y of the view that the almost unanimous opinion of experts is that after the age of 15, bulls.
bullocks and buffaloes are no longer useful for breeding, draught and other purposes and whatever little use they may have then is greatly offset by the economic disadvantages of feeding and maintaining unserviceable cattle disadvantages to which we had referred in much greater detail in Md. Hanif Quareshi 's case (1).
Section 3 of the Bihar Act in so far as it has increased the age limit to 25 in respect of bulls, bullocks and she buffaloes, imposes an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental right of the petitioners, a restriction moreover which cannot be said to be in (1) ; 623 the interests of the general public, and to that extent it is void.
We may here repeat what we said in Chintaman Rao vs The State of Madhya Pradesh (1): "The phrase 'reasonable restriction ' connotes that the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of the right should not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature, beyond what is required in the interests of the public.
The word 'reasonable ' implies intelligent care and deliberation, that is, the choice of a course which reason dictates.
Legislation which arbitrarily or excessively invades the right cannot be said to contain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes a proper balance between the freedom guaranteed in article 19(1)(g) and the social control permitted by clause (6) of article 19, it must be held to be wanting in that quality.
" As to r. 3 the grievances of the petitioners are these.
Under the rule the prescribed authority for the purpose of section 3 of the Act consists of the Veterinary Officer and the Chairman or Chief Officer of a District Board, Municipality etc.
Unless both of them concur, no certificate for slaughter can be granted.
It is pointed out that the Chairman or Chief Officer would be a layman not in a position to judge the age or usefulness of cattle.
The result would be that the animal in respect of which a certificate is required may have to be shown to the Veterinary Officer as also the Chairman or Chief Officer, who may not be staying at the same place as the Veterinary Officer.
If the two differ, the matter has to be referred to the Sub divisional Animal Husbandry Officer.
This procedure, it is contended, will involve the expenditure of so much money and time that it will not be worthwhile for the petitioners to ask for a certificate, or having got a certificate, to slaughter the animal.
An animal which is above 15 or which has become useless generally costs much less than a young, serviceable animal.
If the petitioners have to incur all the expenditure which the procedure laid down by r. 3 must necessarily cost them, then they must close down their trade.
As to the right of appeal from an order refusing to grant a (1) ; ,763.
624 certificate, it is contended that that right is also illusory for all practical purposes.
To take the animal to the Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry or the District Animal Husbandry Officer or the Sub divi sional Animal Husbandry Officer, as the case may be, and to keep and feed the animal for the period of the appeal and its hearing will cost more than the price of the animal itself.
We consider that these grievances of the petitioners have substance, and judged from the practical point of view, the provisions of r. 3 impose disproportionate restrictions on their right.
It is difficult to understand why the Veterinary Officer, who has the necessary technical knowledge, cannot be trusted to give the certificate and why it should be necessary to resort to a complicated procedure to resolve a possible difference of opinion between two officers, later followed by a still more expensive appeal.
We, therefore, hold r. 3 also to be bad in so far as it imposes disproportionate restrictions indicated above, on the right of the petitioners.
(2) We now proceed to consider the Uttar Pradesh Prevention of Cow Slaughter (Amendment) Act, 1958.
After the decision of this Court in Md. Hanif Quareshi vs The State of Bihar (1) an Ordinance was passed called the Uttar Pradesh Prevention of Cow Slaughter (Amendment) Ordinance, 1958.
This Ordinance was later repealed and replaced by the Act.
The petitioners say that in the Bill as originally drafted the age limit below which slaughter was not permissible was put at 15 years; but the Select Committee increased it to 20 years.
It will probably be best, for clearness sake, to set forth not the whole provisions of the Act, for that would be too lengthy, but those which form most directly the subject matter on which the controversy turns.
Section 3 of the Act reads (omitting portions not relevant for our purpose) "section 3(1) Except as hereinafter provided, no person shall slaughter or cause to be slaughtered or offer or cause to be offered for slaughter (a). . . . . . . (1) ; 625 (b) a bull or bullock, unless he has obtained in respect thereof a certificate in writing, from the competent authority of the area in which the bull or bullock is to be slaughtered, certifying that it is fit for slaughter. (2) No bull or bullock, in respect of which a certificate has been issued under sub section (1)(b) shall be ' slaughtered at any place other than the place indicated in the certificate or within twenty days of the date of issue of the certificate.
(3) A certificate under sub section (1)(b) shall be issued by the competent authority, only after it has, for reasons to be recorded in writing, certified that(a) the bull or bullock is over the age of twenty years; and (b) in the case of a bull, it has become permanently unfit and unserviceable for the purpose of breeding and, in the case of a bullock, it has become permanently unfit and unserviceable for the purposes of draught and any kind of agricultural operation: Provided that the permanent unfitness or unserviceability has not been caused deliberately.
(4) The competent authority shall, before issuing the certificate under sub section (3) or refusing to issue the same, record its order in writing.
Any person aggrieved by the order of the competent authority, under this section, may, within twenty days of the date of the order, appeal against it to the State Government, which may pass such orders thereon as it may deem fit.
(5) The State Government may, at any time, for the purposes of satisfying itself as to the legality or propriety of the action taken under this section, call for and examine the record of any case and may pass such orders thereon as it may deem fit.
(6) Subject to the provisions herein contained any action taken under this section, shall be final and conclusive and shall not be called in question.
" On behalf of the petitioners it has been argued that section 3 imposes a number of unreasonable restrictions.
Firstly, it is urged that the age limit with regard to bulls or bullocks is put too high, viz. at 20 years.
This is an 626 aspect which we have already considered in relation to the Bihar Act.
What we have said about the age s limit in that connexion applies equally to the Uttar Pradesh Act.
The 8th Live stock Census, 1956 shows that in Uttar Pradesh bulls and bullocks over 3 years of age, not in use for breeding or work, numbered as many as 126,201 in 1956 as compared to 162,746 in 1951.
The Municipal Manual, Uttar Pradesh, Vol. 1, contains a direction that for slaughter of animals, bullocks and male buffaloes in good state of health below ten years of age should be included.
Secondly, it is pointed out that not being content with fixing an unreasonably high age limit, the impugned provision imposes a double restriction.
It says that the animal must be over twenty years in age and must also be permanently unfit and unserviceable; and in the case of a bullock, the unfitness must be for "any kind of agricultural operation" and not merely for draught purposes.
The result of this double restriction, it is stated, is that even if the animal is permanently unserviceable and unfit at an earlier age, it cannot be slaughtered unless it is over twenty years in age.
Before a certificate can be given, the animal must fulfil two conditions as to (1) age and (2) permanent unfitness.
We consider this to be a demonstrably unreasonable restriction.
In Md. Hanif Quareshi 's case (1) this Court had said that a total ban on the slaughter of bulls and bullocks after they had ceased to be capable of breeding or working as draught animals was not in the interests of the general public.
Yet this is exactly what the impugned provision does by imposing a double restriction.
It lays down that even if the animal is permanently unserviceable, no certificate can be given unless it is more than 20 years in age.
The restriction will in effect put an end to the trade of the petitioners.
Thirdly, the impugned provision provides (1) that the animal shall not be slaughtered within 20 days of the date of the issue of the certificate and (2) that any person aggrieved by the order of the competent authority may appeal to the State Government within 20 days.
It is to be noted that the right of appeal is not (1) 627 confined to a refusal to grant a certificate as in the Bihar Act, but the right is given to any person aggrieved by the order of the competent authority.
In other words, even when a certificate is given, any person, even a member of the public, who feels aggrieved by it may prefer an appeal and hold up the slaughter of the animal for a long time.
From the practical point of view these restrictions really put a total ban on the slaughter of bulls and bullocks even after they have ceased to be useful, and we must hold, following our decision in Md. Hanif Quareshi 's case (1) that section 3 of the Uttar Pradesh Act in so far as it imposes unreasonable restrictions on the right of the petitioners as to slaughter of bulls and bullocks infringes the fundamental right of the petitioners and is to that extent void.
(3) Now, we come to the Madhya Pradesh Act.
Several provisions of this Act have been challenged before us as imposing unreasonable restrictions on the fundamental right of the petitioners.
Section 4 deals with prohibition of slaughter of agricultural cattle.
The expression 'agricultural cattle ' means an animal specified in the schedule: it means cows of all ages; calves of cows and of she buffaloes; bulls; bullocks; and male and female buffaloes.
As we have stated earlier, we are concerned in these cases with the validity of the restrictions placed on the slaughter of bulls, bullocks and buffaloes.
Now, section 4 is in these terms: "section 4(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any usage or custom to the contrary, no person shall slaughter or cause to be slaughtered or offer or cause to be offered, for slaughter (a) cows, calves of cows, or calves of she buffaloes, or (b) any other agricultural cattle unless he has obtained in respect of such cattle a certificate in writing issued by the Competent Authority for the area in which the cattle is to be slaughtered that the cattle is fit for slaughter.
(1) [1959] S.C.R.29.
628 (2) No certificate under clause (b) of sub section (1) shall be issued by the Competent Authority .unless the Veterinary Officer after examining the cattle certifies that (a) the cattle is over twenty years of age and is unfit for work or breeding or has become permanently incapacitated from work or breeding due to age, injury, deformity or an incurable disease; and (b) the cattle is not suffering from any disease which makes its meat unwholesome for human consumption.
(3) The Competent Authority shall, before issuing or refusing to issue a certificate under this section, record its order in writing.
Any person aggrieved by the order of the Competent Authority under this section, may, within ten days of the date of the order, prefer an appeal against such order to the Collector of the district or such other officer as may, by notification, be authorised in this behalf by the State Government, and the Collector or such other officer may pass such orders thereon as he thinks fit.
(4) Subject to the orders passed in appeal, if any, under sub section (3), the order of the Competent Authority shall be final and shall not be called in question in any Court.
" Section 5 places a restriction as to the place and time for slaughter and the objection taken before us relates to the time rather than to the place of slaughter.
It says in effect that no cattle in respect of which a certificate has been issued under section 4 shall be slaughtered within ten days of the date of issue of the certificate and where an appeal is preferred against the grant of such certificate, till the time such appeal is disposed of.
The provision of appeal is contained in sub section
(3) of section 4 of the Act which we have quoted earlier.
That sub section lays down that any person aggrieved by the order of the Competent Authority, may, within ten days of the date of the order, prefer an appeal against the order to the Collector of the district or such other officer as may, by notification, be authorised in this behalf by the State Government.
629 Section 6 imposes a restriction on the transport of agricultural cattle for slaughter and reads: "section 6.
No person shall transport or offer for transport or cause to be transported any agricultural cattle from any place within the State to any place outside the State, for the purpose of its slaughter in contravention of the provisions of this Act or with the knowledge that it will be or is likely to be, so slaughtered.
" Section 7 prohibits the sale, purchase or disposal otherwise of certain kinds of animals.
It reads .
"section 7.
No person shall purchase, sell or otherwise dispose of or offer to purchase, sell or otherwise dispose of or cause to be purchased, sold or otherwise disposed of cows, calves of cows or calves of shebuffaloes for slaughter or knowing or having reason to believe that such cattle shall be slaughtered.
" Section 8 relates to possession of flesh of agricultural cattle and is in these terms: "section 8.
Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, no person shall have in his possession flesh of any agricultural cattle slaughtered in contravention of the provisions of this Act.
" Section 10 imposes a penalty for a contravention of section 4(1)(a) and section 11 imposes penalty for a contravention of any of the other provisions of the Act.
On behalf of the petitioners it has been pointed out, and rightly in our opinion, that cl.
(a) of sub section
(2) of section 4 of the Act imposes an unreasonable restriction on the right of the petitioners.
That clause in its first part lays down that the cattle (other than cows and calves) must be over 20 years of age and must also be unfit for work or breeding; and in the second part it says, "or has become permanently incapacitated from work or breeding due to age, injury, deformity or an incurable disease.
" It is a little difficult to understand why the two parts are juxtaposed in the section.
In any view the restriction that the animal must be over 20 years of age and also unfit for work or breeding is an excessive or unreasonable restriction as we have 80 630 pointed out with regard to a similar provision in the Uttar Pradesh Act.
The second part of the clause would not be open to any objection, if it stood by itself.
If, however, it has to be combined with the agelimit mentioned in the first part of the clause, it will again be open to the same objection; if the animal is to be over 20 years of age and also permanently incapacitated from work or breeding etc.
,then the agelimit is really meaningless.
Then, the expression 'due to age ' in the second part of the clause also loses its meaning.
It seems to us that cl.
(a) of sub section (2) of section 4 of the Act as drafted is bad because it imposes a disproportionate restriction on the slaughter of bulls, bullocks and buffaloes it is a restriction excessive in nature and not in the interests of the general public.
The test laid down is not merely permanent incapacity or unfitness for work or breeding but the test is something more than that, a combination of age and unfitness ' Learned Counsel for the petitioners has placed before us an observation contained in a reply made by the Deputy Minister in the course of the debate on the Bill in the Madhya Pradesh Assembly (see Madhya Pradesh Assembly Proceedings, Vol.
5 Serial No. 34 dated April 14, 1959, page 3201).
He said that the age fixed was very much higher than the one to which any animal survived.
This observation has been placed before us not with a view to an interpretation of the section, but to show what opinion was held by the Deputy Minister as to the proper agelimit.
On behalf of the respondent State our attention has been drawn to a book called The Miracle of Life (Home Library Club) in which there is a statement that oxen, given good conditions, live about 40 years.
Our attention has also been drawn to certain extracts from a Hindi book called Godhan by Girish Chandra Chakravarti in which there are statements to the effect that cows and bullocks may live up to 20 or 25 years.
This is an aspect of the case with which we have already dealt.
The question before us is not the maximum age upto which bulls, bullocks and buffaloes may live in rare cases.
The question before us is what is their average longevity and at what age 631 they become useless.
On this question we think that the opinion is almost unanimous, and the opinion which the Deputy Minister expressed was not wrong.
Section 5 in so far as it imposes a restriction as to the time for slaughter is again open to the same objection as has been discussed by us with regard to a similar provision in the Uttar Pradesh Act.
A right of appeal is given to any person aggrieved by the order.
In other words, a member of the public, if he feels aggrieved by the order granting a certificate for slaughter, may prefer an appeal and hold up for a long time the slaughter of the animal.
We have pointed out that for all practical purposes such a restriction will really put an end to the trade of the petitioners and we are unable to accept a restriction of this kind as a reasonable restriction within the meaning of cl.
(6) of article 19 of the Constitution.
Section 6 standing by itself, we think, is not open to any serious objection.
It is ancillary in nature and tries to give effect to the provision of the Act prohibiting slaughter of cattle in contravention of the Act.
Section 7 relates to the prohibition of sale, purchase etc., of cows and calves and inasmuch as a total ban on the slaughter of cows and calves is valid, no objection can be taken to section 7 of the Act.
It merely seeks to effectuate the total ban on the slaughter of cows and calves (both of cows and she buffaloes).
Section 8 is also ancillary in character and if the other provisions are valid no objection can be taken to the provisions of section 8.
Sections 10 and 11 impose penalties and their validity cannot be seriously disputed.
However, we must say a few words about section 12 of the Act which has also been challenged before us.
Section 12 is in these terms: "section 12.
In any trial for an offence punishable under section 11 for contravention of the provision of sections 5, 6 or 7 of this Act the burden of proving that the slaughter, transport or sale of agricultural cattle was not in contravention of the provisions of this Act shall be on the accused.
" The argument is that section 12 infringes the fundamental 632 right of the petitioners inasmuch as it puts the burden of proof on an accused person not only for his own knowledge or intention but for the knowledge or intention of other persons.
We do not think that this contention is correct.
The accused person, so far as sections 5 and 7 are concerned, must be the person who has slaughtered the animal or who has purchased, sold or otherwise disposed of the animal etc.
Therefore, the only question will be his knowledge and the legislature was competent to place the burden of proof on him.
So far as section 6 is concerned, it specifically refers to the knowledge of the person who has transported or offered for transport or caused to be transported any agricultural cattles from any place within the State to any place outside the State.
Therefore, when the section talks of knowledge, it talks of the knowledge of that person who has transported or offered for transport etc.
The knowledge of no other person comes into the purview of section 6.
We are, therefore, ' of the view that section 12 is not invalid on the ground sug gested by the petitioners.
Therefore, the result of our examination of the various provisions of the Act is that the impugned provisions in cl.
(a) of sub section
(2) of section 4, in sub section
(3) of section 4 relating to the right of appeal by any person aggrieved by the order, and in section 5 relating to the time of slaughter, impose unreasonable and disproportionate restrictions which must be held to be unconstitutional.
As to the Madhya Pradesh Agricultural Cattle Preservation Rules, r. 3 says "that an application for a certificate under section 4 shall be made to the competent authority," and r. 4 says that on receipt of the application, the competent authority shall by an order direct the person keeping the animal to submit it for examination by the Veterinary Officer Rule 5 reproduces the provisions of cls.
(a) and (b) of sub section
(2) of section 4 and in so far as we have held that the provision in el.
(a) of sub section
(2) of section 4 is unconstitutional, the rule must also fall with it.
There is one other aspect of these cases which has been emphasized before us, to which a reference must 633 now be made.
It is open to the legislature to enact ancillary provisions to give effect to the main object of the Act, namely, the prevention of slaughter of animals like bulls, bullocks or buffaloes which are still useful for the purposes for which they are generally used.
It is pointed out that acts innocent in themselves may be prohibited and the restrictions in that regard would be reasonable, if the same were necessary to secure efficient enforcement of valid provisions.
For example, it is open to the legislature, if it feels it necessary, in order to reduce the possibilities of evasion to a minimum, to enact provisions which would give effect to the main object of the legislation.
We have not ignored this aspect and have kept in mind the undisputed right of the legislature to decide what provisions are necessary to give effect to the main object of the legislation.
In these cases the petitioners have complained that the main object of the impugned provisions is not the prohibition of slaughter of animals which are still useful; the impugned provisions as they are worded really put a total ban on the slaughter of bulls, bullocks and buffaloes and for all practical purposes they put a stop to the profession and trade of the petitioners.
We have held that this complaint is justified in respect of the main provisions in the three Acts.
We, therefore, allow the three writ petitions and direct, as we directed in Md. Hanif Quareshi 's case (1) the respondent States not to enforce the Acts or the rules made thereunder in so far as they have been declared void by us.
The petitioners will be entitled to their costs of the hearing in this Court.
Petitions allowed.

Summary:
In order to put the sugar industry on a stable footing, for which it was necessary to develop the cane area, the Ruler of the erstwhile Gwalior State by an order dated 27 7 1946 sanctioned the levy of cess of one anna per maund on all sugar cane purchased by the respondent company.
When the Government of Madhya Bharat, which was the successor state of the former Gwalior State, made a demand for payment of the cess, the respondent filed a petition before the High Court of Madhya ,Bharat challenging the legality of the levy on the grounds (1) that the order dated 27 7 1946 was only an executive order and not a law under article 265 of the Constitution of India and that, therefore, there was no authority for the imposition of the cess after January 26, 1950, and (2) that the levy was discriminatory and violated article 14 inasmuch as while the respondent was made liable to pay the cess the other sugar factories in the State were exempt.
It was found that at the time when cess was first levied there was no sugar factory in existence in the Gwalior State other than that of the respondent.
Held, that (i) the Ruler of an Indian State was an absolute monarch in which there was no constitutional limitation to act in any manner he liked, he being the supreme legislature, the supreme judiciary and the supreme head of the executive.
I Consequently, the order dated 27 7 1946 issued by the Ruler of Gwalior State amounted to a law enacted by him and became an existing law under article 372 of the Constitution of India.
The levy of cess was therefore by authority of law within the meaning of article 265; Madhaorao Phalke vs The State of Madhya Bharat, ; , followed.
(2) the levy of cess did not contravene article 14 because (a) the object was cane development in the particular area and a geographical classification based upon historical factors was a permissible mode of classification, and (b) a tax could not be struck down as discriminatory unless it was found that it was imposed with a deliberate intention of differentiating between 620 (ii) where the order is passed by the Sub divisional Animal Husbandry Officer, under sub rule (5), to the District Animal Husbandry Officer and (iii) where the order is passed by the authority prescribed under sub rule (1) to the Sub divisional Animal Husbandry Officer, if there is one; if not, to the District Animal Husbandry Officer; (b) The appeal shall not be decided against the appellant unless he has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
" The argument on behalf of the petitioners is that they are "Kassais" by profession and they earn their living by slaughtering cattle only (not goats or sheep which are slaughtered by "Chiks"); that they have the fundamental right to carry on their profession and trade; and that section 3 of the Act read with r. 3 imposes unreasonable restrictions restrictions not in the interests of the general public on their fundamental right and therefore they are not saved by cl.
(6) of article 19 of the Constitution.
Some of these arguments were considered by this Court in Md. Hanif Quareshi vs The State of Bihar (1) and it was pointed out that the test of reasonableness should be applied to each individual statute impugned and no abstract standard, or general pattern, of reasonableness can be laid down as applicable to all cases.
It referred to the decision in State of Madras vs V. G. Row (2) and repeated what was said therein that "the nature of the right alleged to have been infringed, the underlying purpose of the restrictions imposed, the extent and urgency of the evil sought to be remedied thereby, the disproportion of the imposition, the prevailing conditions at the time, should all enter into the judicial verdict." 'Another consideration which has to be kept in mind is that "the legislature is the best judge of what is good for the community,.
by whose suffrage it comes into existence. . . . (See The State of Bihar vs Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga (3)).
But the ultimate responsibility for determining the validity of the law must rest with the (1) (2) ; (3) 621 Court and the Court must not shirk that solemn duty cast on it by the Constitution.
We must, therefore, approach the problem before us in the light of the principles laid down by this Court.
The most pertinent question is having regard to all the relevant circumstances, is the age of 25 years laid down in section 3 a reasonable restriction on the right of the petitioners in the interests of the general public ? We are unable to say that it is.
Apart from the affidavits made on behalf of the petitioners and the respondent State, a large volume of authoritative and expert opinion has been placed before us which shows beyond any doubt that a bull, bullock or she buffalo does not remain useful after 14 or 15 years and only a few of them live up to the age of 25.
In the Report of the Cattle Preservation and Development Committee, published by the Ministry of Agriculture, it is recommended by the Committee that the slaughter of animals over 14 years of age and unfit for work as also animals of any age permanently unable to work owing to injury or deformity, should be allowed.
In the Report on the Marketing of Meat in India (published by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture) there is a reference to a draft Bill circulated by the Ministry of Agriculture (page 112 of the Report) which contains a clause that animals over 14 years of age and unfit for work may be slaughtered on a certificate from a Veterinary Officer.
In the Report on the Marketing of Cattle in India, again published by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, occurs the following passage as to the price of animals with reference to their age: "Young draught animals up to the age of 4 years being raw and untrained fetch comparatively low prices.
Between 4 and 8 years of age, the animals are in the prime of their youth and tender best service, and fetch maximum prices.
From the 8th year onwards old age sets in, and a graded decline is observed in their capacity to work and consequently prices depreciate considerably." .
In a Food and Agricultural Organisation study of cattle in India and Pakistan (Zebu Cattle of India and 79 622 Pakistan, page 94) it is stated that the active breeding life of a bull is estimated to be about 10 years.
In Black 's Veterinary Dictionary (edited by W. C. Miller and G. P. West, fifth edition) it is stated that pedigree ,bulls may reach 12 or 14 years of age before being discarded; and cattle seldom live longer than 15 or 16 years, and when they do, their age is usually of no immediate importance.
In another publication of the Ministry of Agriculture called 'Problems of Cattle Insurance ' under Indian conditions, it is stated that the life of cattle is comparatively much shorter, the maximum age being only about 15 years.
There is an interesting chart relating to the determination of age in cattle in a publication called 'Cattle Development in Uttar Pradesh ' by R. L. Kaura, Director of Animal Husbandry; that chart shows that at II years incisors appear smaller due to wearing out; at 12 years space appears between the teeth, and after 12 teeth wear out constantly and roots remain far apart from one another.
As against all this expert opinion the respondent State has relied on the chart embodying some useful data about domestic animals, prepared by Major A. C. Aggarwala, Director of Veterinary Services, Punjab, and R. R. Gulati, Superintendent, Veterinary Department, Jullandur, which shows the sterility age of a buffalo at 15 and average age at 25, and of a cow sterility at 15 and 16 years and average life 22 years.