Reaction SMILES: [CH3:1][C@@:2]12[C@H:12]3[CH2:13][CH2:14][C@:15]4([CH3:21])[C@@H:19]([OH:20])[CH2:18][CH2:17][C@H:16]4[C@@H:11]3[CH2:10][CH2:9][C@H:8]1[CH2:7][C:5](=[O:6])[CH2:4][CH2:3]2.CCCCCCCCCCC(O[C@@H]1[C@@]2(C)CC[C@@H]3[C@]4(C)C(=CC(CC4)=O)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC1)=O>>[CH3:21][C@@:15]12[C@@H:19]([OH:20])[CH2:18][CH2:17][C@H:16]1[C@@H:11]1[CH2:10][CH2:9][C:8]3[C@@:2]([CH3:1])([C@H:12]1[CH2:13][CH2:14]2)[CH2:3][CH2:4][C:5](=[O:6])[CH:7]=3
Reactant: C[C@]12CCC(=O)C[C@@H]1CC[C@@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@@H]12
Agent: CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@]12C
Product: C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@H](CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@@]43C)[C@@H]1CC[C@@H]2O

Procedure:
In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein (e.g., for use in a steroidal, such as testosterone undecanoate, therapy) is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 19 ng/mL or less, about 18 ng/mL or less, about 17 ng/mL or less, about 16 ng/mL or less, about 15 ng/mL or less, about 14 ng/mL or less, about 5 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 18 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 17 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 16 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 14 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 18 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 17 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 16 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 14 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 18 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 17 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 16 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, or about 10 ng/mL to about 14 ng/mL. In specific embodiments, an oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 15 ng/mL or less, about 19 ng/mL or less, about 5 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, or about 5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 4.5 ng/mL or less, about 4.3 ng/mL or less, about 4.2 ng/mL or less, about 4.1 ng/mL or less, about 4 ng/mL or less, about 3.9 ng/mL or less, about 3.8 ng/mL or less, about 3.7 ng/mL or less, about 3.6 ng/mL or less, about 3.5 ng/mL or less, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.9 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.7 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.6 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.9 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.7 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.6 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.9 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.7 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.6 ng/mL, or about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL. In specific embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 3.6 ng/mL or less upon oral administration. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone alkyl ester (e.g., testosterone undecanoate) that is about 400 ng/mL or less, about 380 ng/mL or less, about 360 ng/mL or less, about 340 ng/mL or less, about 320 ng/mL or less, about 300 ng/mL or less, or about 280 ng/mL or less, about 100 ng/mL to about 400 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 360 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 340 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 320 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 300 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 280 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 400 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 360 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 340 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 320 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 300 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 280 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 400 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 360 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 340 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 320 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 300 ng/mL, or about 200 ng/mL to about 280 ng/mL. In specific embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone undecanoate that is about 380 ng/mL or less upon oral administration. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein (e.g., for use in a steroidal, such as testosterone undecanoate, therapy) is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, and a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone alkyl ester (e.g., testosterone undecanoate) that is about 100 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein (e.g., for use in a steroidal, such as testosterone undecanoate, therapy) is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 5 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 1.5 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, and a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone alkyl ester (e.g., testosterone undecanoate) that is about 100 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL.