Civil Appeal No. 847 of 1974.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Decree dated the 3 10 72 of the Mysore High Court in Regular Second Appeal No. 729 of 1967.
section section Javali and H. K. Puri, for the Appellant.
Narain Nettar, for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JASWANT SINGH, J.
This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and decree dated October 3, 1972, passed by a Single Judge of the Mysore High Court whereby allowing the respondent 's second appeal No. 729 of 1967, he set aside the appellate judgment and decree dated April, 18, 1967 passed by Civil Judge, Belgaum, declaring the order dismissing the appellant from service as illegal and ultra vires.
Facts material for the purpose of this appeal are: The appellant herein was a Police Constable attached to Khade bazar Police Station at Belgaum in 1960.
In the small hours of the morning of November 17, 1960, the Cantonment Police intercepted a tonga transporting smuggled illicit liquor in four tubes from Devi Temple to the cantonment area with the intention of disposing of the same to bootleggers.
After registering a case under section 66(b) of the Bombay Prohibition Act, the Cantonment P.S.I. proceeded against the tonga driver and another person who was found following the tonga, in a criminal court of competent jurisdiction and succeeded in securing their conviction for the aforesaid offence.
On November 18, 1960, the Cantonment P.S.I. submitted a confidential report about the incident to the Superintendent of Police, Belgaum, and brought to the notice of the latter 915 that some police constables including the appellant who were newly recruited and attached to different police stations in Belgaum were indulging in smuggling illicit liquor.
On receipt of this report, the Superintendent of Police directed the P.S.I. Khade bazar police station, to record the statements of three constables namely M. Y. Akki, Waman Mangesh, and Nishikant Shimaji Satyannawar.
Pursuant to these directions, the P.S.I. recorded the statements of the aforesaid police constables in the presence of the Superintendent of Police.
The statement of Nishikant and Akki, constables disclosed their own and six other police constables, complicity in the aforesaid smuggling activity.
The Superintendent of Police thereupon suspended the appellant and the other six constables and ordered the S.D.P.O. to hold a departmental enquiry against them.
The Superintendent of Police also transferred all the seven deliquents from Belgaum and directed that they would not leave their new stations without his permission except for purposes of or in connection with the department enquiry.
Though the appellant sought permission to stay at Belgaum during the period of his suspension, his request was refused.
As the appellant did not plead guilty to the charge framed against him, the Enquiry Officer proceeded to hold the enquiry against him in accordance with the rules contained in the Bombay Police Manual, 1950.
On the conclusion of the enquiry during the course of which a number of witnesses were examined both by the prosecution and the defence, the Enquiry Officer reported to the Superintendent of Police on November 10, 1961, that the charge against the appellant was not established.
He, however, recommended that the appellant should be administered a severe warning as he was convinced that he had been guilty of misconduct and dereliction of duty.
The Superintendent of Police did not agree with the findings of the Enquiry Officer and directed him to examine police constable Akki whose statement had been recorded before the charge was framed against the appellant.
Akki was accordingly examined but he resiled from his earlier statement.
The Enquiry Officer in the course of his second report dated November 30, 1961, submitted to the Superintendent of Police that no fresh evidence was forthcoming against the appellant.
He, however, stuck to his former recommendation regarding administration of severe warning to the appellant.
The Superintendent of Police again disagreed with the report of the Enquiry Officer and found that there was sufficient evidence against the appellant to prove his guilt.
Accordingly he issued a notice to the appellant on December 20, 1961, calling upon the latter to show cause why he should not be dismissed from service.
Not feeling satisfied with the explanation tendered by the appellant, the Superintendent of Police passed an order on February 9, 1962, dismissing the appellant from service.
Aggrieved by this order, the appellant went up in appeal to the D.I.G. of Police but was unsuccessful.
He also took the matter in revision to the Government but there also he failed.
Eventually he brought a suit in the Court of the IInd Additional Munsiff, Belgaum, challenging the aforesaid orders of his dismissal and claiming the arrears of his pay.
916 The principal contentions raised by the appellant were two fold: (1) That no reasonable opportunity was given to him to dedend himself and (2) that the Superintendent of Police was wrong in relying on the statements of the witnesses recorded before the charge was framed against him and in re assessing the evidence contrary to the conclusion arrived at by the Enquiry Officer who held that there was no evidence to substantiate the charge against him.
After a regular trial, the suit was dismissed by the Munsiff, Belgaum.
On appeal, the Civil Judge, Belgaum reversed the judgment of the Munsiff and decreed the suit.
Aggrieved by the decision of the Civil Judge, Belgaum, the State Government preferred an appeal to the High Court of Mysore which, as stated above, was allowed.
Counsel for the appellant has, while supporting the appeal, vehemently contended that the aforesaid judgment and decree of the High Court cannot be sustained as the appellant was deprived of a reasonable opportunity of defending himself during the course of the departmental enquiry.
Elaborating his submission, counsel has urged that as restrictions were placed on the movement of the appellant and he was not permitted to remain at Belgaum during the period of his suspension and evidence of some of the prosecution witnesses was recorded in his absence, there has been a gross violation of the provisions of Article 311 of the Constitution and the principles of natural justice.
Counsel has further contended that the impugned judgment and decree cannot also be sustained as there is no cogent and legal evidence to establish the charge against the appellant.
It is well settled that whether a delinquent had a reasonable opportunity of effectively defending himself is a question of fact depending upon the circumstances of each case and no hard and fast rule can be laid in that behalf.
In the instant case, the order restricting the movement of the appellant on which strong reliance has been placed on his behalf for assailing the impugned order of his dismissal was not such as can be said to have deprived him of a reasonable opportunity of making his defence.
The order, it would be noted, did not place any embargo on the appellant 's going to Belgaum for the purpose of and in connection with the departmental enquiry.
In fact the appellant fully participated in the enquiry held at that place.
He also made full use of the assistance of a police man (called police friend) provided to him to conduct the defence on his behalf.
The police friend appeared on his behalf before the Enquiry Officer and cross examined all the witnesses whom the prosecution examined or tendered for cross examination.
He was also furnished with copies of the statements of the three police constables recorded by the Cantonment P.S.I. and allowed an adequate opportunity of cross examining them.
There is also nothing to indicate that the appellant 's request for an opportunity to examine any witness in his defence was refused.
In fact, he did examine some witnesses in his defence.
In view of all this, it cannot be held that a reasonable opportunity of defending himself as contemplated by Article 311 of the Constitution was denied to the appellant.
917 Regarding the appellant 's contention that there was no cogent evidence to substantiate the charge against him, it may be observed that neither the High Court nor this Court can re examine and ressess the evidence adduced in domestic enquiries of the nature with which we are at present concerned.
Whether or not there is sufficient evidence against a delinquent to justify his dismissal from service is a matter on which this Court cannot embark.
It may also be observed that departmental proceedings do not stand on the same footing as criminal prosecutions in which high degree of proof is required.
It is true that in the instant case, reliance was placed by the Superintendent of Police on the earlier statements made by the three police constables including Akki from which they resiled but that did not vitiate the enquiry or the impugned order of dismissal, as departmental proceedings are not governed by strict rules of evidence as contained in the Evidence Act.
That apart, as already stated, copies of the statements made by these constables were furnished to the appellant and he cross examined all of them with the help of the police friend provided to him.
It is also significant that Akki admitted in the course of his statement that he did make the former statement before the P.S.I. Khade bazar police station, Belgaum, on November 21, 1961 (which revealed appellant 's complicity in the smuggling activity) but when asked to explain as to why he made that statement, he expressed his inability to do so.
The present case is, in our opinion, covered by a decision of this Court in State of Mysore vs Shivabsappa(1) where it was held as follows: "Domestic tribunals exercising quasi judicial functions are not courts and therefore, they are not bound to follow the procedure prescribed for trial of actions in courts nor are they bound by strict rules of evidence.
They can, unlike courts, obtain all information material for the points under enquiry from all sources, and through all channels, without being fettered by rules and procedures which govern proceedings in court.
The only obligation which the law casts on them is that they should not act on any information which they may receive unless they put it to the party against whom it is to be used and give him a fair opportunity to explain it.
What is a fair opportunity must depend on the facts and circumstances of each case, but where such an opportunity has been given, the proceedings are not open to attack on the ground that the enquiry was not conducted in accordance with the procedure followed in courts.
In respect of taking the evidence in an enquiry before such tribunal, the person against whom a charge is made should know the evidence which is given against him, so that he might be in a position to give his explanation.
When the evidence is oral, normally the explanation of the witness will in its entirety, take place before the party charged who will have full opportunity of cross examining him.
The position is the same when a witness is called, the statement given previously by him behind the back of the party is put 918 to him, and admitted in evidence, a copy thereof is given to the party and he is given an opportunity to cross examine him.
To require in that case that the contents of the previous statement should be repeated by the witness word by word and sentence by sentence, is to insist on bare technicalities and rules of natural justice are matters not of form but of substance.
They are sufficiently complied with when previous statements given by witnesses are read over to them, marked on their admission, copies thereof given to the person charged and he is given an opportunity to cross examine them." Following the above decision, this Court held in State of U.P. vs Om Prakash(1) that the enquiry is not vitiated if the statements taken at the preliminary stage of enquiry are made available to the delinquent officer and he is given an opportunity to cross examine the witnesses in respect of those statements.
The decision of this Court in Ghanshyam Das Shrivastava vs State of Madhya Pradesh(2) on which strong reliance is placed is clearly distinguishable and is not at all helpful to the appellant.
In that case the appellant was deprived of the opportunity to defend himself by participating in the enquiry which was held at Jagdalpur, 500 kilometres away from Rewa where the appellant was residing on account of paucity of funds resulting from non payment of subsistence allowance during his suspension.
For the foregoing reasons, we do not find any force in the contention of counsel for the appellant that there was no evidence on the record which could justify the appellant 's dismissal from service.
Both the contentions raised on behalf of the appellant being without any substance, we find ourselves unable to interfere with the judgment and decree passed by the High Court.
The appeal accordingly fails and is dismissed but in the circumstances of the case without any order as to costs.
P.H.P. Appeal dismissed.

Summary:
The appellant was a Police Constable.
Some persons were convicted for transporting smuggled illicit liquor under section 66(b) of the Bombay Prohibition Act.
The Police Sub Inspector submitted a Confidential report on that incident to the Superintendent of Police and pointed out that some Police Constables including the appellant were indulging in smuggling illicit liquor.
The Superintendent of Police directed the P.S.I. to record the statements of three constables, Akki, Waman and Nishikant.
The Police Sub Inspector, therefore, recorded the statements of those constables in the presence of the Superintendent of Police.
The statements of Akki and Nishikant disclosed their complicity as well as complicity of six other Police constables including the appellant D.S.P. ordered the S.D.P.O. to hold a departmental enquiry against them.
They were all transferred from Belgaum and directed not to leave their new station without the permission of the D.S.P. except for purposes of or in connection with departmental enquiry.
The appellant did not plead guilty.
The Enquiry Officer held enquiry.
A number of witnesses were examined both by the prosecution and the defence.
The Enquiry Officer made a report to the Superintendent of Police that the charge against the appellant was not established.
He, however, recommended that the appellant should be administered a severe warning since he was guilty of misconduct and dereliction of duty.
The Superintendent of Police did not agree with the finding of the Enquiry Officer and directed him to examine Police Constable Akki whose statement had been recorded before the enquiry was ordered against the appellant.
Akki was accordingly examined but he resiled from his earlier statement.
The Enquiry Officer again submitted a further report and struck to his former recommendation regarding administration of severe warning to the appellant.
The Superintendent of Police disagreed with the report of the Enquiry Officer and found that there was sufficient evidence against the appellant to prove his guilt.
Accordingly, he issued a notice to the appellant calling upon him to show cause why he should not be dismissed from service.
Not feeling satisfied with the explanation tendered by the appelant the Superintendent of Police passed an order dismissing the appellant from service.
An appeal filed to the D.I.G. was unsuccessful and so was a revision to the Government.
Thereafter, the appellant filed a suit challenging the order of dismissal and claiming arrears of pay.
The Trial Court dismissed the suit.
The Lower Appellate Court reversed the judgment of the Trial Court.
The High Court allowed the second appeal filed by the State.
In an appeal by Special Leave, the appellant contended: (1) The appellant was deprived of a reasonable opportunity of defending himself during the course of the departmental enquiry.
He was not permitted to remain at Belgaum during the period of his suspension.
Evidence of some of the prosecution witnesses was recorded in his absence.
(2) The impugned judgment and decree cannot be sustained as there is no cogent legal evidence to establish the charge against the appellant.
Dismissing the appeal, ^ HELD: (1) Whether a delinquent had a reasonable opportunity of effectively defending himself is a, question of fact depending on circumstances of each 914 case and no hard and fast rule can be laid in that behalf.
In the instant case, the order restricting his movement was not such as can be said to have deprived him of reasonable opportunity of making his defence.
The order did not place any embargo on the appellant going to Belgaum for the purpose of and in connection with the departmental enquiry.
In fact, the appellant fully participated in the enquiry held at that place.
He also made full use of the assistance of a policeman called Police friend, Provided to him to conduct the defence on his behalf.
He was furnished with the statements recorded of the 3 constables before the enquiry was ordered.
The witnesses examined by the prosecution were tendered for cross examination.
It, therefore, cannot be held that a reasonable opportunity as contemplated by Article 311 of the Constitution was denied to the appellant.
[916 D G] (2) Neither the High Court nor this Court can re examine and reassess the evidence in domestic enquiries of the instant nature.
Whether or not there is sufficient evidence agaiast a delinquent to justify his dismissal from service is a matter on which this Court cannot embark.
The departmental proceedings do not stand on the same footing as criminal proceedings in which high degree of proof is required.
The departmental proceedings are not covered by strict rules of evidence as contained in the Evidence Act.
A copy of the statement made by Akki earlier was furnished to the appellant and he examined all the 3 constables including Akki who made statements before the enquiry was ordered.
[916 H, 917 A C] State of Mysore vs Shivasappa, ; ; ; ; State of U.P. vs Om Prakash, A.I.R. followed; Ghanshyam Das Shrivastava vs State of Madhya Pradesh, A.I.R. 1973 S.C. 1183 distinguished.