Civil Appeal No. 1018 of 1987.
From the Judgment and order dated 3.1.1985 of the Rajasthan 682 High Court in D.B. Civil Special Appeal No. 20 of 1975.
Badri Das Sharma and B.N. Purohit for the Appellants.
Avadh Behari Rohtagi, S.N. Kumar and N.N. Sharma for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JAGANNATHA SHETTY,J.
In the town of Bikaner there is a Math known as 'Juna Math '.
The first appellant is the present Mahant of the Math.
The second appellant is the presiding deity of the Math.
For convenience and brevity we will refer to them collectively as 'the Math ' The primary question raised in this appeal, by special leave, relates to maintainability of the cross objection filed by the Math before the Division Bench of the High Court of Rajasthan (Jodhpur V Bench) in Civil Appeal No. 20 of 1975.
The Division Bench has dismissed the cross objection as not maintainable.
The background facts are these: One Lalgiri Maharaj was a previous Mahant of the Math.
He had several vices.
He mismanaged the Math and recklessly disposed of its properties.
On August 19, 1963 Lalgiri gave on lease the land measuring 2211 Sq. yards in favour of Madan Mohan.
The lease was for 99 years with monthly rent of Rs. 30.
Again on March 22, 1968 Lalgiri sold 446 sq.
yards of land to Madan Mohan.
It was out of the land which was already leased to Madan Mohan.
The sale was for Rs.4,000 Madan Mohan constructed some shops on a portion of the land purchased.
He first, rented the shops to Jankidas and Mohan Lal and later sold the same to them for Rs. 15,000.
Madan Mohan is the first respondent, Jankidas and Mohanlal are respondents 2 and 3 before us.
There was yet another transaction between the same parties.
On April 8, 1969 Madan Mohan sold a piece of land measuring 124 sq.
yards to respondents 2 and 3 for Rs. 1,500.
This piece of land forms part of the land which Madan Mohan purchased from Lalgiri.
In the meantime, there was change of guard in the Math.
Lalgiri was said to have abdicated Mahantship in favour of the first appellant.
683 The Math thereafter filed Suit No. 28 of 1971 challenging the alienations made by Lalgiri.
The suit was for declaration that the alienations were without authority and not binding on the Math.
It was also for possession of the property from respondents 1 to 3.
The trial court decreed the suit in part.
The trial court gave only a declaration that the lease deed dated August 19, 1963 was null and void.
But the relief for possession of the land demised was rejected.
The suit for recovery of possession of the land sold by Lalgiri was also dismissed.
Against the judgment and decree of the trial court, there were two appeals, before the High Court, one by the Math and another by Madan Mohan.
Both the appeals came for disposal before the learned single judge.
By a common judgment dated July 14, 1975 learned judge allowed the appeal of the Math in part.
He gave a simple declaration that the sale was void.
He, however, did not give a decree for possession of the land sold.
The learned judge also allowed the appeal of Madan Mohan.
There he gave him complete relief He held that the suit as to the lease was barred by time.
The result was that the Math could not get back even an inch of land.
D Against the judgment of learned single judge there was no appeal from the Math or Madan Mohan.
There was only one appeal by respondents 2 and 3 being the Appeal No 20 of 1975.
Madan Mohan was impleaded as the third respondent in that appeal.
The Math was impleaded as the first respondent.
The Math preferred cross objection.
Madan Mohan did not do anything.
He was perhaps completely satisfied with the judgment of learned single judge.
The Division Bench by judgment dated January 3, 1985 dismissed the appeal on the merits.
The Division Bench also dismissed the cross objection but on the ground of maintainability.
The correctness of the dismissal of the cross objection has been called into question in this appeal.
F The High Court gave two reasons for rejecting the cross objection.
The first reason relates to the absence of appeal from Madan Mohan or by the Math against the judgment of learned single Judge.
The High Court observed: "Thus the lease is good.
If Madan Mohan had filed an appeal, then the cross objection would be competent.
The cross objection filed by the plaintiffs are not competent, wherein it has been prayed that the lease deed may be declared invalid and ineffective against the rights of the plaintiffs.
" The second reason given by the High Court relates to 0.41 R. 33 CPC for giving relief to the Math.
The High Court said: "That having regard to the facts of the case 0.41 R. 33 CPC cannot be called into aid.
That provision H 684 should be applied with care and caution.
The Court should not lose sight of the other provisions in the Code of Civil Procedure.
It should not also forget the law limitation and the Court Fees Act.
" Before us, Mr. B.D. Sharma, learned counsel for the appellant pursued both the reasons given by the High Court.
Counsel asserted that the cross objection was maintainable not only against the appellants but also against Madan Mohan.
The counsel also urged that in any event, the cross objection ought to have been considered if not under 0.41 R. 22 but under 0.41 R. 33 of the CPC.
Mr. Rohtagi, learned counsel for the respondents, advanced an interesting submission.
He urged that the land sold was a part of the land already leased to Madan Mohan.
Even if the sale goes as invalid, the lease of the entire land revives and remains So long as the lease remains binding between the parties, Madan Mohan would be entitled to retain possession of the entire land demised.
The counsel urged that it would be, therefore, futile for the Math to seek possession of the property from the appellants in the cross objection.
The assumption of Mr. Rohtagi though logical if not legal should be subject to the decision in the cross objection.
We must, therefore, examine the validity of the cross objection and the contentions raised therein.
It will be seen that the cross objection filed by the Math was to the entire judgment of learned single judge.
Therein, the Math raised two principal grounds.
The first related to the denial of decree for possession of property which was the subject matter of sale.
It was contended that the Math would be entitled to possession of that property when the sale was declared as null and void.
The second ground was in regard to validity of the lease and the dismissal of the suit in respect thereof.
It was contended that the suit in regard to the lease was not barred by limitation.
Different considerations, however, apply to the different points raised in the cross objection.
We will first consider the right of the Math to file cross objection against the appellants.
The learned single judge has invalidated the sale of property to Madan Mohan while denying a decree for possession.
The appellants before the Division Bench wanted to get rid of the finding as to invalidity of the sale.
The Math in turn, wanted to recover possession of that property from the appellants and Madan Mohan.
The Math instead of filing an appeal for that relief could as well take the cross objection.
That would be clear from the provisions of R. 22 of O. 41 CPC.
That is as plain as plain can be.
The High Court was clearly in error in holding to the contrary.
685 The next question for consideration is whether the cross objection was maintainable against Madan Mohan, the co respondent, and if not, whether the Court could call into aid 0 41 R. 33 CPC.
For appreciating the contention it will be useful to set out hereunder R. 22 and R. 33 of order 41: "R. 22 Upon hearing, respondent may object to decree as if he had preferred separate appeal.
(1) Any respondent, though he may not have appealed from any part of the decree, may not only support the decree (but may also state that the finding against him in the Court below in respect of any issue ought to have been in his favour, and may also take any cross objection) to the decree which he could have taken by way of appeal, provided he has filed such objection in the Appellate Court within one month from the date of service on him or his pleader of notice of the day fixed for hearing the appeal, or within such further time as the Appellate Court may see fit to allow.
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX R. 33 Power of Court of Appeal.
The Appellate Court shall have power to pass any decree and make any order which ought to have been passed or made and to pass or make such further other decree or order as the case may require, and this order may be exercised by the Court notwithstanding that the appeal is as to part only of the decree and may be exercised in favour of all or any of the respondents or parties may not have filed any appeal or objection and may, where there have been decrees in cross suits or where two or more decrees are passed in one suit, be exercised in respect of all or any of the decrees, although an appeal may not have been filed against such decree.
xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx Generally, the cross objection could be urged against the appellant.
It is only by way of exception to this general rule that one respondent may urge objection as against the other respondent.
The type of H 686 such exceptional cases are also very much limited.
We may just think of one or two such cases.
For instance, when the appeal by some of the parties cannot effectively be disposed of without opening of the matter as between the respondents interse.
Or in a case where the objections are common as against the appellant and co respondent.
The Court in such cases would entertain cross objection against the co respondent.
The law in this regard has been laid down by this Court as far back in 1964 in Panna Lal vs State of Bombay, ; at 991.
After reviewing all the decisions of different High Courts, there this Court observed .
"In our opinion, the view that has now been accepted by all the High Courts that order 41, r. 22 permits as a general rule, a respondent to prefer an objection directed only against the appellant and it is only in exceptional cases, such as where the relief sought against the appellant in such an objection is intermixed with the relief granted to the other respondents, so that the relief against the appellant cannot be granted without the question being re opened between the objecting respondent and other respondents, that an objection under 0.41 R. 22 can be directed against the other respondents, is correct.
Whatever may have been the position under the old S 561 the use of the word "cross objection" in 0.41 R. 22 expresses unmistakably the intention of the legislature that the objection has to be directed against the appellant.
As Rajamannar C.J said in Venkataswaralu vs Ramanna: "The legislature by describing the objection which could be taken by the respondent as a "cross objection" must have deliberately adopted the view of the other High Courts.
One cannot treat an objection by a respondent in which the appellant has no interest as a cross objection.
The appeal is by the appellant against a respondent, the cross objection must be an objection by a respondent against the appellant.
" We think, with respect, that these observations put the matter clearly and correctly.
That the legislature also wanted to give effect to the views held by the different High Courts that in exceptional cases as mentioned above an objection can be preferred by a respondent against a co respondent is indicated by the substitution of the word "appellant" in the third paragraph by the words "the party who may be affected by such objection. " 687 This view has been there as a guide for a little over two decades.
We should not add anything further at this stage.
The law should be A clear and certain as a guide to human behaviour.
No attempt should be made to unsettle the law unless there is compelling reason.
We do not find any such compelling reason and we, therefore, reiterate the above principles.
Basically, the first question raised in the cross objection relates to the right of Madan Mohan to retain the property under the sale deed.
The appellants are the second purchasers.
The Math, therefore, could urge the objection that the appellants and Madan Mohan have no right to retain the property after the sale deed was declared null and void.
But then the considerations as to the lease deed is quite different.
The validity of the lease deed and the possession of the land thereof has to be determined only against Madan Mohan.
It is not intermixed with the right of the appellants.
It has no relevance to the question raised in the appeal.
The High Court was, therefore, right in holding that the cross objection as to the lease was not maintainable against Madan Mohan.
D But that does not mean, that the Math should be left without remedy against the judgment of learned single judge.
If the cross objection filed under R. 22 of 0.41 CPC was not maintainable against the co respondent, the Court could consider it under R. 33 of 0.41 CPC.
R. 22 and R. 33 are not mutually exclusive They are closely related with each other.
If objection cannot be urged under R. 22 against co respondent, R. 33 could take over and come to the rescue of the objector.
The appellate court could exercise the power under R. 33 even if the appeal is only against a part of the decree of the lower court.
The appellate court could exercise that power in favour of all or any of the respondents although such respondent may not have filed any appeal or objection.
The sweep of the power under R. 33 is wide enough to determine any question not only between the appellant and respondent, but also between respondent and co respondents.
The appellate court could pass any decree or order which ought to have been passed in the circumstances of the case.
The appellate court could also pass such other decree or order as the case may require.
The words "as the case may require" used in R. 33 of O. 41 have been put in wide terms to enable the appellate court to pass any order or decree to meet the ends of justice.
What then should be the constraint? We do not find many.
We are not giving any liberal interpretation.
The rule itself is liberal enough.
The only constraint that we could see, may be these: That the parties before the lower court should be therebefore 688 the appellate court.
The question raised must properly arise out of the judgment of the lower court.
If these two requirements are there, the appellate Court could consider any objection against any part of the judgment or decree of the lower court.
It may be urged by any party to the appeal.
It is true that the power of the appellate court under R. 33 is discretionary.
But it is a proper exercise of judicial discretion to determine all questions urged in order to render complete justice between the parties.
The Court should not refuse to exercise that discretion on mere technicalities.
In the result, we allow the appeal and reverse the judgment and decree of Division Bench of the High Court.
The Division Bench shall now restore the appeal and cross objection of the parties and dispose of the same in accordance with law and in the light of observations made The appellants shall get the cost of this appeal.
S.L. Appeal allowed.

Summary:
% There is a Math known as Juna Math in Bikaner.
The first appellant is the present Mahant of the Math and the second appellant is the presiding deity of the Math, both referred to collectively as 'the Math ', herein.
Previously, one Lalgiri Maharaj was the Mahant of the Math.
He mismanaged the Math and disposed of its properties.
On August 19, 1963, he gave on lease for 99 years land measuring 2211 sq.
yards in favour of Madan Mohan, the respondent No. 1.
On March 22, 1968, he sold to Madan Mohan 446 sq.
yards of land out of the land leased to him.
Madan Mohan constructed shops on the land purchased and sold them to Jankidas and Mohan Lal, who are respondents Nos. 2 and 3.
Then Madan Mohan sold another piece of land purchased from Lalgiri to the respondents Nos. 2 and 3.
Later, the first appellant became the Mahant of the Math, and the Math filed a suit, challenging the alienations made by Lalgiri, and for a declaration that the said alienations were without authority and not binding on the Math and for possession of the property from the respondents 1 to 3.
The trial Court decreed the suit in part only, as it gave a declaration that the lease deed dated August 19, 1963, was null and void, but the relief regarding possession of the land demised was rejected.
The suit for recovery of possession of the land sold by Lalgiri was also dismissed.
Against the judgment of the Trial Court, two appeals one by the Math and the other, by Madan Mohan were filed before the High Court.
By a common judgment in the two appeals, a single Judge of the High Court (i) allowed the appeal of the Math in part, giving a simple declaration that the sale of the land was void, but declining to pass a decree for possession of the land sold, and (ii) allowed the appeal of 680 Madan Mohan, giving him complete relief, while holding that the suit as to the lease was barred by time.
Against the judgment of the Single Judge, no appeal was filed either by the Math or by Madan Mohan.
There was only an appeal filed by respondents 2 and 3, who impleaded the Math as the first respondent and Madan Mohan, as the third respondent.
The Math Preferred cross objection.
Madan Mohan did not do any thing.
The Division Bench of High Court dismissed the appeal on the merits.
It also dismissed the cross objection on the ground of maintainability.
Aggrieved by the dismissal of the cross objection, the Math appealed to this Court for relief by special leave.
Allowing the appeal, the Court, ^ HELD: The Single Judge invalidated the sale of the property to Madan Mohan, while denying a decree for possession.
The appellants before the Division Bench wanted to get rid of the finding as to the invalidity of the sale.
The Math wanted to recover possession of the property from the appellants before the Division Bench, and Madan Mohan.
The Math instead of filing an appeal for that relief, could as well file the cross objection.
That is clear from the provisions of R. 22 of 0.41, C.P.C.
The High Court was clearly in error in holding to the contrary.
[684G H] The next question for consideration was whether the cross objection was maintainable against Madan Mohan, a co respondent, and if not, whether the Court could call into aid R. 33, 0.41 C.P.C. Generally, the cross objection could be urged against the appellant.
It is only by way of exception to this general rule that one respondent may urge objection as against the other respondent.
The type of such exceptional cases are very much limited when an appeal cannot be effectively disposed of without opening the matter as between the respondents inter se, or when there is a case where the objections are common as against the appellants and the co respondent.
This law has been laid down by this Court in Panna Lal vs State of Bombay, ; at 991.
This view has been accepted as a guide for more than two decades.
No attempt should be made to unsettle the law unless there is a compelling reason.
The Court does not find any such compellmg reason in the case.
[685A, H; 686A B; 687A B] The Math could urge the objection that the appellants before the Division Bench and Madan Mohan had no right to retain the property 681 after the sale deed had been declared null and void.
The validity of the lease deed and the possession of the land in pursuance thereof, has to be determined only against Madan Mohan.
It is not intermixed with the right of the appellants above said.
It has no relevance to the question raised in the appeal.
The High Court was right in holding that the cross objection as to the lease was not maintainable against Madan Mohan.
But that does not mean that the Math should be left without a remedy against the judgment of the Single Judge.
If the cross objection filed under R. 22 of 0.41, C.P.C. was not maintainable against the co respondent, the Court could consider it under R. 33, 0.41, C.P.C. R. 22 and R. 33 are not mutually exclusive.
They are closely related with each other.
If objection cannot be urged under R. 22 against corespondent, R. 33 could take over and help the objector.
The appellate Court could exercise that power in favour of all or any of the respondents even though such a respondent may not have filed any appeal or objection.
The sweep of the power under R. 33 is wide enough to determine any question not only between the appellant and the respondent but also between a respondent and co respondents.
The appellate Court could pass any decree or order which ought to have been passed in the circumstances of the case.
The appellate Court could also pass such other decree or order as the case may require.
The words "as the case may require" used in R. 33 of 0.41, have been put in wide terms to enable the appellate Court to pass any order or decree to meet the ends of justice.
This Court is not giving any liberal interpretation.
The rule itself is liberal enough.
The only constraint that could be seen, may be: that the parties before the lower Court should be there before the appellate Court, the question raised must properly arise out of the judgment of the lower Court; it may be urged by any party to the appeal.
It is true that the power of the appellate Court under R. 33 is discretionary, but it is a proper exercise of judicial discretion to determine all the questions urged in order to render complete justice between the parties.
The Court should not refuse to exercise that discretion on mere technicalities.
[687B H; 688A B] Appeal allowed.
The judgment and decree of the Division Bench of the High Court reversed.
The Division Bench to restore the appeal and cross objection of the parties and dispose of the same in accordance with law and in the light of the observations made.
[688C]