Security Council resolution 2173 (2014) [on extension of the mandate of the AU/UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) until 30 June 2015)]
Symbol: S/RES/2173 (2014)
Date: 2014-08-27
Status: adopted
Agenda: S/69 [160] SUDAN--POLITICAL CONDITIONS
S/69 [204] AU/UN HYBRID OPERATION IN DARFUR
Subjects: AU/UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur|Joint Working Group on an Exit Strategy for the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)|PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS|INTERNAL SECURITY|DARFUR (SUDAN)|SUDAN|MILITARY PERSONNEL|STAFFING|HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE|HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARMED CONFLICTS|INFORMATION EXCHANGE|GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
Votes in favour: 15
Votes against: 0
Abstentions: 0
Voting record:
country: ARGENTINA
vote: yes
country: AUSTRALIA
vote: yes
country: CHAD
vote: yes
country: CHILE
vote: yes
country: CHINA
vote: yes
country: FRANCE
vote: yes
country: JORDAN
vote: yes
country: LITHUANIA
vote: yes
country: LUXEMBOURG
vote: yes
country: NIGERIA
vote: yes
country: REPUBLIC OF KOREA
vote: yes
country: RUSSIAN FEDERATION
vote: yes
country: RWANDA
vote: yes
country: UNITED KINGDOM
vote: yes
country: UNITED STATES
vote: yes

               United Nations                                                                     S/RES/2173 (2014)
               Security Council                                                 Distr.: General
                                                                                27 August 2014




               Resolution 2173 (2014)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 7250th meeting, on
               27 August 2014

                    The Security Council,
                     Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and presidential statements co ncerning
               the situation in Sudan and underlining the importance of full compliance with these,
                      Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and
               territorial integrity of Sudan and its determination to work with the Government o f
               Sudan, in full respect of its sovereignty, to assist in tackling the various challenges
               in Sudan,
                     Recalling the importance of the principles of the peaceful settlement of
               international disputes, good neighbourliness, non-interference and cooperation in
               the relations among States in the region,
                     Reaffirming the basic principles of peacekeeping, including consent of the
               parties, impartiality and non-use of force, except in self-defence and defence of the
               mandate, and recognizing that the mandate of each peacekeeping mission is specific
               to the country concerned,
                     Reaffirming its resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1674 (2006), 1738
               (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and 1502
               (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel; resolutions
               1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), 1998 (2011), 2068 (2012), and 2143 (2014) on children
               and armed conflict; resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889
               (2009), 1960 (2010), 2106 (2013), 2122 (2013) on women, peace, and security, and
               resolution 2086 (2013) on United Nations peacekeeping operations,
                     Expressing deep concern at the serious deterioration in the security situation
               overall so far in 2014, and the profound negative impact of this on civilians, in
               particular women and children, including through continued clashes between
               Government forces and rebel armed groups, an escalation of inter-tribal fighting and
               other local clashes, including with the involvement of paramilitary units and tribal
               militias, and an increase in criminality and banditry, further expressing deep
               concern that such clashes, including attacks by rebel groups and Government forces
               and aerial bombardment by the Government of Sudan, inter-tribal fighting, banditry
               and criminality continue to threaten civilians, while welcomin g a slight
               improvement in the security situation since May; and reiterating its demand that all

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               parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately end violence, including attacks on
               civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel,
                     Recalling its resolution 2117 (2013) and expressing concern at the threat to
               peace and security in Darfur arising from the illicit transfer, destabilizing
               accumulation and misuse of small arms and light weapons, and the continued threats
               to civilians posed by unexploded ordnance,
                     Expressing deep concern at the significant increase in population
               displacements this year and the consequent increase in humanitarian assistance and
               protection needs, with an estimated 359,000 newly displaced since January this year,
               around 260,000 of whom have been unable to return to their homes, alongside more
               than 2 million long-term Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs),
                    Recalling the commitments made by the Government of Sudan and other
               signatories to the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) to ensure the
               unimpeded access of humanitarian assistance to the population in need and the
               protection of humanitarian workers and their operations in areas under their control,
               as well as to guarantee the AU-UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)
               unimpeded freedom of movement in all areas and at all times in Darfur in the
               exercise of its mandate,
                     Further expressing concern that the suspension of operations or the
               withdrawal of some international humanitarian actors have left significant gaps in
               the delivery of humanitarian assistance, calling on the Government of Sudan to
               ensure humanitarian actors can operate in support of addressing basic needs, and
               calling on donors, the Darfur Regional Authority and the Government of Sudan to
               provide the financial resources necessary to reach those in need,
                    Reiterating that there can be no military solution to the conflict in Darfur, and
               that an inclusive political settlement is essential to re -establishing peace, and
               underscoring the importance of fully addressing the root causes of the conflict in the
               search for a sustainable peace, which should rapidly deliver real benefits for the
               Darfuri people, in this regard reiterating its support for the DDPD as a viable
               framework for the Darfur peace process, and for its accelerated implementation, and
               noting that this process and the national initiative for dialogue in Sudan could be
               complementary and mutually reinforcing processes,
                     Welcoming in this regard the announcement by President Bashir on 27 January
               of a national dialogue, noting that the modalities of such a dialogue should provide
               an opportunity to address the legitimate grievances of the people of Darfur, that the
               national dialogue has the potential to offer an opp ortunity to pave the way for
               lasting peace throughout Sudan, building on existing peace processes including the
               DDPD, noting the stated commitment of the Government of Sudan to an inclusive
               national dialogue, and calling for an enabling environment conducive to the national
               dialogue, which would constitute a key step towards achieving a credible,
               transparent, inclusive, nationally owned and Sudanese-led process; further calling
               on all parties to engage constructively with this process, urging all parties to refrain
               from any attempt to obstruct it, and looking forward to further developments
               towards the implementation of an inclusive dialogue process,
                     Deploring the fact that some armed groups have refused to join the peace
               process and are impeding the implementation of the DDPD, reiterating its demand
               for the release of members of the former movement of Mohamed Bashar, taken


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           captive in May 2013 by JEM-Gibril forces, and condemning any actions by any
           armed group aimed at forced overthrow of the Government of Sudan,
                Noting in this regard that UNAMID’s ability to facilitate progress in
           implementation of the DDPD is hampered by delays by the signatory parties and the
           absence of an inclusive political settlement between the government and
           non-signatory movements, urging the signatory parties to take the necessary
           remaining steps to implement the DDPD fully, expressing concern that the
           humanitarian and security situation, as well as lack of capacity of the Darfur
           Regional Authority, hinder the transition from relief to stabilization and
           development activities, urging donors and the Government of Sudan to honour their
           pledges and fulfil their obligations in a timely manner, including those commitments
           made at the conference in Doha in April 2013, welcoming the confirmation of the
           Government of Qatar of its pledge of USD88.5 million, and the transfer of
           USD10 million of this amount to the UN Darfur Fund in April, and affirming that
           development can support a lasting peace in Darfur,
                 Noting that local dispute resolution mechanisms play an important role in
           preventing and resolving inter-communal conflict, including conflict over natural
           resources, and urging an intensification of effective efforts to prevent local disputes
           leading to violence, with its corresponding impact on the local civilian populations,
           acknowledging the efforts of Sudanese authorities and local mediators to mediate in
           inter-tribal fighting, with support from UNAMID and the UN Country Team
           (UNCT), and urging their continued work,
                 Welcoming regional and other initiatives, undertaken in close interaction with
           the Government of Sudan, to address the root causes of the conflict in Darfur and to
           promote a sustainable peace, including the convening by the President of Chad,
           Idriss Deby Itno, of a second mediation forum in Um Jaras from 26 to 29 March
           2014, and encouraging the full coordination of such initiatives with the efforts of
           the Joint Special Representative,
                Underlining, without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility
           for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of the
           partnership between the United Nations and the African Union (AU), consistent with
           Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, with regard to the maintenance of
           peace and security in Africa, particularly in Sudan,
                 Calling on all parties to comply with their obligations under international
           human rights law and international humanitarian law, stressing the importance that
           the Council attaches to ending impunity including through ensuring accountability
           and bringing to justice the perpetrators of crimes committed by all parties in Darfur,
           urging the Government of Sudan to comply with its obligations in this respect,
           welcoming the ongoing investigations by the Special Prosecutor fo r Darfur
           appointed by the Government of Sudan and stressing the need for further progress in
           this regard, calling for swift progress on the draft Memorandum of Understanding
           providing for UNAMID and African Union observation of the proceedings of the
           Special Court, and calling on the Government of Sudan swiftly to investigate
           attacks against UNAMID and to bring the perpetrators to justice,
                Reaffirming its concern over the negative effect of ongoing violence in Darfur
           on the stability of Sudan as a whole as well as the region, welcoming the ongoing
           good relations between Sudan and Chad, including on border control, and



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               encouraging Sudan, Chad and the Central African Republic to continue to cooperate
               in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and the wider region,
                    Commending the efforts of UNAMID towards promoting peace and stability in
               Darfur, and reiterating its full support for UNAMID,
                   Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 22 July 2014 (S/2014/515)
               on UNAMID,
                     Welcoming the announcement by the Secretary-General on 2 July 2014 of a
               review, following recent serious allegations against UNAMID, looking forward to
               the swift and thorough implementation of this review and stressing the importance
               of prompt and effective action on the results of that review, if necessary,
                    Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international
               peace and security,
                     1.    Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID, as set out in resolution
               1769, for a further 10 months to 30 June 2015, in order to align the renewal cycle
               with the decision of the AU Peace and Security Council of 9 July 2014, reiterates its
               endorsement of UNAMID’s revised strategic priorities as set out in paragraph 4 of
               resolution 2148 (2014) and requests that UNAMID continue to align all its activity
               and direct the use of its resources to the achievement of these priorities;
                     2.    Notes that certain elements of UNAMID’s mandate and tasks, as
               authorized in resolution 1769 (2007), which decided that the mandate of UNAMID
               shall be as set out in paragraphs 54 and 55 of the report of the Secretary -General
               and the Chairperson of the African Union Commission of 5 June 2007
               (S/2007/307/Rev.1), are no longer relevant, namely those enumerated in paragraphs
               54 (h), 55 (a) (v), 55 (b) (ii-iii), and 55 (b) (v) of that report;
                    3.   Commends the efforts of the Joint Special Representative to revitalize the
               peace process and to increase its inclusiveness, guided by the Framework for AU
               and United Nations facilitation of the Darfur Peace Process, including through
               renewed engagement of the non-signatory movements, and emphasizes the
               importance of the Joint Special Representative’s strengthened coordination with the
               AU High-level Implementation Panel and the United Nations Special Envoy for
               Sudan and South Sudan in synchronising their mediation efforts while taking into
               account ongoing transformation at the national level;
                    4.    Decides that UNAMID shall consist of up to 15,845 military personnel,
               1,583 police personnel and 13 formed police units of up to 140 personnel each;
                     5.    Welcomes the steps taken so far by UNAMID to implement the review of
               UNAMID conducted pursuant to resolution 2113 (2014); requests continued swift
               and full implementation of the review, including the streamlining of all UNAMID’s
               components and aligning of activities to support achievement of its strategic
               priorities, and the discontinuing of all other tasks not aligned to the Mission’s
               strategic priorities; stresses the importance of the appropriate distribution of tasks
               and coordination between UNAMID and the UNCT in order to implement the
               review of UNAMID; and requests a detailed update on the streamlining of the
               civilian component by 15 September 2014;
                    6.    Urges the Secretary-General and the AU to expedite the appointment of
               personnel for UNAMID leadership vacancies;



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                 7.    Requests the Secretary-General, in close consultation with the AU, and
           seeking perspectives from all relevant parties, to conduct an analysis of
           implementation of the review of UNAMID, including specific achiev ements reached
           under the revised strategic priorities, progress in addressing the challenges facing
           the Mission, as identified by the review, any significant developments in the
           situation in Darfur and their impact on UNAMID’s mandate and tasks, and an
           analysis of those tasks that remain relevant and on the fulfilment of which the
           UNCT has comparative advantage, with a road map to transfer those tasks to the
           fullest extent possible to the UNCT, taking into account the contributions of donors
           and other relevant actors; requests that he present this analysis, together with
           recommendations for the future mandate, composition, configuration and exit
           strategy of UNAMID, as well as for its relationship with other UN actors in Darfur
           and Sudan, by 28 February 2015; and expresses its intention to take decisions
           accordingly on the future of UNAMID and to make necessary changes fully and
           promptly following presentation of the Secretary-General’s analysis and
           recommendations;
                 8.   Underlines that UNAMID should continue to give priority in decisions
           about the use of available capacity and resources to: (a) the protection of civilians
           across Darfur, including women and children, through, and without prejudice to the
           agreed basic principles of peacekeeping, inter alia, continuing to move to a more
           preventive and pre-emptive posture in pursuit of its priorities and in active defence
           of its mandate; enhanced early warning; proactive military deployment and active
           and effective patrolling in areas at high risk of conflict and h igh concentration of
           IDPs; more prompt and effective responses to threats of violence against civilians,
           including through regular reviews of the geographic deployment of UNAMID’s
           force; securing IDP camps, adjacent areas and areas of return, including
           development and training of community policing; and (b) ensuring safe, timely and
           unhindered humanitarian access, and the safety and security of humanitarian
           personnel and activities, in accordance with relevant provisions of international law
           and the UN guiding principles of humanitarian assistance; and requests UNAMID to
           maximize the use of its capabilities, in cooperation with the UNCT and other
           international and non-governmental actors, in the implementation of its missionwide comprehensive strategy for the achievement of these objectives;
                9.    Emphasizes UNAMID’s Chapter VII mandate, as defined in resolution
           1769, to deliver its core tasks to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary
           responsibility of the Government of Sudan and to ensure the fre edom of movement
           and security of UNAMID’s own personnel and humanitarian workers; recalls that
           UNAMID is authorized to take all the necessary action in fulfilment of this
           mandate; and urges UNAMID to deter any threats against itself and its mandate;
                10. Welcomes that some progress has been made in implementation of some
           elements of the DDPD, including steps towards the verification and integration of
           Liberation and Justice Movement and Justice and Equality Movement -Sudan
           combatants under the DDPD security arrangements, but deplores continuing serious
           delays in overall implementation of the DDPD; urges the signatory parties to
           implement the DDPD in full, including by ensuring that the institutions established
           under it are resourced and empowered to carry out their mandates; welcomes in this
           regard the inauguration on 15 June 2014 of the Justice, Truth and Reconciliation
           Commission, and stresses the importance of its effective work; demands that the
           non-signatory armed groups refrain from impeding the impleme ntation of the


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               DDPD; and encourages UNAMID, in accordance with its revised strategic
               priorities, and the UNCT to continue to engage fully in support of implementation
               of the DDPD;
                     11. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur, including in particular
               all the non-signatory armed groups, and other groups immediately cease all acts of
               violence, and commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire, in order to
               bring a stable and durable peace to the region;
                      12. Reaffirms its support for a Darfur-based internal dialogue that takes place
               in an environment of full respect for the civil and political rights of participants,
               including the full and effective participation of women; welcomes the launch of the
               Implementation Committee of the Darfur Internal Dialogue and Consultation (DIDC)
               on 26 May; expresses concern that prevailing insecurity, lack of adequate funding,
               and intimidation of participants could undermine effective implementation of the
               DIDC; calls on the Government of Sudan and the armed groups to ensure the
               necessary enabling environment; and requests UNAMID to continue to support,
               monitor and report on the development of the DIDC and the overall environment
               for it;
                     13. Calls for an urgent end to inter-tribal clashes, criminality and banditry
               that affect civilians, and further calls for reconciliation and dialogue; expresses deep
               concern over the proliferation of arms, in particular small arms and light weapons;
               requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanis ms,
               including with civil society mechanisms, and to continue to cooperate in this context
               with the Panel of Experts established by resolution 1591 (2005) in order to facilitate
               their work;
                     14. Commends UNAMID troop- and police-contributing countries; welcomes
               that some progress has been made in addressing contingent-owned equipment and
               self-sustainment shortfalls, but expresses concern that significant shortfalls remain;
               and calls for continued efforts by UNAMID, the Secretariat and troop- and policecontributing countries to address such shortfalls, including by providing appropriate
               training and resources to fulfil priority protection functions, especially in areas
               necessary for contingents’ temporary deployment capability and ability to conduct
               long-range patrols;
                     15. Strongly condemns all attacks on UNAMID, while noting the significant
               decline in fatal attacks on UNAMID since August 2013; underlines that any attack
               or threat of attack on UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that there be no
               recurrence of such attacks and that those responsible be held to account following
               prompt and thorough investigation; urges UNAMID to take all necessary measures
               within its rules of engagement to protect UN personnel and equipment; condemns
               the ongoing impunity for those who attack peacekeepers, and in this regard urges
               the Government of Sudan to do its utmost to bring all perpetrators of any such
               crimes to justice and to cooperate with UNAMID to this end;
                     16. Welcomes the improved cooperation between UNAMID and the
               Government of Sudan, and a sustained and more effective approach by UNAMID,
               which have resulted in improvements in mandate implementation, including through
               the more timely issuance of visas and a considerab le recent reduction of movement
               restrictions on UNAMID; reiterates its deep concern that hindrances nevertheless
               remain to UNAMID in the implementation of its mandate, including movement and



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           access restrictions, caused by insecurity, acts of criminality an d movement
           restrictions by Government forces, armed movements and militia groups; calls on
           all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to UNAMID’s full and proper discharge
           of its mandate, including by ensuring its security and freedom of movement; and i n
           this regard, demands that the Government of Sudan comply with the Status of
           Forces Agreement fully and without delay, particularly provisions relevant to the
           movement of patrols in conflict-affected areas and flight clearances, building on the
           recent improvement in these areas, as well as those provisions relevant to the
           removal of obstacles to the use of UNAMID aerial assets, and the timely processing
           of UNAMID’s equipment at the port of entry to Sudan;
                 17. Demands that all parties in Darfur immediately end attacks targeting
           civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their
           obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law; and affirms the
           Council’s condemnation of all violations of international humanitarian law and
           violations and abuses of human rights;
                 18. Expresses serious concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation in
           Darfur, and at the threats to and attacks on humanitarian personnel and facilities;
           welcomes that, despite multiple challenges, humanitarian access improved in the
           months of April and May compared to the first quarter of 2014, including progress
           in accessing part of the Jebel Marra area through the recent inter-agency mission to
           Guldo; expresses concern that access to some conflict areas where vulnerable
           populations reside remains restricted and that some conflict areas are inaccessible,
           including in North and Central Darfur and eastern Jebel Marra, due to insecurity,
           acts of criminality and movement restrictions by Government forces, arm ed
           movements and militia groups; welcomes that humanitarian organizations are able to
           deliver some aid to most people in need of assistance in Darfur; deplores the
           continued restrictions on humanitarian access in Darfur resulting from increased
           insecurity, attacks against humanitarian workers, denial of access by the parties to
           the conflict and bureaucratic impediments imposed by the Government of Sudan;
           further expresses concern over the insufficient availability of funding for
           humanitarian actors; stresses the need for the timely issuance of visas and travel
           permits for humanitarian organizations; and demands that the Government of Sudan,
           all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders ensure the safe, timely and
           unhindered access of humanitarian organizations and relief personnel, and the
           delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need, in accordance with the
           relevant provisions of international law and United Nations guiding principles of
           humanitarian assistance, including humanity, impartiality, neutrality and
           independence;
                 19. Condemns increased human rights violations and abuses in, and relating
           to, Darfur, including those involving extrajudicial killings, the excessive use of
           force, abduction of civilians, acts of sexual- and gender-based violence, violations
           and abuses against children, and arbitrary arrests and detentions; expresses deep
           concern about the situation of all those so detained, including civil society members
           and IDPs; emphasizes the importance of ensuring, within its current mandate,
           UNAMID’s and other relevant organizations’ ability to monitor such cases; and in
           this regard urges the Government of Sudan to extend even greater cooperation with
           UNAMID towards fulfilment of this goal and to provide accountability and acce ss
           to justice for victims; calls on the Government of Sudan fully to respect its



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               obligations, including by fulfilling its commitment to lift the state of emergency in
               Darfur, releasing all political prisoners and allowing free expression;
                     20. Requests UNAMID to continue to implement the Human Rights Due
               Diligence Policy, and to monitor, verify, and draw to the attention of the authorities
               abuses and violations of human rights, including those committed against women
               and children, and violations of international humanitarian law, and further requests
               enhanced, detailed, full and public reporting by the Secretary-General to the Council
               on this issue, as part of his regular 90-day reports;
                    21. Urges close coordination among UN missions in the region, includ ing
               UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the
               United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;
                     22. Emphasizes the importance of cooperation and information-sharing
               between UNAMID, UNMISS, MONUSCO, MINUSCA and relevant regional and
               international partners in addressing the regional threat including of the Lord’s
               Resistance Army, and recalls its encouragement to UNAMID, within existing
               capacities and consistent with its mandate, to cooperate and share information in
               this regard;
                     23. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for
               refugees and internally displaced persons, and of ensuring their full participation in
               the planning and management of these solutions; demands that all parties to the
               conflict in Darfur create the conditions conducive to allowing the voluntary,
               informed, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced
               persons, or, where appropriate, their local integration; calls in this regard for the
               reactivation of the Joint Verification Mechanism in order to verify the extent to
               which these returns are voluntary and informed in nature, and underlines the
               importance of addressing land issues for the realization of durable solutions in
               Darfur;
                     24. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately cease all acts of
               sexual and gender-based violence; further demands that the parties to the conflict
               make and implement specific and time-bound commitments to combat sexual
               violence, in accordance with resolution 2106 (2013); requests UNAMID to report on
               sexual and gender-based violence and actions taken to combat it, including through
               the timely appointment of Women Protection Advisers; requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the relevant provisions of resolution 1325 (2000), and
               subsequent resolutions on women, peace and securit y, are implemented, including
               supporting the full and effective participation of women during all stages of peace
               processes, particularly in conflict resolution, post-conflict planning and
               peacebuilding, including women’s civil society organizations, and t o include
               information on this in his reporting to the Council;
                     25. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately cease all violations
               and abuses against children, and develop and implement concrete and time -bound
               action plans to end and prevent the recruitment and use of children in violation of
               applicable international law, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure:
               (a) continued monitoring and reporting of the situation of children in Darfur; and
               (b) continued dialogue with the parties to the conflict towards the development and




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           implementation of the aforementioned action plans, in accordance with resolution
           1612 (2005) and subsequent resolutions on children and armed conflict;
                 26. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every 90 days
           following adoption of this resolution on UNAMID, including: information on the
           political, humanitarian and security situation in Darfur, including detailed reporting
           on incidents of violence and attacks against civilians, by whomsoever perpetrated;
           information on violations of the Status of Forces Agreement, as well as violations of
           international humanitarian law perpetrated by any party to the conflict;
           developments and progress towards achievement of UNAMID’s strategic priorities
           and benchmarks; developments and progress in addressing the challenges facing
           UNAMID as identified in the review of UNAMID; and on the implementation of
           this resolution;
                27.   Decides to remain seized of the matter.




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