Item 1.
Business
Business Overview
PDF Solutions is a leading provider of process-design integration technologies and services to lower the cost of integrated circuit (“IC”) design and manufacturing, enhance time to market, and improve profitability by addressing design and manufacturing interactions from technology development and product design to initial process ramps and mature manufacturing operations. Our technologies and services target the entire “process life cycle,” which is the term we use for the time from technology development and the design of an IC through volume manufacturing of that IC. Our solutions combine proprietary software, physical intellectual property in the form of cell libraries for IC designs, test chips, an electrical wafer test system, proven methodologies, and professional services. We analyze yield loss mechanisms to identify, quantify, and correct the issues that cause yield loss. Our analysis drives IC design and manufacturing improvements to enable our customers to optimize the technology development process, to increase initial yield when an IC design first enters a manufacturing line, to increase the rate at which yield improves, and to minimize excursions and process variability that cause yield loss throughout mass production. The result of successfully implementing our solutions is the creation of value that can be measured based on improvements to our customers’ actual yield. Our yield ramp business model typically includes a fixed fee and a performance incentive component, which we refer to as Design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenue and Gainshare performance incentives revenue, respectively. Through our Gainshare performance incentives component, we have aligned our financial interests with the yield and manufacturing efficiency realized by our customers, and we receive revenue based on this value. Our technologies and services have been sold to leading integrated device manufacturers, fabless semiconductor companies, and foundries.
The key benefits of our solutions to our customers are:
Faster Time to Market. Our solutions are designed to accelerate our customers’ time-to-market and increase product profitability. Our solutions, which can predict and improve product yield even before IC product design is complete, transform the traditional design-to-silicon sequence into a primarily concurrent process, thereby shortening our customers’ time-to-market. Systematically incorporating knowledge of the integration of the design and manufacturing processes into our software modules and physical IP enables our customers to introduce products with higher initial yields faster. Our solutions are designed to decrease design and process iterations and reduce our customers’ up-front costs, and thus provide our customers with faster time to market, potentially resulting in increased market share and higher initial selling prices.
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Faster Time to Volume. After achieving higher initial yields and faster time-to-market, our solutions are designed to enable our customers to isolate and eliminate remaining yield issues to achieve cost efficient volume manufacturing. Once a manufacturing process has been modeled using our solutions, our customers are able to diagnose problems and simulate potential corrections more quickly than using traditional methods. In addition, if process changes are required, improvements can be verified more quickly using our technology than using traditional methods. Our solutions thus enable our customers to quickly reach cost efficient volume, so that they are able to increase margins, improve their competitive position, and capture higher market share.
Increased Manufacturing Efficiencies. Our solutions for product design, product introduction, yield ramp, and process control are designed to allow our customers to achieve a higher yield at mass production and therefore a lower cost of goods sold. In addition, our solutions, which also include fault detection and classification (“FDC”) software, are designed to provide our customers with the ability to proactively monitor process health to avoid potential yield problems.
Our long-term business objective is to maximize IC yield by providing the industry standard in technologies and services for the Process Life Cycle. To achieve this objective, we intend to:
Extend Our Technology Leadership Position. We intend to extend our technology leadership position by leveraging our experienced engineering staff and codifying the knowledge that we acquire in our solution implementations. For example, we continue to expand and develop new technology that leverages our Characterization Vehicle® (CV®) methodology to embed test structures on product wafers. This provides valuable insight regarding product yield loss during mass production with minimal or no increase in test time and non-product wafers. In addition, we invest in research and development and selectively acquire complementary businesses and technologies to increase the scope of our solutions.
Leverage Our Gainshare Performance Incentives Business Model. We intend to continue expanding the Gainshare performance incentives component of our yield ramp customer contracts, whenever possible. We believe this approach allows us to form collaborative and longer-term relationships with our customers by aligning our financial success with that of our customers. Working closely with our customers on their core technologies that implement our solutions, with a common focus on their business results, provides direct and real-time feedback for continual improvement of our solutions.
Focus on Key IC Product Segments and High-Growth Adjacent Markets. We intend to focus our solutions on high-volume, high-growth IC product segments such as system-on-a-chip, memory, CMOS image sensor, and high-performance central processing units. As a result, we will continue to expand our solutions for technology drivers such as low-k dielectrics, high-k metal gates, immersion lithography, double patterning, SOI, Finfets, and 300mm wafer fabs. We believe that these product segments are particularly attractive because they include complex IC design and manufacturing processes where processed silicon is costly and yield is critical. In addition, we continue to consider opportunities in adjacent markets where we could leverage our solutions to meet the needs of these markets.
Expand Strategic Relationships. We intend to continue to extend and enhance our relationships with companies at various stages of the design-to-silicon process, such as process licensors, manufacturing and test equipment vendors, electronic design automation vendors, silicon IP providers, semiconductor foundries, and contract test and assembly houses.
Brief History
PDF Solutions was incorporated in Pennsylvania in November 1992, and we reincorporated in California in November 1995. In July 2000, we reincorporated in Delaware, and in July 2001, we completed an initial public offering. Our shares of common stock are currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Market. From 2000 through 2009, we expanded our technology footprint and our operations in various countries through acquisitions. From 2009 to the present, we have primarily focused on the pervasive application of our technology to leading edge logic manufacturing and achieving yield targets with our clients to maximize Gainshare performance incentive revenues. Headquartered in San Jose, California, PDF Solutions operates worldwide with additional entities and/or offices in Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.
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Industry Background
Rapid technological innovation, with increasingly shorter product life cycles, now fuels the economic growth of the semiconductor industry. IC companies historically ramped production slowly, produced at high volume once products gained market acceptance, and slowly reduced production volume when price and demand started to decrease near the end of the products’ life cycles. Now, companies often need to be the first to market and the first to sell the most volume when a product is first introduced so that they have performance and pricing advantages over their competition, or else they lose market opportunity and revenue. Increased IC complexity and compressed product lifecycles create significant challenges to achieve competitive initial yields and optimized performance. For example, it is not uncommon for an initial manufacturing run to yield only 20%, which means that 80% of the ICs produced are wasted. Yield improvement and performance optimization are critical drivers of IC companies’ financial results because they typically lead to cost reduction and revenue generation concurrently, causing a leveraged effect on profitability.
Technology and Intellectual Property Protection
We have developed proprietary technologies for yield simulation, analysis, loss detection, and improvement. The foundation for many of our solutions is our CV infrastructure (“CVi”) that enables our customers to electrically characterize the manufacturing process, and establish fail-rate information needed to calibrate manufacturing yield models, prioritize yield improvement activities and speed-up process learning-cycles. Our CVi includes proprietary Characterization Vehicle® test chips, including designs of experiments and layout designs, and a proprietary and patented highly parallel electrical functional and parametric-test system, comprised of hardware and software designed to provide an order-of-magnitude reduction in the time required to test our Characterization Vehicle® test chips. In addition, our technology embodies many algorithms, which we have developed over the course of many years, and which are implemented in our products including Exensio™, pdCVTM, Fire™, and TemplatyzerTM, and YRS™, among others. Further, our IP includes methodologies that our implementation teams use as guidelines to drive our customers’ use of our CV® test chips and technologies, quantify the yield-loss associated with each process module and design block, simulate the impact of changes to the design and/or to the manufacturing process, and analyze the outcome of executing such changes. We continually enhance our core technologies through the codification of knowledge that we gain in our solution implementations.
Our future success and competitive position rely to some extent upon our ability to protect these proprietary technologies and IP, and to prevent competitors from using our systems, methods, and technologies in their products. To accomplish this, we rely primarily on a combination of contractual provisions, confidentiality procedures, trade secrets, and patent, copyright, mask work, and trademark laws. We license our products and technologies pursuant to non-exclusive license agreements that impose restrictions on customers’ use. In addition, we seek to avoid disclosure of our trade secrets, including requiring employees, customers, and others with access to our proprietary information to execute confidentiality agreements with us and restricting access to our source code. We also seek to protect our software, documentation, and other written materials under trade secret and copyright laws. As of December 31, 2015, we held 67 U.S. patents. Our issued patents have expiration dates through 2032. We intend to prepare additional patent applications when we feel it is beneficial. Characterization Vehicle®, CV®, dataconductor®, dataPOWER®, Maestria®, pdFasTest®, PDF Solutions®, the PDF Solutions logo, Yield Ramp Simulator®, and YRS® are registered trademarks of PDF Solutions, Inc. or its subsidiaries, and Design-to-silicon-yieldTM, DirectProbe™, DirectScan™, dP-bitMAPTM, dP-DefectTM, dP-MiningTM, dP-SSATM, dP-Variability AnalysisTM, dP-WorkFlowTM, eProbe™, ExensioTM, Fire™, pdCVTM, TemplateTM, TemplatyzerTM, VSFTM, and YieldAwareTM are our common law trademarks.
Products and Services
Our solutions consist of integration engineering services, proprietary software, and other technologies designed to address our customers’ specific manufacturing and design issues.
Services and Solutions
Manufacturing Process Solutions (“MPS”). The IC manufacturing process typically involves four sequential phases: research and development to establish unit manufacturing processes, such as units for the metal CMP or lithography processes; integration of these unit processes into functional modules, such as metal or contact modules; a yield ramp of lead products through the entire manufacturing line; and volume manufacturing of all products through the life of the process. We offer solutions targeted to each of these phases designed to accelerate the efficiency of yield learning by shortening the learning cycle, learning more per cycle, and reducing the number of silicon wafers required. Our targeted offerings include:
| • | Process R&D: Our process R&D solutions are designed to help customers increase the robustness of their manufacturing processes by characterizing and reducing the variability of unit processes and device performance with respect to layout characteristics within anticipated process design rules. |

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| • | Process Integration and Yield Ramp: Our process integration and yield ramp solutions are designed to enable our customers to more quickly ramp the yield of new products early in the manufacturing process by characterizing the process-design interactions within each key process module, simulating product yield loss by process module, and prioritizing quantitative yield improvement by design block in real products. |

Volume Manufacturing Solutions (“VMS”). Our volume manufacturing solutions are designed to enable our customers to extend our yield ramp services through the life of the process by continuing to collect test data and equipment signals during production and improving yield while reducing the overhead of manufacturing separate test wafers. Our Exensio™ YieldAware™ solution combines software and services to enable customers to collect and combine product test data and equipment signals during production to improve yield while simultaneously reducing the overhead of manufacturing.
Design-for-Manufacturability (“DFM”) Solutions. Our DFM solutions are designed to enable our customers to optimize yields, improve parametric performance, and reduce product ramp time by integrating manufacturability considerations into the design cycle before a design is sent to the mask shop to more quickly and cost-effectively manufacture IC products. We target these solutions to customers’ requirements by providing the following:
| • | Logic DFM Solutions: Logic DFM solutions include software, IP, CV® infrastructure, and services designed to validate customers’ process design kit (PDK) and to maximize functional and parametric yield improvements while achieving requirements for density or performance, for example, in the logic portions of an IC design. A CV® test chip optimized to the design style of an IC design provides any necessary design-specific parametric and functional yield models for the design style. Our software helps designers optimize the yield of the logic portion by using process-specific and design style-specific yield models and technology files that enable identification and implementation of IP design building block improvements that result in enhanced yield. |

| • | Circuit Level DFM Solutions: Circuit level DFM solutions include software and services designed to anticipate the effects of process variability during analog/mixed signal/RF circuit design to optimize the manufacturability of each block given a pre-characterized manufacturing process. |

| • | Memory DFM Solutions: Memory DFM solutions include software and services designed to optimize the memory redundancy and bit cell usage given a pre-characterized manufacturing process. |

| • | Template™ Technology Physical IP Solutions: Template™ physical IP solutions include Templatyzer™ software and IP for first identifying and developing a set of layout patterns that are optimized to a given manufacturing process and target product application and second checking proposed product layout designs against this set of patterns for optimal manufacturability. A complete characterization of all transistor and layout patterns used in these Template™ layouts can be performed with the CV® infrastructure. These Template™ layouts serve as the building blocks for design organizations to construct standard cell libraries and larger physical IP blocks. |

Products
Our Manufacturing Process, Volume Manufacturing, and DFM solutions incorporate the use of various elements of our software products and other technologies, depending on the customers’ needs. Our software products and other technologies include the following:
Characterization Vehicle® Infrastructure. Our test chip design engineers develop a design of experiments (“DOEs”) to determine how IC design building blocks interact with the manufacturing process. Our CV® software utilizes the DOE, as well as a library of building blocks that we know has potential yield and performance impact, to generate CV® test chip layouts. Our CV® infrastructure includes:
| • | CV® Test Chips. Our family of proprietary test chip products is run through the manufacturing process with intentional process modifications to explore the effects of potential process improvements given natural manufacturing variations. Our custom-designed CV test chips are optimized for our test hardware and analysis software and include DOEs tuned to each customer’s process. Our full-reticle short-flow CV® test chips provide a fast learning cycle for specific process modules and are fully integrated with third-party failure analysis and inspection tools for complete diagnosis to root cause. Our Scribe CV® products are inserted directly on customers’ product wafers and collect data from product wafers about critical layers. Our “direct probe” CV® test chips enable ultra fast yield learning for new product designs by allowing our clients to measure components of actual product layout. |

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| • | pdCVTM Analysis Software. Our proprietary software accumulates data from our CV® test chips, enabling models of the performance effects of process variations on these design building blocks to be generated for use with our Yield Ramp Simulator software. |

| • | pdFasTest® Electrical Wafer Test System. Our proprietary system enables fast defect and parametric characterization of manufacturing processes. This automated system provides parallel functional testing, thus minimizing the time required to perform millions of electrical measurements to test our CV® test chips. |

Yield Ramp Simulator® (YRS®) Software. Our YRS software analyzes an IC design to compute its systematic and random yield loss. YRS software allows design attribute extraction and feature-based yield modeling. YRS® software takes as input a layout that is typically in industry standard format and proprietary yield models generated by running and testing our CV® test chips. YRS® software is designed to estimate the yield loss due to optical proximity effects, etch micro-lading, dishing in CMP, and other basic process issues.
Template™ Technology. Our Template™ technology includes Templatyzer™ software and IP for identifying and developing a set of layout patterns that are tailored to a given manufacturing process and target product application and checking proposed designs against this set of patterns for optimal manufacturability.
Exensio™ Enterprise-wide Platform. Our Exensio™ platform addresses the big data manufacturing challenge of today’s advanced process nodes and highly integrated products, by linking across YMS, FDC, test floor, and other enterprise-wide data types. These data types include in-line and end-of-line metrology, yield, parametric, performance, manufacturing consumables, tool-level sensor data, test floor data, logistical data, as well as custom data types. This enables sensor level, root cause diagnosis of yield and performance issues that impact manufacturing, through building process models of these relationships. The on-line models then enable predictive and proactive optimization decisions for process control, process adjustments, PM scheduling, tool corrective actions, wafer dispatching, and wafer level and final test. The in-line, real-time decision-making based on these models is designed to reduce product variability and cost simultaneously. Our Exensio platform also enables more rapid diagnosis and understanding of yield loss and performance-limiting mechanisms identified at both in-line and end-of -line wafer processing, through application of the developed models. The platform currently consists of three main modules in the field today. These modules can be used separately, or combined to provide seamless integration of these traditionally disparate dataflows and applications. Additionally, certain Exensio modules are available as either an on-premise installation or through the Exensio-hosted SaaS offering. This latter offering takes advantage of technologies acquired through the recent Syntricity, Inc. acquisition.
| ● | Exensio-Yield, which is based on our industry leading dataPOWER® YMS Software product. The Exensio-Yield Module can be leveraged into the larger Exensio platform to collect yield data, then load and store it in an analysis-ready database. This enables product engineers to identify and analyze production yield, performance, reliability and other issues. The Exensio-Yield module is designed to handle very large data sets, to efficiently improve productivity, yield and time-to-market at our customers’ sites. Exensio-Yield contains powerful, interactive visualization and analysis template capabilities, which provide flexibility to address our customers’ requirements. Exensio-Yield advanced components include extra proprietary yield analysis software tools that aid in the diagnosis of more complex yield issues. This includes defect analysis tools, spatial signature analysis, excursion and event monitoring, workflows, and data-mining capabilities. |

| ● | Exensio-Control, which is based on our industry proven Maestria® FDC Software product. Our Exensio-Control can also be leveraged into the Exensio™ platform to provide FDC capabilities for monitoring, alarming and control of manufacturing tool sets. These capabilities include analyzing tool sensor trace data and summary indicators to rapidly identify sources of process variations and manufacturing excursions. This is achieved by monitoring these equipment parameters through proprietary data collection and analysis features. When included with the above Exensio-Yield module, data mining and correlation capabilities enable identification of tool level sources of yield loss and process variation, that are impacting end of line product yield, performance and reliability. |

| ● | Exensio-Test, which was developed based upon the Salland Engineering Software assets we acquired in January 2015, can be leveraged into the Exensio™ Platform or used standalone to provide testing and analysis capability. These capabilities include driving test productivity, test operations management and optimization, supporting test floor operations, as well as implementing adaptive test and analysis technologies. It also views diagnostic and predictive information during test, assembly and packaging — maximizing test operations, productivity and yields. |

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| ● | Finally, the Exensio-Char, which was built upon our proprietary pdCV™ software product. Exensio-Char can be leveraged into the Exensio™ platform that encapsulates test chip analysis functionality of both electrical and in-line inspection data from PDF Solutions’ proprietary Characterization Vehicle® (CV®) test chips or used standalone. |

With the exception of Exensio-Yield, Exensio-Control, Exensio-Test and Exensio-Char, the primary distribution method for our software and technologies is through our manufacturing process and volume manufacturing solutions. Although, we have in the past and may in the future, separately license these and other technologies. Though these modules are primarily licensed separately, they may also be distributed within these solutions as a bundle.
Customers
Our existing customers are foundries, integrated device manufacturers (“IDMs”), and fabless semiconductor design companies. Our customers’ targeted product segments vary significantly, including microprocessors, memory, graphics, image sensor solutions, and communications. Through our acquisition of Salland assets and Syntricity in 2015, we expanded our customers to include off-shore assembly and testing facilities, as well as equipment manufacturers. We believe that the adoption of our solutions by such companies for usage in a wide range of products validates the application of our Design-to-silicon-yield solutions to the broader semiconductor market.
Global Foundries Inc. (“Global Foundries”) and Samsung Electronics (“Samsung”) represented 53% and 12%, respectively, of our revenues for 2015. Global Foundries, International Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”) and Samsung represented 52%, 16% and 11%, respectively, of our revenues for 2014 and 33%, 17% and 24%, respectively, of our revenues for 2013. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of our revenues in 2015, 2014 and 2013.
Although a substantial portion of our total revenue is concentrated in a small number of customers, the total revenues for each of these customers in any period is the result of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions and/or Gainshare performance incentives revenues recognized in the period under multiple, separate contracts, with no interdependent performance obligations. These contracts were all entered into in the ordinary course of our business and contain general terms and conditions that are standard across most of our yield improvement solutions customers, including providing services typically targeted to one manufacturing process node, for example the 28 or 20 nanometer node. With respect to one of these customers, a portion of the total revenue attributable to it is pursuant to contracts that provide a general framework for services across multiple manufacturing process nodes. These multiple-node contracts also provide agreement as to the expected timing of delivery of services for some of the customer’s process nodes. Under one of these multiple-node contracts, the timing of delivery of services could change based on the customer’s requirements and mutual agreement between us and the customer; however, the total revenue consideration, contract deliverable and labor hours required to deliver the services remain fixed. Accordingly, we recognize revenue under this contract using the cost-to-cost percentage of completion method of contract accounting. The other multiple-node contract provides a minimum quarterly resource commitment and a fixed price per quarter for each increment of resource. We mutually agree with the customer on a quarterly basis the resources, if any, that we will provide over the contractual minimum. The customer has the right under the contract to further reduce its quarterly resource commitment for a defined period, if and when, the customer’s business is adversely impacted, based on contractually agreed terms. We recognize revenue from this contract as services are performed. Based on the above, for both of these multiple-node contracts, we use the information available considering the minimum quarterly resource commitment and the timing of delivery of services for each calendar quarter for internal business planning purposes. Both of these multiple-node contracts also contain contingent variable fees. However, we do not depend on these fees for internal business planning because the potential Gainshare performance incentive revenue under the contracts is subject to many inherent risks, including our ability to achieve target performance objectives and future manufacturing volumes resulting in such Gainshare performance incentives. The Gainshare performance incentive revenue we recognize in any period is the result of many factors which are outside our control and are not known in advance of the acknowledgement of the Gainshare performance incentives amount we receive from our customers. See the discussion in “Revenue Recognition” included in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further information. Additional discussion regarding the risks associated with Gainshare performance incentives revenue can be found under Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
International revenues accounted for approximately 54% of our total revenues for 2015 compared to 56% for 2014 and 62% for 2013. We base these calculations on the geographic location of where the work is performed. Additional discussion regarding the risks associated with international operations can be found under Item 1A, “Risk Factors”.
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See our “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”, included under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional geographic information.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales strategy is to pursue targeted accounts through a combination of our direct sales force, our solution implementation teams, and strategic alliances. After we are engaged by a customer and early in the solution implementation, our engineers seek to establish relationships in the organization and gain an understanding of our customers’ business issues. Our direct sales and solution implementation teams combine their efforts to deepen our customer relationships by expanding our penetration across the customer’s products, processes and technologies. This close working relationship with the customer has the added benefit of helping us identify new product areas and technologies in which we should next focus our research and development efforts. We expect to continue to establish strategic alliances with process licensors, vendors in the electronic design automation software, capital equipment for IC production, silicon IP and mask-making software segments to create and take advantage of sales channel and co-marketing opportunities.
Research and Development
Our research and development focuses on developing and introducing new proprietary technologies, including our Design-For-Inspection (DFI) solution as well as other software products and enhancements to our existing solutions. We use a rapid-prototyping paradigm in the context of the customer engagement to achieve these goals. We have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in research and development. The complexity of our Design-to-silicon-yield technologies requires expertise in physical IC design and layout, transistor design and semiconductor physics, semiconductor process integration, numerical algorithms, e-beam technology, hardware, statistics and software development. We believe that our team of engineers will continue to advance our market and technological leadership. We conduct in-house training for our engineers in the technical areas, as well as focusing on ways to enhance client service skills. Although it fluctuates, we can have up to one quarter of our research and development engineers operating in the field, partnered with solution implementation engineers in a deliberate strategy to provide direct feedback between technology development and customer needs. Our research and development expenses were $19.1 million, $14.1 million and $13.3 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Competition
The semiconductor industry is highly competitive and driven by rapidly changing design and process technologies, evolving standards, short product life cycles, and decreasing prices. We expect market competition to continue to develop and increase as the market for process-design integration technologies and services continues to evolve. We believe the solution to address the needs of IC companies requires a unified system of yield models, design analysis software, CV test chips, physical IP creation, process control software, and yield management software. Currently, we are the only provider of comprehensive commercial solutions for integrating design and manufacturing processes. We face indirect competition from internal groups at IC companies that use an incomplete set of components not optimized to accelerate process-design integration. Some providers of yield management software, inspection equipment, electronic design automation, or design IP may seek to broaden their product offerings and compete with us. In each of our product markets, we face competition from established and potential competitors, some of which may have greater financial, research, engineering, manufacturing and marketing resources than we have.
We face competition for some of the point applications of our solutions including some of those used by the internal groups at IC companies. Specifically there are several suppliers of yield management and/or prediction systems, such as KLA-Tencor, Mentor Graphics (through its acquisition of Ponte Solutions), Rudolph Technologies, Inc. (“Rudolph”) (through its acquisition of Yield Dynamics), Cyberdaemons, YieldWerx, and Synopsys, Inc. (“Synopsys”), and process control software, such as Applied Materials, Inc. (through its acquisition of the software division of Brooks Automation), BISTel Inc., MKS Instruments, Inc., Rudolph and Trancom Technology, Inc. Further, ARM Ltd. and Synopsys (through its acquisition of Virage Logic Corporation) provide standard cells in the physical IP space and Tela Innovations, Inc. provides software for standard cell synthesis, each of which could compete with our Template™ technology solution. Additionally, Optimal+, Invantest, Inc. and Galaxy Semiconductor Solutions are potential competitors in semiconductor test solutions. Further, we may compete with the products or offerings of the same or additional companies if we expand our offerings through acquisition or development. In addition, Synopsys now appears to offer directly competing DFM solutions, while other EDA suppliers provide alternative DFM solutions that may compete for the same budgetary funds. Further, we may compete with the products or offerings of the same or additional companies if we expand our offerings through acquisition or development.
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We believe that our solutions compare favorably with respect to competition because we have demonstrated results and reputation, strong core technology, ability to create innovative technology, and ability to implement solutions for new technology and product generations.
Employees
As of December 31, 2015, we had 390 employees worldwide, including 251 on client service teams, 84 in research and development, 23 in sales and marketing, and 32 in general and administrative functions. Of these employees, 185 are located in the United States and Canada, 164 in Asia, and 41 in Europe.
None of our employees are represented by a labor union. Our employees in France and Italy are subject to collective bargaining agreements in those countries. We believe our relationship with our employees is good. Competition is intense in the recruiting of personnel in our industry. We believe that our future success will depend, in part, on our continued ability to hire and retain qualified management, marketing and technical employees.
Executive Officers
The following table and notes set forth information about our current executive officers as of February 29, 2016.
| Name | Age | Position |
| John K. Kibarian, Ph.D. | 51 | President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director |
| Gregory C. Walker | 62 | Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer |
| Cees Hartgring, Ph.D. | 63 | Vice President, Client Services and Sales |
| Kimon Michaels, Ph.D. | 49 | Vice President, Products and Solutions |
| Kwang-Hyun Kim, Ph.D. | 60 | Vice President, Business Development, PDF Solutions Semiconductor Technology Korea Limited |

John K. Kibarian, Ph.D., one of our founders, has served as President since November 1991 and has served as our Chief Executive Officer since July 2000. Dr. Kibarian has served as a director since December 1992. Dr. Kibarian received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering, an M.S. E.C.E. and a Ph.D. E.C.E. from Carnegie Mellon University.
Gregory C. Walker has served as a Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, Finance since November 2011. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Walker served as Sr. Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at InnoPath Software from 2007 to 2011. Prior to that, Mr. Walker served as Sr. Vice President & Chief Financial Officer of Magma Design Automation, Inc. from 2002 through 2007. Earlier in his career, he held various financial roles at technology companies, including Synopsys, Inc., Integrated Device Technology, Inc., International Business Machines Corporation and Xerox Corporation. Mr. Walker received an M.B.A. from the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York and a B.A. in economics and history from Union College in Schenectady, New York.
Cees Hartgring, Ph.D., has served as Vice President, Client Services and Sales since June 2007. Dr. Hartgring served as Vice President and General Manager, Manufacturing Process Solutions from January 2004 through May 2007, as Vice President, Worldwide Sales and Strategic Business Development from April 2003 through December 2003 and as Vice President of Sales from September 2002 through March 2003. Prior to joining PDF, Dr. Hartgring served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Trimedia Technologies, a Philips Semiconductor spinout. Dr. Hartgring also held various executive positions at Philips Semiconductor, most recently as Vice President and General Manager of the Trimedia business unit. Dr. Hartgring received an undergraduate degree from the Technical University Delft and an M.S.E.E. and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the University of California at Berkeley.
Kimon Michaels, Ph.D., one of our founders, has served as Vice President, Products and Solutions since July 2010. Mr. Michaels served as Vice President, Design for Manufacturability from June 2007 through June 2010. Prior to that, Dr. Michaels served as Vice President, Field Operations for Manufacturing Process Solutions from January 2006 through May 2007, and has been a Director since November 1995. From March 1993 through December 2005, he served in various vice presidential capacities. He also served as Chief Financial Officer from November 1995 to July 1998. Dr. Michaels received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering, an M.S. E.C.E. and a Ph.D. E.C.E. from Carnegie Mellon University.
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Kwang-Hyun Kim, Ph. D., has served as Vice President, Business Development, PDF Solutions Semiconductor Technology Korea Limited, since February 2014. Prior to joining PDF, Dr. Kim served as Executive Vice President of Samsung Electronics' Foundry Business from 2010 through 2013, and was Senior Vice President of Sales & Marketing for Samsung Electronics' SLSI group from 2005 through 2010. From 1989 through 2005, he held various executive positions within Samsung Electronics' ASIC Library/IP and Design Methodology Development and Communication & Custom SOC Development groups. Dr. Kim received an M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Virginia Tech and a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Sogang University in Korea.
Available Information
We file or furnish various reports, such as registration statements, periodic and current reports, proxy statements and other materials with the SEC. Our Internet website address is www.pdf.com. You may obtain, free of charge on our website, copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The Company's website address provided is not intended to function as a hyperlink, and the information on the Company's website is not, and should not be considered, part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein.
In addition to the materials that are posted on our website, you may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549-0120. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a Web site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We generate most of our revenues from a limited number of customers, and a large percentage of our revenues from a single customer, so decreased business with, or the loss of, any one of these customers , or pricing pressure, or customer consolidation could significantly reduce our revenue or margins, negatively impacting results of operations, and require us to accept lower margin business on future nodes.
Historically, we have had a small number of large customers for our core Design-to-silicon-yield solutions and that contribute significant Gainshare performance incentives revenue, which has further concentrated in the past two years. We expect this trend to continue in the near term. In the year ended December 31, 2015, two customers accounted for 65% of our revenues, with Global Foundries representing 53% and Samsung representing 12%. We could lose a customer due to its decision not to engage us on future process nodes, its decision to reduce the scope of our services or technology used, its decision not to develop its own future process node, or as a result of industry factors, including but not limited to consolidation. Further, new business may be delayed if a key customer uses its leverage to push for terms that are worse for us and we nonetheless continue to negotiate for better terms, in which case Solutions revenue in any particular quarter or year may fail to meet expectations. Also, the loss of any of these customers or the failure to secure new contracts with these customers could further increase our reliance on our remaining customers. For example, in September 2014, we announced that we were unable to close two solutions contracts with one of our largest customers, which restricted our ability to book revenue relating to preliminary work on these projects in that period and required us to impair previously deferred costs. Further, if any of our key customers default, declare bankruptcy or otherwise delay or fail to pay amounts owed, or we otherwise have a dispute with any of these customers, our results of operations would be negatively affected in the short term and possibly the long term. These customers may seek to renegotiate pre-existing contractual commitments due to adverse changes in their own businesses or, in some cases, take advantage of contractual provisions that permit the suspension of contracted work for some period if their business experiences a financial hardship, which would harm our operating results. In particular, these events could cause significant fluctuations in results of operations because our expenses are fixed in the short term and it takes us a long time to replace customers or reassign resources.
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Decreases in wafer volumes at our customers’ manufacturing sites or the volume of ICs that some of our customers are able to sell to their customers would cause our Gainshare performance incentives revenue to suffer.
Our Gainshare performance incentives revenue is largely determined by wafer volumes at manufacturing sites covered by our contracts and, in some cases, the volume of an IC product that our customer is able to sell to its customers. Both of these factors are outside of our control. Further, some of our manufacturing customers’ business is largely dependent on customers that use our manufacturing customer as a second or third source. If those customers consolidate and/or otherwise move the orders to manufacturing facilities not covered by our contracts, or suspend their manufacturing at covered facilities for any reason, including consolidation, our Gainshare revenue will decrease. Reduced demand for semiconductor products decreases the volume of wafers and, in some cases, products our customers are able to sell, which would also directly decrease our Gainshare revenue. For example, our Gainshare revenue declined from $47.4 million in 2014 to $34.1 million in 2015 due primarily to a reduction in 28nm volumes. Also, our customers may unilaterally decide to implement changes to their manufacturing processes during the period that is covered by Gainshare, which could negatively affect yield results and our revenue. Since we currently work on a small number of large projects at a specified manufacturing sites and, in some cases, on specific IC products, our results of operations are adversely affected by negative changes at those sites or in those products. For example, if wafer orders from sites covered by our contracts are not secured by our customers, if an end product does not achieve commercial viability, if a process line or, in some cases, a specific product, do not achieve significant increases in yield or sustain significant volume manufacturing during the time we receive Gainshare, revenues associated with such volumes or products would be negatively impacted. This could significantly reduce our revenue and results of operations below expectations. In addition, if we work with two directly competitive manufacturing facilities or products, volume in one may offset volume, and thus any of our related Gainshare, in the other facility or product.
If semiconductor designers and manufacturers do not continue to adopt, or they significantly delay adoption of, our Design-to-silicon-yield solutions, our revenues will suffer.
If semiconductor designers and manufacturers do not continue to adopt our Design-to-silicon-yield solutions, both as currently comprised and as we may offer them in the future, our revenues will decline. We may not be successful if we do not continue to enter into agreements with existing customers and new customers that cover a larger number of IC products and processes and manufacturing facilities. If we do not continue to develop customer relationships with companies that are integrated device manufacturers (“IDMs”), fabless semiconductor companies, and foundries, as well as system manufacturers, the market acceptance of our solutions will suffer. Factors that may limit adoption of our Design-to-silicon-yield solutions by semiconductor companies include:
| • | our existing and potential customers’ delay in their adoption of the current or next process technology; |

| • | IDMs of logic ICs discontinuing or significantly cutting back their investment in the development of new process technology as a result of a shift to a model of outsourcing a larger proportion, or all, of the mass production of their ICs; |

| • | our inability to keep pace with the rapidly evolving technologies and equipment used in the semiconductor design and manufacturing processes; |

| • | our customers’ failure to achieve satisfactory yield improvements using our Design-to-silicon-yield solutions; |

| • | the lack of proven results with new technologies and solutions that we may develop; |

| • | fewer processes being developed at our customers and, therefore, a reduction in the potential impact our solutions can add at any single customer; and |

| • | our inability to develop, market, or sell effective solutions that are outside of our traditional logic focus of manufacturing process solutions. |

The semiconductor market is volatile and unpredictable and is exacerbated by economic uncertainty, which limits our ability to forecast our business and could negatively impact our results of operations.
The semiconductor industry historically has been volatile with up cycles and down cycles, due to sudden changes in customers’ manufacturing capacity requirements and spending, which depend in part on capacity utilization, demand for customers’ IC products by consumers, inventory levels relative to demand, and access to affordable capital. As a result of the various factors that affect this volatility, the timing and length of any cycles can be difficult to predict. Economic uncertainty exacerbates negative trends in consumer spending and can cause some of our customers to delay or refrain altogether from entering into new engagements, licensing new or additional software products, or renewing maintenance and support for existing licensed software. Difficulties in obtaining capital and deteriorating market conditions may also lead to the inability of some customers to obtain affordable financing for other purchases, which could tie up funds otherwise budgeted for purchases of our solutions and technologies. This could negatively affect our revenues and make it challenging for us to forecast our operating results, make business decisions, and identify the risks that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Customers with liquidity issues may also lead to additional bad debt expense.
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Our solution implementations may take longer than budgeted, which could cause us to lose customers and may result in adjustments to our operating results.
Our solution implementations require a team of engineers to collaborate with our customers to address complex yield loss issues by using our software and other technologies. We must estimate the amount of resources needed to complete an existing solution implementation in order to estimate when the engineers will be able to commence a new solution implementation. In addition, our accounting for solution implementation contracts, which generate fixed fees, sometimes require adjustments to profit (loss) based on revised estimates during the performance of the contract. These adjustments may have a material effect on our results of operations in the period in which they are made. The estimates giving rise to these risks, which are inherent in fixed-price contracts, include the forecasting of costs and schedules, and contract revenues related to contract performance.
It typically takes us a long time to enter into agreements for new engagements with our customers, to sell our unique solutions to new customers and into new markets, and that can result in uncertainty and delays in generating revenues.
The timing and length of negotiations required to enter into agreements with our customers is difficult to predict. Further, our customers sometimes delay starting negotiations until they begin developing a new process, need to insert a new product, or experience specific yield issues. This means that on occasion we have, and may continue to provide technology and services under preliminary documentation before executing the final contract. In these cases, we could not recognize revenue and would defer associated costs until execution of the final contract, which, if significant, could negatively impact our results of operations in the periods before we execute the final contract. Further, if we were to incur significant effort and then fail to enter into a final contract, we would have to write-off such deferred costs in the period in which the negotiations ended, which would decrease our gross margin and could result in significant operating losses. For example, in September 2014, we announced that we were unable to close two solutions contracts with one of our largest customers, which impacted our ability to book revenue relating to preliminary work on these projects and the need to recognize previously deferred costs which caused us to miss our expectations for the third quarter of 2014. Also, some of our new products may not have proven results and our Gainshare performance incentives business model is unique and unfamiliar to new customers. Any of these factors could result in a long sales cycle. On-going negotiations and evaluation projects for new products, with new customers or in new markets may not result in significant revenues for us if we are unable to close new engagements on terms favorable to us, in a timely manner, or at all. Unexpected delays in our sales cycle could cause our revenues to fall short of expectations.
If we are not able to attract, retain, motivate, and strategically locate talented employees, including some key executives, our business may suffer.
Our success and competitiveness depend on our ability to attract, retain, motivate, and strategically locate in our offices around the globe, talented employees, including some of our key executives. Achieving this objective may be difficult due to many factors, including fluctuations in global economic and industry conditions, changes in our management or leadership, the hiring practices at our competitors or customers, cost reduction activities, and the effectiveness of our compensation programs, including equity-based programs. Further, we have had, and expect to continue to have, difficulty in obtaining visas permitting entry for some of our employees that are foreign nationals into the United States, and delays in obtaining visas permitting entry into other key countries, for several of our key personnel, which disrupts our ability to strategically locate our personnel. If we lose the services of any of our key executives or a significant number of our engineers, it could disrupt our ability to implement our business strategy. If we do not successfully attract, retain, and motivate key employees, including key executives, we may be unable to realize our business objectives and our operating results may suffer.
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If we do not effectively manage, support, and safeguard our worldwide information systems, and integrate recent and planned growth, our business strategy may fail.
We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, interruptions in our information systems on which our global operations depend. Further, we may face attempts by others to gain unauthorized access through the Internet to our information technology systems, to intentionally hack, interfere with, or cause physical or digital damage to or failure of such systems (such as significant viruses or worms), which attempts we may be unable to prevent. We could be unaware of an incident or its magnitude and effects until after it is too late to prevent it and the damage it may cause. The theft, unauthorized use, or a cybersecurity attack that results in the publication of our trade secrets and other confidential business information as a result of such an incident could negatively affect our competitive position, the value of our investment in product or research and development, and third parties might assert against us or our customers claims related to resulting losses of confidential or proprietary information or end-user data and/or system reliability. In any such event, our business could be subject to significant disruption, and we could suffer monetary and other losses, including reputational harm. In addition, we must frequently expand our internal information system to meet increasing demand in storage, computing and communication. Our internal information system is expensive to expand and must be highly secure due to the sensitive nature of our customers’ information that we transmit. Building and managing the support necessary for our growth places significant demands on our management and resources. These demands may divert these resources from the continued growth of our business and implementation of our business strategy. Further, we must adequately train our new personnel, especially our client service and technical support personnel, to effectively and accurately, respond to and support our customers. If we fail to do this, it could lead to dissatisfaction among our customers, which could slow our growth.
Our stock price has been volatile in the past, and our earnings per share and other operating results may be unusually high in a given quarter, thereby raising investors’ expectations, and then unusually low in the next quarter, thereby disappointing investors, which could cause our stock price to drop again and increase potential dilution to our stockholders.
Our stock price has fluctuated widely during the last seven years, from a low closing price of $0.97 per share in March 2009 to a high closing price of $26.41 per share in January 2014. A factor in the volatility may be that our historical quarterly operating results have fluctuated. Our future quarterly operating results will likely fluctuate from time to time and may not meet the expectations of securities analysts and investors in some future period, which could cause our stock price to decrease again. A significant reduction in our stock price negatively impacts our ability to raise equity capital in the public markets and increases the cost to us, as measured by dilution to our existing shareholders, of equity financing. In addition, the reduced stock price also increases the cost to us, in terms of dilution, of using our equity for employee compensation or for acquisitions of other businesses. A greatly reduced stock price could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest, a hostile take-over bid, and fewer business development opportunities. Also, significant volatility in the stock price could be followed by a securities class action lawsuit, which could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, customers or potential competitors may be able to use our technologies to develop their own solutions which could weaken our competitive position, reduce our revenue, or increase our costs.
Our success depends largely on the proprietary nature of our technologies. Our contractual, patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret protection may not be effective against any particular threat or in any particular location. Our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents, and even if issued, they may not be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary technologies. Litigation may be necessary from time to time to enforce our IP rights or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. As a result of any such litigation, we could lose our proprietary rights and incur substantial unexpected operating costs. Litigation could also divert our resources, including our managerial and engineering resources. If we are unable to exclude others from using our proprietary technologies and methods without compensation to us, through litigation or otherwise, it could impede our ability to grow our business and our revenues may suffer.
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Competition in the market for yield improvement solutions and increased integration between IC design and manufacturing may intensify in the future, which could impede our ability to grow or execute our strategy.
Competition in our market may intensify in the future, which could slow our ability to grow or execute our strategy and could lead to increased pricing pressure, negatively impacting our revenues. Our current and potential customers may choose to develop their own solutions internally, particularly if we are slow in deploying our solutions or improving them to meet market needs. These and other competitors may be able to operate with a lower cost structure than our engineering organization, which would give any such competitor’s products a competitive advantage over our solutions. We currently face indirect competition from the internal groups at IC companies and some direct competition from providers of yield management or prediction software such as KLA-Tencor, Mentor Graphics (through its acquisition of Ponte Solutions), Rudolph Technologies, Inc. (“Rudolph”) (through its acquisition of Yield Dynamics), Cyberdaemons, YieldWerx, and Synopsys, Inc., and process control software, such as Applied Materials, Inc. (through its acquisition of the software division of Brooks Automation), BISTel Inc., MKS Instruments, Inc., Rudolph and Trancom Technology, Inc. Further, ARM Ltd. and Synopsys (through its acquisition of Virage Logic Corporation) provide standard cells in the physical IP space and Tela Innovations, Inc. provides software for standard cell synthesis, each of which could compete with our Template™ technology solution. Additionally, Optimal+, Invantest, Inc. and Galaxy Semiconductor Solutions are potential competitors in semiconductor test solutions. Further, we may compete with the products or offerings of these named companies or additional companies if we expand our offerings through acquisition or development. Further, electronic design automation suppliers provide alternative DFM solutions that may compete for the same budgetary funds. There may be other providers of commercial solutions for systematic IC yield and performance enhancement of which we are not aware. Further, some providers of yield management software or inspection equipment may seek to broaden their product offerings and compete with us. In addition, we believe that the demand for solutions that address the need for better integration between the silicon design and manufacturing processes may encourage direct competitors to enter into our market. For example, large integrated organizations, such as IDMs, electronic design automation software providers, IC design service companies or semiconductor equipment vendors, may decide to spin-off a business unit that competes with us. Other potential competitors include fabrication facilities that may decide to offer solutions competitive with ours as part of their value proposition to their customers. If these potential competitors change the pricing environment or are able to attract industry partners or customers faster than we can, we may not be able to grow and execute our strategy as quickly or at all.
We face operational and financial risks associated with international operations that could negatively impact our revenue.
We derive almost half of our revenue from sales outside of the United States, and we expect our international business to continue to grow, in particular in China. We have in the past expanded and reorganized, at different times, our non-U.S. operations and may in the future continue such expansion or reorganization by establishing or restructuring international subsidiaries, offices, or contractor relationships in locations, if and when, deemed appropriate by our management. Thus, the success of our business is subject to risks inherent in doing business internationally, including in particular:
| • | our growth in China is dependent upon continued investments in the semiconductor industry by both private and public entities within China. Should circumstances change such that the level of investments are substantially reduced, our future growth potential may be limited; |
| • | some of our key engineers and other personnel are foreign nationals and they may not be permitted access to certain technical information under U.S. export laws or by certain of our customers and may have difficulty gaining access to the United States and other countries in which our customers or our offices may be located and it may be difficult for us to recruit and retain qualified technical and managerial employees in foreign offices; |

| • | ineffective or inadequate protection or enforcement of our intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions; |
| • | greater difficulty in collecting account receivables resulting in longer collection periods; |

| • | language and other cultural differences may inhibit our sales and marketing efforts and create internal communication problems among our U.S. and foreign teams, increasing the difficulty of managing multiple, remote locations performing various development, quality assurance, and yield ramp analysis projects; |

| • | compliance with, inconsistencies among, and unexpected changes in, a wide variety of foreign laws and regulatory environments with which we are not familiar, including, among other issues, with respect to employees, personal data, protection of our IP, and a wide variety of operational regulations and trade and export controls under domestic, foreign, and international law; |

| • | currency risk due to the fact that certain of our payables for our international offices are denominated in the local currency, including the Euro, Yen, and RMB, while virtually all of our revenues is denominated in U.S. dollars; |

| • | quarantine, private travel limitation, or business disruption in regions affecting our operations, stemming from actual, imminent or perceived outbreak of human pandemic or contagious disease; |

| • | in the event a larger portion of our revenues becomes denominated in foreign currencies, we would be subject to a potentially significant exchange rate risk; |

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| • | economic or political instability, including but not limited to armed conflict, terrorism, interference with information or communication of networks or systems, and the resulting disruption to economic activity and business operations; |

International revenues accounted for approximately 54% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 56% for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 62% for the year ended December 31, 2013. Thus, we face the following additional risks:
| • | a downturn in the local economies of our customers, which could limit our ability to retain existing customers and attract new ones in such locations; and |

| • | if the U.S. dollar increases in value relative to local currencies the cost of our solutions will be more expensive to existing and potential local customers and therefore less competitive. |

Further, our employees and contractors include professionals located in various international locations, including Shanghai, China, who provide primarily CV test chip-related services, and Ramallah, Palestine, who provide software-related development, quality assurance, maintenance, and other technical support services for certain of our software products. Political changes, including policies regarding export control, that affect these or other international operations could disrupt or limit the work our employees and contractors are able to perform, and thus negatively affect the range of services we are able to provide our customers or our cost for such services.
Measurement of our Gainshare performance incentives requires data collection and the use of estimates in some cases, and is subject to customer agreement and later offset if actual volume results differ from the estimates, which can result in uncertainty and cause quarterly results to fluctuate.
We can only recognize revenue based on Gainshare performance incentives once we have reached agreement with our customers on their level of yield performance improvements and quarterly agreements are sometimes based (to some degree) on estimates of volume results each quarter. Because measuring the amount of yield improvement is inherently complicated and dependent on our customers’ internal information systems, there may be uncertainty as to some components of measurement. Also, because some estimates are used some customers’ Gainshare results, depending on the contract, are subject to later offset when actual volume results become available. This could result in our recognition of less revenue than expected in any particular period. In addition, any delay in measuring revenue attributable to Gainshare could cause all of the associated revenue to be delayed until the next quarter, and any post-period true-up (if allowed by contract) could offset Gainshare in a later period, causing our Gainshare results to be below expectations. Since we currently have only a few large customers and we are relying on Gainshare as a significant component of our total revenues, any delay could significantly harm our quarterly results.
Changes in the structure of our customer contracts, including the mix between fixed and variable revenue and the mix of elements, including perpetual and term-based licenses, can adversely affect the amount and timing of our total revenues.
Our long-term success is largely dependent upon our ability to structure our future customer contracts to include a larger Gainshare performance incentives component relative to the fixed fee component. We typically recognize the fixed fee component earlier than the Gainshare component so if we are successful in increasing the Gainshare component of our customer contracts, we will experience an adverse impact on our operating results in the short term as we reduce the fixed fee component. Due to acquisitions and expanded business strategies, the mix of elements in some of our contracts has changed recently and the relative importance of the software component in some of our contracts has increased. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, delays in the expected recognition of revenue associated with generally accepted accounting principles regarding the timing of revenue recognition in multi-element software arrangements, including the effect of acceptance criteria as a result of the change in our contracts. If we fail to meet contractual acceptance criteria on time or at all, the total revenues we receive under a contract could be delayed or decline. Further, if we mix term-based licenses with perpetual licenses, it will impact the timing of the recognition of revenue from that customer. In addition, by increasing the Gainshare or the software component, we may increase the variability or timing of recognition of our revenue, and therefore increase the risk that our total future revenues will be lower than expected and fluctuate significantly from period to period.
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We have experienced losses in the past and we may be unable to maintain profitability and incur losses in the future.
We have experienced losses in the past and we may not maintain profitability if our costs increase more quickly than we expect or if revenues decrease. In addition, virtually all of our operating expenses are fixed in the short term, so any shortfall in anticipated revenue in a given period could significantly reduce our operating results below expectations. Our accumulated deficit was $39.8 million as of December 31, 2015. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses in connection with:
| • | funding for research and development; |

| • | expansion of our solution implementation teams; |

| • | expansion of our sales and marketing efforts; and |

| • | additional non-cash charges relating to amortization and stock-based compensation. |

As a result, if we do not significantly increase revenues to maintain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis, we would incur losses and our stock price could decline. Further, if we incur losses in the future, we may be subject to further decreases to earnings associated with the corresponding impairment of our long-lived assets.
Inadvertent disclosure of our customers’ confidential information could result in costly litigation and cause us to lose existing and potential customers.
Our customers consider their product yield information and other confidential information, which we must gather in the course of our engagement with the customer, to be extremely competitively sensitive. If we inadvertently disclosed or were required to disclose this information, we would likely lose existing and potential customers and could be subject to costly litigation. In addition, to avoid potential disclosure of confidential information to competitors, some of our customers may, in the future, ask us not to work with key competitive products, which could limit our revenue opportunities.
Our technologies could infringe the intellectual property rights of others, causing costly litigation and the loss of significant rights.
Significant litigation regarding intellectual property rights exists in the semiconductor industry. It is possible that a third party may claim that our technologies infringe their intellectual property rights or misappropriate their trade secrets. Any claim, even if without merit, could be time consuming to defend, result in costly litigation, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. A successful claim of infringement against us in connection with the use of our technologies could adversely affect our business.
Our ability to sell our products may depend on the quality of our support and services offerings, including delivering of software as a service (SaaS), and our failure to offer high-quality support and services could negatively affect our sales and results of operations.
Once our software products are integrated within our customers’ hardware and software systems, our customers may depend on our support organization to resolve any issues relating to our products. Further, in 2015, we began delivering our software as a service, which requires us to maintain adequate server hardware and internet infrastructure, including system redundancies, to meet contractual uptime obligations A high level of system and support is critical for the successful marketing and sale of our products. If we do not effectively provide subscription access to our SaaS customers, assist our customers in deploying our products, succeed in helping our customers quickly resolve post-deployment issues, and provide effective ongoing support, our ability to sell our software products to existing customers may be negatively affected, our results of operations could be negatively impacted if we must provide credits for system downtime, and our reputation with potential customers could be harmed. If our software customers have a poor perception of our support and services offerings, they may choose not to purchase via SaaS or renew software support and maintenance when the current period expires. In addition, due to our international operations, our system and support organization faces challenges associated with delivering support, training, and documentation where the user’s native language may not be English. If we fail to maintain high-quality support and services, our customers may choose our competitors’ products instead of ours in the future, which would negatively affect our revenues and results of operations.
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Defects in our proprietary technologies, hardware and software tools, and the cost of support to remedy any such defects could decrease our revenue and our competitive market share.
If the software, hardware, or proprietary technologies we provide to a customer contain defects that increase our customer’s cost of goods sold and time-to-market or damage our customer’s property, these defects could significantly decrease the market acceptance of our solutions. Further, the cost of support resources required to remedy any defects in our technologies, hardware, or software tools could exceed our expectations. Any actual or perceived defects with our software, hardware, or proprietary technologies may also hinder our ability to attract or retain industry partners or customers, leading to a decrease in our revenue. These defects are frequently found during the period following introduction of new software, hardware, or proprietary technologies or enhancements to existing software, hardware, or proprietary technologies. Our software, hardware, and proprietary technologies may contain errors not discovered until after customer implementation of the silicon design and manufacturing process recommended by us. If our software, hardware, or proprietary technologies contain errors or defects, it could require us to expend significant resources to remedy these problems, which could reduce margins and result in the diversion of technical and other resources from our other customer implementations and development efforts.
Changes in effective tax rates could negatively affect our operating results and we may not be able to use tax credits before their expiration if we fail to have sufficient future income.
We conduct our business globally and, as a result, are subject to taxation in the United States and foreign countries. Our future tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, including changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws and changes in accounting policies. Our filings are subject to reviews or audit by the Internal Revenue Service and state, local and foreign taxing authorities. We cannot be sure that any final determination in an audit would not be materially different than the treatment reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. If additional taxes are assessed as a result of an audit, there could be a significant negative effect on our income tax provision and our operating results in the period or periods for which that determination is made. Any changes in our geographical earnings mix in various tax jurisdictions, including those resulting from transfer pricing adjustments, could materially increase our effective tax rate. Furthermore, we maintain deferred tax assets related to federal, foreign and certain state tax credits. Our ability to use these credits prior to their expiration is dependent upon having sufficient future income.
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2.
Properties
Our principal executive offices are located in San Jose, California. Our lease is currently for approximately 28,600 square feet of office space and approximately 2,400 square feet of laboratory space and terminates at the end of September 2018. We lease other space which is approximately 1,700 square feet on a month-to-month basis for a clean-room in Milpitas, California and other office space in La Jolla, California, Pennsylvania and Texas with an aggregate of 14,200 square feet under various leases that expire at different times through October 2017. We also have offices in France, Germany, Italy, China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan with an aggregate of approximately 42,600 square feet under various leases that expire at different times through 2024. In addition, in February 2016, we entered into a lease for approximately 7,800 square feet of space for a clean-room in Milpitas, California that expires in March 2019. We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and are being utilized consistently with our past practice. We consistently look for opportunities to minimize costs related to office space through improved efficiencies and intend to make changes to leased facilities in the future as appropriate to reflect changes in worldwide operations and headcount.
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are subject to various claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. We accrue for losses related to litigation when a potential loss is probable and the loss can be reasonably estimated in accordance with FASB requirements. As of December 31, 2015, we were not party to any material legal proceedings, thus no loss was probable and no amount was accrued.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
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PART II
Item 5.
Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, and Related Stockholder
Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “PDFS”. As of February 25, 2016, we had approximately 44 stockholders of record. The number of stockholders of record does not include individuals whose stock is in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low closing sale prices for our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market:
| 2015 | High | Low |
| First Quarter | $ | 18.77 | $ | 13.58 |
| Second Quarter | $ | 19.39 | $ | 15.78 |
| Third Quarter | $ | 16.20 | $ | 9.98 |
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 11.60 | $ | 9.98 |

| 2014 | High | Low |
| First Quarter | $ | 26.41 | $ | 17.59 |
| Second Quarter | $ | 21.29 | $ | 17.23 |
| Third Quarter | $ | 21.96 | $ | 12.61 |
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 15.00 | $ | 11.75 |

Dividend Policy
No cash dividends were declared or paid in 2015, 2014 or 2013. We currently intend to retain all available funds to finance future internal growth and product development and stock repurchases and therefore do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph and tables compare the cumulative total stockholder return data for our stock since December 31, 2010 to the cumulative return over such period of (i) The NASDAQ Composite Index and (ii) the RDG Technology Composite Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2010. The graph and tables further assume that such amount was initially invested in the Common Stock of the Company at a per share price of $4.82 (closing price on December 31, 2010) and that of any dividends were reinvested. This performance graph and the corresponding tables are not “soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing. The stock price performance on the following graph and tables is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
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| 12/10 | 12/11 | 12/12 | 12/13 | 12/14 | 12/15 |
| PDF Solutions, Inc. | 100.00 | 144.61 | 285.89 | 531.54 | 308.30 | 224.90 |
| NASDAQ Composite Index | 100.00 | 100.53 | 116.92 | 166.19 | 188.78 | 199.95 |
| RDG Technology | 100.00 | 100.56 | 115.30 | 152.75 | 177.73 | 181.32 |

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
On October 21, 2014, the Board of Directors adopted a two-year program to repurchase up to $25.0 million of the Company’s common stock both on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions. As of December 31, 2015, 1,089,773 shares of our common stock had been repurchased at an average price of $13.33 per share under this program for a total purchase of $14.5 million, and $10.5 million remained available for future repurchases.
The table below sets forth the information with respect to purchases made by or on behalf of the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” (as the term is defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act) of our common stock during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2015 (in thousands except per share amounts).
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ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) |
| Month #1 (October 1, 2015 through October 31, 2015) | — | $ | — | — | $ | 15,387 |
| Month #2 (November 1, 2015 through November 30, 2015) | 128 | 10.17 | 128 | 14,081 |
| Month #3 (December 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015) | 325 | 11.12 | 325 | 10,475 |
| Total | 453 | $ | 10.85 | 453 |

(1) On October 21, 2014, the Board of Directors adopted a two-year program to repurchase up to $25.0 million of the Company’s common stock both on the open market and in privately negotiated transactions.
Item 6.
Selected Financial Data.
The following selected consolidated financial information has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements. The information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and notes to those statements included therein and in Part IV of this Form 10-K.
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |
| (In thousands, except per share amounts) |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
| Revenues: |
| Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | $ | 63,839 | $ | 52,769 | $ | 61,710 | $ | 59,061 | $ | 51,633 |
| Gainshare performance incentives | 34,138 | 47,394 | 39,743 | 30,479 | 15,079 |
| Total revenues | 97,977 | 100,163 | 101,453 | 89,540 | 66,712 |
| Cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions: |
| Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 38,847 | 37,822 | 39,470 | 36,236 | 29,416 |
| Impairment of deferred costs | — | 1,892 | — | — | — |
| Amortization of acquired technology | 176 | — | — | 261 | 626 |
| Total cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 39,023 | 39,714 | 39,470 | 36,497 | 30,042 |
| Gross profit | 58,954 | 60,449 | 61,983 | 53,043 | 36,670 |
| Operating expenses: |
| Research and development | 19,096 | 14,064 | 13,314 | 13,251 | 13,972 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 20,421 | 18,457 | 17,025 | 18,599 | 18,358 |
| Amortization of other acquired intangible assets | 196 | 31 | 74 | 174 | 204 |
| Restructuring charges (credits) | — | 57 | 197 | 1,889 | (110 | ) |
| Total operating expenses | 39,713 | 32,609 | 30,610 | 33,913 | 32,424 |
| Income from operations | 19,241 | 27,840 | 31,373 | 19,130 | 4,246 |
| Interest and other income (expense), net | 181 | 119 | (64 | ) | (248 | ) | 73 |
| Income before taxes | 19,422 | 27,959 | 31,309 | 18,882 | 4,319 |
| Income tax provision (benefit) (1) | 7,015 | 9,497 | 10,380 | (18,329 | ) | 2,439 |
| Net income | $ | 12,407 | $ | 18,462 | $ | 20,929 | $ | 37,211 | $ | 1,880 |
| Net income per share: |
| Basic | $ | 0.39 | $ | 0.60 | $ | 0.70 | $ | 1.30 | $ | 0.07 |
| Diluted | $ | 0.39 | $ | 0.58 | $ | 0.67 | $ | 1.25 | $ | 0.07 |
| Weighted average common shares: |
| Basic | 31,424 | 30,743 | 29,826 | 28,700 | 28,086 |
| Diluted | 32,164 | 31,939 | 31,393 | 29,809 | 28,431 |

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| December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |
| (In thousands) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets Data: |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 126,158 | $ | 115,464 | $ | 89,371 | $ | 61,637 | $ | 46,041 |
| Working capital | 148,795 | 147,032 | 120,915 | 82,900 | 57,236 |
| Total assets | 191,769 | 177,438 | 151,164 | 124,260 | 74,384 |
| Long-term obligations | 3,006 | 3,227 | 3,584 | 3,502 | 4,156 |
| Total stockholders’ equity | 174,307 | 161,823 | 134,712 | 101,060 | 56,843 |

| (1) | During the year ended December 31, 2012, based on our evaluation and weighting of the positive and negative evidence available, we concluded that it was more likely than not that our deferred tax assets would be realizable before the applicable expiration dates, with the exception of California R&D tax credits, and determined that valuation allowances aggregating to $19.9 million were no longer needed. This amount released from the valuation allowance has been reported as a component of income tax benefit in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the year ended December 31, 2012. |

Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations
Overview
We analyze our customers’ IC design and manufacturing processes to identify, quantify, and correct the issues that cause yield loss to improve our customers’ profitability by improving time-to-market, increasing yield and reducing total design and manufacturing costs. We package our solutions in various ways to meet our customers’ specific business and budgetary needs, each of which provides us various revenue streams. We receive a mix of fixed fees and variable, performance-based fees for the vast majority of our yield improvement solutions. The fixed fees are typically reflective of the length of time and the resources needed to characterize a customer’s manufacturing process and receive preliminary results of proposed yield improvement suggestions. The variable fee, or what we call Gainshare, usually depends on our achieving certain yield targets by a deadline. Variable fees are currently typically tied to wafer volume on the node size of the manufacturing facility where we performed the yield improvement solutions. We receive license fees and service fees for related installation, integration, training, and maintenance and support services for our software that we license on a stand-alone basis.
Industry Trend
Consistent with the trend since 2010, we expect that the largest logic foundries will continue to significantly invest in leading edge nodes and capacity in 2016. Leading foundries continue to invest in new technologies such as multi-patterned lithography and 3-D transistor architecture, which provide opportunities to increase our business.
The capacity utilization on 28nm declined during 2015, which caused our Gainshare revenue to decline significantly. Although capacity utilization improved at the end of 2015, we believe that 28nm capacity utilization may not increase substantially (or at all) for 2016, which would have a negative impact on our Gainshare revenue.
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Generally, the demand for consumer electronics and communications devices continues to drive technological innovation in the semiconductor industry as the need for products with greater performance, lower power consumption, reduced costs and smaller size continues to grow with each new product generation. In addition, advances in computing systems and mobile devices have fueled demand for higher capacity memory chips. To meet these demands, IC manufacturers and designers are constantly challenged to improve the overall performance of their ICs by designing and manufacturing ICs with more embedded applications to create greater functionality while lowering cost per transistor. As a result, both logic and memory manufacturers have migrated to more and more advanced manufacturing nodes, capable of integrating more devices with higher performance, higher density, and lower power. As this trend continues, companies will continually be challenged to improve process capabilities to optimally produce ICs with minimal random and systematic yield loss, which is driven by the lack of compatibility between the design and its respective manufacturing process. We believe that as volume production of deep submicron ICs continues to grow, the difficulties of integrating IC designs with their respective processes and ramping new manufacturing processes will create a greater need for products and services that address the yield loss and escalating cost issues the semiconductor industry is facing today and will face in the future.
Financial Highlights
The following were our financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2015:
| • | Total revenues were $98.0 million, which was a decrease of $2.2 million, or 2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenues were $63.8 million, which was an increase of $11.1 million, or 21%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenue was primarily driven by growth of sales of our Exensio big data solution. Gainshare performance incentives revenue was $34.1 million, a decrease of $13.3 million, or 28%, compared from the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in revenue from Gainshare performance incentives was primarily the result of depressed 28nm volumes. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2015 was 60%, which was the same as that for the year ended December 31, 2014. |

| • | Net income was $12.4 million, compared to $18.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in net income was attributable to a decrease in gross margin of $1.5 million, an increase in total operating expense of $7.1 million, offset by a decrease in income tax provision of $2.5 million. The decrease in gross margin of $1.5 million was primarily related to lower total revenues. The increase in operating expense of $7.1 million was primarily driven by increased investment in R&D related to our substantial investment in our new DFI solution and acquisition-related expenses. The decrease in income tax provision of $2.5 million was primarily due to lower taxable income. |

| • | Net income per basic and diluted share was $0.39, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to net income per basic and diluted share of $0.60 and $0.58, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of $0.21 and $0.19 per basic and diluted share, respectively. |

| • | Cash, cash equivalents and investments increased $10.7 million to $126.2 million at December 31, 2015 from $115.5 million at December 31, 2014, primarily due to cash generated from operating activities during the year offset by a decrease in cash from investing activities and financing activities. |

Acquisitions
On July 17, 2015, we completed our acquisition of Syntricity, Inc. (“Syntricity”), a provider of a hosted solution for characterization and yield management by acquiring all issued and outstanding common shares of Syntricity, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated July 9, 2015 between us and Syntricity. We believe that the acquisition will expand the overall capabilities of our manufacturing software solutions offerings. The aggregate consideration paid for the acquisition consisted of approximately $5.2 million in cash, net of cash acquired of $0.1 million. Of the cash consideration paid, $0.8 million is held in escrow to secure indemnification obligations. We also agreed to pay earn-out consideration of up to $2.5 million in cash through July 17, 2017, contingent upon the achievement of certain financial and non-financial targets. Out of a total of $2.5 million, $0.8 million will be paid to the former shareholders of Syntricity if and when the targets are met. The remaining $1.7 million will be paid to employees and considered a post-combination expense, if and when the financial and non-financial targets and service conditions are met. As of December 31, 2015, the employees earned and we have recognized $0.5 million as a post-combination expense in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2015, $0.5 million was not earned and expired.
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In addition, in January 2015, we acquired key semiconductor software assets from various Salland Engineering entities. These assets were successfully implemented for test, packaging and assembly management on a worldwide basis, and have been integrated into the development of Exensio-Test.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. We consider the accounting policies described below to be our critical accounting policies. These critical accounting policies are impacted significantly by judgments, assumptions, and estimates used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements and actual results could differ materially from the amounts reported based on these policies.
Revenue Recognition
We derive revenues from two sources: Design-to-silicon-yield Solutions and Gainshare performance incentives.
Design-to-silicon-yield solutions — Revenues that are derived from Design-to-silicon-yield solutions come from services and software licenses. We recognize revenue for each element of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions as follows:
We generate a significant portion of our Design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenue from fixed-price solution implementation service contracts delivered over a specific period of time. These contracts require reliable estimation of costs to perform obligations and the overall scope of each engagement. Revenue under project–based contracts for solution implementation services is recognized as services are performed using the cost-to-cost percentage of completion method of contract accounting. Losses on fixed-price solution implementation contracts are recognized in the period when they become probable. Revisions in profit estimates are reflected in the period in which the conditions that require the revisions become known and can be estimated. Revenue under time and materials contracts for solution implementation services are recognized as the services are performed. On occasion, we license our software products as a component of our fixed-price service contracts. In such instances, the software products are licensed to customers over a specified term of the agreement with support and maintenance to be provided at each customer's option over the license term. The amount of product and service revenue recognized in a given period is affected by our judgment as to whether an arrangement includes multiple deliverables and, if so, our determination of the fair value of each deliverable. In general, vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price (“VSOE”) does not exist for our solution implementation services and software products and because our services and products include our unique technology, we are not able to determine third-party evidence of selling price (“TPE”). Therefore, in such circumstances we use best estimated selling prices (“BESP”) in the allocation of arrangement consideration. In determining BESP, we apply significant judgment as we weigh a variety of factors, based on the facts and circumstances of the arrangement. We typically arrive at BESP for a product or service that is not sold separately by considering company-specific factors such as geographies, internal costs, gross margin objectives, pricing practices used to establish bundled pricing, and existing portfolio pricing and discounting. After fair value is established for each deliverable, the total transaction amount is allocated to each deliverable based upon its relative fair value. Fees allocated to solution implementation services are recognized using the cost-to-cost percentage of completion method of contract accounting. Fees allocated to software and related support and maintenance are recognized under software revenue recognition guidance. We defer certain pre-contract costs incurred for specific anticipated contracts. Deferred costs consist primarily of direct costs to provide solution implementation services in relation to the specific anticipated contracts. We recognize such costs as a component of cost of revenues, the timing of which is dependent upon the revenue recognition policy by contract. At the end of the reporting period, we evaluate our deferred costs for their probable recoverability. We recognize impairment of deferred costs when it is determined that the costs no longer have future benefits and are no longer recoverable.
We also license our software products separately from our solution implementations. For software license arrangements that do not require significant modification or customization of the underlying software, software license revenue is recognized under the residual method when (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (2) delivery has occurred, (3) the fee is fixed or determinable, (4) collectability is probable, and (5) the arrangement does not require services that are essential to the functionality of the software. When arrangements include multiple elements such as support and maintenance, consulting (other than for its fixed price solution implementations), installation, and training, revenue is allocated to each element of a transaction based upon its fair value as determined by our VSOE and such services are recorded as services revenue. VSOE for maintenance is generally established based upon negotiated renewal rates while VSOE for consulting, installation, and training services is established based upon our customary pricing for such services when sold separately. When software is licensed for a specified term, fees for support and maintenance are generally bundled with the license fee over the entire term of the contract. We are unable to establish VSOE of fair value for maintenance services that are generally bundled with term licenses. In these cases, we recognize revenue ratably over the term of the contract.
Revenue from Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) that allow for the use of a hosted software product or service over a contractually determined period of time without taking possession of software are accounted for as subscriptions and recognized as revenue ratably over the coverage period beginning on the date the service is made available to customers. Revenue for software licenses with extended payment terms is not recognized in excess of amounts due. For software license arrangements that require significant modification or customization of the underlying software, the software license revenue is recognized as services are performed using the cost-to-cost percentage of completion method of contract accounting, and such revenue is recorded as services revenue.
Deferred revenues consist substantially of amounts invoiced in advance of revenue recognition and is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenues that will be recognized during the succeeding 12 month period is recorded as current deferred revenues and the remaining portion is recorded as non- current deferred revenues.
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Gainshare Performance Incentives — When we enter into a contract to provide yield improvement services, the contract usually includes two components: (1) a fixed fee for performance by us of services delivered over a specific period of time; and (2) a Gainshare performance incentive component where the customer may pay a contingent variable fee, usually after the fixed fee period has ended. Revenue derived from Gainshare performance incentives represents profit sharing and performance incentives earned contingent upon our customers reaching certain defined operational levels established in related solution implementation service contracts. Gainshare performance incentives periods are usually subsequent to the delivery of all contractual services and therefore have no cost to us. Due to the uncertainties surrounding attainment of such operational levels, we recognize Gainshare performance incentives revenue (to the extent of completion of the related solution implementation contract) upon receipt of performance reports or other related information from the customer supporting the determination of amounts and probability of collection.
Income Taxes
We are required to assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and if we believe that they are not likely to be realizable before the expiration dates applicable to such assets then, to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, establish a valuation allowance. Changes in the net deferred tax assets, less offsetting valuation allowance, in a period are recorded through the income tax provision in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2015, we believe that most of our deferred tax assets are “more-likely-than not” to be realized with the exception of California R&D tax credits that have not met the “more-likely-than not” realization threshold criteria because on an annual basis and pursuant to current law, we generate more California credits than California tax. As a result, at December 31, 2015, the excess California tax credit continues to be subject to a full valuation allowance. In addition, the Company acquired Syntricity on July 17, 2015. Syntricity had approximately $0.2 million California NOL tax credits on the date of acquisition. The Company evaluated positive and negative evidence and concluded that it was more likely than not that the California NOL would not be fully realizable. As a result of management’s evaluation, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance against this deferred tax assets. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for further disclosures regarding our income taxes. If we conclude at a future financial reporting period that there has been a change in our ability to realize our California R&D credit and/or California NOLs related to the Syntricity acquisition deferred tax assets, and it is at such time no longer “more likely than not” that we will realize the tax credits before applicable expiration dates, our tax provision will increase in the period in which we make such determination.
Our income tax calculations are based on application of the respective U.S. federal, state or foreign tax law. Our tax filings, however, are subject to audit by the respective tax authorities. Accordingly, we recognize tax liabilities based upon our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due when such estimates are more-likely-than-not to be sustained. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. To the extent the final tax liabilities are different than the amounts originally accrued, the increases or decreases are recorded as income tax expense or benefit in the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2015, no deferred taxes have been provided on undistributed earnings of approximately $5.6 million from the Company’s international subsidiaries since these earnings have been, and under current plans will continue to be, permanently reinvested outside the United States. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized tax liability at this time.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation is estimated at the grant date based on the award’s fair value and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, generally four years. As stock-based compensation expense recognized is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.
We have elected to use the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, which incorporates various assumptions including volatility, expected life and interest rates. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected life of stock options. The expected life of an award is based on historical experience and on the terms and conditions of the stock awards granted to employees. The interest rate assumption is based upon observed Treasury yield curve rates appropriate for the expected life of stock options.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes
See our Note 1, “Business and Significant Accounting Policies” of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” included under Part IV, Item 15 of this Form 10-K for a description of recent accounting pronouncements and accounting changes, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our consolidated financial statements.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth, for the years indicated, the percentage of total revenues represented by the line items reflected in our consolidated statements of operations:
| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| Revenues: |
| Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 65 | % | 53 | % | 61 | % |
| Gainshare performance incentives | 35 | 47 | 39 |
| Total revenues | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions: |
| Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 40 | 38 | 39 |
| Impairment of deferred costs | — | 2 | — |
| Amortization of acquired technology | — | — | — |
| Total cost of Design-to silicon-yield solutions | 40 | 40 | 39 |
| Gross profit | 60 | 60 | 61 |
| Operating expenses: |
| Research and development | 19 | 14 | 13 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 21 | 18 | 17 |
| Amortization of other acquired intangible assets | — | — | — |
| Restructuring charges | — | — | — |
| Total operating expenses | 40 | 32 | 30 |
| Income from operations | 20 | 28 | 31 |
| Interest and other income, net | — | — | — |
| Income before taxes | 20 | 28 | 31 |
| Income tax provision | 7 | 10 | 10 |
| Net income | 13 | % | 18 | % | 21 | % |

Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
| Revenues | 2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | $ | 63,839 | $ | 52,769 | $ | 11,070 | 21 | % |
| Gainshare performance incentives | 34,138 | 47,394 | (13,256 | ) | (28 | ) |
| Total | $ | 97,977 | $ | 100,163 | $ | (2,186 | ) | (2 | )% |

Design-to-silicon-yield solutions. Design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenue is derived from services (including solution implementations, software support and maintenance, consulting, and training) and software licenses provided during our customer yield improvement engagements as well as during solution product sales. Design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenue increased $11.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, which was primarily driven by growth of sales of our Exensio big data solution. Our Design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenue may fluctuate in the future and is dependent on a number of factors, including the semiconductor industry’s continued acceptance of our solutions, the timing of purchases by existing customers, and our ability to attract new customers and penetrate new markets, and further penetration of our current customer base. Fluctuations in future results may also occur if any of our significant customers renegotiate pre-existing contractual commitments due to adverse changes in their own business or, in the case of a time and materials contract, may take advantage of contractual provisions that permit the suspension of contracted work for a period if their business experiences a financial hardship.
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Gainshare performance incentives. Gainshare performance incentives revenue represents profit sharing and performance incentives earned contingent upon our customers reaching certain defined operational levels and typically depending on volumes of wafers manufactured by our customers. Revenue derived from Gainshare performance incentives decreased $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was primarily the result of depressed 28nm volumes. Our Gainshare performance incentives revenue may continue to fluctuate from period to period. Gainshare performance incentives revenue is dependent on many factors that are outside our control, including among others, continued production of ICs by our customers at facilities at which we generate Gainshare, sustained yield improvements by our customers, and our ability to enter into new Design-to-silicon-yield solutions contracts containing provisions for Gainshare performance incentives.
| Cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | $ | 38,847 | $ | 37,822 | $ | 1,025 | 3 | % |
| Impairment of deferred costs | — | 1,892 | (1,892 | ) | (100 | ) |
| Amortization of acquired technology | 176 | — | 176 | — |
| Total | $ | 39,023 | $ | 39,714 | $ | (691 | ) | (2 | )% |

Costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions. Costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions consist of costs incurred to provide and support our services, costs recognized in connection with licensing our software, and amortization of acquired technology. Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions consist of services costs and software licenses costs. Services costs consist of material, employee compensation and related benefits, overhead costs, travel and allocated facilities-related costs. Software license costs consist of costs associated with licensing third-party software used by the Company in providing services to our customers in solution engagements, or sold in conjunction with our software products. Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions increased $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily due to a $1.3 million net change in deferred cost related to timing of completion of the signature process, a $0.9 million increase in equipment cost, a $0.5 million increase in outside service expense, a $0.4 million increase in depreciation expense of test equipment, offset by a $1.3 million decrease in personnel-related cost and a $0.8 million decrease in travel cost. The decrease in personnel-related cost was primarily driven by lower average headcount, partially as a result of resource realignment to research and development activities, lower variable compensation, partially offset by higher stock-based compensation expense. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $1.9 million of deferred pre-contract costs for two contracts with a customer as it was determined that the costs were no longer recoverable. Amortization of acquired technology for the year ended December 31, 2015 was due to the amortization of acquired technology from the Syntricity acquisition.
| Research and Development | 2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Research and Development | $ | 19,096 | $ | 14,064 | 5,032 | 36 | % |

Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs to support product development activities, including compensation and benefits, outside development services, travel, facilities cost allocations, and stock-based compensation charges. Research and development expenses increased $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily due to a $2.9 million increase in personnel-related cost due to an increase in headcount, a $1.5 million increase in outside service expense, a $0.4 million increase in facility expense, a $0.1 million increase in lab supplies, primarily related to our DFI solution as described above and a $0.1 million cost related to contingent earn-out payments in connection with our acquisition of Syntricity. We anticipate our expenses in research and development will fluctuate in absolute dollars from period to period as a result of the size and the timing of product development projects and revenue generating activity requirements.
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| Selling, General and Administrative | 2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 20,421 | $ | 18,457 | 1,964 | 11 | % |

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits for sales, marketing and general and administrative personnel, legal and accounting services, marketing communications, travel and facilities cost allocations, and stock-based compensation charges. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily due to a $0.8 million of acquisition-related cost, a $0.3 million increase in personnel-related cost, a $0.4 million of contingent earn-out payment related to the acquisition, a $0.3 million increase in subcontractor expense, a $0.2 million increase in travel expense, a $0.1 million increase in facility expense and a $0.1 million increase in trade show expense, offset by a $0.4 million decrease in accounting and non-acquisition-related legal expense. We anticipate our selling, general and administrative expenses will fluctuate in absolute dollars from period to period as a result of cost control initiatives and to support increased selling efforts in the future.
| Amortization of Other Acquired Intangible Assets | 2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Amortization of other acquired intangible assets | $ | 196 | $ | 31 | 165 | 532 | % |

Amortization of Other Acquired Intangible Assets. Amortization of other acquired intangible assets consists of the amortization of intangibles acquired as a result of business combination. Amortization of other acquired intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $0.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 due to the amortization of acquired intangible assets from the Syntricity acquisition.
| Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net | 2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Interest and other income (expense), net | $ | 181 | $ | 119 | 62 | 52 | % |

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Interest and other income (expense), net, primarily consists of interest income (expense) and foreign currency exchange gain (loss). Interest and other income increased $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The change was primarily due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and gain related to foreign currency forward contract. We anticipate interest and other income (expense) will fluctuate in future periods as a result of our projected use of cash and fluctuations of foreign exchange rates.
| Income Tax Provision | 2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Income tax provision | $ | 7,015 | $ | 9,497 | (2,482 | ) | (26 | )% |

Income Tax Provision. Our effective tax rate was 36.1% for 2015 which was slightly higher than the statutory federal income tax rate of 35% primarily due to nondeductible acquisition expenses and unfavorable changes to New York State Tax apportionment rules. The change in income tax provision to $7.0 million from $9.5 million was primarily due to the lower taxable income. Our future effective income tax rate depends on various factors, such as tax legislation, the geographic composition of our pre-tax income, the amount of our pre-tax income as business activities fluctuate, research and development credits as a percentage of aggregate pre-tax income, the tax effects of employee stock activity and the effectiveness of our tax planning strategies.
Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013
| Revenues | 2014 | 2013 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | $ | 52,769 | $ | 61,710 | $ | (8,941 | ) | (14 | )% |
| Gainshare performance incentives | 47,394 | 39,743 | 7,651 | 19 |
| Total | $ | 100,163 | $ | 101,453 | $ | (1,290 | ) | (1 | )% |

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Design-to-silicon-yield solutions. Design-to-silicon-yield solutions revenue decreased $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to the result of the wind down of several 28nm engagements not being fully offset yet by the ramp up of newer 20nm and 14nm engagements. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized favorable changes in one project’s profitability from revisions in estimates that resulted in a net increase of $1.7 million in gross profit. The changes were primarily due to customer directed scope changes.
Gainshare Performance Incentives. Revenue derived from Gainshare performance incentives increased $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily the result of a higher wafer volumes at customers’ manufacturing facilities.
| Cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 2014 | 2013 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | $ | 37,822 | $ | 39,470 | $ | (1,648 | ) | (4 | )% |
| Impairment of deferred costs | 1,892 | — | 1,892 | — |
| Total | $ | 39,714 | $ | 39,470 | $ | 244 | 1 | % |

Costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions. Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions decreased $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to a $1.6 million net change in the deferred cost related to timing of completion of the contract signature process, a $0.2 million decrease in outside service expense, a $0.1 million decrease in third party software royalty expense, a $0.3 million decrease in equipment expense, offset by a $0.2 million increase in personnel-related cost, and a $0.4 million increase in depreciation expense of test equipment. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company impaired $1.9 million of deferred pre-contract costs for two contracts with a customer as it was determined that the costs were no longer recoverable.
| Research and Development | 2014 | 2013 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Research and Development | $ | 14,064 | $ | 13,314 | 750 | 6 | % |

Research and Development. Research and development expenses increased $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to a $0.3 million increase in personnel-related cost, a $0.3 million increase in outside service expense, a $0.1 million increase in facility expense and a $0.1 million increase in lab supplies. The increase in personnel-related cost was primarily driven by a $0.4 million increase in salaries and benefits due to an increase in headcount, a $0.2 million increase in stock-based compensation expense due to higher fair value per share for the grants awarded during the current year and higher level of grants as compared to the prior year, offset by a $0.3 million decrease in variable compensation.
| Selling, General and Administrative | 2014 | 2013 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 18,457 | $ | 17,025 | 1,432 | 8 | % |

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to a $1.1 million increase in personnel-related cost which was primarily driven by higher stock-based compensation expense, a result of the impact of accelerated vesting of awards granted to our exiting board members and higher fair value per share for the grants awarded during the current year as well as higher level of grants compared to prior year, a $0.6 million increase in legal and accounting expense due to increased legal activities, a $0.1 million increase in travel expense, offset by a $0.4 million decrease in subcontractor expense.
| Amortization of Other Acquired Intangible Assets | 2014 | 2013 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Amortization of other acquired intangible assets | $ | 31 | $ | 74 | (43 | ) | (58 | )% |

30
Amortization of Other Acquired Intangible Assets. Amortization of other acquired intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2014 decreased $43,000 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013 as all other acquired intangible assets were fully amortized as of December 31, 2014.
| Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net | 2014 | 2013 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Interest and other income (expense), net | $ | 119 | $ | (64 | ) | 183 | (286 | )% |

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. The interest and other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was primarily related to gains (losses) related to the EURO to U.S. Dollar exchange rate. For the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, interest and other income (expense) was an income of $0.1 million and an expense of $0.1 million, respectively, or an increase of $0.2 million in income year over year. The change was primarily due to foreign exchange rate movements.
| Income Tax Provision | 2014 | 2013 | $ Change | % Change |
| (In thousands, except for percentages) |
| Income tax provision | $ | 9,497 | $ | 10,380 | 883 | (9 | )% |

Income Tax Provision (benefit). Our effective tax rate was 34.0% for 2014 which was slightly lower than the statutory federal income tax rate of 35% primarily due to the benefit of lower tax rates on earnings of foreign subsidiaries and the application of tax incentives for research and development. The change in income tax provision to $9.5 million from $10.4 million was primarily due to the lower taxable income.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Operating Activities
Cash flows provided by operating activities was $28.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This resulted from net income of $12.4 million, adjusted for $13.0 million of non-cash charges and a cash increase of $3.1 million reflected in the net change of operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $9.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $2.6 million, deferred taxes of $1.6 million, tax benefit related to stock-based compensation of $1.1 million, accrued contingent earn-out payments of $0.5 million, and amortization of acquired intangible assets of $0.4 million, partially offset by tax withholdings related to net share settlements of restricted stock grants of $1.8 million and excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation of $1.0 million. Cash flow increases resulting from the net change in operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a $4.4 million decrease in accounts receivable, mainly due to the timing of customer payments and decrease in revenues, $1.7 million net increase in deferred revenue and billing in excess of recognized revenue, $0.2 million of increase in accrued and other liabilities, partially offset by a $1.4 million decrease in accrued compensation and related benefits due to lower variable compensation, a $1.1 million increase in prepaid expense and $0.7 million change in accounts payable, due to timing of payment of third party services.
Cash flows provided by operating activities was $27.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This resulted from net income of $18.5 million, adjusted for $13.7 million of non-cash charges, partially offset by a cash decrease of $5.1 million reflected in the net change of operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $8.5 million, deferred taxes of $2.9 million, tax benefit related to stock-based compensation plan of $1.7 million, depreciation and amortization of $2.0 million, impairment of deferred costs of $1.9 million, partially offset by excess tax benefit related to stock-based compensation of $1.6 million, purchases of treasury stock in connection with tax withholdings on restricted stock grants of $1.6 million and gain on disposal of property and equipment of $0.2 million. Cash flow increases resulting from the net change in operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of $1.4 million net increase in deferred revenue and billing in excess of recognized revenue, offset by a $2.9 million increase in accounts receivable, due to timing of customer payment, $0.7 million decrease in prepaid expense and other assets, $1.5 million decrease in accounts payable due to timing of payment of third party services, $1.4 million decrease in accrued compensation and related benefits, which was primarily driven by the decrease in variable compensation.
31
Cash flows provided by operating activities was $25.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. This resulted from net income of $20.9 million, adjusted for $12.4 million, partially offset by the cash decrease of $7.9 million reflected in the net change of operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $6.7 million, deferred taxes of $5.5 million, depreciation of $1.4 million and amortization of acquired intangible assets of $0.1 million, tax benefit related to stock-based compensation plan of $0.4 million, partially offset by treasury stock withheld by the Company in the amount $1.3 million for employee income tax withholding due upon vesting of restricted stock units in the period and excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation of $0.4 million. Cash flow decreases resulting from the net change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily the result of decreases of $3.2 million in accrued compensation and related benefits (primarily driven by the decrease in variable compensation), $1.1 million in deferred revenue, $0.9 million in accrued and other liabilities, $0.6 million in accounts payable, and $0.5 million in billings in excess of recognized revenue, offset by increases of $1.0 million in prepaid expense and other assets, and $0.6 million in accounts receivable.
Investing Activities
Cash flows used in investing activities of $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 consisted of $5.2 million of payments for business acquisitions, $4.8 million of payments for capital expenditures, primarily test equipment, and $0.4 million of payments for purchase of intangible asset.
Cash flows used in investing activities of $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 consisted of $4.0 million of payments for capital expenditures, offset by $0.3 million of proceeds from sales of property and equipment.
Cash flows used in investing activities of $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 consisted of payments for capital expenditures.
Financing Activities
Cash flows used in financing activities of $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 consisted of $14.5 million of cash used to repurchase shares of our common stock and $0.3 million payment of obligations assumed in business acquisition, offset by $5.0 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options, $1.4 million of proceeds from our Employee Stock Purchase Plan and $1.0 million of excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation.
Cash flows provided by financing activities of $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 consisted of $3.2 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options, $1.4 million of proceeds from our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, $1.6 million of excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation, offset by $3.5 million of cash used to repurchase shares of our common stock.
Cash flows provided by financing activities of $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 consisted of $5.3 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options, $1.3 million of proceeds from our Employee Stock Purchase Plan and excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation of $0.4 million.
Liquidity
As of December 31, 2015, our working capital, defined as total current assets less total current liabilities, was $148.8 million, compared to $147.0 million as of December 31, 2014. Cash and cash equivalents were $126.2 million as of December 31, 2015, compared to $115.5 million as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries were $2.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively. We anticipate that our overall expenses, as well as planned capital expenditures, may constitute a material use of our cash resources. In addition, we may use cash resources to continue to fund our R&D efforts, repurchase common stock or fund potential investments in, or acquisitions of complementary products, technologies or businesses. We believe that our existing cash resources and anticipated funds from operations will satisfy our cash requirements to fund our operating activities, capital expenditures and other obligations for at least the next twelve months.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, investments in special purpose entities or undisclosed borrowings or debt.
32
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our known contractual obligations (in thousands):
| Payments Due by Period |
| Contractual Obligations | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 and thereafter | Total |
| Operating lease obligations | 1,850 | 1,420 | 806 | 71 | 18 | 61 | 4,226 |
| Purchase obligations(1) | 5,055 | 7 | — | — | — | — | 5,062 |
| Total(2) | $ | 6,905 | $ | 1,427 | $ | 806 | 71 | 18 | 61 | $ | 9,288 |

| (1) | Purchase obligations consist of agreements to purchase goods and services entered in the ordinary course of business. |

| (2) | The contractual obligation table above excludes liabilities for uncertain tax positions of $2.5 million, which are not practicable to assign to any particular years, due to the inherent uncertainty of the tax positions. See Note 7 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for further discussion. |

Operating lease amounts include minimum rental payments under our operating leases for our office facilities, as well as computers, office equipment, and vehicles that we utilize under lease agreements. These agreements expire at various dates through 2024.
We indemnify certain customers from third-party claims of intellectual property infringement relating to the use of our products. Historically, costs related to these guarantees of indemnification have not been significant. We are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these guarantees on our future results of operations.
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The following discusses our exposure to market risk related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We do not currently own any equity investments, nor do we expect to own any in the foreseeable future. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could vary materially as a result of a number of factors.
Interest Rate Risk. As of December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $126.2 million. Cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash and highly liquid money market instruments. We would not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected to any significant degree by the effect of a sudden change in market interest on our portfolio. A hypothetical increase in market interest rates of 100 basis points from the market rates in effect at December 31, 2015 would cause the fair value of these investments to decrease by an immaterial amount which would not have significantly impacted our financial position or results of operations. Declines in interest rates over time will result in lower interest income and interest expense.
Foreign Currency and Exchange Risk. Certain of our payables for our international offices are denominated in the local currency, including the Euro, Yen and RMB. Therefore, a portion of our operating expenditures is subject to foreign currency risks. We enter into foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on certain foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities. We do not use foreign currency forward contracts for speculative or trading purposes. We record these forward contracts at fair value. The counterparty to these foreign currency forward contracts is a large global financial institution that we believe is creditworthy, and therefore, we believe the credit risk of counterparty non-performance is not significant. The change in fair value of these contracts is recorded into earnings as a component of other income (expense), net and offsets the change in fair value of foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities, which is also recorded in other income (expense), net. As of December 31, 2015, the notional amount of this outstanding forward contract was $6.7 million. A foreign currency exchange rate movement of plus-or-minus 10% will result in the change in fair value of this contract of plus-or-minus $0.7 million.
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The consolidated financial statements and supplementary data required by this Item 8 are listed in Item 15(1) of this Form 10-K.
Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and
Financial Disclosure
None.
33
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our "disclosure controls and procedures" as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) as of December 31, 2015 in connection with the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on that evaluation as of December 31, 2015, our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in rules and forms of the SEC and accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, for the Company. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. This evaluation was based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on our assessment under the COSO framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Company's independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2015, which has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B.
Other Information.
None.
PART III
Pursuant to Paragraph (3) of the General Instructions to Form 10-K, certain of the information required by Part III of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement as set forth below. The Proxy Statement is expected to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2015.
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Information with respect to our directors appears in our Proxy Statement under “Proposal No. 1 — Election of Directors — Nominees for the Board of Directors” and is incorporated herein by reference. Information with respect to our executive officers appears in Part I, Item 1 — “Executive Officers” of this Form 10-K.
Information with respect to compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, appears in our Proxy Statement under “Section 16 Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and is incorporated herein by reference.
34
Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics (“Code of Ethics”) which is applicable to our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer and employees of the Company. Our Code of Ethics is available on our website at www.pdf.com, on the investor relations page. The Company's website address provided is not intended to function as a hyperlink, and the information on the Company's website is not, and should not be considered, part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein. You may also request a copy of our Code of Ethics in writing by sending your request to PDF Solutions, Inc., Attention: Investor Relations, 333 West San Carlos Street, Suite 1000, San Jose, California 95110. If we make any substantive amendments to the Code of Ethics or grant any waiver, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Ethics to our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a current report on Form 8-K.
Item 11.
Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Compensation of Executive Officers and Other Matters — Executive Compensation” in our Proxy Statement.
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our Proxy Statement. Also incorporated by reference is the information in the table under the heading "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in our Proxy Statement.
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Directors Independence” in our Proxy Statement.
Item 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Information with respect to Principal Accountant Fees and Services is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement.
PART IV
Item 15.
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(1) Consolidated Financial Statements and Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements.
See the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All financial statement schedules have been omitted, since the required information is not applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Form 10-K.
(3) Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K
The information required by this Section (a)(3) of Item 15 is set forth on the exhibit index that follows the Signature pages of this Form 10-K.
35
PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| Page |
| PDF SOLUTIONS, INC |
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 37 |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 | 38 |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 | 39 |
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 | 40 |
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 | 41 |
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 42 |

36
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of PDF Solutions, Inc.:
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of PDF Solutions, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it classifies deferred tax assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet in 2015.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
San Jose, California
March 1, 2016
37
PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 |
| (In thousands, except par values) |
| ASSETS |
| Current assets: |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 126,158 | $ | 115,464 |
| Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $299 and $381, respectively | 33,438 | 37,725 |
| Deferred tax assets - current portion | — | 3,343 |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 3,655 | 2,888 |
| Total current assets | 163,251 | 159,420 |
| Property and equipment, net | 11,325 | 8,832 |
| Goodwill | 215 | — |
| Intangible assets, net | 5,028 | — |
| Deferred tax assets - long-term portion | 10,299 | 8,025 |
| Other non-current assets | 1,651 | 1,161 |
| Total assets | $ | 191,769 | $ | 177,438 |
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |
| Current liabilities: |
| Accounts payable | $ | 1,293 | $ | 803 |
| Accrued compensation and related benefits | 4,812 | 6,112 |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 2,382 | 1,733 |
| Deferred revenues - current portion | 4,702 | 3,740 |
| Billings in excess of recognized revenues | 1,267 | — |
| Total current liabilities | 14,456 | 12,388 |
| Long-term income taxes payable | 2,540 | 2,600 |
| Other non-current liabilities | 466 | 627 |
| Total liabilities | 17,462 | 15,615 |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) |
| Stockholders’ equity: |
| Preferred stock, $0.00015 par value, 5,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding | — | — |
| Common stock, $0.00015 par value, 70,000 shares authorized; shares issued 37,476 and 36,258, respectively; shares outstanding 31,111 and 31,116, respectively | 5 | 5 |
| Additional paid-in capital | 266,008 | 248,734 |
| Treasury stock, at cost, 6,365 and 5,142 shares, respectively | (50,383 | ) | (34,048 | ) |
| Accumulated deficit | (39,780 | ) | (52,187 | ) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,543 | ) | (681 | ) |
| Total stockholders’ equity | 174,307 | 161,823 |
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 191,769 | $ | 177,438 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
38
PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| (In thousands, except per share amounts) |
| Revenues: |
| Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | $ | 63,839 | $ | 52,769 | $ | 61,710 |
| Gainshare performance incentives | 34,138 | 47,394 | 39,743 |
| Total revenues | 97,977 | 100,163 | 101,453 |
| Cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions: |
| Direct costs of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 38,847 | 37,822 | 39,470 |
| Impairment of deferred cost | — | 1,892 | — |
| Amortization of acquired technology | 176 | — | — |
| Total cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | 39,023 | 39,714 | 39,470 |
| Gross profit | 58,954 | 60,449 | 61,983 |
| Operating expenses: |
| Research and development | 19,096 | 14,064 | 13,314 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 20,421 | 18,457 | 17,025 |
| Amortization of other acquired intangible assets | 196 | 31 | 74 |
| Restructuring charges | — | 57 | 197 |
| Total operating expenses | 39,713 | 32,609 | 30,610 |
| Income from operations | 19,241 | 27,840 | 31,373 |
| Interest and other income (expense), net | 181 | 119 | (64 | ) |
| Income before taxes | 19,422 | 27,959 | 31,309 |
| Income tax provision | 7,015 | 9,497 | 10,380 |
| Net income | $ | 12,407 | $ | 18,462 | $ | 20,929 |
| Net income per share |
| Basic | $ | 0.39 | $ | 0.60 | $ | 0.70 |
| Diluted | $ | 0.39 | $ | 0.58 | $ | 0.67 |
| Weighted average common shares |
| Basic | 31,424 | 30,743 | 29,826 |
| Diluted | 32,164 | 31,939 | 31,393 |
| Net income | $ | 12,407 | $ | 18,462 | $ | 20,929 |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income: |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax | (862 | ) | (1,129 | ) | 397 |
| Comprehensive income | $ | 11,545 | $ | 17,333 | $ | 21,326 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
39
PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| Accumulated |
| Common Stock | Treasury Stock | Other |
| Additional | Comprehensive |
| Paid-In | Accumulated | Income |
| Shares | Amount | Capital | Shares | Amount | Deficit | (Loss) | Total |
| (In Thousands) |
| Balances, January 1, 2013 | 29,226 | $ | 4 | $ | 220,361 | 4,801 | $ | (27,778 | ) | $ | (91,578 | ) | $ | 51 | $ | 101,060 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with employee stock purchase plan | 184 | - | 1,317 | - | - | - | - | 1,317 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with exercise of options | 871 | 1 | 5,338 | - | - | - | - | 5,339 |
| Vesting of restricted stock units | 217 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Purchases of treasury stock in connection with tax withholdings on restricted stock grants | (61 | ) | - | - | 61 | (1,283 | ) | - | - | (1,283 | ) |
| Issuance of treasury stock | - | - | (156 | ) | (14 | ) | 156 | - | - | - |
| Stock-based compensation expense | - | - | 6,591 | - | - | - | - | 6,591 |
| Tax benefit from employee stock plans | - | - | 362 | - | - | - | - | 362 |
| Comprehensive income | - | - | - | - | - | 20,929 | 397 | 21,326 |
| Balances, December 31, 2013 | 30,437 | $ | 5 | $ | 233,813 | 4,848 | $ | (28,905 | ) | $ | (70,649 | ) | $ | 448 | $ | 134,712 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with employee stock purchase plan | 114 | - | 1,437 | - | - | - | - | 1,437 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with exercise of options | 509 | - | 3,225 | - | - | - | - | 3,225 |
| Vesting of restricted stock units | 350 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Purchases of treasury stock in connection with tax withholdings on restricted stock grants | (100 | ) | - | - | 100 | (1,577 | ) | - | - | (1,577 | ) |
| Purchase of treasury stock | (194 | ) | - | - | 194 | (3,566 | ) | - | - | (3,566 |
| Stock-based compensation expense | - | - | 8,512 | - | - | - | - | 8,512 |
| Tax benefit from employee stock plans | - | - | 1,747 | - | - | - | - | 1,747 |
| Comprehensive income | - | - | - | - | - | 18,462 | (1,129 | ) | 17,333 |
| Balances, December 31, 2014 | 31,116 | $ | 5 | $ | 248,734 | 5,142 | $ | (34,048 | ) | $ | (52,187 | ) | $ | (681 | ) | $ | 161,823 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with employee stock purchase plan | 110 | - | 1,379 | - | - | - | - | 1,379 |
| Issuance of common stock in connection with exercise of options | 655 | - | 5,039 | - | - | - | - | 5,039 |
| Vesting of restricted stock units | 453 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Purchases of treasury stock in connection with tax withholdings on restricted stock grants | (133 | ) | - | - | 133 | (1,810 | ) | - | - | (1,810 | ) |
| Purchase of treasury stock | (1,090 | ) | - | -- | 1,090 | (14,525 | ) | - | - | (14,525 | ) |
| Stock-based compensation expense | - | - | 9,761 | - | - | - | - | 9,761 |
| Tax benefit from employee stock plans | - | - | 1,095 | - | - | - | - | 1,095 |
| Comprehensive income | - | - | - | - | - | 12,407 | (862 | ) | 11,545 |
| Balances, December 31, 2015 | 31,111 | $ | 5 | $ | 266,008 | 6,365 | $ | (50,383 | ) | $ | (39,780 | ) | $ | (1,543 | ) | $ | 174,307 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
40
PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| (In thousands) |
| Operating activities: |
| Net income | $ | 12,407 | $ | 18,462 | $ | 20,929 |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |
| Depreciation and amortization | 2,646 | 2,010 | 1,385 |
| Stock-based compensation expense | 9,756 | 8,547 | 6,693 |
| Accrued contingent earn-out payments | 500 | — | — |
| Impairment of deferred costs | — | 1,892 | — |
| Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 372 | 31 | 74 |
| Deferred taxes | 1,563 | 2,886 | 5,539 |
| Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of restricted stock awards and units | (1,810 | ) | (1,577 | ) | (1,283 | ) |
| Provision for (reversal of) doubtful accounts | (82 | ) | 27 | 3 |
| Unrealized loss on foreign currency forward contract | 12 | 50 | — |
| Loss (gain) on disposal of assets | 2 | (242 | ) | (7 | ) |
| Tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense | 1,095 | 1,747 | 362 |
| Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense | (1,034 | ) | (1,635 | ) | (353 | ) |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisition effects: |
| Accounts receivable, net of allowances | 4,373 | (2,892 | ) | (636 | ) |
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | (1,081 | ) | (657 | ) | (1,053 | ) |
| Accounts payable | (684 | ) | (1,516 | ) | (566 | ) |
| Accrued compensation and related benefits | (1,353 | ) | (1,421 | ) | (3,216 | ) |
| Accrued and other liabilities | 166 | 7 | (913 | ) |
| Deferred revenues | 411 | 1,713 | (1,131 | ) |
| Billings in excess of recognized revenues | 1,267 | (343 | ) | (464 | ) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 28,526 | 27,089 | 25,363 |
| Investing activities: |
| Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment | — | 285 | — |
| Purchases of property and equipment | (4,784 | ) | (3,958 | ) | (4,628 | ) |
| Purchases of intangible asset | (400 | ) | — | — |
| Payments for business acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (5,152 | ) | — | — |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (10,336 | ) | (3,673 | ) | (4,628 | ) |
| Financing activities: |
| Payments of obligations assumed in business acquisition | (347 | ) | — | — |
| Exercise of stock options | 5,039 | 3,225 | 5,339 |
| Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan | 1,379 | 1,437 | 1,317 |
| Purchases of treasury stock | (14,525 | ) | (3,566 | ) | —— |
| Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense | 1,034 | 1,635 | 353 |
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (7,420 | ) | 2,731 | 7,009 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (76 | ) | (54 | ) | (10 | ) |
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 10,694 | 26,093 | 27,734 |
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 115,464 | 89,371 | 61,637 |
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 126,158 | $ | 115,464 | $ | 89,371 |
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |
| Cash paid during the year for: |
| Taxes | $ | 4,983 | $ | 4,222 | $ | 4,747 |
| Interest | $ | 16 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Property and equipment received and accrued in accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities | $ | 224 | $ | 212 | $ | 312 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
41
PDF SOLUTIONS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| Computer equipment (years) | 3 |
| Software (years) | 3 |
| Furniture, fixtures, and equipment (years) | 5 | - | 7 |
| Leasehold improvements | Shorter of estimated useful life or term of lease |
| Balance at Beginning of Period | Charged to Costs and Expenses | Deductions/ Write-offs of Accounts | Balance at End of Period |
| Allowance for doubtful accounts |
| 2015 | $ | 381 | $ | — | $ | 82 | $ | 299 |
| 2014 | $ | 354 | $ | 27 | $ | — | $ | 381 |
| 2013 | $ | 351 | $ | 3 | $ | — | $ | 354 |

| (in thousands) | Amortization period (years) |
| Consideration |
| Cash | $ | 5,264 |
| Fair value of total consideration transferred | $ | 5,264 |
| Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 112 |
| Accounts receivable and other assets | 208 |
| Deferred tax assets, net | 261 |
| Identifiable intangible assets: |
| Customer relationship | 2,500 | 9 |
| Developed technology | 2,300 | 6 |
| Tradename | 100 | 2 |
| Backlog | 100 | 1 |
| Property and equipment | 378 |
| Accounts payable and other liabilities | (818 | ) |
| Debt obligations assumed | (347 | ) |
| Total identifiable net assets | 4,794 |
| Goodwill | 470 |
| $ | 5,264 |

| December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 |
| Computer equipment | $ | 9,188 | $ | 9,817 |
| Software | 1,713 | 3,369 |
| Furniture, fixtures, and equipment | 907 | 756 |
| Leasehold improvements | 1,126 | 1,127 |
| Test equipment | 7,214 | 6,401 |
| Construction-in-progress | 4,777 | 2,405 |
| 24,925 | 23,875 |
| Accumulated depreciation | (13,600 | ) | (15,043 | ) |
| Total | $ | 11,325 | $ | 8,832 |

47
| December 31, 2015 |
| Balance as of December 31, 2014 | $ | - |
| Add: Goodwill from acquisition | 470 |
| Goodwill adjustment | (255 | ) |
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 215 |
| December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 |
| Amortization Period (Years) | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount |
| Acquired identifiable intangibles: |
| Customer relationships | 1 | - | 9 | $ | 5,920 | $ | (3,547 | ) | $ | 2,373 | $ | 3,420 | $ | (3,420 | ) | - |
| Developed technology | 4 | - | 6 | 14,100 | (11,976 | ) | 2,124 | 11,800 | (11,800 | ) | - |
| Tradename | 2 | - | 4 | 610 | (533 | ) | 77 | 510 | (510 | ) | - |
| Backlog | 1 | 100 | (46 | ) | 54 | - | - | - |
| Patent | 7 | - | 10 | 1,800 | (1,400 | ) | 400 | 1,400 | (1,400 | ) | - |
| Other acquired intangibles | 4 | 255 | (255 | ) | - | 255 | (255 | ) | - |
| Total | $ | 22,785 | $ | (17,757 | ) | $ | 5,028 | $ | 17,385 | $ | (17,385 | ) | - |
| Year Ending December 31, |
| 2016 | 805 |
| 2017 | 728 |
| 2018 | 701 |
| 2019 | 701 |
| 2020 | 701 |
| 2021 and Thereafter | 1,392 |
| Total future amortization expense | $ | 5,028 |

| Year Ending December 31, |
| 2016 | $ | 1,850 |
| 2017 | 1,420 |
| 2018 | 806 |
| 2019 | 71 |
| 2020 | 18 |
| 2021 and thereafter | 61 |
| Total future minimum lease payments | $ | 4,226 |

| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| Cost of Design-to-silicon-yield solutions | $ | 3,914 | $ | 3,419 | $ | 2,736 |
| Research and development | 2,275 | 1,709 | 1,583 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 3,567 | 3,419 | 2,374 |
| Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 9,756 | $ | 8,547 | $ | 6,693 |
| Stock Plans | Employee Stock Purchase Plan |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| Expected life (in years) | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
| Volatility | 45.8 | % | 44.0 | % | 54.1 | % | 50.1 | % | 33.4 | % | 45.3 | % |
| Risk-free interest rate | 1.37 | % | 1.54 | % | 1.03 | % | 0.34 | % | 0.21 | % | 0.19 | % |
| Expected dividend | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Outstanding Options |
| Number of Options (in thousands) | Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) |
| Outstanding, January 1, 2013 | 3,810 | 6.91 |
| Granted (weighted average fair value of $7.75 per share) | 77 | 17.12 |
| Exercised | (871 | ) | 6.13 |
| Canceled | (114 | ) | 8.76 |
| Expired | (22 | ) | 5.98 |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2013 | 2,880 | 7.35 |
| Granted (weighted average fair value of $6.66 per share) | 28 | 17.40 |
| Exercised | (509 | ) | 6.33 |
| Canceled | (40 | ) | 10.03 |
| Expired | (7 | ) | 7.41 |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2014 | 2,352 | 7.65 |
| Granted (weighted average fair value of $5.45 per share) | 93 | 13.88 |
| Exercised | (655 | ) | 7.70 |
| Canceled | (23 | ) | 12.95 |
| Expired | (3 | ) | 12.91 |
| Outstanding, December 31, 2015 | 1,764 | 7.88 | 5. 14 | $ | 6,210 |
| Vested and expected to vest, December 31, 2015 | 1,754 | 7.84 | 5. 12 | $ | 6,207 |
| Exercisable, December 31, 2015 | 1,560 | 7.29 | 4.77 | $ | 6,040 |
| Shares (in thousands) | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value |
| Nonvested, January 1, 2013 | 450 | 7.97 |
| Granted | 562 | 18.25 |
| Vested | (217 | ) | 11.01 |
| Forfeited | (36 | ) | 11.08 |
| Nonvested, December 31, 2013 | 759 | 14.44 |
| Granted | 569 | 19.42 |
| Vested | (350 | ) | 14.43 |
| Forfeited | (37 | ) | 18.00 |
| Nonvested, December 31, 2014 | 941 | 17.38 |
| Granted | 720 | 15.92 |
| Vested | (453 | ) | 15.97 |
| Forfeited | (42 | ) | 17.27 |
| Nonvested, December 31, 2015 |
| 1,166 | 17.03 |

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| (In thousands) |
| U.S. |
| Current | $ | 2,022 | $ | 3,032 | $ | 719 |
| Deferred | 1,549 | 2,882 | 5,432 |
| Foreign |
| Current | 341 | 476 | 291 |
| Withholding | 3,089 | 3,103 | 3,830 |
| Deferred | 14 | 4 | 108 |
| Total provision | $ | 7,015 | $ | 9,497 | $ | 10,380 |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| Federal statutory tax provision | $ | 6,798 | $ | 9,786 | $ | 10,958 |
| State tax provision | 465 | 56 | 581 |
| Stock compensation expense | 677 | 540 | 393 |
| Tax credits | (4,166 | ) | (3,924 | ) | (5,424 | ) |
| Foreign tax, net | 3,111 | 3,170 | 3,884 |
| Change in valuation allowance | — | — | — |
| Other | 130 | (131 | ) | (12 | ) |
| Tax provision | $ | 7,015 | $ | 9,497 | $ | 10,380 |
| December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 |
| Deferred tax assets |
| Net operating loss carry forward | $ | 1,895 | $ | 533 |
| Research and development and other credit carry forward | 5,995 | 5,438 |
| Foreign tax credit carry forward | — | 1 |
| Accruals deductible in different periods | 3,046 | 3,021 |
| Intangible assets | 3,078 | 5,555 |
| Stock-based compensation | 2,474 | 2,861 |
| Valuation allowance | (6,205 | ) | (5,433 | ) |
| Subtotal | $ | 10,283 | $ | 11,976 |
| Deferred tax liabilities |
| Fixed assets | 10 | (632 | ) |
| Net Deferred tax assets | $ | 10,293 | $ | 11,344 |
| Amount |
| Gross unrecognized tax benefits, January 1, 2013 | $ | 9,553 |
| Increases in tax positions for current year | 1,052 |
| Increase in tax positions for prior years | — |
| Lapse in statute of limitations | (389 | ) |
| Gross unrecognized tax benefits, December 31, 2013 | 10,216 |
| Increases in tax positions for current year | 809 |
| Increases in tax positions for prior years | — |
| Lapse in statute of limitations | (597 | ) |
| Gross unrecognized tax benefits, December 31, 2014 | 10,428 |
| Increases in tax positions for current year | 720 |
| Increases in tax positions for prior years | 162 |
| Lapse in statute of limitations | (331 | ) |
| Gross unrecognized tax benefits, December 31, 2015 | $ | 10,979 |
| Balance at Beginning of Period | Charged to Costs and Expenses | Balance assumed in acquisition | Deductions/ Write-offs of Accounts | Balance at End of Period |
| Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |
| 2015 | $ | 5,433 | $ | 557 | $ | 215 | $ | — | $ | 6,205 |
| 2014 | 5,087 | 346 | — | — | 5,433 |
| 2013 | 4,708 | 379 | — | — | 5,087 |

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| Numerator: |
| Net income | $ | 12,407 | $ | 18,462 | $ | 20,929 |
| Denominator: |
| Basic weighted-average shares outstanding | 31,424 | 30,743 | 29,826 |
| Effect of dilutive options and restricted stock | 740 | 1,196 | 1,567 |
| Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding | 32,164 | 31,939 | 31,393 |
| Net income per share - Basic | $ | 0.39 | $ | 0.60 | $ | 0.70 |
| Net income per share - Diluted | $ | 0.39 | $ | 0.58 | $ | 0.67 |
| December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 |
| Outstanding options | 127 | 61 |
| Nonvested shares of restricted stock units | 714 | 19 |
| Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 255 | 50 |
| Total | 1,096 | 130 |

| Year Ended December 31, |
| Customer | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| A | 53 | % | 52 | % | 33 | % |
| B | * | 16 | % | 17 | % |
| C | 12 | % | 11 | % | 24 | % |
| December 31, |
| Customer | 2015 | 2014 |
| A | 65 | % | 51 | % |
| B | * | 21 | % |
| C | * | * | % |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| Revenues | Percentage of Revenues | Revenues | Percentage of Revenues | Revenues | Percentage of Revenues |
| United States | $ | 45,082 | 46 | % | $ | 44,963 | 44 | % | $ | 39,057 | 38 | % |
| Germany | 23,198 | 24 | 35,142 | 35 | 22,431 | 22 |
| South Korea | 10,629 | 11 | 5,667 | 6 | 20,953 | 21 |
| Rest of the world | 19,068 | 19 | 14,391 | 15 | 19,012 | 19 |
| Total revenue | $ | 97,977 | 100 | % | $ | 100,163 | 100 | % | $ | 101,453 | 100 | % |
| December 31, |
| 2015 | 2014 |
| United States | $ | 10,752 | $ | 8,240 |
| Rest of the world | 573 | 592 |
| Total long-lived assets, net | $ | 11,325 | $ | 8,832 |

56
| Level 1 - | Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. |
| Level 2 - | Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and market-corroborated inputs which are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. |
| Level 3 - | Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable. |
| Assets | Total | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Money market mutual funds | $ | 26,371 | $ | 26,371 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Assets | Total | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Money market mutual funds | $ | 26,356 | $ | 26,356 | $ | — | $ | — |

11. Employee Benefit Plan During 1999, the Company established a 401(k) tax-deferred savings plan, whereby eligible employees may contribute up to 15% of their eligible compensation with a maximum amount subject to IRS guidelines in any calendar year. Company contributions to this plan are discretionary; no such Company contributions have been made since the inception of this plan.
| Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
| (In thousands, except for per share amounts) |
| Total revenues | $ | 26,817 | $ | 23,210 | $ | 23,878 | $ | 24,072 |
| Gross profit | $ | 18,013 | $ | 13,322 | $ | 13,626 | $ | 13,992 |
| Net income | $ | 5,967 | $ | 2,149 | $ | 1,494 | $ | 2,797 |
| Net income per share: |
| Basic | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.07 | $ | 0.05 | $ | 0.09 |
| Diluted | $ | 0.18 | $ | 0.07 | $ | 0.05 | $ | 0.09 |
| Year Ended December 31, 2014 |
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
| (In thousands, except for per share amounts) |
| Total revenues | $ | 27,086 | $ | 24,610 | $ | 22,406 | $ | 26,061 |
| Gross profit | $ | 17,381 | $ | 15,763 | $ | 10,792 | $ | 16,513 |
| Net income | $ | 6,255 | $ | 4,696 | $ | 1,761 | $ | 5,750 |
| Net income per share: |
| Basic | $ | 0.21 | $ | 0.15 | $ | 0.06 | $ | 0.19 |
| Diluted | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.15 | $ | 0.05 | $ | 0.18 |

58
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| PDF SOLUTIONS, INC. |
| By: | /s/ John K. Kibarian |
| John K. Kibarian |
| President and Chief Executive Officer |
| (principal executive officer) |

| By: | /s/ Gregory C. Walker |
| Gregory C. Walker |
| Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer |
| (principal financial and accounting officer) |

Date March 1, 2016
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Date | Signature | Title |
| March 1, 2016 | /s/ JOHN K. KIBARIAN | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer |
| John K. Kibarian | (principal executive officer) |
| March 1, 2016 | /s/ GREGORY C. WALKER | Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer |
| Gregory C. Walker | (principal financial and accounting officer) |
| March 1, 2016 | /s/ LUCIO L. LANZA | Chairman of the Board of Directors |
| Lucio L. Lanza |
| March 1, 2016 | /s/ R. STEPHEN HEINRICHS | Director |
| R. Stephen Heinrichs |
| March 1, 2016 | /s/ JOSEPH R. BRONSON | Director |
| Joseph R. Bronson |
| March 1, 2016 | s/ KIMON MICHAELS | Director |
| Kimon Michaels |

59
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
| Exhibit Number | Description |
| 3.01 | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of PDF Solutions, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 9, 2001) |
| 3.02 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of PDF Solutions, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2005) |
| 4.01 | Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed September 6, 2001) |
| 10.01 | Form of Indemnification Agreement between PDF Solutions, Inc. and certain of its executive officers and directors (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed August 7, 2000) |
| 10.02 | Form of Indemnification Agreement between PDF Solutions, Inc. and certain of its senior executive officers and directors (incorporated herein by reference to the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 16, 2009)* |
| 10.03 | PDF Solutions, Inc. 2001 Stock Plan (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 10, 2007) and related agreements (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2011)* |
| 10.04 | PDF Solutions, Inc. 2001 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s proxy statement dated April 6, 2010)* |
| 10.05 | IDS Software, Inc. 2001 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan and related agreements (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed October 17, 2003)* |
| 10.06 | PDF Solutions Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to the registrant’s proxy statement dated April 15, 2014)* |
| 10.07 | Form of Stock Option Agreement (Non-statutory) under PDF Solutions, Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 15, 2012)* |
| 10.08 | Form of Stock Unit Agreement under PDF Solutions, Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 15, 2012)* |
| 10.09 | Form of Stock Appreciation Right Agreement under PDF Solutions, Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s filing on Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2012) |
| 10.10 | Employment confirmation to John Kibarian from PDF Solutions, Inc. dated October 13, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 15, 2012)* |
| 10.11 | Employment confirmation to Kimon Michaels from PDF Solutions, Inc. dated October 13, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 15, 2012)* |
| 10.12 | Offer Letter to Gregory Walker from PDF Solutions, Inc. dated November 1, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to registrar’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2011)* |
| 10.13 | Offer letter to Cornelius D. Hartgring from PDF Solutions, Inc. dated August 29, 2002 (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 26, 2003)* |
| 10.14 | Carmel Corporate Plaza Office Lease between PDF Solutions, Inc. and 15015 Avenue of Science Associates LLC dated as of April 1, 2003 (incorporated by reference to registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 14, 2003) |
| 10.15 | Riverpark Tower Office Lease between PDF Solutions, Inc. and Legacy Partners I Riverpark I, LLC, dated June 29, 2007 (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 17, 2008) |
| 10.16 | First Amendment to Office Lease dated June 1, 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to registrant’s filing on Form 8-K filed August 22, 2013) |
| 21.01 | Subsidiaries of Registrant † |
| 23.01 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm† |
| 31.01 | Certifications of the principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002† |
| 31.02 | Certifications of the principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002† |

60
| 32.01 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002† |
| 32.02 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002† |
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |

| * | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |
| † | filed herewith. |


Question: What is the percentage change of the Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs from October to December?

Python solution:
def solution():
    #Define variables name and value
    share_value_Oct = 15387 
    share_value_Dec = 10475 

    #Do math calculation to get the answer
    percentage_change = ((share_value_Dec - share_value_Oct) / share_value_Oct) * 100
    answer = percentage_change
    return answer


Answer: -31.923051927