ivil Appeal Nos.
1852 & 4772 of 1989.
From the Judgment and Order dated 25.5.1988 & 11.11.1988 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in R.S.A. Nos.
2404 of 1987 and 2246 of 1988.
666 A.S. Sohal and G.K. Bansal for the Appellants.
Atul Nanda, ,Francis Victor, S.K. Mehta (N.P.), Subhash G. Jindal and N.A. Siddiqui for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. JAGANNATHA SHETTY , J.
These appeals against the decision of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana raise a short issue, concerning limitation governing the suit for declara tion by a dismissed employee that he Continues to be in service since his dismissal was void and inoperative.
The High Court has observed that if the dismissal of the employ ee is illegal, void or inoperative being in contravention of the mandatory provisions of any rules or conditions of service, there is no limitation to bring a suit for declara tion that the employee continues to be in service.
The facts giving rise to these appeals, as found by the Courts below, may be summarised as follows: CA No. 1852/89 The respondent in this appeal was ap pointed as an ad hoc sub inspector in the District Food and Supply Department of Punjab State.
He absented himself from duty with effect from 29 September 1975.
On 27 January 1977, his services were .terminated.
On 18 April 1984, he insti tuted the suit for declaration that the termination order was against the principles of natural justice, terms and conditions of employment, void and inoperative and he con tinues to be in service.
The State resisted the suit con tending inter alia, that the plaintiff 's services were terminated in accordance with the terms and conditions of his ad hoc appointment and the suit was barred by time.
The trial court accepted the plea of limitation and dismissed the suit, but on appeal the Additional District Judge, Jullundhar decreed the suit.
He observed that the termina tion order though simpliciter in .nature ' was passed as a measure of punishment.
The plaintiff 's services were termi nated for unauthorised absence without an enquiry and he should have been given an opportunity to explain his conduct by holding proper enquiry.
On the plea of limitation, learned Additional District Judge held that no limitation is prescribed for challenging an illegal order.
Since the.
order of termination was bad, the suit was not barred by time.
In the second appeal preferred by the State the High Court agreed with the View following its earlier decisions.
CA No. 4772/89 The respondent in this appeal was a Railway 667 Police Constable.
He was appointed on 14 November 1977.
On 15 March 1979, he was discharged from service for some misconduct.
On 15 June 1979, his appeal was rejected by AIG, Railways, Patiala, Punjab.
On 30 November 1979, his revision petition was dismissed by the Inspector General of Police, Punjab.
On 12 February 1985 he brought a suit seeking declaration that the order discharging him from service and confirmed in the appeal and revision, was illegal, ultra vires, unconstitutional and against the principles of natu ral justice and he continues to be in service as constable.
The trial court dismissed the suit.
The appeal preferred by the plaintiff was accepted by the Additional District Judge who decreed the suit as prayed for.
He has inter alia stated that the plaintiff was discharged from service in contraven tion of the mandatory provisions of the rules and as such it has no legal effect.
There is no period of limitation for.
inStituting the suit for declaration that such a dismissal order is not binding upon the plaintiff.
While affirming that principle, the High Court dismissed the second appeal in limine.
These are not the only cases in which the Punjab and Haryana High Court has taken the view that there is no limitation for instituting the suit for declaration by a dismissed or discharged employee on the ground that the dismissal or discharge was void or inoperative.
The High Court has repeatedly held that if the dismissal, discharge or termination of services of an employee is illegal, uncon stitutional or against the principles of natural justice, the employee can approach the Court at any time seeking declaration that he remains in service.
The suit for such reliefs is not governed by any of the provisions of the Limitation Act [See: (i) State of.
Punjab vs Ajit Singh, and (ii) State of Punjab vs Ram Singh, First of all, to say that the suit is not governed by the law of Limitation runs afoul of our Limitation Act.
The statute of limitation was intended to provide a time limit for all suits conceivable.
Section 3 of the Limitation Act provides that a suit, appeal or application instituted after the prescribed "period of limitation" must subject to the provisions of Sections 4 to 24 be dismissed although limita tion has not been set up as a defence, Section 2(J) defines the expression "period of limitation" to mean the period of limitation prescribed in the Schedule for suit, appeal or application.
Section 2(J) also defines, "prescribed period" to mean the period of limitation computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
The Court 's function on the presentation of plaint is simply to examine whether, on the assumed facts the plaintiff is within time.
The Court has to find out when the 668 "right to sue" accrued to the plaintiff.
If a suit is not covered by any of the specific articles prescribing a period of limitation, it must fail within the residuary article.
The purpose of the residuary article is to provide for cases which could not be covered by any other provision in the Limitation Act.
The residuary article is applicable to every variety of suits not otherwise provided for.
Article 113 (corresponding to Article 120 of the Act 1908) is a residu ary article for cases not covered by any other provisions in the Act.
It prescribes a period of three years when the right to sue accrues.
Under Article 120 it was six years which has been reduced to three years under Article 113.
According to the third column in Article 113, time commences to run when the right to sue accrues.
The words "right to sue" ordinarily mean the right to seek relief by means of legal proceedings.
Generally, the right to sue accrues only when the 'cause of action arises, that is, the right to prosecute to obtain relief by legal means.
The suit must be instituted when the right asserted in the suit is infringed or when there is a clear and unequivocal threat to infringe that right by the defendant against whom the suit is insti tuted (See: (i) Mt. Bole vs Mt. Koklam and Ors., AIR 1930 PC 270 and (ii) Gannon Dunkerley and Co. vs The Union of India, ; In the instant cases, the respondents were dismissed from service.
May be illegally.
The order of dismissal has clearly infringed their right to continue in the service and indeed they were precluded from attending the office from the date of their dismissal.
They have not been paid their salary from that date.
They came forward to 'the Court with a grievance that their dismissal from service was no dis missal in law. ' According to them the order of dismissal was illegal, inoperative and not binding on them.
They wanted the Court to declare that their dismissal was void and inoperative and not binding on them and they continue to be in.
service.
For the purpose of these cases, we may assume that the order of dismissal was void inoperative and ultra vires, and not voidable.
If an Act is void or ultra vires it is enough for the Court to declare it so and it collapses automatically.
It need not be set aside.
The aggrieved party can simply seek a declaration that it is void and not bind ing upon him.
A declaration merely declares the existing state of affairs and does not 'quash ' so as to produce a new state of affairs.
But nonetheless the impugned dismissal order has at least a de facto operation unless and until it is declared to be void or nullity by a competent body or Court.
In Smith vs East.
Elloe Rural District Council, ; at 769 Lord Redcliffe observed: 669 " An order even if not made in good faith, is still an actcapable of legal consequences.
It bears no brand of invalidity upon its fore head.
Unless the necessary proceedings are taken at law to establish the cause of inva lidity and to get it quashed or otherwise upset, it will remain as effective for its ostensible purpose as the most impeccable of orders.
" Apropos to this principle, Prof. Wade states: "the principle must be equally true even where the 'brand ' of invalidity ' is plainly visible; for their also the order can effectively be resisted in law only by obtaining the deci sion of the Court (See: Administrative Law 6th Ed.
p. 352).
Prof. Wade sums up these principles: "The truth of the matter is that the court will invalidate an order only if 'the right remedy is sought by the right person in the right proceedings and circumstances.
The order may be hypothetically a nullity, but the Court may refuse to quash it because of the plain tiff 's lack of standing, because he does not deserve a discretionary remedy, because he has waived his rights, or for some other legal reason.
In any such case the 'void ' order remains effective and is, in reality, valid.
It follows that an order may be void for one purpose and valid for another, and that it may be void against one person but valid against another." (Ibid p. 352) It will be clear from these principles, the party ag grieved by the invalidity of the order has to approach the Court for relief of declaration that the order against him is inoperative and not binding upon him.
He must approach the Court within the prescribed period of limitation.
If the statutory time limit expires the Court cannot give the declaration sought for.
Counsel for the respondents however, has placed strong reliance on the decision of this Court in State of M. P.v.
Syed Quamarali, The High Court has also relied upon that decision to hold that the suit is not governed by.
the limitation.
We may examine the case in detail.
The respondent in that case was a sub inspector in the Central Province Police Force.
He was dismissed from service on 22 December 1945.
His appeal against that order was dismissed by the Provincial Government, Central Prov inces and Berar on 9 April 1947.
He brought the suit on 8 December 1952 on allegation that the order of dismissal was contrary to the para 24 1 of the Central Provinces and 670 Berar Police Regulations and as such contrary to law and void, and prayed for recovery of Rs.4724/5 on account of his pay and dearness allowance as sub inspector of police for the three years immediately preceding the date of the insti tution of the suit.
The suit was decreed and.
in the appeal before the Supreme Court, it was urged that even if the order of dismissal was contrary to the provisions of.law, the dismissal remained valid until and unless it is set aside and no relief in respect of salary could be granted when the time for obtaining an order setting aside the order of dismissal had elapsed.
It was observed: "We therefore hold that the order of dismissal having been made in breach of a mandatory provision of the rules subject to which only the power of punishment under section 7 could be exercised, is totally invalid.
The order of dismissalhad therefore, no legal existence and it was not necessary for the respondent to have .the order set aside by a Court.
The defence of limitation which was based .only on the contention that the order.had to be set aside by a court before it became invalid must therefore be rejected.
" These observations are of little assistance to the plaintiffs in the present case.
This Court only emphasized that since the order of dismissal was invalid being contrary to para 241 of the Berar Police Regulations, it need not be set aside.
But it may be noted that Syed Qamarali brought the suit within the period of limitation.
He was dismissed on 22 December 1945.
His appeal against the order of dis missal was rejected by the Provincial Government on 9 April 1947.
He brought the suit which has given rise to the appeal before the Supreme Court on 8 December 1952.
The right to sue accrued to Syed Qamarali when the Provincial Government rejected his appeal affirming the original order of dismissal and the suit was .brought within six years from that date as prescribed under Article 120 of the Limitation Act, 1908.
The Allahabad High Court in Jagdish Prasad Mathur and Ors.
vs United Provinces Government, AIR 1956 All 114 has taken the view that a suit for declaration by a dismissed employee on the ground that his dismissal is void, is gov erned by Article 120 of the Limitation Act.
A similar view has been taken by Oudh Chief Court in Abdul Vakil vs Secre tary of State and Anr., AIR 1943 Oudh 368.
That in our opinion is the correct view to be taken.
A suit for declara tion that an order of dismissal or termination from service passed against the plaintiff is wrongful, illegal or ultra vires is governed by Article 113 of the Limitation Act The decision to the contrary taken by the Punjab & Haryana 671 High Court in.
these and other cases ((i)State of Punjab vs Ajit Singh,.
and (ii) State of Punjab vs Ram Singh, is not correct and stands overruled.
In the result, we allow the appeals, set aside the judgment and decree of the High Court and dismiss the suit in each case.
In the circumstances, however, we make no order as to costs.
V.P.R. Appeals allowed.

Summary:
The respondent plaintiff in C.A. No. 18S2/89 was appointed as an ad hoc Sub inspector in the District Food and Supply Department.
He absented himself from duty from 29 September 197S. On 27 January 1977, his services were terminated.
On 18 April 1984, he instituted 'the mir for declaration that the termination order was against the principles of natural Justice, terms and conditions of employment, void and inoperative and be continued to be in service.
The State the appellant defendant contended that the plaintiff 'sservices were terminated in accordance with the terms and conditions of his ad hoc appointment and the suit was barred by time.
The trial Court dismissed the Suit on the ground of limitation, but on appeal the Additional District Judge decreed the suit, holding that the termination order though simplicitor in nature was passed as a measure of punishment without an 'enquiry and he should have been given an oppor tunity to explain his conduct by holding proper enquiry and that, since the order of termination was bad, the suit was not barred by time.
The second appeal preferred by the State was dismissed by the High Court holding that as the dismissal of the employee was illegal, 664 void or inoperative being in contravention of the mandatory provisions of any rules or.
conditions of service, there was.no limitation to bring a suit for declaration of contin uance in service.
The respondent plaintiff in C.A. No. 4772/89 was ap pointed on.
14 November 1977.
On 15 March 1979, he was discharged from service for some misconduct and against which appeal was made, which was rejected on 15.6.1979.
When his revision petition was dismissed on 30.11.1979 he brought a suit on 12.2.1985 seeking declaration that the order discharging him from service was illegal, ultra vires, unconstitutional against the principles of natural justice and continuance in service.
The trial court dismissed the suit.
The appeal preferred by the plaintiff was allowed by the Additional District Judge that the plaintiff was discharged from service in contravention of the mandatory provisions of the rules and as such it had no legal effect.
There was no period of limitation .for instituting the suit for declaration that such a dismissal order was not binding upon the plaintiff.
The High Court dismissed the second appeal in limine.
On the question, whether limitation governs the suit for declaration by a dismissed employee, if the dismissal was illegal, void or inoperative being in contravention of the mandatory provisions of any rules or conditions of service, this Court, allowing the appeals of the State the defendant, HELD: 1.
The Court 's function on the presentation of plaint is simply to examine whether, on the assumed facts, the plaintiff is within time.
The Court has to find out when the "right to sue" accrued to the plaintiff.
If a suit is not covered by any of the specific articles prescribing a period of limitation, it must fall within the residuary article.
[667H 668.
A suit for declaration that an order of dismissal or termination from service passed against the plaintiff is wrongful, illegal or ultra vires is governed by Article 113 of the Limitation Act.
[6TOG.H] 3.
The party aggrieved by the invalidity of the order has to approach the Court for relief of declaration that the order against him is inoperative and not binding upon him.
He must approach the Court within the prescribed.period of limitation.
If the statutory time limit expires the Court cannot give the declaration sought for.
[669E F] 665 4.
If an act is void or ultra vires it is enough for the Court to declare it so and it collapses automatically.
It need not be set aside.
The aggrieved party can simply seek a declaration that it is void and not binding upon him.
A declaration merely declares the existing state of affairs, and does not 'quash ' so as to produce a new state of af fairs.
[668F G] But none theless the impugned dismissal order has at least a de facto operation unless and until it is declared to be void or nullity by a competent body or Court.
[668H] Smith vs East Elloe Rural Disrict Council, ; at 769, referred to.
Prof. Wade: Administrative Law, 6th Ed.
P. 352, referred to.
State of M.P.v.
Syed Quamarali, , distin guished.
Jagdish Prasad Mathur and Ors.
United Provinces Government, AIR 1956 All 114 and Abdul Vakil vs Secretary of State and Anr , AIR 1943 Oudh 368, Approved.
State of Punjab vs Ajit Singh, and State of Punjab vs Ram Singh, , over ruled.
The words "right to sue" ordinarily mean the right to seek relief by means of legal proceedings.
Generally, the right to sue accrues only when the cause of action arises, that is, the right to prosecute to obtain relief by legal means.
The suit must be instituted when the right asserted in the suit is infringed or when there is a clear and une quivocal threat to infringe that right by the defendant against whom the suit is instituted.
[668C D] Mt. Bole vs Mt. Koklam and Ors., AIR 1930 PC 270 and Gannon Dunkerley and Co. vs The Union of India, ; followed.