainamide over phenytoin as an antiarrhythmic drug in short-term therapy after acute myocardial infarction.
[Drug-Disease]: procainamide - acute myocardial infarction
[Title]: Effect of indomethacin on blood pressure lowering by captopril and losartan in hypertensive patients.
[Abstract]: NSAIDs are known to attenuate the effects of some antihypertensive medications. It is not known whether the new class of angiotensin II receptor antagonists is similarly affected. We conducted a multicenter study assessing the effect of indomethacin on the antihypertensive effects of losartan and captopril. After 4 weeks of placebo washout, hypertensive patients received 6 weeks of active antihypertensive therapy with either 50 mg losartan once daily (n=111) or 25 mg captopril twice daily for 1 week, which was increased to 50 mg twice daily for 5 weeks (n=105). This was followed by 1 week of concomitant therapy with indomethacin (75 mg daily). The primary outcome measure was the change in mean 24-hour ambulatory diastolic blood pressure after the addition of indomethacin. Both captopril and losartan significantly lowered ambulatory diastolic blood pressure (losartan -5.3 mm Hg, P:<0.001; captopril -5.6 mm Hg, P:<0.001) after 6 weeks of therapy. Indomethacin significantly attenuated the 24-hour ambulatory diastolic blood pressure for both losartan (2.2 mm Hg, P:<0.05) and captopril (2.7 mm Hg, P:<0.001) and also attenuated the effect of captopril on trough sitting diastolic blood pressure. Changes in daytime diastolic blood pressure (7:00 AM to 11:00 PM) were similar to the 24-hour response in both groups. Nighttime diastolic blood pressure (11:01 PM to 6:59 AM) was significantly attenuated in captopril-treated patients (2.0 mm Hg, P:<0.05), but losartan was unaffected (0.4 mm Hg). Thus, concurrent treatment with indomethacin similarly attenuates the 24-hour antihypertensive response to losartan and captopril.
[Drug-Disease]: losartan - hypertensive
[Title]: Comparison of intravenous and oral ketoprofen for postoperative pain after adenoidectomy in children.
[Abstract]: One hundred children, aged 1-9 yr, undergoing adenoidectomy were randomized to receive ketoprofen 1 mg kg-1 either i.v. with an oral placebo (n = 40) or ketoprofen 1 mg kg-1 orally with an i.v. placebo (n = 40), or both oral and i.v. placebo (n = 20). The study design was prospective and double blind with parallel groups. The pain was assessed at rest and during swallowing using the Maunuksela pain scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain) after surgery for 3 h. Fentanyl 0.5 microgram kg-1 i.v. was given for rescue analgesia. Children in the i.v. group needed significantly less doses (1, 1-3; median and 10th/90th percentiles) of rescue analgesic compared with the oral group (2, 1-3; P = 0.024). Of those who needed rescue analgesic, three out of 30 children in the i.v. group required three or more doses of fentanyl compared with 10 out of 28 children in the oral group. There were no differences between the groups with respect to pain scores, operation times, perioperative bleeding or frequency of adverse events.
[Drug-Disease]: fentanyl - postoperative pain
[Title]: Comparison of intravenous and oral ketoprofen for postoperative pain after adenoidectomy in children.
[Abstract]: One hundred children, aged 1-9 yr, undergoing adenoidectomy were randomized to receive ketoprofen 1 mg kg-1 either i.v. with an oral placebo (n = 40) or ketoprofen 1 mg kg-1 orally with an i.v. placebo (n = 40), or both oral and i.v. placebo (n = 20). The study design was prospective and double blind with parallel groups. The pain was assessed at rest and during swallowing using the Maunuksela pain scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain) after surgery for 3 h. Fentanyl 0.5 microgram kg-1 i.v. was given for rescue analgesia. Children in the i.v. group needed significantly less doses (1, 1-3; median and 10th/90th percentiles) of rescue analgesic compared with the oral group (2, 1-3; P = 0.024). Of those who needed rescue analgesic, three out of 30 children in the i.v. group required three or more doses of fentanyl compared with 10 out of 28 children in the oral group. There were no differences between the groups with respect to pain scores, operation times, perioperative bleeding or frequency of adverse events.
[Drug-Disease]: ketoprofen - postoperative pain
[Title]: Continuous propofol administration for suxamethonium-induced postoperative myalgia.
[Abstract]: The effect of continuous propofol administration on creatine kinase and suxamethonium-induced postoperative myalgia was evaluated in 50 patients randomised into two groups of 25 patients each. Induction of anaesthesia was identical in all patients. Anaesthesia was maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen supplemented by either isoflurane 1% or continuous propofol. Creatine kinase was measured before and after operation. Myalgia was evaluated postoperatively by a blinded observer. The median level of myalgia was reduced significantly in the continuous propofol group (p = 0.011). The median creatine kinase value increased significantly in the isoflurane group (from 90 to 160 IU, p = 0.001).
[Drug-Disease]: propofol - postoperative myalgia
[Title]: Olanzapine optimal dose: results of an open-label multicenter study in schizophrenic patients. Olanzapine Late-Phase II Study Group.
[Abstract]: This open-label clinical study was conducted for patients with schizophrenia in order to investigate the efficacy, safety and optimal dose of olanzapine. One hundred and fifty-six of the 159 enrolled patients were included in the analysis set. For the primary efficacy measure, the Final Global Improvement Rating (FGIR) score, 15.4% of patients had remarkable improvement, 58.3% of patients had moderate improvement or more, 79.5% of patients had slight improvement or more, and 10.3% of patients had increase in disease symptomatology (worsening). Results from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in all individual items were improved from baseline. Olanzapine was effective not only against positive psychotic symptoms but also against negative symptoms. This was consistent with results from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). For the majority of patients, a dose range of 7.5-10.0mg/day, as a lower bound on the minimally effective dose, was suggested by the results of the dose to first response based on improvement in Global Improvement Rating (GIR) analyses. The ratio of olanzapine dose to equivalent haloperidol dose was estimated at 1.2 :1. The most commonly reported treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS) occurring at a frequency of 10% or more were insomnia, weight increase, excitement, sleepiness, anxiety, malaise and dull headaches. There was a low incidence of extrapyramidal treatment-emergent signs and symptoms; the most commonly reported were akathisia (6.4%), tremor (5.8%) and muscle rigidity (2.6%).
[Drug-Disease]: olanzapine - schizophrenia
[Title]: [Effects of calcium antagonists on atherosclerosis progression and intima media thickness].
[Abstract]: Calcium antagonists are currently considered first-choice agents for treating hypertension. They are also active antianginal drugs. Their protective effects against ischaemia and their antiatherogenic potential, which have been demonstrated in various experimental models, may contribute to their preventive effect against the early atherosclerotic processes. However, their effects on survival and cardiovascular events have been inconsistent and controversial. Recent studies have suggested that mortality may be increased by short-acting agents. The effects of certain long-acting calcium antagonists may be different. In early clinical trials, nifedipine and nicardipine did not alter the progression of significant coronary artery narrowing, but did reduce the development of new atherosclerotic lesions. Nevertheless, the number of cardiovascular events was not decreased. The Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS) showed a higher incidence of angina and more frequent cardiovascular events in patients treated with isradipine. In the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT), after 3 years' follow-up, progression of significant atherosclerotic lesions and the development of new lesions were not significantly altered by treatment with amlodipine. However, it would appear that quantitative angiography may not be appropriate for monitoring the progression of atherosclerosis. Because of arterial remodelling, angiographic images may not show changes in the arterial lumen, in arteries where intravascular ultrasound may detect important atherosclerotic plaques. High resolution B-mode ultrasonography of the carotid artery may be more informative, since carotid intima media thickness is strongly correlated with cardiovascular risk factors, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and the presence of atherosclerotic lesions at other arterial sites. In the PREVENT trial, carotid ultrasonography showed that intima media thickness was stabilised in the amlodipine group, while progression was uninterrupted in the placebo group. The mechanism of amlodipine in slowing the progression of intima media thickness may be related to its antiatherogenic effect, as well as to its effect on cellular growth and hyperplasia of the arterial wall. It is interesting to note that, as a secondary objective of the PREVENT trial, patients treated with amlodipine had fewer ischaemic events than those treated with placebo. The beneficial effects of amlodipine on arterial thickening and on the prevention of ischaemic events suggest that amlodipine may be recommended for the management of all patients with stable angina. A larger trial with a longer follow-up period should be performed in order to confirm the promising results of PREVENT.
[Drug-Disease]: nicardipine - atherosclerotic lesions
[Title]: [Effects of calcium antagonists on atherosclerosis progression and intima media thickness].
[Abstract]: Calcium antagonists are currently considered first-choice agents for treating hypertension. They are also active antianginal drugs. Their protective effects against ischaemia and their antiatherogenic potential, which have been demonstrated in various experimental models, may contribute to their preventive effect against the early atherosclerotic processes. However, their effects on survival and cardiovascular events have been inconsistent and controversial. Recent studies have suggested that mortality may be increased by short-acting agents. The effects of certain long-acting calcium antagonists may be different. In early clinical trials, nifedipine and nicardipine did not alter the progression of significant coronary artery narrowing, but did reduce the development of new atherosclerotic lesions. Nevertheless, the number of cardiovascular events was not decreased. The Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS) showed a higher incidence of angina and more frequent cardiovascular events in patients treated with isradipine. In the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT), after 3 years' follow-up, progression of significant atherosclerotic lesions and the development of new lesions were not significantly altered by treatment with amlodipine. However, it would appear that quantitative angiography may not be appropriate for monitoring the progression of atherosclerosis. Because of arterial remodelling, angiographic images may not show changes in the arterial lumen, in arteries where intravascular ultrasound may detect important atherosclerotic plaques. High resolution B-mode ultrasonography of the carotid artery may be more informative, since carotid intima media thickness is strongly correlated with cardiovascular risk factors, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and the presence of atherosclerotic lesions at other arterial sites. In the PREVENT trial, carotid ultrasonography showed that intima media thickness was stabilised in the amlodipine group, while progression was uninterrupted in the placebo group. The mechanism of amlodipine in slowing the progression of intima media thickness may be related to its antiatherogenic effect, as well as to its effect on cellular growth and hyperplasia of the arterial wall. It is interesting to note that, as a secondary objective of the PREVENT trial, patients treated with amlodipine had fewer ischaemic events than those treated with placebo. The beneficial effects of amlodipine on arterial thickening and on the prevention of ischaemic events suggest that amlodipine may be recommended for the management of all patients with stable angina. A larger trial with a longer follow-up period should be performed in order to confirm the promising results of PREVENT.
[Drug-Disease]: nifedipine - atherosclerotic lesions
[Title]: [Effects of calcium antagonists on atherosclerosis progression and intima media thickness].
[Abstract]: Calcium antagonists are currently considered first-choice agents for treating hypertension. They are also active antianginal drugs. Their protective effects against ischaemia and their antiatherogenic potential, which have been demonstrated in various experimental models, may contribute to their preventive effect against the early atherosclerotic processes. However, their effects on survival and cardiovascular events have been inconsistent and controversial. Recent studies have suggested that mortality may be increased by short-acting agents. The effects of certain long-acting calcium antagonists may be different. In early clinical trials, nifedipine and nicardipine did not alter the progression of significant coronary artery narrowing, but did reduce the development of new atherosclerotic lesions. Nevertheless, the number of cardiovascular events was not decreased. The Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS) showed a higher incidence of angina and more frequent cardiovascular events in patients treated with isradipine. In the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT), after 3 years' follow-up, progression of significant atherosclerotic lesions and the development of new lesions were not significantly altered by treatment with amlodipine. However, it would appear that quantitative angiography may not be appropriate for monitoring the progression of atherosclerosis. Because of arterial remodelling, angiographic images may not show changes in the arterial lumen, in arteries where intravascular ultrasound may detect important atherosclerotic plaques. High resolution B-mode ultrasonography of the carotid artery may be more informative, since carotid intima media thickness is strongly correlated with cardiovascular risk factors, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and the presence of atherosclerotic lesions at other arterial sites. In the PREVENT trial, carotid ultrasonography showed that intima media thickness was stabilised in the amlodipine group, while progression was uninterrupted in the placebo group. The mechanism of amlodipine in slowing the progression of intima media thickness may be related to its antiatherogenic effect, as well as to its effect on cellular growth and hyperplasia of the arterial wall. It is interesting to note that, as a secondary objective of the PREVENT trial, patients treated with amlodipine had fewer ischaemic events than those treated with placebo. The beneficial effects of amlodipine on arterial thickening and on the prevention of ischaemic events suggest that amlodipine may be recommended for the management of all patients with stable angina. A larger trial with a longer follow-up period should be performed in order to confirm the promising results of PREVENT.
[Drug-Disease]: amlodipine - ischaemia
[Title]: A comparative study between a calcium channel blocker (Nicardipine) and a combined alpha-beta-blocker (Labetalol) for the control of emergence hypertension during craniotomy for tumor surgery.
[Abstract]: We compared the efficacy of the combination of enalaprilat/labetalol with that of enalaprilat/nicardipine to prevent emergence postcraniotomy hypertension. A prospective, randomized open labeled clinical trial was designed to compare the incidence of breakthrough hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] > 140 mm Hg) and adverse effects (hypotension, tachycardia, and bradycardia) between the two drug combinations. Secondarily, the effects of the drugs on SBP, mean blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were evaluated over the course of the study. Forty-two patients received enalaprilat 1.25 mg IV at dural closure followed by either multidose nicardipine 2 mg IV or labetalol 5 mg IV to maintain the SBP below 140 mm Hg. SBP was similarly controlled in both groups. There was a marginally smaller incidence of failures and adverse effects with labetalol. Blood pressure profiles were similar for both groups.
[Drug-Disease]: labetalol - breakthrough hypertension