Civil Appeal No. 3563 of 1979.
Appeal by special leave from the Award dated 9 7 1978 of the Presiding Officer Central Government.
Industrial Tribunal Cum 886 Labour Court, New Delhi in I.D. No. 90 of 1977 published in Gazette of India on 11 8 1979.
M.K. Ramamurthi, and Romesh C. Pathak for the Appellant.
Dr. Anand Parkash, Adarsh Kumar, Mrs. Laxmi Anand Parkash, and Jagat Arora for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHINNAPPA REDDY, J.
Santosh Gupta, the appellant Workman (a woman), was employed in the State Bank of Patiala, the Mall, Patiala, from July 13, 1973, till August 21, 1974, when her services were terminated.
Though there were some breaks in service for a few days, those breaks are not relevant for the purpose of deciding this case though we may have to advert to them in another connection.
Despite the breaks, the workman had admittedly worked for 240 days in the year preceding August 21, 1974.
According to the workman the termination of her services was 'retrenchment ' within the meaning of that expression in section 2(OO) of the , since it did not fall within any of the 3 excepted cases mentioned in section 2(OO).
Since there was 'retrenchment ', it was bad for non compliance with the provisions of section 25 F of the .
On the other hand the contention of the management was that the termination of services was not due to discharge of surplus labour.
It was due to the failure of the workman to pass the test which would have enabled her to be confirmed in the service.
Therefore, it was not retrenchment within the meaning of section 2(OO) of the . section 25 F prescribes that no workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service for not less than one year shall be retrenched by the employer until (a) the workman has been given one month 's notice in writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the period of notice has expired, or the workman has been paid in lieu of such notice, wages for the period of the notice; (b) the workman has been paid at the time of retrenchment, compensation which shall be equivalent to fifteen days average pay for every completed year of continuous service or any part thereof in a excess of six months; and(c) notice in the prescribed manner is served on the appropriate Government or any such authority as may be specified by the appropriate Government by notification in the official Gazette.
There is a proviso to clause (a) which dispenses with the necessity for the notice contemplated by the clause if the retrenchment is under an agreement which specifies the date for the termination of service.
887 The expression retrenchment is specially defined by section 2(OO) of the Act and is as follows: "2(OO) 'retrenchment ' means the termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action, but does not include (a) voluntary retirement of the workman; or (b) retirement of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation if the contract of employment between the employer and the workman concerned contains a stipulation in that behalf; or (c) termination of the service of a workman on the ground of continued ill health;" In Hariprasad Shivshankar Shukla vs A. D. Divikar, the Supreme Court took the view that the word 'retrenchment ' as defined in section 2(OO) did not include termination of services of all workmen on a bonafide closure of an industry or on change of ownership or management of the industry.
In order to provide for the situations which the Supreme Court held were not covered by the definition of the expression 'retrenchment ', the Parliament added section 25 FF and section 25 FFF providing for the payment of compensation to the workmen in case of transfer of undertakings and in case of closure of undertakings respectively.
If the definition of 'retrenchment ' is looked at unaided and unhampered by precedent, one is at once struck by the remarkably wide language employed and particularly by the use of the words "termination. for any reason whatsoever".
The definition expressly excludes termination of service as a 'punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action '.
The definition does not include, so it expressly says, voluntary retrenchment of the workman or retrenchment of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation or termination of the service of the workman on the ground of continuous ill health.
Voluntary retrenchment of a workman or retrenchment of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation can hardly be described as termination, by the employer, of the service of a workman.
Yet, the Legislature took special care to mention that they were not included within the meaning of "termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever:.
This, in our opinion, emphasizes the broad interpretation to 888 be given to the expression 'retrenchment '.
In our view if due weight is given to the words "the termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever" and if the words 'for any reason whatsoever ' are understood to mean what they plainly say, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the expression 'retrenchment ' must include every termination of the service of a workman by an act of the employer.
The underlying assumption, of course, is that the undertaking is running as an undertaking and the employer continues as an employer but.
where either on account of transfer of the undertaking or on account of the closure of the undertaking the basic assumption disappears, there can be no question of 'retrenchment ' within the meaning of the definition contained in, section 2(OO).
This came to be realised as a result of the decision of this Court in Hariprasad Shivshanker Shukla vs A.D. Divikar (Supra).
The Parliament then stepped in and introduced 25 FF and 25FFF by providing that compensation shall be payable to workmen in case of transfer or undertaking or closure of undertaking as if the workmen had been retrenched.
We may rightly say that the termination of the service of a workman on the transfer or closure of an undertaking was treated by Parliament as 'deemed retrenchment '.
The effect was that every case of termination of service by act cf employer even if such termination involved was a consequence of transfer or closure of the undertaking was to be treated as 'retrenchment ' for the purposes of notice, compensation etc.
Whatever doubts might have existed before Parliament enacted 25FF and 25FFF about the width of 25F there cannot now be any doubt that the expression 'termination ' of service for any reason whatsoever now covers every kind of termination of service except those not expressly included in section 25F or not expressly provided for by other provisions of the Act such as Ss. 25FF and 25FFF.
In interpreting these provisions i.e. 25F, 25FF and 25FFF one must not ignore their object.
The manifest object of these provisions is to so compensate the workman for loss of employment as to provide him the wherewithal to subsist until he finds fresh employment.
The non inclusion of 'voluntary retrenchment of the workmen, retirement of workmen on reaching the age of superannuation, termination or the service of a workman on the ground of continued ill health ' in the definition of 'retrenchment clearly indicate and emphasise what we have said about the true object of 25F, 25FF and 25FFF and the nature of the compensation provided by those provisions.
The nature of retrenchment compensation has been explained in Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd. vs the Workmen as follows : 889 "As the expression 'retrenchment compensation indicates it is compensation paid to a workman on his retrenchment and it is intended to give him some relief and to soften the rigour of hardship which retrenchment inevitably causes.
The retrenched workmens, suddenly and without his fault, thrown on the street and has to face the grim problem of unemployment.
At the commencement of his employment a workmen naturally expects and looks forward to security of service spread over a long period but retrenchment destroys his hopes and expectations.
The object of retrenchment compensation is to give partial protection to the retrenched employee and his family to enable them to tide over the hard period of unemployment".
Once the object of 25F, 25FF and 25FFF is understood and the true nature of the compensation which those provisions provide is realised, it is difficult to make any distinction between termination of service for one reason and termination of service for another.
Dr. Anand Prakash wants us to hold that notwithstanding the comprehensive language of the definition of "retrenchment" in section 2 (OO) the expression continues to retain its original meaning which was, according to the counsel, discharged from service on account of 'surplusage '.
It is impossible to accept his submission.
If the submission is right, there was no need to define the expression 'retrenchment ', and in such wide terms.
We cannot assume that the Parliament was undertaking an exercise in futility to give a long winded definition merely to say that the expression means what it always meant.
Let us now examine the precedents of this Court to discover whether the true position in law is what has been stated by us in the previous paragraphs.
The earliest of the cases of this Court to which our attention was invited was Harprasad Shivashankar Shukla vs A. D. Divikar (supra).
That was a case which was decided before Ss. 25FF and 25FFF were brought on the statute book.
In fact it was as a consequence of that decision that the had to be amended and these two provisions came to be introduced into the Act.
The question which arose for decision in that case was stated by the learned judges themselves as follows: "The question, however, before us is does this definition merely give effect to the ordinary, accepted notion of retrenchment in an existing or running industry by 890 embodying the notion in apt and readily intelligible words or does it go so far beyond the accepted notion of retrenchment as to include the termination of services of all workmen in an industry when the industry itself ceases to exist on a bonafide closure or discontinuance of his business by the employer" The question so stated was answered by the learned judges in the following way : "In the absence of any compelling words to indicate that the intention was even to include a bonafide closure of the whole business, it would, we think, be divorcing the expression altogether from the context to give it such a wide meaning as is contended for by learned counsel for the respondents. it would be against the entire scheme of the Act to give the definition clause relating to retrenchment such a meaning as would include within the definition termination of service of all workmen by the employer when the business itself ceases to exist".
It is true that there are some observations which, if not properly understood with reference to the question at issued seemingly support the submission of Dr. Anand Prakash that 'termination of service for any reason whatsoever ' means no more and no less than discharge of a labour force which is a surplus age.
The misunderstanding of the observations and the resulting confusion stem from not appreciating (1) the lead question which was posed and answered by the learned judges and (2) that the reference to 'discharge on account of surplus age ' was illustrative and not exhaustive and by way of contrast with discharge on account of transfer or closure of business.
Management of M/s Willcox Buckwell India Ltd. vs Jagannath and Ors.
and Employers in Relation to Digwadih Colliery vs Their Workmen were both cases where the termination of the Workman from service was on account of "surplusage" and, therefore, the cases were clear cases of retrenchment.
They do not throw any light on the question now at issue.
In State Bank of India vs Shri N. Sundaramoney a Bench of three judges of this Court consisting of Chandrachud J. (as be then was), Krishna Iyer, J., and Gupta, J., considered the question whether section 25F of the was attracted to a case where the order of appointment carried an automatic cessation of service, 891 the period of employment working itself out by efflux of time and not by an act of employer, Krishna Iyer, J. who spoke for the Court observed.
'Termination . for any reason whatsoever ' are the key words.
Whatever the reasons every termination spells retrenchment.
So the sole question is has the employee 's service been terminated ? Verbal apparel apart, the substance is decisive: A termination takes place where a term expires either by the active step of the master of the running out of the stipulated term.
To protect the weak against the strong this policy of comprehensive definition has been effectuated.
Termination embraces not merely the act of termination by the employer but the fact of termination howsoever produced.
True, the section speaks of retrenchment by the employer and it is urged that some act of volition by the employer to bring about the termination is essential to attract section 25F and automatic extinguishment of service be effluxion of time cannot be sufficient.
Words of multiple import have to be winnowed judicially to suit the social philosophy of the statute.
So screened we hold that the transitive and intransitive senses are covered in the current context.
Moreover, an employer terminates employment not merely by passing an order as the service runs.
He can do so by writing a composite orders one giving employment and the other ending or limiting it.
A separate, subsequent determination is not the sole magnetic pull of the provision.
A preemptive provision to terminate is struck by the same vice as the post appointment termination.
Dexterity of diction cannot defeat the articulated conscience of the provision".
In Hindustan Steel Ltd. vs the Presiding Officer, Labour Court, Orissa and Ors.
the question again arose whether termination of service by efflux of time was termination of service within the definition of retrenchment in section 2 (OO) of the .
Both the earlier decisions of the Court in Hariprasad Shivshankar Shukla vs A.D. Divikar and State Bank of India vs section Sundaramoney (supra) were considered.
There was also a request that N. Sundaramoney 's case conflicted with the decision in Hariprasad Shivshankar Shukla vs A. D. Divikar and therefore required reconsideration.
A Bench of three judges of this Court consisting of Chandrachud J (as he then was), Goswami J and Gupta J held that there was nothing in Huriparsad Shivshankar Shukla vs A.D. Divikar which was inconsistent with the decision in N. Sundaramoney 's case.
They held that the decision in 892 Hariparsad Shivshankar 's case that the words "for any reason whatsoever" used in the definition of retrenchment would not include a bonafide closure of the whole business because it would be against the entire scheme of the Act.
The learned judges then observed that, on the facts before them to give full effect to the words "for any reason whatsoever" would be consistent with the scope and purpose of section 25 of the and not contrary to the scheme of the Act.
In Delhi Cloth and General Mills Ltd. vs Shambhunath Mukharjee and Ors.
Goswami, Shinghal and Jaswant Singh JJ, held that striking off the name of a workman from the rolls by the management was termination of the service which was retrenchment within the meaning of section 2(OO) of the .
Dr. Anand Prakash, cited before us the decision of a Full Bench of the Kerala High Court in L. Rober D 'Souza vs Executive Engineer, Southern Railway and Anr.
and some other cases decided by other High Courts purporting to follow the decision of this Court in Hariparsad Shivshankar Shukla vs A.D. Divikar 's case, Shukla 's case, we have explained.
The ratio of Shukla 's case in fact, has already been explained in Hindustan Steel Ltd., vs the Presiding Officer, Labour Court Orissa and Ors.
The decisions in Hindustan Steel Ltd. vs the Presiding Officer, Labour Court Orissa and Ors., and State Bank of India vs N. Sundaramoney have, in our view, properly explained Shukla 's case and have laid down the correct law.
The decision of the Kerala High Court in L. Robert D 'Souza vs Executive Engineer Southern Railway & Anr.
and the other decisions of the other High Courts to similar effect viz.
The 'Managing Director, National Garages vs J. Gonsalve, Goodlas Nerolac Paints vs Chief Commissioner, Delhi and Rajasthan State Electricity Board.
vs Labour Court, are, therefore, over ruled.
We hold, as a result of our discussion, that the discharge of the workman on the ground she did not pass the test which would have enabled her to be confirmed was 'retrenchment ' within the meaning of section 2(OO) and, therefore, the requirements of section 25F had to be complied with.
The order of the Presiding Officer, Central Govt.
Industrial Tribunal cum Labour Court, new Delhi, is set aside and the appellant is directed to be reinstated with full back wages.
The appellant is entitled to her cost.
S.R. Appeal allowed.

Summary:
The appellant was employed in the State Bank of Patiala, The Mall, Patiala from July 13, 1973 till August 21, 1974, when her services were terminated.
Despite some breaks in service for a few days, the appellant had admittedly worked for 240 days in the year preceding August 21, 1974.
According to the workman, the termination of her service was "retrenchment" within the meaning of that expression in Section 2(OO) of the , since it did not fall within any of the excepted cases mentioned in Section 2(OO).
Since there was "retrenchment", it was bad for non compliance with the provisions of section 25 F of the .
On the other hand, the contention of the management was that the termination of services was not due to discharge of surplus labour.
It was due to the failure of the workman to pass the test which would have enabled him to be confirmed in the service.
Therefore, it was not retrenchment within the meaning of section 2(OO) of the .
The Presiding Officer, Central Government, Industrial Tribunal cum Labour Court, accepted the management 's contention and decided against the workman appellant.
Hence the appeal by special leave.
Allowing the appeal, the Court ^ HELD: (i) The discharge of the workman on the ground that she did not pass the test which would have enabled him to be confirmed was "retrenchment" within the meaning of section 2(OO) and, therefore, the requirements of section 25F had to be complied with.
[892 F G] (ii) Section 2(OO) of the uses a wide language particularly the words "termination. for any reason whatsoever".
The definition "retrenchment" expressly excludes termination of service as a "punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action".
It does not include, voluntary retrenchment of the workman or retrenchment of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation or termination of the service of the workman on the ground of continuous ill health.
The Legislature took special care to mention that these were not included within the meaning of "termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever".
This emphasises the broad interpretation to be given to the expression "retrenchment".
[887 E H, 888 A] 2.
If due weight is given to the words "the termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever" and if the words 'for any reason whatsoever" are understood to mean what they plainly say, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the expression 'retrenchment ' must include every termination of the service of a workman by an act of the employer.
The underlying assumption, of course, is that the undertaking is running as an under 885 taking and the employer continues as an employer but where either on account of transfer of the undertaking or on account of the closure of the undertaking the basic assumption disappears, there can be no question of 'retrenchment ' within the meaning of the definition contained in section 2(OO) of the Act.
[888 A C] Hariprasad Shivshankar Shukla vs A.D. Divakar [1957] SCR 121: applied.
By introducing section 25 FF and Section 25 FFF, Parliament treated the termination of the service of a workman on the transfer or closure of an undertaking as "deemed retrenchment".
The effect was that every case of termination of service by act or employer even if such termination was a consequence of transfer or closure of the undertaking was to be treated as 'retrenchment ' for the purposes of notice, compensation etc.
" The expression "termination of service for any reason whatsoever" now covers every kind of termination of service except those not expressly included in section 25F or not expressly provided or by other provisions of the Act as 25 FF And 25 FFF.
[888 C F] 4.
The manifest object of Section 25 FF and section 25 FFF is to so compensate the workman for loss of employment as to provide him the wherewithal to subsist until he finds fresh employment.
The non inclusion of 'voluntary retirement of the workmen, retirement of workmen, on reaching the age of superannuation, termination of the service of a workman, on the ground af continued ill health ' in the definition of 'retrenchment ' clearly indicate and emphasise the true object of 25F, 25 FF and 25 FFF and the nature of the compensation provided by those provisions." [888 F H] Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd. vs The Workman ; followed.
The submission that notwithstanding the comprehensive language of the definition of retrenchment ' in section 2(OO) the expression continues to retain its original meaning, namely, discharge from service on account of surplus age is not correct.
It cannot be assumed that Parliament was undertaking an exercise in futility to give a long winded definition merely to say that the expression means what it always meant.
[889 D E] Hariprasad Shivshankar Shukla vs A.D. Divakar [1957] SCR 121, Hindustan Steel Ltd. vs The Presiding Officer, Labour Court Orissa & Ors. ; State Bank of India vs Shri N. Sundaramoney ; Delhi Cloth and General Mills Ltd. vs Shambunath Mukherjee & Ors.
; ; explained and followed.
Management of M/s Willcose Buckwell India Ltd. vs Jagannath & Ors.
AIR 1974 S.C. 1164; Employees in Relation vs Digmoden Colliery vs Their Workmen ; ; distinguished.
L. Robert D 'Souza vs Executive Engineer, Southern Railway and Anr.
(1979) KLJ Kerala 211; The Managing Director, National Garage vs J. Gonsalves (1962) KLJ 56.
Goodlas Nerolac Paints vs Chief Commissioner, Delhi ; Rajasthan State Electricity Board vs Labour Court ; over ruled.