rary to principles of natural justice to retire prematurely a government employee on the basis of adverse entries which are either not commu nicated to him or if communicated representations made against those entries are not considered and disposed of.
In the instant case, the appellant had submitted his represen tations against adverse entries for the year 1971 72 and 1972 1973 and admittedly those representations were not considered and disposed of and yet the appropriate authority considered those entries in forming opinion that the appel lant 's premature retirement was in public interest.
There fore the order of the state Government is not sustainable in law.
[593E G] & CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 7427 of 1983.
From the Judgment and Order dated 5.8.1981 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Civil Writ No. 1384 of 1981.
P.P. Rao and K.K. Mohan for the Appellant.
R.S. Sodhi for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by, 587 SINGH, J.
This appeal is directed against the Order of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana dismissing the appel lant 's petition made under article 226 of the Constitution challenging validity of the Punjab Government 's Order dated 19.3.80 retiring the appellant prematurely from service.
The appellant after having obtained 1st Class M.Sc.
(Technology) degree from Banaras Hindu University in 1950 was awarded Gandhi Memorial Scholarship by the Govt.
for study and training in France for a period of three years.
On his return from abroad he was appointed as Superintendent Quality Marking Centre (Scientific Instruments) of the Government of Punjab.
In 1963 he was promoted to the post of Deputy Director (Technical).
In 1968 he was promoted to the post of Joint Director (Industries), which post he continued to hold till he was prematurely retired by Government order dated 19th March, 1980 issued in exercise of power under rule 3 of the.
Punjab Civil Services (Premature Retirement) Rules 1975 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules).
The appellant made a representation against the order of prema ture retirement to the Government but the same was rejected, thereupon the appellant challenged the validity of the Government order by means of a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court, which was dismissed in limine by the High Court on August 5, 1981.
The learned counsel for the appellant contended that the Government decision to retire the appellant prematurely was arbitrary and unreasonable as the appellant 's service record has all along been good and there was no material before the appropriate authority on the basis of which the requisite opinion that the appellant 's premature retirement was neces sary in public interest, could be formed.
He urged that the appellant had earned consistent good entries for the last 5 years, but the competent authority relied on some adverse entries of remote past to retire the appellant.
Learned counsel further urged that appellant 's representation against some of the adverse entries which had been consid ered against him was pending and the same had not been considered and disposed of.
Those entries should not have been considered against the appellant.
On the other hand learned counsel appearing for the State urged that the appellant 's work and conduct was not satisfactory and the State Government having considered the over all service record of the appellant formed the requisite opinion bona fide that the appellant 's premature retirement was necessary in public interest.
In support of his contention he placed the service record before the Court and referred to a number of adverse entries 588 earned by the appellant during his service career to which we shall make reference at a later stage.
The purpose and object of premature or compulsory re tirement of Government employee is to weed out the ineffi cient, corrupt, dishonest or dead wood from the Government service.
This fight of the Government is well established which is generally exercised in accordance with relevant service Rules.
The scope and ambit of exercise of this absolute power depends on the provisions of Rules and it is always subject to Constitutional limitations.
In the instant case the appellant was prematurally retired in exercise of power under Rule 3 of the Punjab Civil Services (Premature retirement) Rules 1975, it would therefore be necessary to have a look at these provisions.
Rule 3 reads as under: "3.
Premature retirement: (1)(a) The appropriate authority shall if it is of the opinion that it is in public inter est to do so, have the absolute right, by giving an employee prior notice in writing, to retire that employee on the date on which he completes twenty five years of qualifying service or attains fifty years of age or on any date thereafter to be specified in the notice.
(b) The period of such notice shall not be less than three months.
Provided that where at least three month 's notice is not given or notice for a period less than three months is given, the employee shall be entitled to claim a sum equivalent to the amount of his pay and allow ances, at the same rate at which he was draw ing them immediately before the date of re tirement, for a period of three months or, as the case may be, for the period by which such notice falls short of three months.
(2) Any Govt.
employee may, after giving at least three month 's previous notice in writing to the appropriate authority retire from service on the date on which he completes twenty five years of qualifying service or attains fifty years of age or on any date thereafter to be specified in the notice.
589 Provided that no employee under suspension shall retire from service except with the specific approval of the appropriate authority.
" The above rule invests absolute right in the appropriate authority to retire an employee prematurely on his comple tion of 25 years of qualifying service or 50 years of age.
The appropriate authority as defined by rule 2 means the authority which has the power to make substantive appoint ment to the post or service from which the Govt.
employee is required to retire.
Before a Govt.
employee is retired in exercise of power under this rule it is necessary that the Govt.
servant must have completed 25 years of qualifying service or he must have attained 50 years of age and further he must be given three month 's notice in writing.
The rule does not lay down any criteria, guidelines for the exercise of power, although public interest is specified in the rule, which means power has to be exercised in the public interest only.
The public interest in relation to public administra tion envisages retention of honest and efficient employees in service and dispensing the services of those who are inefficient, dead wood or corrupt and dishonest.
Therefore the rule contemplates premature retirement of the ineffi cient, corrupt or dead wood which would subserve the public interest.
Since the rule does not contain any further guidelines, the State Government issued a Government Order on September 26, 1975 laying down the guidelines and the procedure neces sary to be followed in exercising powers under rule 3 for premature retirement of a Government employee.
The order stated that the appropriate authority should utilise the power under rule 3 in a judicious manner to retire a Govern ment employee on formulating its opinion by scrutiny of the confidential reports of the employee and by taking into consideration any other substantial material, it may have before it.
The order further stated that it was not feasible to lay down any absolute terms as to how many adverse en tries about inefficiency or lack of integrity would justify the premature retirement but it laid stress that the service record as a whole would determine the merit of each case.
Paragraph 6 of the letter further stated that remoteness of an adverse entry, the scrutiny of the service record of the employee concerned such as crossing of efficiency bar, confirmation and promotion to a higher post or any other meritorious service rendered by the employee, would have their relative importance.
The order emphasizes that the appropriate authority may consider premature retirement of a Government employee if it has reasonable cause to believe that the employee con 590 cerned was lacking in integrity irrespective of the assess ment of ability and efficiency in work.
It further provides that the appropriate authority should review the cases of employees on their completing 25 years of qualifying service or their attaining 50 years of age.
The Government issued another order on August 4, 1978 pointing out that while exercising power under rule 3 the service of an employee as a whole would determine the merit of each case but if there was a single entry describing the employee concerned as a person of doubtful integrity, that would justify the prema ture retirement under the rules.
The executive instructions issued as contained in these two Govt.
orders provide suffi cient guidance for the exercise of power under rule 3.
According to these instructions the service record of an employee has necessarily to be considered while taking decision for the premature retirement of an employee and if there was a single entry casting doubt on the integrity of an employee, the premature retirement of such an employee would be in public interest.
In the absence of any details by which the question of public interest could be determined in the rules it was open to the State Govt.
to issue execu tive instructions for the guidance of the appropriate au thority to exercise the power of premature retirement and the instructions so issued as contained in the aforesaid Govt.
orders have binding character.
In the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the State of Punjab it is asserted that the appellant during his service with the industries department earned adverse remarks in the annual confidential reports on his work and conduct for the years 1960 61, 1963 64, 1964 65, 1969 70, 1970 71, 1971 72, 1972 73 and 1975 76 which indicate that the overall service record of the appellant was bad and his integrity was fre quently challenged.
It was been further stated that these entries were taken into consideration in retiring the appel lant.
No other material was considered against the appel lant.
According to the respondents the appellant 's service record as a whole was taken into consideration and thereupon it was found that he had earned a number of adverse entries which indicated his inefficiency and for that reason it was considered necessary to retire him prematurely in public interest.
We have been taken through the adverse entries by the learned counsel appearing for the State as he placed the service record before us.
On a perusal of the same we find that the respondents took into consideration some of the adverse entries which related to remote past prior to the promotion of the appellant to the post of Joint Director (Industries).
It is now settled that adverse entries if any, awarded to an employee lose their significance on or after his promotion to a higher post.
The adverse entries awarded to the appellant prior to 1968 could not be taken into 591 consideration and therefore the adverse entries for the years 1960 61, 1963 64 and 1964 65 could not legally be taken into consideration in forming the requisite opinion to retire the appellant prematurely from service.
It is now well settled that while considering the question of prema ture retirement it may be desirable to make an overall assessment of the Government servant 's record, but while doing that, more value should be attached to the confiden tial reports pertaining to the years immediately preceding such consideration.
It is possible that a new entrant to a service may have committed mistakes and for that reason he may have earned adverse entries and if those entries of early years of service are taken into consideration for prematurely retiring a Government employee then perhaps no employee would be safe even though he may have brilliant record of service in later years.
This aspect was emphasised by this Court in a number of cases namely, Baldev Raj Chadha vs Union of India & Ors., ; ; Briij Bihari Lal Agarwal vs High Court of M.P. & Ors., ; ; Amar Kant Choudhary vs State of Bihar & Ors., ; and J.D. Srivastava vs State of M.P. & Ors., ; This Court has consistently taken the view that old and stale entries should not be taken into account while consid ering the question of premature retirement instead; the entries of recent past of five to ten years should be con sidered in forming the requisite opinion to retire a Govern ment employee in public interest.
It would be unreasonable and unjust to consider adverse entries of remote past and to ignore the good entries of recent past.
We are therefore of the opinion that if entries for a period of more than 10 years past are taken into account it would be an act of digging out past to get some material to make an order against the employee.
In view of this we would confine our scrutiny to the appellant 's record of service for the last 10 years prior to the date on which he prematurely retired.
We would now examine the appellant 's service record for the last 10 years.
On a perusal of the same we find that the appellant was awarded adverse remarks for the year 1971 72 and 1972 73 and for the rest of the years he was not awarded any adverse remarks.
On the other hand for the years 1974 75 and 1975 76 the reporting officer rated him as a 'very good ' officer although the reviewing officer treated him as 'ave rage '.
In 1976 77 the reporting officer rated him as a 'good ' officer while the reviewing officer rated him as an 'average '.
For the year 1977 78, 1978 79 and 1979 80 the reviewing officer assessed his work and conduct 'good '.
During the last 5 years of his service the appellant had earned good entries which are commendable in nature.
Except the two entries awarded to him for the years 1971 72, 1972 73 592 the appellant has not earned any adverse entry reflecting upon his work and conduct.
It is significant to note that in none of those entries his integrity was doubted.
So far as the adverse entries for the year 1971 72 and 1972 73 are concerned the appellant has asserted that even though he had filed representations in accordance with the rules against those entries, his representations had not been considered or disposed of, but the appropriate authority considered those entries against him.
In the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the State it is conceded that the appellant had filed representations against the aforesaid two entries, but the two representations could not be disposed of as the representations were not traceable on the Government file.
The fact however remains that the appellant had filed repre sentations against the aforesaid.
adverse entries and the receipt of the representations is admitted by the Govt.
but those representations were kept pending.
The question which fails for consideration is whether the aforesaid two entries could be taken into consideration in forming the requisite opinion to retire prematurely the appellant from service.
There is no doubt that whenever an adverse entry is awarded to a Government servant it must be communicated to him.
The object and purpose underlying the communication is to afford an opportunity to the employee to improve his work and conduct and to make representation to the authority concerned against those entries.
If such a representation is made it is imperative that the authority should consider the representation with a view to determine as to whether the contents of the adverse entries are justi fied or not.
Making of a representation is a valuable right to a Govt.
employee and if the representation is not consid ered, it is found to affect him in his service career, as in Govt.
service grant of increment, promotion and ultimately premature retirement all depend on the scrutiny of the service records.
In Gurdial Singh Fiji vs State of Punjab & Ors., the appellant therein was denied promotion on account of certain adverse entries against which he had made representation to the Govt.
but for some reason or the other those representations could not be considered or disposed of.
In view of those adverse entries he was not selected for promotion.
This Court while consid ering the effect of non consideration of the representation observed: " The principal is well settled that in accordance with the rules of natural justice, an adverse report in a confidential roll cannot be acted upon to deny promotional opportunities unless it is communicated to the person concerned 593 so that he has an opportunity to improve his work and conduct or to explain the circum stances leading to the report.
Such an oppor tunity is not an empty formality, its object, partially, being to enable the superior au thorities to decide on a consideration of the explanation offered by the person concerned, whether the adverse report is justified.
Unfortunately, for some reason or another, not arising out of any fault on the part of the appellant, though the adverse report was communicated to him, the Government has not been able to consider his explanation and decide whether the report was justified.
" After the aforesaid observation this Court directed the State Govt.
to consider and dispose of the representation made by the appellant and thereafter the Selection Committee was directed to consider his case afresh.
In Amar Kant Choudhary vs State of Bihar & Ors.
(supra) the Court again emphasized that adverse report in a confidential roll cannot be acted upon to deny promotional opportunities unless it is communicated to the person concerned so that he has an opportunity to improve his work and conduct or to explain the circumstances leading to the report.
Unless the repre sentation against the adverse entry is considered and dis posed of it is not just and fair to act upon those adverse entries.
These decisions lay down the principle that unless an adverse report is communicated and representation, if any, made by the employee is considered, it cannot be acted upon to deny promotion.
We are of the opinion that the same consideration must apply to a case where the advese entries are taken into account in retiring an employee prematurely from service.
It would be unjust and unfair and contrary to principles of natural justice to retire prematurely a Govt.
employee on the basis of adverse entries which are either not communicated to him or if communicated representation made against those entries are not considered and disposed of.
The appellant had submitted his representation against adverse entries for the year 1971 72, and 1972 73 and admit tedly those representations were not considered and disposed _of and yet the appropriate authorities considered those entries in forming opinion that the appellant 's premature retirement was in the public interest.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that for this reason the order of the State Govt.
is not sustainable in law.
Though the entire service record of an employee may be considered while considering the question of his premature retirement, but if the service record of the last 10 years of his service do not 594 indicate any deficiency in his work and conduct it would be unjust and unreasonable to retire him prematurely on the basis of entries which may have been awarded to him prior to that period.
In Baldev Raj Chadha vs Union of India & Ors., (supra) this Court held that if an officer had earned no adverse entries atleast for five years immediately before the compulsory retirement, he cannot be cashiered on the score that long years ago his performance had been poor.
It appears that the State of Punjab realised that premature retirement of an employee on the basis of entire service record which may include stale entry, would be unreasonable and it therefore issued Govt.
order on June 22, 1981 direct ing that under the Punjab Civil Services (Premature Retire ment) Rules 1975 it would not be desirable to scrutinize the entire service record of an employee and premature retire ment should not be ordered if during the last 5 years the work and conduct of the employee have been good.
This direc tion was no doubt issued after the appellant was prematurely retired in March 1980 but nonetheless it is apparent that the Govt. had changed its policy in accordance with the decisions of this Court and it had taken a decision not to retire a Govt.
servant if his service record for the last five years did not contain any adverse remarks.
The appel lant had not earned any adverse remarks during the last five years of service; on the other hand he had earned 'good ' and 'very good ' entries during those years.
In this view the Government 's decision to retire the appellant prematurely in exercise of the power under rule 3 is not sustainable in law.
We accordingly allow the appeal, set aside the order of the High Court, ,quash the Govt.
order dated 19.3.1980 and direct that the appellant shall be treated as being in service without break.
He is entitled to his salary, allow ances and such other benefits as may be admissible to him under the rules.
The respondents shall pay the costs of this appeal to the appellant.
S.R. Appeal allowed.

Summary:
Under Rule 3 of the Punjab Civil Services (Premature Retirement) Rules, 1975, the appropriate authority has the absolute right to retire an employee prematurely, in public interest after giving three months notice in writing on his completion of 25 years of qualifying service or 50 years of age.
The rule does not contain any criteria, or guidelines for the exercise of power, although public interest is specified in the rule, which means power has to be exercised in the public interest only.
The State Government issued a Government Order on September 26, 1975 laying down the guidelines and the procedure necessary to be followed in exercising powers under Rule 3 for premature retirement of a Government employee.
The order stated that the appropriate authority should utilise the power under Rule 3 in a judi cious manner to retire a government employee on formulating its opinion by scrutiny of the confidential reports of the employee and by taking into consideration any other substan tial material, it may have before it.
The order further stated that it was not feasible to lay down any absolute terms as to how many adverse entries about inefficiency or lack of integrity would justify the premature retirement but it laid stress that the service record as a whole would determine the merit of each case.
Paragraph 6 of the letter further stated that remoteness of an adverse entry, the scrutiny of the service record of the employee concerned such as crossing of efficiency bar, confirmation and promo tion to a higher post or any other meritorious service rendered by the employee, would have their relative impor tance.
The order emphasizes that the appropriate authority may consider premature retirement of a government employee if it has reasonable cause to believe that the employee concerned was lacking in 584 integrity irrespective of the assessment of ability and efficiency in work.
It further provides that the appropriate authority should review the cases of employees on their completing 25 years of qualifying service or their attaining 50 years of age.
The government issued another order on August 4, 1978 pointing out that while exercising power under Rule 3 the service of an employee as a whole would determine the merit of each case but if there was a single entry describing the employee concerned having doubtful integrity, that would justify the premature retirement under the rules.
Realising that premature retirement of an employ ee on the basis of entire service record which may include stale entry would be unreasonable the government issued yet another order on 22nd June, 1981 directing that under the Punjab Civil Services (Premature Retirement) Rules, 1975 it would not be desirable to scrutinize the entire service record of an employee and premature retirement should not be ordered if during the last 5 years the work and conduct of the employee have been good.
The appellant who was appointed as Superintendent Quali ty Marking Centre (Scientific Instruments) of the Government of Punjab in 1953 was promoted to the post of Deputy Direc tor (Technical) in 1963 and later in 1968 to the post of Joint Director (Industries) which post he continued to hold till he was prematurely retired by Government Order dated 19th March, 1980 issued in exercise of power under Rule 3 of the Punjab Civil Service (Premature Retirement) Rules, 1975.
The appellant made a representation against the order of premature retirement to the government but the same was rejected, whereupon the appellant challenged the validity of the government order by means of a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court of Allahabad which was dismissed in limine, on August 5, 1981.
Hence the appeal by special leave.
Allowing the appeal, the court, HELD: 1.
The purpose and object of premature or compul sory retirement of government employee is to weed out the inefficient, corrupt, dishonest of dead wood from the gov ernment service.
This right of the government is well estab lished which is generally exercised in accordance with relevant service Rules.
The scope and ambit of exercise of this absolute power depends on the provisions of Rules and it is always subject to Constitutional limitations.
[588A C] 2.1 The Public interest in relation to public adminis tration envisages retention of honest and efficient employ ees in service and dispens 585 ing the services of those who are inefficient, dead wood or corrupt and dishonest.
Therefore, Rule 3 of Punjab Civil Service (Premature Retirement) Rules, 1975 contemplates premature retirement of the inefficient, corrupt or dead wood which would subserve the public interest.
[589D] 2.2 The executive instructions issued as contained in the three government orders provide sufficient guidance for the exercise of power under Rule 3.
According to these instructions the service record of an employee has neces sarily to be considered while taking decision for the prema ture retirement of an employee and if there was a single entry casting doubt on the integrity of an employee, the premature retirement of such an employee would be in public interest.
In the absence of any details by which the ques tion of public interest would be determined in the Rules it was open to the State Government to issue executive instruc tions for the guidance of the appropriate authority to exercise the power of premature retirement and the instruc tions so issued as contained in the government orders have binding character.
[590B D] 3.1 It is now well settled that adverse entries if any awarded to an employee lose their significance on or after his promotion to a higher post.
It is also well settled that while considering the question of premature retirement it may be desirable to make an overall assessment of the gov ernment servant 's record, but while doing that, more value should be attached to the confidential reports pertaining to the years immediately preceding such consideration.
It is possible that a new entrant to a service may have committed mistakes and for that reason he may have earned adverse entries and if those entries of early years of service are taken into consideration for prematurely retiring a govern ment employee then perhaps no employee would be safe even though he may have brilliant record of service in later years.
It would be unreasonable and unjust to consider adverse entries of remote past and to ignore the good en tries of recent past.
If entries for a period of more than 10 years past are taken into account it would be an act of digging out past to get some material to make an order against the employee.
[591A E] 3.2 In the instant case adverse entries awarded to the appellant prior to 1968 could not be taken into considera tion for the reason that adverse entries for the years 1960 61, 1963 64 and 1964 65 are legally non est on account of the promotion except two entries awarded to him for the years 1971 72, 1972 73 the appellant has not earned any adverse entry reflection upon his work and conduct.
[591H; 592A] Baldev Raj Chadha vs Union of India & Ors., ; ; 586 Brij Bihari Lal Aggarwal vs High Court of A.P. & Ors., ; ; Amar Kant Chowdhary vs State of Bihar & ors.
; , and J.D. Srivastava vs State of M.P. 4.1 There is no doubt that whenever an adverse entry is awarded to a government servant it must be communicated to him.
The object and purpose underlying the communication is to afford an opportunity to the employee to improve his work and conduct and to make representation to the authority concerned against those entries.
If such a representation is made it is imperative that the authority should consider the representation with a view to determine as to whether the contents of the adverse entries are justified or not.
Right to make representation is a valuable right to a government employee and if the representation is not considered, it is bound to affect him in his service career, as in government service grant of increment, promotion and ultimately prema ture retirement all depend on the scrutiny of the service records.
[592D F] Gurdial Singh Biji vs State of Punjab & Ors., , applied.