Appeal No. 886 of 1976.
From the Judgment and Order dated 11.5.
1976 of the Allahabad High Court in Second Appeal No. 3684 of 1966.
S.N. Kacker, R.B. Mehrotra and Miss Abha Jain for the Appellant.
Gobinda Mukhoty, S.K. Verma, R.S. Singh and P.A. Mishra for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINGH, J.
This appeal by special leave is directed against the Judgment of the High Court of Allahabad setting aside the judgment and decree of the first appellate court and decreeing the landlord 's suit for eviction against the appellant.
The appellant has been tenant of Kothi No. 196 situated in Dholki Mohalla, Sadar Bazar, Meerut Cantt.
ever since 1961 on a rent of Rs. 93 per mensem.
The tenanted premises was let out to the appellant for running a Dal and Oil Mill.
The respondents purchased the building from the erstwhile owners in 1963, a year later, they filed a suit for appel lant 's eviction on a number of grounds including the 972 ground that the appellant had made constructions materially altering the accommodation without their consent causing substantial damages to it.
It is not necessary to refer to other grounds as the sole ground which survived for the decree of eviction relates to the material alterations made in the tenanted premises without obtaining the consent of the landlord.
The disputed constructions include a partition wall in a hail converting the same into two portions and tin sheds shown by letters ABHG and CDGH.
The trial Court held that the partition wall in the hall did not constitute material alteration, it further held that the tin shed marked by letters ABHG had been constructed by the appellant with the consent of the erstwhile landlords predecessor in interest of the respondents but the tin shed marked with letters CDGH had been constructed by the Appellant subse quently without respondents ' consent, which materially altered the accommodation and on that findings the trial court decreed the suit.
On appeal, the Additional Civil Judge set aside the trial Court 's order and dismissed the respondents ' suit on the findings that none of the construc tions constituted material alteration justifying appellant 's eviction under sec.
14(c) of the U.P. Cantonment Rent Con trol Act 10 of 1952.
On a second appeal made by the respond ents a learned Single Judge of the High Court set aside the order of the first appellate court on the findings that the tin shed indicated by the letters CDGH as well as the parti tion wail made in the hall converting the same into two rooms, constituted material alteration as contemplated by the Sec.
14(c).
Since the constructions had been made with out permission of the respondent, the tenant was liable for eviction.
There is no dispute that the demised premises is sub ject to the provisions of the U.P. Cantonment Rent Control Act, 1952 (hereinafter referred to as the Act).
Section 14 of the Act imposes restriction on the landlord 's right to file suit for eviction of a tenant from any accommodation except on one or more of the grounds specified therein.
14(c) relevant for the purposes of this case reads as under: "Sec. 14: Restrictions on eviction: No suit shall, without the permission of the district Magistrate, be filed in any civil Court against a tenant for his eviction from any accommodation except on one or more of the following grounds, namely: (a) XXXXX (b) xxxxx 973 (c) that the tenant has without the permission of the land lord, made or permitted to be made any such construction as in the opinion of the court has materially altered the accommodation or is likely substantially to diminish its value ;" The Act does not permit a landlord to file suit for eviction of a tenant without obtaining permission of the District Magistrate but if the tenant, without the landlords permission made or permitted to make construction which in the opinion of the court has materially altered the accommo dation or which is likely to diminish its value substantial ly, the landlord is free to file suit for tenant 's eviction without obtaining permission of the District Magistrate.
If the tenant makes constructions which materially alter the accommodation, without the permission of the landlord the embargo placed on the landlord ' right to file suit is lifted and he is free to file suit for tenant 's eviction without obtaining permission of the District Magistrate.
It is the unauthorised constructions which provides cause of action for tenant 's eviction, but every construction or alteration made by a tenant in the building does not provide a ground for eviction; instead the constructions complained of, must be of such nature and character as to materially alter the accommodation.
Necessary facts which should be established by the landlord for obtaining a decree against the tenant under the said provision are that (1) the tenant has made constructions; (ii) such constructions have been made with out the consent of the landlord; and (iii) constructions so made have materially altered the accommodation.
These three conditions are cumulative in nature, each one of them are necessary to be established before a decree for eviction can be passed against the tenant.
So far as the first and second conditions are concerned, they do not present any difficulty as these are pure questions of fact, but difficulty arises in determining the third condition, namely whether the constructions constitute material alteration.
It is a vexed question which the Courts face very often.
The Act does not define either the word 'materially ' or the word 'altered '.
In the absence of any legislative defi nition of the aforesaid words it would be useful to refer to the meaning given to these words in dictionaries.
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines the word 'alter ' as change in character, position ' "Materially" as an adverb means 'impor tant ' essentially concerned with matter not with form.
In Words and Phrases (Permanent Edition) one of the meanings of the word 'alter ' is 'to make change, to modify, to change, change of a thing from one form and set to another.
The expression "alteration" with refer 974 ence to building means 'substantial ' change, varying, change the form or the nature of the building without destroying its identity".
The meaning given to these two words show that the expression 'materially altered ' means "a substan tial change in the character, form and the structure of the building without destroying its identity.
" It means that the nature and character of change or alteration of the building must be of essential and important nature.
In Babu Manmohan Das Shah & Ors.
vs Bishun Das, ; this Court considering the expression 'material alterations ' occurring in sec.
3(1)(c) of U.P. (Temporary) Control of Rent and Eviction Act, 1947 observed: "Without attempting to lay down any general definition as to what material alterations mean, as such, the question would depend on the facts and circumstances of each case, the alterations in the present case must mean material altera tions as the construction carried out by the respondent had the effect of altering the front and structure of the prem ises." In determining the question the Court must address itself to the nature, character of the constructions and the extent to which they make changes in the front and structure of the accommodation, having regard to the purpose for which the accommodation may have been let out to the tenant.
The Legislature intended that only those constructions which bring about substantial change in the front and structure of the building should provide a ground for tenant 's eviction, it took care to use the word 'materially altered the accom modation. ' The material alterations contemplate change of substantial nature affecting the form and character of the building.
Many a time tenants make minor constructions and alterations for the convenient use of the tenanted accommo dation.
The Legislature does not provide for their eviction instead the construction so made would furnish ground for eviction only when they bring about substantial change in the front and structure of the building.
Construction of a Chabutra, Almirah, opening a window or closing a verandah by temporary structure or replacing of a damaged roof which may be leaking or placing partition in a room or making similar minor alterations for the convenient use of the accommoda tion do not materially alter 'the building as in spite of such constructions the front and structure of the building may remain unaffected.
The essential element which needs consideration is as to whether the constructions are sub stantial in nature and they alter, the form, front and structure of the accommodation.
It is not possible to give exhaustive list of constructions which do not constitute material 975 alterations, as the determination of this question depends on the facts of each case.
In S.B. Mathur vs K.P. Gupta, construction of temporary wail enclosing verandah and putting up an iron jungala and placing a partition wall, temporary in nature was held not to constitute material alteration of the accommodation.
In Dr. J.G. Gupta vs Bodh Mal. 77 a Division Bench of the High Court held that temporary construction made by a tenant in the shape of kitchen and bathroom did not constitute material alterations as the same were temporary and they could be removed without causing any damage to the accommodation.
In Sita Ram Sharan and Anr.
vs Johri Mal & Anr., a Full Bench held that construction which converted the tenanted premises into double storey structure, materially altered the accommodation.
Another Division Bench of the High Court in Baldev Dass vs Ram Khilawan, [1979] Allahabad Law Reports 44 held that a partition wall in a shop converting the same into two portions for the convenient use of the same did not amount to material alteration.
These decisions were rendered on the facts available on the record of those cases.
In deciding this question the Court has to consider whether the constructions have been made with the consent of the land lord and if so, whether those constructions are of such substantial nature which make material alterations in the accommodation.
The findings of the court regarding construc tions would be finding of fact, but the question whether the constructions materially alter the accommodation is a mixed question of fact and law, which should be determined on the application of the correct principles.
In the instant case the disputed constructions which the High Court has found to be 'material alteration ' consists of a partition wall of 6 feet height in a hall converting the same into two rooms and a tin shed marked by letters CDGH on the Eastern side on the open land adjacent to the accommoda tion.
The trial Court held that the partition wall did not change the front or structure of the accommodation, it being temporary in nature, did not constitute material alterations in the accommodation.
This finding of the trial court was not challenged by the landlord before the Civil Judge.
But the High Court has held that the partition wall constituted 'material alteration '.
The findings recorded by the trial court and the relevant evidence placed before us by the parties clearly show that the partition wall did not actual ly partition the hall converting the same permanently into two rooms.
The partition wall was made without digging any foundation of the floor of the room nor it touched the ceiling, instead; it was a temporary wall of 6 feet height converting the big hall into two portions for its convenient 976 use, it could be removed at any time without causing any damage to the building.
The partition wail did not make any structural change of substantial character either in the form or structure of the accommodation.
The other disputed item relates to the construction of tin shed.
The respondents alleged that the appellant had constructed a tin shed shown by letters ABCD in the site plan attached to the plaint in an unauthorised manner with out obtaining his consent.
All the three courts have record ed concurrent finding that the tin shed shown by the letters ABCD consists of two portions.
One portion is shown by letters AGHB and the other shown by GHCD.
The trial court as well as the first appellate Court both have recorded find ings that the portion of the tin shed shown by letters CDGH had been constructed by the appellant without the consent of the respondent landlords, but the rest of the tin shed shown by the letters ABGH had been constructed by the appellant after obtaining permission of the Cantonment Board and the erstwhile landlord.
The First Appeal Court held that the tin shed shown by letters CDGH did not constitute material alteration as the constructions were temporary in nature which could be removed at any time without causing any damage to the accommodation.
The First Appeal Court further held that the basic stiucture of the accommodation let out to the appellant was not affected at all by the disputed tin shed as it had been constructed on the open land adjoining the accommodation and it was enclosed by Bamboo structure, and Kuchha wail which did not effect any change in the form or the structure of the tenanted building.
In second appeal the High Court held that since two sides of the tin shed were resting on the pucca wall it constituted a material alteration in the accommodation.
We have been taken through the Commissioner 's report filed before the Lower Court and on perusal of the same we find that the wail which had been constructed for the tin shed was kuchha, made of bricks and mud and the bamboo tatters were used for enclosing it.
The findings recorded by the First Appeal Court and the Commis sioner 's report make it evident that the tin shed was con structed on an open land, it was temporary in nature and it could be removed without causing any damage to the building.
One portion of the tin shed was already in existence on the open land adjacent to the accommodation, the appellant merely extended that tin shed which did not make any sub stantial change either in the form or structure of the building.
There is no material on record to sustain the findings of the High Court that the appellant had construct ed pucca wails on three sides of the tin shed; instead the Commissioner 's report is contrary to it.
In the circum 977 stances the construction of tin shed could not be held to have materially altered the accommodation.
Learned counsel for the respondent placed reliance on the Full Bench decision of the High Court in Sita Ram 's case (supra) where the question as to what constructions could materially alter the accommodation was considered.
The Full Bench held that conversion of a single storey shop into a double storied structure by constructing a pucca super structure on the roof of the shop materially altered the accommodation.
On the facts of that case, there could be no doubt that the tenant had made substantial constructions which changed the form, front and structure of the tenanted shop.
The High Court observed that the fact that a construc tion is permanent or temporary in nature does not affect the question as to whether the constructions materially alter the accommodation or not.
We do not agree with this view.
The nature of constructions, whether they are permanent or temporary, is a relevant consideration in determining the question of 'material alteration '.
A permanent construction tends to make changes in the accommodation on a permanent basis, while a temporary construction is on temporary basis which does not ordinarily affects the form or structure of the building, as it can easily be removed without causing any damage to the building.
The Full Bench referred to the observation of this Court made in Babu Manmohan Das Shah 's case (supra) that the alteration in a given case might not cause damage to the premises or its value or might not amount to an unreasonable use of leased premises, yet con struction may fall within the expression 'material altera tions '.
In our opinion the observations made in Babu Manmo han Das Shah 's case (supra) do not justify inference that the nature of the construction whether permanent or tempo rary is not relevant for the purpose of determining the 'material alterations ' made by a tenant.
Learned counsel then urged that this Court should not interfere with the findings of fact recorded by the High Court.
We find no merit in the submission.
The question whether disputed constructions constitute material altera tions is a mixed question of fact and law.
The High Court in second appeal interfered with the findings of fact recorded by the lower courts on the question whether tin shed and the partition wail constituted material alterations.
The learned Single Judge placing reliance on the observations of the Full Bench decision in Sita Ram 's case (supra) held that the disputed construction even though temporary in nature, which could be removed without causing any damage to the accommo dation, would fail within the mischief of material altera 978 tions.
The High Court committed error in interfering with the findings of the First Appeal Court.
We accordingly allow the appeal, set aside the order of the High Court and re store the judgment and decree of the First Appeal Court.
In the circumstances of the case there would be no order as to costs.
A.P.J. Appeal al lowed.

Summary:
The tenanted premises was let out to the appellant for running a Dal and Oil Mill.
The respondents purchased the building and a year later filed a suit for eviction, inter alia, alleging that the appellant had made material altera tions in the tenanted premises without their consent causing substantial damages to it.
The disputed construction includ ed a partition wall in a hall converting the same into two portions and tin sheds shown by letters ABHG and CDGH.
The trial Court decreed the suit holding that the parti tion wail in the hail did not constitute mateial alteration and that the tin shed marked by letters ABHG had been con structed with the consent of the erstwhile landlords but the tin shed marked with letters CDGH had been constructed subsequently without respondents ' consent, which materially altered the accommodation.
On appeal, the Additional Civil Judge found that none of the constructions constituted material alterations.
But on second appeal, the High Court held that the tin shed indicated by letters CDGH as well as the partition wall made in the hail converting the same into two rooms, consti tuted material alteration as contemplated by s.14(c) of the U.P. Cantonment Rent Control Act, 1952, justifying the eviction of the tenant.
Allowing the Appeal, HELD: (1) The order of the High Court is set aside and the Judgment and decree of the First Appellate Court are restored.
[978A] 969 (2) The U.P. Cantonment Rent Control Act, 1952 does not permit a landlord to file suit for eviction of a tenant without obtaining permission of the District Magistrate but if the tenant, without the landlord 's permission made or permitted to make construction which in the opinion of the Court has materially altered the accommodation or which is likely to diminish its value substantially, the landlord is free to file suit for tenant 's eviction without obtaining permission of the District Magistrate.
[973B C] (3) Necessary facts which should be established by the landlord for obtaining a decree against the tenant under the said provision are that (i) the tenant has made construc tion; (ii) such constructions have been made without the consent of the landlord; and (iii) constructions, so made have materially altered the accommodation.
These three conditions are cumulative in nature, each one of them is necessary to be established before a decree for eviction can be passed against the tenant.
[973D F] (4) The Act does not define either the word 'materially ' or the word 'altered '.
The expression 'materially altered ' means "a substantial change in the character form and the structure of the building without destroying its identity".
It means that the nature and the character of change or alteration of the building must be of essential and substan tial nature.
[973F; 974A B] Concise Oxford Dictionary; Words and Phrases (Permanent Edition) and Babu Manmohan Das Shah & Ors.
vs Bishun Das, ; , referred to.
(5) In determining the question the Court must address itself to the nature, character of the constructions and the extent to which the changes in the front and structure of the accommodation are made having regard to the purpose for which the accommodation may have been let out to the tenant.
[974D E] (6) The material alterations contemplate change of substantial nature affecting the form and character of the building.
Many a time tenants make minor constructions and alterations for the convenient use of the tenanted accommo dation.
The Legislature does not provide for their eviction, for such alterations.
[974E F] (7) Construction of a Chabutra, Almirah, opening of a window or closing a verandah by temporary structure or replacing of a damaged 970 roof which may be leaking or placing partition in a room or making similar minor alterations for the convenient use of the accommodation do not materially alter the building as in spite of such constructions the front and structure of the building may remain unaffected.
It is not possible to give exhaustive list of constructions which do not constitute material alterations, as the determination of this question would depend an the facts of each case.
[974F; 975A] S.B. Mathur vs K.P. Gupta, , Dr. J.G. Gupta vs Bodh Mal, [1969] Allahabad Law Jour nal 477, Sita Ram Sharan and Anr.
vs Johri Mal & Anr., & Baldev Das vs Ram Khila wan, [1979] Allahabad Law Reports 44, referred to.
(8) The findings regarding constructions would be find ing of fact, but the question whether the constructions materially alter the accommodation is a mixed question of fact and law, which should be determined on the application of the correct principles.
[975D E] (9) The nature of constructions, whether they 'are permanent or temporary, is a relevant consideration in determining the question of 'material alteration '.
A perma nent construction tends to make changes in the accommodation on a permanent basis, while a temporary construction is on temporary basis which do not ordinarily affect the form or structure of the buildings, as it can easily be removed without causing any damage to the building.
[977C E] Babu Manmohan Das Shah & Ors.
vs Bishun Das, ; , explained.
10(i) In the instant case, the findings recorded by the trial Court and the relevant evidence clearly show that the partition wall did not actually partition the hall convert ing the same permanently into two rooms.
The partition wall was made without digging any foundation of the floor of the room nor it touched the ceiling, instead it was a temporary wail Of 6 feet height converting the big hall into two portions for its convenient use, it could be removed at any time without causing any damage to the building.
The parti tion wail did not make any structural change of substantial character either in the form or structure of the accommoda tion.
[975G; 976A] 10(ii) The wail which had been constructed for the tin shed was kuchha, made of bricks and mud and the bamboo tatters were used for 971 enclosing it.
The findings recorded by the First Appellate Court and the Commissioner 's report make it evident that the tin shed was constructed on an open land, it was temporary in nature and it could be removed without causing any damage to the building.
One portion of the tin shed was already in existence on the open land adjacent to the accommodation, the appellant merely extended that in shed which did not make any substantial change either in the form or structure of the building.
There is no material on record to sustain the findings of the High Court that the appellant had con structed pucca walls on three sides of the tin shed; instead the Commissioner 's report is contrary to it [976F; 977A] (11) The Single Judge placing reliance on the observa tion of the Full Bench decision in Sita Ram 's case (supra) held that the disputed construction even though temporary in nature, which could be removed without causing any damage to accommodation, would fall within the mischief of material alterations.
The High Court committed error in interfering with the findings of the First Appellate Court.
[977G; 978A]