Security Council resolution 2445 (2018) [on extension of the mandate of the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) until 15 May 2019]
Symbol: S/RES/2445 (2018)
Date: 2018-11-15
Status: adopted
Agenda: S/73 [217] UN INTERIM SECURITY FORCE FOR ABYEI
S/73 [160] SUDAN--POLITICAL CONDITIONS
S/73 [223] SOUTH SUDAN--POLITICAL CONDITIONS
S/ X Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan and South Sudan.
Subjects: UN Interim Security Force for Abyei|Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism (Sudan and South Sudan)|Charter of the United Nations (1945). Chapter VII|PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS|DEMILITARIZED ZONES|ABYEI (SUDAN)|SUDAN|SOUTH SUDAN
Votes in favour: 15
Votes against: 0
Abstentions: 0
Voting record:
country: BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)
vote: yes
country: CHINA
vote: yes
country: CÔTE D'IVOIRE
vote: yes
country: EQUATORIAL GUINEA
vote: yes
country: ETHIOPIA
vote: yes
country: FRANCE
vote: yes
country: KAZAKHSTAN
vote: yes
country: KUWAIT
vote: yes
country: NETHERLANDS
vote: yes
country: PERU
vote: yes
country: POLAND
vote: yes
country: RUSSIAN FEDERATION
vote: yes
country: SWEDEN
vote: yes
country: UNITED KINGDOM
vote: yes
country: UNITED STATES
vote: yes

               United Nations                                                                      S/RES/2445 (2018)
               Security Council                                                    Distr.: General
                                                                                   15 November 2018




               Resolution 2445 (2018)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 8400th meeting, on
               15 November 2018

                    The Security Council,
                    Recalling its previous resolutions and its presidential statements on the situation
               in Sudan and South Sudan, and in particular, resolutions 1990 (2011), 2024 (2011),
               2032 (2011), 2046 (2012), 2047 (2012), 2075 (2012), 2104 (2013), 2126 (2013),
               2156 (2014), 2179 (2014), 2205 (2015), 2230 (2015), 2251 (2015), 2287 (2016),
               2318 (2016), 2352 (2017), 2386 (2017), 2411 (2018), 2412 (2018), 2416 (2018), and
               2438 (2018) as well as presidential statements S/PRST/2012/19 and S/PRST/2013/14,
               and the Council’s press statements of 18 June 2012, 21 September 2012, 28
               September 2012, 6 May 2013, 14 June 2013, 14 February 2014, 17 March 2014, 11
               December 2014, and 27 November 2015,
                      Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, unity and
               territorial integrity of Sudan and South Sudan, and to the purposes and the principles
               of the Charter of the United Nations, and recalling the importance of the principles of
               good neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,
                     Reiterating that the territorial boundaries of States shall not be altered by forc e,
               and that any territorial disputes shall be settled exclusively by peaceful means,
               affirming the priority it attaches to the full and urgent implementation of all
               outstanding issues from the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), and underscoring
               that the future status of Abyei shall be resolved by negotiations between the parties
               in a manner consistent with the CPA and not by the unilateral actions of either party,
                     Underscoring that continued cooperation between the Government of the
               Republic of the Sudan and Government of the Republic of South Sudan is critical for
               peace, security and stability and the future relations between them, encouraging
               progress on improving bilateral relations and holding regular meetings of the Joint
               Political and Security Mechanism (JPSM) and other joint mechanisms, and calling on
               both governments to implement their commitments in the 20 June 2011 Agreement
               between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People ’s Liberation Movement on
               Temporary Arrangements for the Administration and Security of the Abyei Area, the
               29 June 2011 Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Government
               of South Sudan on Border Security and the Joint Political and Security Mechanism
               (JPSM), the 30 July 2011 Agreement on the Border Monitoring Support Mission
               between the Government of Sudan and the Government of South Sudan, the




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               27 September 2012 Agreements on Cooperation and Security Arrangements, and all
               subsequent decisions of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism (JPSM),
                     Commending the continued assistance provided to the parties by the African
               Union (AU), the AU High Level Implementation Panel (AUHIP), the
               Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the Federal Democratic Republic of
               Ethiopia, the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Sudan and South Sudan,
               whose responsibilities will be taken over by the Special Envoy of the Secretary -
               General for the Horn of Africa, and the United Nations Interim Security Force for
               Abyei (UNISFA),
                     Acknowledging that over the course of the seven years since establishment of
               UNISFA, the mission has been able to stabilize and demilitarize the Abyei Area and
               that UNISFA is now an interim security force with no viable exit strategy, and in this
               regard, taking note of the need to reconfigure the mission in order to create the space
               for a viable political process that would also serve as an exit strategy,
                     Noting that over the course of seven years the Government of Sudan and the
               Government of South Sudan have not made meaningful progress on the polit ical
               process outlined in the 2011 and 2012 agreements listed above, including the failure
               to hold regular meetings of the Abyei Joint Oversight Committee and to establish the
               Abyei Area Administration, and the Abyei Police Service,
                    Emphasizing the change in threat in the Abyei Area as characterized by the
               20 August 2018 Secretary-General’s letter (S/2018/778), and taking note of the
               security situation in the Abyei Area as characterized by the 15 October 2018
               Secretary-General’s report (S/2018/923),
                    Commending the UN Police for activities to advise and mentor the local
               population in absence of the Abyei Police Service, urging both parties to establish the
               Abyei Police Service, welcoming UNISFA’s enhanced role in fostering intercommunal
               dialogue, and urging all parties to continue these dialogues,
                     Commending the efforts of UNISFA in effectively carrying out its mandate,
               including by its ongoing facilitation of peaceful migration throughout the Abyei Area,
               conflict prevention, mediation and deterrence, and strongly underscoring the
               unacceptability of any attack on United Nations personnel, and reiterating that such
               attacks, which may constitute a war crime, should be swiftly and thoroughly
               investigated, and that those responsible should be held to account,
                     Recalling that the Security Council welcomed in resolution 2205 (2015) the
               decision of the Secretary-General to appoint a civilian head of mission,
                     Bearing in mind that people in the Abyei Area continue to rely on humanitarian
               assistance, that access for humanitarian organizations to reach people in need remains
               of crucial importance, and that humanitarian actors continue to provide assistance to
               182,000 people in the Abyei Area,
                     Recalling resolution 2378 (2017) and its request of the Secretary-General to
               ensure that data related to the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations, including
               peacekeeping performance data, is used to improve analytics and the evaluation of
               mission operations, based on clear and well-identified benchmarks, and further
               recalling resolution 2436 (2018) and its request of the Secretary-General to ensure
               that decisions to recognize and incentivize outstanding performance and decis ions
               regarding deployment, remediation, training, withholding of financial reimbursement,
               and repatriation of uniformed or dismissal of civilian personnel, are predicated on
               objective performance data,
                   Further recalling resolutions 1325 (2000) and subsequent resolutions on
               women, peace, and security and emphasizing that persistent barriers to full

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           implementation of these resolutions will only be dismantled through dedicated
           commitment to women’s empowerment, participation, and human rights, and through
           concerted leadership, consistent information and action, and support, to build
           women’s engagement in all levels of decision-making, also recalling resolution 2242
           and its aspiration to increase the number of women in military and police contingents
           of United Nations peacekeeping operations,
                 Expressing concern about the residual threat of landmines and explosive
           remnants of war in the Abyei Area, which hinders the safe return of displaced persons
           to their homes, safe migration, and livelihood activities,
                Recognizing that the current situation in Abyei and along the border between
           Sudan and South Sudan continues to constitute a threat to international peace and
           security,
                 1.    Decides to extend until 15 May 2019 the mandate of UNISFA as set out in
           paragraph 2 of resolution 1990 (2011) and acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of
           the United Nations, further decides to extend until 15 May 2019 the tasks of UNISFA
           as set out in paragraph 3 of resolution 1990 (2011);
                 2.    Recalls its decision in resolution 2412 (2018) to extend until 15 April 2019
           UNISFA’s mandate modification set forth in resolution 2024 (2011) and paragraph 1
           of resolution 2075 (2012), further recalls its decision in resolution 2438 (2018) that
           such extension shall be the final extension of support to the Joint Border Verification
           and Monitoring Mechanism (JBVMM) unless both parties demonstrate mea surable
           progress as outlined in paragraph 3 of resolution 2438 (2018), and calls on the parties
           to take those steps;
                 3.   Decides to reduce the authorized troop ceiling to 4,140 until 15 May 2019,
           and further decides to reduce the troop ceiling by 295 troops following the
           commencement of the deployment of increased police personnel as set forth in
           paragraph 4, and also decides that as of 15 April 2019, the authorized troop ceiling
           shall decrease by a further 557 troops, unless it decides to extend the mandate
           modification set forth in resolution 2024 (2011) and paragraph 1 of resolution 2075
           (2012), in accordance with paragraph 2 of resolution 2438 (2018);
                 4.    Decides to increase the authorized police ceiling established in resolution
           1990 (2011) to 345 police personnel, including 185 individual police officers and one
           formed police unit, requests the United Nations to take necessary steps to
           expeditiously deploy additional police in order to meet the new authorized police
           ceiling of 345, demands that the Governments of Sudan and South Sudan provide full
           support to UNISFA in the deployment of these personnel, including by promptly
           issuing visas, and expresses its intention to reduce the authorized police ceiling as the
           Abyei Police Service is gradually established and effectively providing rule of law
           throughout the Abyei area;
                 5.   Expresses its intention to request the Secretary-General to appoint a
           civilian Deputy Head of Mission for UNISFA to support steps to implement the
           Agreement on Temporary Arrangements for the Administration and Security of Abyei
           Area and to achieve a political resolution to the status of Abyei, unless the Parties
           make progress towards a political solution;
                6.    Expresses its intention to continue revising as appropriate the
           configuration and mandate of UNISFA in light of recommendations from the
           Secretary-General, including recommendations contained in the 22 April 2018 and
           20 August 2018 letters, and based on progress towards implementation of the
           Cooperation Agreements of 27 September 2012 and settlement of the final status of
           Abyei in a manner consistent with the CPA;


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                     7.   Expresses disappointment that the parties have taken few steps to
               implement the Agreement on Temporary Arrangements for the Administration and
               Security of Abyei Area and to achieve a political resolution to the status of Abyei, and
               requests the parties update the AUHIP and the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General
               for the Horn of Africa on the steps outlined below and invites the AUHIP and the
               Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to update it by 15 April 2019 on the steps
               taken towards the following:
                         1.    Resolution of the final status of Abyei to include steps towards
                    considering the 2012 proposal made by AUHIP, noting, in particular the AU
                    Peace and Security Council (AUPSC) Communiqués of 24 October 2012,
                    26 October 2013 and 6 February 2018,
                          2.    Implementation of all Abyei Joint Oversight Committee (AJOC)
                    decisions, in accordance with the Agreement on Temporary Administrative and
                    Security Arrangements for the Abyei Area of June 2011,
                          3.   Steps the AU Commission has taken to submit to the AUPSC the
                    findings and recommendations of the Abyei Area Joint Investigation and Inquiry
                    Committee as requested by the AUPSC in its Communiqué of 31 July 2015, and
                    steps taken to promote reconciliation and engagement of the Misseriya and
                    Ngok Dinka communities;
                     8.     Urges continued progress towards the establishment of the Abyei Area
               interim institutions, in accordance with the Agreement on Temporary Administrative
               and Security Arrangements for the Abyei Area of June 2011, takes note, in particular,
               that in the absence of an Abyei Police Service, UNISFA continues to be the only entity
               to provide policing services in response to matters of law and order, further takes note
               of the mapping exercise from 30 November 2017 to 2 February 2018 by UN Police
               in conjunction with UN Agencies, Funds and Programme s and traditional leaders of
               both communities for the eventual establishment of an Abyei Police Service,
               recognizes the appointment of relevant officials by the two governments to participate
               in a joint integrated planning exercise and development of a roa d map towards
               establishment of the Abyei Police Service, and urges the Governments of Sudan and
               South Sudan to participate in such an exercise by 15 April 2019;
                     9.   Encourages the AUHIP and the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to
               continue coordinating efforts to facilitate full implementation of the 2011 agreements,
               and further encourages UNISFA to coordinate with the AUHIP and the Special Envoy
               of the Secretary-General on reconciliation, community sensitization, and political
               peace processes;
                    10. Welcomes renewed efforts to determine conclusively the Safe Demilitarized
               Border Zone (SDBZ) centreline on the ground, and reiterates that the centreline of
               the SDBZ in no way prejudices the current or future legal status of the border, ongoing
               negotiations on the disputed and claimed areas, and demarcation of the borders;
                     11. Underscores that UNISFA’s protection of civilians mandate as set out in
               paragraph 3 of resolution 1990 (2011) includes taking the necessary actions to protect
               civilians under imminent threat of physical violence, irrespective of the source of
               such violence, and in that regard underlines that peacekeepers are authorized to use
               all necessary means, which includes the use of force when required, in order to protect
               civilians under threat of physical violence, in accordance with mission mandates, the
               United Nations Charter and other applicable international law, and stresses the
               importance of continued and further engagement by senior mi ssion leadership, with
               a view to ensuring that all mission components and all levels of the chain of command
               are properly informed of, trained for, and involved in the mission ’s protection of



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           civilians mandate and their relevant responsibilities; and commending UNISFA’s
           efforts in that regard;
                  12. Condemns the intermittent presence of South Sudan security service
           personnel and the deployment of Diffra Oil Police units in the Abyei Area, in violation
           of the 20 June 2011 Agreement, as well as any entry of armed militias into the
           territory, and reiterates its demands that immediately and without preconditions the
           Government of South Sudan fully redeploy its security service personnel from the
           Abyei Area and that the Government of Sudan redeploy the Oil Police in Diffra from
           the Abyei Area, and further reiterates, in accordance with relevant resolutions, in
           particular resolution 1990 (2011) and resolution 2046 (2012), that the Abyei Area
           shall be demilitarized from any forces, as well as armed elements of the local
           communities, other than UNISFA and the Abyei Police Service;
                  13. Urges the two governments to take all necessary steps to ensure that Abyei
           is effectively demilitarized, including through disarmament programmes as necessary;
                 14. Reaffirms that UNISFA may undertake weapons confiscation and
           destruction in the Abyei Area as authorized under resolution 1990 (2011), consistent
           with its mandate and within its existing capabilities, in coordination with the
           signatories of the June 2011 Agreement on the Temporary Arrangements for the
           Administration and Security of the Abyei Area, the AJOC, and the Misser iya and
           Ngok Dinka communities and consistent with the previous AJOC decision to establish
           the Area as a “weapons free area”;
                 15. Requests UNISFA to continue its dialogue with the AJOC and with the
           Misseriya and Ngok Dinka communities on effective strategies and oversight
           mechanisms for ensuring full compliance by all relevant parties with Abyei ’s status
           as a weapons-free area, and calls upon the Governments of Sudan and South Sudan,
           the AJOC, and the Misseriya and Ngok Dinka communities to extend full cooperation
           to UNISFA in this regard;
                 16. Welcomes UNISFA initiatives, to support community dialogue and efforts
           by the Misseriya and Ngok Dinka communities, such as peace committees, to
           strengthen intercommunal relationships and facilitate stability and reconciliation in
           the Abyei Area, and invites UNISFA to coordinate with the Juba-appointed
           administration in Abyei and the Misseriya administration in Muglad, using
           appropriate civilian expertise, to maintain stability, foster intercommunal
           reconciliation, and facilitate the return of displaced persons to their village and the
           delivery of services;
                17. Urges the two Governments immediately to take steps to implement
           confidence-building measures among the respective communities in the Abyei Area,
           ensuring women are involved at all stages, including through reconciliation processes
           at the grass-roots level as well as through support for the ongoing efforts of
           non-governmental organizations engaging in peacebuilding, and by fully supporting
           UNISFA’s efforts in promoting community dialogue;
                 18. Underscores that women’s participation at all levels of intercommunity
           dialogue is critical to ensure a credible, and legitimate process and calls upon all
           parties to promote full and equal participation of women;
                 19. Welcomes UNISFA’s continued efforts, within existing capabilities and
           resources, and in close coordination with the Misseriya and Ngok Dinka communities,
           to strengthen the capacities of Community Protection Committees in order to assist
           with management of law and order processes in Abyei, while ensuring the humane
           and dignified treatment of suspects and other detainees, and to continue engagi ng
           with both governments on this issue;


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                     20. Welcomes the 14 November 2017 meeting of traditional leaders of Ngok
               Dinka and Misseriya communities, calls upon all parties to cooperate fully with the
               findings and recommendations following the Abyei Area Joi nt Investigation and
               Inquiry Committee’s investigation into the killing of a UNISFA peacekeeper and the
               Ngok Dinka Paramount Chief, following the release of findings by the AU
               Commission, welcomes the 24 March 2015 AUPSC press statement requesting the
               AU Commission to engage the parties on the findings and recommendations, and
               looks forward to the release of the African Union Commission’s report on the killing
               of the Ngok Dinka chief, as agreed to by the traditional leaders, and for the report to
               be used as a basis for reconciliation between the communities, bearing in mind the
               need to promote stability and reconciliation in the Abyei Area;
                     21. Calls upon all Member States, in particular Sudan and South Sudan, to
               ensure the free, unhindered and expeditious movement, to and from Abyei and
               throughout the SDBZ, of all personnel, as well as equipment, provisions, supplies and
               other goods, including vehicles, aircraft, and spare parts, which are for the exclusive
               and official use of UNISFA;
                     22. Renews its call upon the Governments of Sudan and South Sudan to
               provide full support to the United Nations, including by promptly issuing visas to
               military, police and civilian United Nations personnel, including humanitarian
               personnel, without prejudice to their nationality, for entry into Sudan and South
               Sudan, facilitating basing arrangements, infrastructure construction, including the
               Athony airport, in the Mission Area and flight clearances, and providing logistical
               support, calls upon the Governments of Sudan and South Sudan to facilitate travel
               from within Sudan and South Sudan to and from Abyei, and further calls upon all
               parties to fully adhere to their obligations under the Status of Forces Agreements;
                     23. Recognizes that the absence of development projects and the inability to
               deliver basic government services has had an adverse effect on Abyei populations,
               calls upon the Government of Sudan and the Government of South Sudan, as well as
               donors to support road maintenance, general reconstruction, and capacity -building,
               and welcomes the call in the Secretary-General’s letter (S/2018/778) for development
               projects that focus on reconciliation;
                     24. Demands that the Government of Sudan and the Government of South
               Sudan continue to facilitate the deployment of the United Nations Mine Action
               Service (UNMAS) to ensure freedom of movement, as well as the identification and
               clearance of mines in the Abyei Area and SDBZ;
                      25. Further demands that all parties involved allow all humanitarian personnel
               full, safe and unhindered access to civilians in need of assistance and all necessary
               facilities for their operations, in accordance with international law, including
               applicable international humanitarian law, and United Nations gu iding principles of
               humanitarian assistance;
                     26. Strongly urges that all parties cease all forms of violence, human rights
               violations and abuses, violations of international humanitarian law, and, in particular
               violations and abuses of applicable international law committed against women and
               children;
                     27. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure that effective human rights
               monitoring is carried out, including of any sexual and gender-based violence and
               violations and abuses of human rights, including those committed against women and
               children, and reiterates its call upon the Government of Sudan and the Government
               of South Sudan to extend their full cooperation to the Secretary-General to this end,
               including by issuing visas to the concerned United Natio ns personnel;



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                28. Requests the Secretary-General to seek to increase the number of women
           in UNISFA, as well as to ensure the meaningful participation of women in all aspects
           of operations;
                 29. Welcomes UNISFA’s progress identifying a Women and Child Protection
           Advisor and calls on the Governments of Sudan and South Sudan to promptly issue a
           visa for the advisor and facilitate travel within Sudan and South Sudan to and from
           Abyei and throughout the SDBZ;
                30. Welcomes the initiatives undertaken by the Secretary-General to
           standardize a culture of performance in UN peacekeeping, and reaffirms its support
           for the development of a comprehensive and integrated performance policy
           framework that identifies clear standards of performance for evaluating all Unit ed
           Nations civilian and uniformed personnel working in and supporting peacekeeping
           operations that facilitates effective and full implementation of mandates, and includes
           comprehensive and objective methodologies based on clear and well -defined
           benchmarks to ensure accountability for underperformance and incentives and
           recognition for outstanding performance, and calls on him to apply it to UNISFA;
                 31. Recalls its Presidential Statement S/PRST/2015/22 and its resolution 2272
           (2016) and requests the Secretary-General to take all necessary measures to ensure
           full compliance of UNISFA with the United Nations zero tolerance policy on sexual
           exploitation and abuse and to ensure that all personnel of the mission are vetted for
           history of sexual misconduct in the service with the United Nations and to keep it
           informed through his reports about UNISFA’s progress in this regard, and urges
           troop- and police-contributing countries to take appropriate preventative action
           including predeployment awareness training, and to promote full accountability in
           cases of such conduct involving their personnel;
                32. Notes the Secretary-General’s efforts to ensure close cooperation among
           United Nations missions in the region, including UNISFA, the United Nations
           Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS), and the African Union -United
           Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), as well as his Special Envoy for
           Sudan and South Sudan, and requests that he continue this practice including with the
           Special Envoy for the Secretary-General for the Horn of Africa;

           Reporting
                33. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to inform it of progress in
           implementing UNISFA’s mandate, in one written report, no later than 15 April 2019
           and include reporting on:
               • the progress in reduction of troops and increase in police per paragraphs 3 and 4,
               • the potential for an augmented civilian component in UNISFA to support the
                 political process per paragraph 5,
               • the movement of weapons into Abyei and the presence, destruction and
                 confiscation of weapons within Abyei per paragraph 14,
               • the steps that have been taken in line with paragraphs 28 and 30,
               • results of human rights monitoring as requested in paragraph 27, including
                 information, analysis, and data on violations and abuses of human rights,
               • steps which the parties have taken per paragraphs 7 and 8,
               • recommendations on revisions to UNISFA’s configuration and mandate, based
                 on consultation with all relevant stakeholders in order to create the space for a
                 viable political process that would serve as an exit strategy,


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                    • a summary of actions taken to improve mission performance and address
                      performance challenges including lapses in leadership, national caveats that
                      negatively affect mandate implementation effectiveness, and demanding
                      operational environments;
                    34. Requests the Secretary-General to inform it of progress in implementing
               UNISFA’s mandate, in a note, no later than 31 January 2019 and report on the
               progress in reduction of troops and increase in police per paragraphs 3 and 4;
                     35.   Decides to remain actively seized of this matter.




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