No. 90 of 1977 etc.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.) AND Review Petition No. 4 17 454/87 etc.
T.S. Krishnamurthi Iyer, C. Sitaramiah, L.N. Sinha, A.S. 884 Nambiar.
G. Narayana Rao, K. Ramkumar, K. Ram Mohan.
M.S. Guru.
Raj Rao, Subodh Markandeya, Ashok K. Sharma, M.S. Ganesh.
P.N. Misra, D.C. Taneja, B. Parthasarathi, B.B. Sawhney, P. Krishna Rao, B. Krishna Prasad, Ms. Malini, T.V.S.N .
Chari, Ms. Vrinda Grover, section Wasim A. Qadri, Naresh Mathur, Ms. Sunita, P.P. Singh and Ms. section Relan for the appearing parties.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BHAGWATI, C.J.
These writ petitions challenge the con stitutional validity of clause (5) of Article 371 D of the Constitution.
Though original when the writ petitions were filed.
the constitutional validity of clause (3) of Article 371 D was also assailed, this challenge was not pressed on behalf of the petitioners and the arguments were confined only to the challenge against the constitutional validity of clause (5) of that Article.
But in order to understand the true scope and ambit of the controversy raised before us in regard to the constitutional validity of clause (5), it is necessary for us to refer also to the provision enacted in clause (3) of Article 371 D. Clauses (3) and (5) of Article 371 D read as follows: "The President may, by order, provide for the Constitution of an Administrative Tribunal for the State of Andhra Pra desh to exercise such jurisdiction, powers and authority including any jurisdiction, power and authority which imme diately before the commencement of the Constitution (Thirty Second Amendment) Act, 1973, was exerciseable by any Court (other than the Supreme Court) or by any Tribunal or other authority as may be specified in the order with re spect to the following matters, namely: (A) . . (B) . . (C) . . (5) The order of the Administrative Tribunal finally dis posing of any case shall become effective upon its confirma tion by the State Government or on the expiry of three months from the date on which the order is made.
whichever is earlier; 885 Provided that the State Government may.
by special order made in writing for reasons to be specified therein, modify or annul any order of the Administrative Tribunal before it becomes effective and in such a case, the order of the Administrative Tribunal shall have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be." Article 371 D was introduced in the Constitution by the Constitution (Thirty Second Amendment) Act 1973 which came into force with effect from 1st July 1974.
The genesis of this Amendment made in the Constitution by introduction of Article 371 D lay in the formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh on 1st November 1956.
The State of Andhra Pradesh was constituted of portions of territories drawn from the erstwhile State, of Andhra and Hyderabad.
The territories from the erstwhile State of Hyderabad which were included in the State of Andhra Pradesh commonly known as the Telengana area.
Before the territories of the Telengana area were amalgamated with the other territories to form the State of Andhra Pradesh, there was a set of rules known as the Mulki Rules in operation in the Telengana area under the regime of the Nizam of Hyderabad and these rules provided for residen tial clarification for all public employment.
Soon after the formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh Parliament enacted Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act 1957 making special provision for requirement as to residence for public employment and brought it into force with effect from 21st March 1957.
The constitutional validity of this Act was challenged by some of the persons employed in the ministeri al services of the Andhra Pradesh Government in Narasimha Rao vs State of Andhra Pradesh, ; and this Court by its judgment dated 28th March 1969 held Section 3 of this Act in so far as it related to the Telengana area ultra vires clause (3) Article 16 of the Constitution.
This Court, however left open the question whether in view of the constitutional invalidity of this Act the Mulki Rules exist ing in the Telengana area could be said to be continuing in force by virtue of Article 35(b) of the Constitution.
This question, however, came up for consideration before this Court in Director of Industries and Commerce vs V.V. Reddy, ; This Court held that the Mulki Rules continued in force even after the formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh under Article 35(b) of the Constitution.
Meanwhile, however, there were two wide spread agitations one in the Telengana area and the other in the Andhra region of the State between 1969 and 1972, creating a political turmoil and virtually the paralysing administration of the State.
The political leaders of the State were considerably exercise over this situation and they made 886 concerted effort to find an endeavouring solution to this problem in order to secure full emotion integration of the people of the State.
21st September 1973 a six Point Formula was evolved by the political leaders to provide for a uniform approach for promoting accelerated development of the backward areas of the State so as to secure balanced development of the State as a whole and providing equitable opportunities to different areas of the State in the matter of education and employment in public services.
The imple mentation of this Six Point Formula envisaged inter alia amendment of the Constitution conferring power on the Presi dent of India in order to secure smooth implementation of the measures based upon the Six Point Formula without giving rise to litigation and consequent uncertainty.
It was in pursuance of this requirement that Article 371 D was intro duced in the Constitution in order to give effect to the Six Point Formula.
One of the measured contemplated in the Six Point Formula related to the setting up of an Adminis trative Tribunal with jurisdiction to deal with grievances relating to public services and clauses (3) to (8) of Arti cle 371 D gave effect to this proposal and provided for the establishment of an Administrative Tribunal and its consti tution and powers.
Pursuant to Clause (3) of Article 371 D, the President of India made an order on 19th May 1975 con stituting an Administrative Tribunal for the State of Andhra Pradesh with jurisdiction to deal with the service matters specified in that order.
No constitutional objection to the validity of Clause (3) of Article 371 D could possibly be taken since we have already held in S.P. Sampath Kumar vs Union of India and Ors., ; , decided on 9th December, 1986 that judicial review is a basic and essential feature of the Constitution and it cannot be abrogated without affecting the basic structure of the Constitution, but Parliament can certainly without in any way violating the basic structure doctrine amend the Constitution so as to set up an effective alternative institutional mechanism or arrangement for judicial review.
One of us (Bhagwati, CJ.) pointed out in the judgment delivered in that case that: "the basic and essential feature of judicial review cannot be dispensed with but it would be within the competence of Parliament to amend the Constitution so as to substitute in place of the High Court, another alternative institutional mechanism or arrangement for judicial review, provided it is not less efficacious than the High Court.
" We summarised the consti tutional position in regard to the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution with a view to taking up the juris diction of the High Court in the following words: 887 " . . if any constitutional amendment made by Parliament takes away from the High Court the power of judicial review in any particular area and vests it in any other institu tional mechanism or authority, it would not be violative of the basic structure doctrine, so long as the essential condition is fulfilled, namely, that the alternative insti tutional mechanism or authority set up by the parliamentary amendment is no less effective than the High Court.
" Parliament was therefore competent by enacting Clause (3) of Article 371 D to provide for setting up an Administrative Tribunal and excluding the jurisdiction of the High Court in regard to the matters coming within the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal, so long as the Administrative Tribunal was not less effective or efficacious than the High Court in so far as the power of judicial review is con cerned.
The constitutional validity of Clause (3) of Article 371 D could not therefore be successfully assailed on the ground that it excluded the jurisdiction of the High Court in regard to certain specified service matters and vested it in the Administrative Tribunal.
But the real controversy between the parties centered round the constitutional validity of Clause (5) of Article 371 D.
This clause provides that the order of the Adminis trative Tribunal finally disposing of the case shall become effective upon its confirmation by the State Government or on the expiry of three months.
from the date on which the order is made, whichever is earlier.
Standing by itself, this clause could not be regarded as in any way rendering the Administrative Tribunal less efficacious than the High Court because it would not be an extraordinary or unusual provision to lay down a period of time during which an order made by a tribunal may not be given effect to presumably in order to enable the State Government either to make arrange ments for implementing the order of the tribunal or to prefer an appeal against it.
But what really introduces an infirmity in Clause (5) of Article 371 D is the provision enacted in the proviso which says that the State Government may by special order made in writing and for reasons to be specified therein, modify or annul any order of the Adminis trative Tribunal before it becomes effective and in such a case, the order of the Administrative Tribunal shall have effect only in such modified form or be no effect, as the case may be.
The State Government is given the power to modify or annul any order of the Administrative Tribunal before it becomes effective either by confirmation by the State Government or on the expiration of the period of three months from the date of the order.
The State Government can at 888 any time before the expiry of three months from the date of the order modify or annul the order unless it has, by a prior signification of its will, confirmed the order.
It will thus be seen that the period of three months from the date of the order is provided in Clause (5) in order to enable the State Government to decide whether it would confirm the order or modify or annul it.
Now almost invaria bly the State Government would be a party in every service dispute brought before the Administrative Tribunal and the effect of the proviso to Clause (5) is that the State Gov ernment which is a party to the proceeding before the Admin istrative Tribunal and which contests the claim of the public servant who comes before the Administrative Tribunal seeking redress of his grievance against the State Govern ment, would have the ultimate authority to uphold or reject the determination of the Administrative Tribunal.
It would be open to the State Government, after it has lost before the Administrative Tribunal, to set at naught the decision given by the Administrative Tribunal against it.
Such a provision is, to say the least, shocking and is clearly subversive of the principles of justice.
How can a party to the litigation be given the power to over ride the decision given by the Tribunal in the litigation, without violating the basic concept of justice? It would make a mockery of the entire adjudicative process.
Not only is the power conferred on the State Government to modify or annul the decision of the Administrative Tribunal startling and wholly repugnant to our notion of justice but it is also a power which can be abused or misused.
It is significant to note that in the last about three years this power has been exercised by the State Government in an inordinately large number of cases and even interim orders made by the Administrative Tribunal have been set at naught by the State Government though no such power is conferred on the State Government under the proviso to Clause (5).
It is clear on a proper construction of the proviso read with Clause (5) that it is only an order of the Administrative Tribunal finally disposing of the case which can be modified or annulled by the State Government and not an interim order made by the Administrative Tribu nal.
But we find from the record that this limitation has been completely brushed aside by the State Government and it would be no exaggeration to say that the State Government has behaved in a most extravagant manner in modifying or annulling orders made by the Administrative Tribunal which were found inconvenient.
We may point out that even at the time when Article 371 D was introduced in the Constitution, Parliament debates show that the Home Minister who piloted the bill did not envisage exercise of this power save in the most exceptional cases.
Here, however, we find that this power has been indiscriminately used by the State Govern ment.
But that apart, we do think that this power 889 conferred on the State Government is clearly violative of the basic concept of justice.
It is obvious from what we have stated above that this power of modifying or annulling an order of the Administra tive Tribunal conferred on the State Government under the proviso to Clause (5) is violative of the rule of law which is clearly a basic and essential feature of the Constitu tion.
It is a basic principle of the rule of law that the exercise of power by the executive or any other authority must not only be conditioned by the Constitution but must also be in accordance with law and the power of judicial review is conferred by the Constitution with a view to ensuring that the law is observed and there is compliance with the requirement of law on the part of the executive and other authorities.
It is through the power of judicial review conferred on an independent institutional authority such as the High Court that the rule of law is maintained and every organ of the State is kept within the limits of the law.
Now if the exercise of the power of judicial review can be set at naught by the State Government by over tiding the decision given against it, it would sound the death/knell of the rule of law.
The rule of law would cease to have any meaning, because then it would be open to the State Government to defy the law and yet get away with it.
The Proviso to Clause (5) of Article 371 D is therefore clearly violative of the basic structure doctrine.
The question of constitutional validity of the Proviso to Article 37 I D can also be looked at from another angle.
Clause (3) of Article 37 I D empowers the President by order to provide for the setting up of the Administrative Tribunal and vesting in the Administrative Tribunal the jurisdiction of the High Court in respect of the specified service mat ters.
This constitutional amendment authorising exclusion of the jurisdiction of the High Court and vesting of such jurisdiction in the Administrative Tribunal postulates for its validity that the Administrative Tribunal must be as effective an institutional mechanism or authority for judi cial review as the High Court.
If the Administrative Tribu nal is less effective and efficacious than the High Court in the matter of judicial review in respect of the specified service matters, the constitutional amendment would fall foul of the basic structure doctrine.
Now it can hardly be disputed that the provision enacted in the Proviso to Clause (5) of Article 371 D deprives the Administrative Tribunal of its effectiveness and efficacy because it enables the State Government which is a party to the litigation before the Administrative Tribunal to over fide the decision given by the Administrative Tribunal.
The power of judicial review vested in the 890 High Court under Articles 226 and 227 does not suffer from any such infirmity because whatever the High Court decides is binding on the State Government, subject only to a right of appeal to a court of superior jurisdiction and the State Government cannot, for any reason, set at naught the deci sion of the High Court.
But the power of judicial review conferred on the Administrative Tribunal is by reason of the Proviso to Clause (5) of Article 371 D subject to the veto of the State Government and it is not at all effective or efficacious because the State Government can defeat its exercise by just passing an order modifying or nullifying the decision of the Administrative Tribunal.
The Proviso to Clause (5) of Article 371 D has the effect of emasculating the striking power of the Administrative Tribunal and the State Government can make the decision of the Administrative Tribunal impotent and sterile.
It is therefore obvious that the Proviso to Clause (5) of Article 371 D renders the Administrative Tribunal a much less effective and effica cious instiutional mechanism or authority for judicial review than the High Court in respect of the specified service matters.
In the circumstances the conclusion is inescapable that the proviso to Clause (5) of Article 371 D by which power has been conferred on the State Government to modify or annul the final order of the Administrative Tribu nal is violative of the basic structure doctrine since it is that which makes the Administrative Tribunal a less effec tive and efficacious institutional mechanism or authority for judicial review and it is only by striking down that provision as being outside the constitutent power of Parlia ment that Clauses (3) to (8) of Article 371 D can be sus tained.
We must therefore hold that the Proviso to Clause (5) of Article 371 D is unconstitutional as being ultra vires the amending power of Parliament and if the Proviso goes, the main part of clause (5) must also fall alongwith it, since it is closely inter related with the proviso and cannot have any rationable for its existence apart from the Proviso.
The main part of clause (5) of Article 37 I D would, therefore, also have to be declared unconstitutional and void.
We accordingly allow the writ petitions and declare clause (5) of Article 371 D alongwith the Proviso to be unconstitutional and void.
The Government of India is di rected to ensure that the necessary amendment is carried out in the Presidential Order, so as to bring it in conformity with the law laid down by us in this judgment.
The Orders made by the State Government in exercise of the power con ferred under the proviso to clause (5) of article 371 D shall be quashed and set aside.
There will be no order as to costs.
891 ORDER We direct that the operation of the Judgment and Order dated December 20, 1986 pronounced by this Court shall extend to those cases only which were made the subject of consideration by this Court by virtue of these petitions and appeal having been filed in this Court.
We direct further that in those cases where the peti tions were filed directly and without having been processed judicially and decided by the Administrative Tribunal, the Order will operate insofar that those cases will now stand remanded to the Administrative Tribunal for judicial consid eration in accordance with the observations of this Court in the Judgment of December 20, 1986.
This direction will also cover those Writ Petitions which were transferred from the High Court to this Court.
They shall stand transferred to the Administrative Tribunal and be considered similarly.
In all those cases where Writ Petitions were filed against the Orders of the State Government modifying or superseding the Orders of the Administrative Tribunal, we direct that those cases shall be treated as concluded by the relative orders of the Administrative Tribunal as they stood before the said orders were interfered with by the State Government.
We may add that Mr. L.N. Sinha, learned counsel appear ing for the Union of India in all these cases, sought the permission of the Court to urge a ground in respect of the interpretation of Article 371 D of the Constitution.
He contended that the power of Judicial review, even construed as a basic feature of the Constitution, was not precluded by the provisions of Article 371 D of the Constitution and therefore the Judgment of this Court called for review.
We are not satisfied, however, that we should interfere.
The Review Petitions are disposed of accordingly.
A.P.J. Petitions allowed.

Summary:
Article 371 D was introduced in the Constitution by the Constitution (Thirty Second Amendment) Act 1973, which came into force with effect from 1st July, 1974, and pursuant to c1.(3) thereof the President of India made an order on 19th May, 1975 constituting a, Administrative Tribunal for the State of Andhra Pradesh with jurisdiction to deal with service matters specified in that order.
In these petitions under article 32, the petitioners chal lenged the validity of ds.
(3) & (5) of article 371 D. However, challenge to cl.
(3) was not pressed and arguments confined only to cl.
Allowing the Petitions, HELD: (1) Clause (5) of article 371 D of the Constitution along with the Proviso is declared to he unconstiutional and void.
The Government of India is directed to ensure that the necessary amendment is carried out in the Presidential Order dated 19th May, 1975 so as 880 to bring it in conformity with the law laid down by this Court in the instant case.
The Orders made by the State Government in exercise of the power conferred under the Proviso to cl.
(5) of article 371 D shall be quashed and set aside.
[890G H] (2) Clause (5) of article 371 D provides that the order of the Administrative Tribunal finally disposing of the case shall become effective upon its confirmation by the State Government or on the expiry of three months from the date on which the order is made, whichever is earlier.
This clause by itself could not be regarded as in any way rendering the Administrative Tribunal less efficacious than the High Court because it would not be an extra ordinary or unusual provi sion to lay down a period of time during which an order made by a Tribunal may not be given effect to, enabling the State Government either to make arrangements for implementing the order of the Tribunal or to prefer an appeal against it, but what really introduces an infirmity in cl.
(5) is the provi sion enacted in the Proviso, which says that the State Government may by special order made in writing for reasons to be specified therein, modify or annual ally order of the Administrative Tribunal before it becomes effective and in such a case, the order of the Administrative Tribunal shall have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect.
[887D G] (3) Invariably the State Government would be a party in every service dispute brought before the Administrative Tribunal and the effect of the Proviso is that the State Government which is a party to the proceeding before the Administrative Tribunal and which contests the claim of the public servant who comes before the Administrative Tribunal seeking redress of his grievance against the State Govern ment would have the ultimate authority to uphold or reject the determination of the Administrative Tribunal.
It would be open to the State Government, after it has lost before the Administrative Tribunal, to set at naught the decision given by the Administrative Tribunal against it.
Such a provision is, to say the least, shocking and is clearly subversive of the principles of justice.
A party to the litigation cannot be given the power to over ride the decision given by the Tribunal.
It would be violating the basic concept of justice and make a mockery of the entire adjudicative process.
Not only is the power conferred on the State Government to modify or annul the decision of the Administrative Tribunal starting and wholly repugnant to the notion of justice but it is also a power which can be abused or misused.
[888B E] (4) In the last about three years this power has been exercised by the State Government in large number of cases and even interim orders 881 made by the Administrative Tribunal have been set at naught though no such power is conferred on the State Government.
It is only an order of the Administrative Tribunal finally disposing of the case which can be modified or annulled by the State Government and not an interim order made by the Administrative Tribunal.
The record shows that this limita tion has been completely brushed aside and the State Govern ment has behaved in a most extravagant manner in modifying or annulling orders made by the Administrative Tribunal which were found inconvenient.
Even the Parliament debates show that the bill envisaged exercise of this power in most exceptional cases.
However, this power has been indiscrimi nately used by the State Government.
[888E H] (5) It is a basic principle of the rule of law that the exercise of power by the executive or any other authority must not only be conditioned by the Constitution but must also be in accordance with law and the power of judicial review is conferred by the Constitution with a view to ensuring that the law is observed and there is compliance with the requirement of law on the part of the executive and other authorities.
It is through the power of judicial review conferred on an independent institutional authority such as the High Court that the rule of law is maintained and every organ of the State is kept within the limits of the law.
If the exercise of the power of judicial review can be set at naught by the State Government by over riding the decision given against it, it would sound the death knell the rule of law.
The rule of law would be meaningless as it would be open to the State Government to defy the law and yet to get away with it.
The Proviso to c1.(5) of article 37 1 D is, therefore, violative of the basic structure doc trine.
[889B E] (6) Clause (3) of article 371 D empowers the President by order to provide for the setting up of the Administrative Tribunal and vesting in it the jurisdiction of the High Court in respect of the specified service matters.
This constitutional amendment authorising exclusion of the juris diction of the High Court and the vesting of such Jurisdic tion in the Administrative Tribunal postulates for its validity that the Administrative Tribunal must be as effec tive an institutional mechanism or authority for judicial review as the High Court.
If the Administrative Tribunal is less effective and efficacious than the High Court in the matter of judicial review in respect of the specified serv ice matters, the constitutional amendment would fail foul of the basic structure doctrine.
Undisputedly the provision enacted in the Proviso to cl.
(5)of article 371 D deprives the Administrative Tribunal of its effectiveness and efficacy because it enables the State Government which is a party to the litigation before the Administrative Tribunal to over ride its decision.
The 882 power of judicial review vested in the High Court under articles 226 and 227 does not suffer from any such infirmity because whatever the High Court decides is binding on the State Government, abject only to a right of appeal to a Court of superior jurisdiction and the State Government cannot, for any reason, set at naught the decision of the High Court.
But the power of judicial review conferred on the Administrative Tribunal is, by reason of the Proviso to Cl.
(5) of article 371 D, subject to the veto of the State Government and it is not at all effective or efficacious because the State Government can defeat its exercise by just passing an order modifying or nullifying the decision of the Administrative Tribunal.
The Proviso to Cl.
(5) has the effect of emasculating the striking power of the Administra tive Tribunal and the State Government can make the decision of the Administrative Tribunal impotent and sterile.
There fore, the Proviso to Cl.
(5) renders the Administrative Tribunal a much less effective and efficacious institutional mechanism or authority for judicial review than the High court in respect of the specified service matters.
The conclusion is that the Proviso to Cl.
(5) of article 371 D by which power has been conferred on the State Government to modify or annul the final order of the Administrative Tribu nal is violative of the basic structure doctrine and it is only by striking down that provision that cls.
(3) to (8) of article 371 D can be sustained.
[889E H; 890A E] (7) Therefore, the Proviso to Cl.
(5) of article 371 D is unconstitutional as being ultra vires the amending power of Parliament and if the Proviso goes, the main part of cl.
(5) must also fall alongwith it, since it is closely inter related with the proviso and cannot have any rationale for its existence apart from the Proviso.
The main part of cl.
(5) of Article 371 D would, therefore, also have to be declared unconstitutional and void.
[890E F] (8) If any constitutional amendment made by Parliament takes away from the High Court the power of judicial review in any particular area and vests it in any other institu tional mechanism or authority, it would not be violative of the basic structure doctrine, so long as the essential condition is fulfilled that the alternative institutional mechanism or authority set up by the parliamentary amendment is no less effective than the High Court.
[887A B] (9) Parliament was, therefore, competent by enacting cl.
(3) of article 371 D to provide for setting up an Administra tive Tribunal and excluding the jurisdiction of the High Court in regard to the matters coming within the jurisdic tion of the Administrative Tribunal, so long 883 as the Administrative Tribunal was not less effective or efficacious than the High Court in so far as the power of judicial review is concerned.
[887B D] S.P. Sampath Kumar vs Union of India and Ors., ; , followed and Narasimha Rao vs State of Andhra Pradesh, ; and Director of Industries and Commerce vs V.V. Reddy, ; , referred to.
(R.S Pathak C J, Ranganath Misra vs Khalid, G.L. Oza and M.M. Dutt, JJ.) 5th May, 1987 Disposing of the review Petitions, HELD: 1.
The operation of the judgment and order dated December 20, 1986 shall extend to those cases only which were considered by this Court.
[891A B] 2.
The cases in which Petitions were filed directly will now stand remanded to the Administrative Tribunal for judi cial consideration in accordance with the observations of this Court in the judgment of December 20, 1986.
[89lB C] 3.
This direction will also cover those writ petitions which were transferred from the High Court to this Court.
They shall stand transferred to the Administrative Tribunal and be considered similarly.
[891C D] 4.
Those cases in which the State Government modified or superseded the orders of the Administrative Tribunal shall be treated as concluded by the relative orders of the Admin istrative Tribunal as they stood before the said orders were interfered with by the State Government.
[891D E]