vil Appeal No. 1294 (NT) of 1975.
From the Judgment and order dated 16.7.74 of the Bombay High Court in I.T. Reference No. 22 of 1965.
S.C. Manchanda, M.K. Sashidharan and Ms. A. Subhashini for the Appellant.
Harish.
N. Salve, Parveen Kumar and V. Gambhir for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RANGANATH MISRA, J.
This appeal is by special leave and is directed against the judgment of the Bombay High Court dated 16.7.1974 on a reference made under Section 66(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1922.
The year of assessment is 1951 52 corresponding to the accounting year ending 31.3.1951.
The question referred by the Tribunal to the High Court at the instance of the Revenue was: "Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the assessee company could not be held to be a company in which the public were substantially interested within the meaning of Explanation of section 23A(1) by reason of the fact that the shares of the company carrying not less than twenty five per cent of its voting power were not, in fact, freely trans ferable by holders to other members of the public for a large part of the previous year even though they were freely transferable as at the end of the previous year? " Initially the company was incorporated as a private limited company at Jaipur on 24.12.1942 and was known as Messrs Rajputana Investment Company Private Limited.
Under articles 4, 81 and 82 of the Articles of Association of the company there was restriction on the transfer of the shares of the Company by the shareholders to other 573 members of the public.
These articles were deleted at an extraordinary general meeting of the Company held on 26th March, 1951, and following the deletion, the restriction on transfer of shares was removed.
So was the limit of number of shareholders.
On the basis of the amendment the assessee claimed relief under section 23A(1) of the 1922 Act by pleading that all the statutory requirements were satisfied.
The income Tax Officer refused to accept the stand of the asses see on the ground that while the Explanation contained in section 23A(1) of the Act required that in course of the previous year the shares were freely transferable by the holders to other members of the public, the company came to satisfy the requirement only for four or five days of the year.
The Appellate Assistant Commissioner adopted the same view whereupon the assessee appealed to the Tribunal.
The Tribu nal accepted the stand of the assessee and allowed the appeal, whereupon at the instance of the Revenue the afore said question was referred and the case was stated to the High Court under section 66(1) of the 1922 Act.
The High Court found for the assessee and against the Revenue.
That has led to the present appeal by special leave.
As pointed out above, the short point for consideration in this appeal is as to whether the assessee satisfied the requirements of the Explanation to section 23A(1) of the Act so as to be entitled to the tax benefit.
This Court pointed out in the case of C.I.T.v.
Arco (P) Ltd., [19631 "Section 23A was enacted to prevent evasion of liability to pay super tax by shareholders of certain classes of companies taking advantage of the disparity between the rates of super tax payable by individuals and by the compa nies.
The rates of super tax applicable to companies being lower than the highest rates applicable to individual assessees, to prevent individual assessees from avoiding the higher incidence of super tax by the expedient of transferring to companies the sources of their income, and thereby securing instead of divi dends the benefit of the profits of the compa ny, the Legislature by Act XXI of 1930, as modified by Act VII of 1939, enacted a special provision in section 23A investing the Income tax Officer with power, in certain contingencies prescribed in the section to order that the undistributed balance of the assessable income reduced by the amount of taxes and the divi dends shall be deemed to have been distributed at the date of the general meeting.
" 574 The Explanation provided: "For the purpose of this sub section , a company shall be deemed to be a company in which the public are substantially interested if shares of the company (not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend, whether with or without a further right to participate in profits) carrying not less than twenty five per cent of the voting power have been allotted unconditionally to, or acquired unconditionally by, and are at the end of the previous year beneficially held by, the public (not including a company to which the provi sions of this sub section apply) and if any such shares have in the course of such previ ous year been the subject of dealings in any stock exchange in the taxable territories or are in fact freely transferable by the holders to other members of the public." The only question that has engaged the attention of the Tribunal and the High Court at the instance of the respec tive parties is as to whether the shares were freely trans ferable by the holders to other members of the public in the course of the previous year.
As we have already pointed out, the Income Tax Officer and the first appellate authority held that the terms in the Explanation required that the shares should have been freely transferable by the share holders to other members of the public at every point of time during the previous year and transferability should be established by actual transfer.
The Tribunal and the High Court took the view that it was not necessary that as a fact there should have been some transfer of such shares but transferability as an incidence should have been at every point of time during the whole of the previous year.
That being the short question on which this appeal can be effec tively disposed of, there is no necessity to refer to other aspects which had been canvassed at earlier stages.
Indisputably, until 26th of March, 1951, the shares were not freely transferable in view of the three provisions in the Articles and with the deletion of those, free transfera bility of the shares was acquired.
There has been no dispute before us that the requirement "if any such shares have been in the course of such previous year" would also apply to the last requirement "are in fact freely transferable by the holders to other members of the public".
The only conten tious aspect is as to whether "in the course of such previ ous year" would mean throughout the year or any part of it.
575 There is no direct authority indicating the true meaning of this requirement in the Explanation one way or the other.
The purpose of enacting section 23A, as pointed out in Afro 's case, was to control evasion of tax.
The Explanation has reference to the point of time at two places: the first one has been stated as "at the end of the previous year" and the second, which is in issue, is "in the course of such previous year".
Counsel for the Revenue has emphasised upon the feature that in the same Explanation reference to time has been expressed differently and if the legislative intention was not to distinguish and while stating "in the course of such previous year" it was intend ed to convey the idea of the last day of the previous year, there would have been no necessity of expressing the posi tion differently.
There is abundant authority to support the stand of the counsel for the Revenue that when the situation has been differently expressed the legislature must be taken to have intended to express a different intention. 'Course ' ordinarily conveys the meaning of a continuous progress from one point to the next in time or space and conveys the idea of a period of time; duration and not a fixed point of time.
"In the course of such previous year" would, therefore, refer to the period commencing with the beginning of the previous year and terminating with the end of the previous year.
If that be the meaning of the phrase "in the course of such previous year", it would necessarily mean that free transferability of the shares by the holders to other members of the public should be present throughout the previous year.
Admittedly that was not the position in this case as transferability was acquired only on 26th of March, 195 1.
We are of the view that the Tribunal and the High Court went wrong in holding that the conditions re quired by the Explanation were satisfied and the benefit under the section was available to the assessee.
The appeal is allowed.
The order of the High Court approving the view taken by the Appellate Tribunal is set aside and the question referred to the High Court is an swered thus: "On the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the assessee company could not be held to be a company in which the public were substantially interested within the meaning of the Explanation to section 23A(1) by reason of the fact that for a large part of the previous year the shares] 576 were not freely transferable though they were so transfer able at the end of the previous year." and against the assessee.
Parties are directed to bear their own costs throughout.
T.N.A. Appeal allowed.

Summary:
Under articles 4, 81 and 82 of the Articles of Associa tion of the respondent assessee company there was restric tion on the transfer of the shares of the company by the shareholders to the other members of the public.
These articles were deleted at an extraordinary general meeting of the Company held on 26th March, 1951 and consequently the shares of the Company acquired free transferability.
For the accounting year ending 31st March, 1951 the assessee company claimed tax benefit u/s 23A(1) on the ground that by reason of the fact that its shares had acquired free transferabili ty 'in the course of the previous year ' the company had become 'a company in which public are substantially inter ested '.
The Income Tax Officer rejected the claim of the asses see company by holding that while Explanation to Section 23A(1) requires that the shares should have been freely transferable by the shareholders to the other members of the public at every point of time during the previous year and transferability should be established by actual transfer; the Company satisfied the requirement only for four or five days of the previous year.
571 On appeal the Appellate Assistant Commissioner affirmed the view taken by the Income Tax Officer.
The assessee company appealed to the ,Tribunal against the decision of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner.
The Tribunal accepted the contention of the assessee and allowed the appeal.
A reference under Section 66(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1922 was made to the High Court at the instance of the Revenue which approved the view taken by the Appellate Tribunal, and held that the conditions required by the Explanation to Section 23A(1) were satisfied and the benefit thereunder was available to the assessee company.
In the appeal by Special leave by the Revenue to this Court on the question: whether the assessee had satisfied the requirements of the Explanation to Section 23A(1) of the Act, and was entitled to the tax benefit claimed.
Allowing the appeal and setting aside the order of the High Court, HELD: 1.
The Tribunal and the High Court went wrong in holding that the conditions required by the Explanation to Section 23A(1) were satisfied and the benefit under the said section was available to the assessee.
[575F] 2.
The assessee company could not be held to be a compa ny in which the public were substantially interested within the meaning of the Explanation to Section 23A(1) by reason of the fact that for a large part of the previous year the shares were not freely transferable, though they were so transferable at the end of the previous year.
[574G1 3.
The word 'Course ' ordinarily conveys the meaning of a continuous progress from one point to the next in time or space and conveys the idea of a period of time; duration and not a fixed point of time.
The expression 'in the course of such previous year ' would refer to the period commencing with the beginning of the previous year, and terminating with the end of the previous year.
Therefore, it would necessarily mean that free transferability of the shares by the holders to other members of the public should be present throughout the previous year.
This was not the position in the instant case, as the transferability was acquired only on the 26th of March, 1951.
[575D F] 4.
The Explanation to Section 23A(1) has reference to the point of time at two places: the first one has been stated as 'at the end of the 572 previous year ' and the second is 'in the course of such previous year '.
When the situation has been differently expressed the legislature must be taken to have intended to express a different intention.
[575B D] C.I.T.v.
Arco (P) Ltd. , referred to.