ICTION: Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 86 of 1989.
Criminal Appeal No. 376 of 1989.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India).
R.B. Thakre, Avadhut M. Chimalker, Deepak and M.N. Nargolkar for the Petitioner/Appellant.
T.C. Sharma, Ms. A. Subhashini, A.M. Khanwilkar and A.S. Bhasme for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by section RATNAVEL PANDIAN, J.
Rule nisi in the writ petition and leave granted in the special leave petition.
Both this writ petition and the criminal appeal are preferred by one Rama Dhondu Borade the detenu herein challenging the legality and validity of the Order of deten tion passed by the Commissioner of Police, Greater Bombay in exercise of the powers conferred by sub section (2) of Section 3 of the (Central Act 56 of 1980) (hereinafter referred as the 'Act ') read with clause 4 of the National Security (Conditions of Detention) (Maharashtra) Order, 1980 with a view to preventing the detenu from indulging .in activities that are prejudicial to the maintenance of public order in Greater Bombay.
In pursuance of the impugned order, the detenu is de tained in the Central Prison, Nasik from 31.8.88.
He has been furnished with the copies of the grounds of detention and other materials on the basis of which the detaining authority drew his subjective satisfaction.
In the grounds of detention the detenu is stated to have been involved in three incidents; they being: (1) On 9.4.1988 at about 11.30 p.m. the detenu and his associate 194 Sunil attacked one Laxman Devsingh Gurkha, during the course of which Sunil slapped on his face while the detenu caused an injury with a sword on the neck of Laxman.
In respect of this incident a case as CR No. 269 of 1988 for offences under Sections 324 and 114 Indian Penal Code has been registered by Dadar Police; (2) On 10.4.1988 the detenu along with his associates went to a pharmaceutical company at Worli and demanded a sum of Rs.3000 at the point of choppers from one Banwarilal Bhagi rath and on subsequent dates from one Babulal Mistry.
Relating to this incident, Babulal lodged before Worli Police Station a complaint which was registered as CR No. 183/88 for offences under Sections 384 and 114 of the Indian Penal Code.
On 14.4.88 the police attempted to arrest the detenu and his associ ates, but they all managed to escape.
However, the police arrested one of his associates Suresh P. Shelar who on search was found to be in possession of a chopper.
Subsequently the detenu was arrested on 9.8.88.
But later on he was released on bail; (3) On 1.8.88 the detenu was arrested near the gate of Century Bazar and on search he was found to be in possession of a Rampuri knife.
In this connection, a case vide LAC No. 2912,88 was registered in Dadar Police Station under the Bombay Police Act, 195 1.
On 2.8.88 the detenu was released on bail.
In view of the above alleged violent activities of the detenu creating a sense of insecurity in Greater Bombay, the detaining authority on being satisfied on the materials placed before him that the activities of the detenu were prejudicial to the maintenance of public order in Greater Bombay, passed the impugned detention order.
Challenging the correctness of this detention order, the detenu filed Writ Petition No. 1044 of 1988 before the High Court of Bombay which for the reasons mentioned in the judgment dismissed the same.
This criminal appeal is preferred against that judgment.
In addition to that, he has filed Writ Petition No. 86 of 1989 before this Court.
The learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appel lant/petitioner raised several contentions assailing the legality of the order one of which being that there is an inordinate and unexplained delay caused by the third re spondent (Union of India) in considering and 195 disposing of the representation of the detenu dated 26.9.88 and as such the continued detention of the appellant is unconstitutional and illegal being violative of the mandato ry provisions of Article 22(5) of the Constitution of India.
As we are inclined to dispose of this appeal and the writ petition on this ground alone we do not propose to traverse on other grounds canvassed before us.
With regard to the right of making the representation the detenu has been informed in the grounds of detention as follows: "You are further informed that you have a right to make a representation to the Central Government, the State Government and the undersigned against the order of detention and that you shall be afforded the earliest oppor tunity to make such a representation.
" It is not in dispute that the detenu made his represen tation both to the State Government as well as the Central Government on 26.9.88.
But the 3rd respondent which has already completed the examination of the report dated 6.9.88 sent by the 2nd respondent (the State Government) under Section 3(5) of the Act even on 13.9.88.
however, felt that certain informations were required from the State Government for its further consideration of the representation and, therefore, the 3rd respondent sent a wireless message on 3.10.
1988 to the State Government asking for further infor mations.
The required information was received by the third respondent only on 17.10.88.
Thereafter the representation was considered and the final decision to reject it was taken on 27.10.88 and the decision of the Central Government rejecting the representation was communicated to the appel lant through crash wireless message on 31.10.88.
In attempting to explain the delay from 17.10.88 to 27.10.88 it is stated in the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the third respondent that 18th, 20th, 22nd and 23rd October 1988 were the closed holidays; but no explana tion is given as to why the representation was not attended to and disposed of on 17th, 19th, 21st, 24th to 26th Octo ber.
In explaining the delay in communicating the decision taken on 27.10.88 it is stated that 29th and 30th October were holidays but the affidavit is silent as to why that decision had not been communicated to the detenu either on 27th or 28th October, 1988.
196 With regard to the delay of 14 days in passing the information required by the 3rd respondent, the 2nd respond ent (the State Government) in its affidavit states that it received the parawise comments of the detaining authority on the representation of the detenu on 12.10.88 and thereafter it forwarded the same to the 3rd respondent.
The 1st re spondent (the detaining authority) has filed a separate affidavit stating that since the officer of the Dadar police station was attending the meeting of the Advisory Board on the 7th and 11th October, 1988, a delay of 7 days had oc curred in forwarding his parawise comments to the 2nd re spondent.
These explanations given by both the Ist and the 2nd respondents are not at all satisfactory and we are left with an impression that the 1st and the 2nd respondents had not diligently collected the informations required by the 3rd respondent and thereby caused a considerable delay which had further delayed the consideration and disposal of the representation of the detenu by the 3rd respondent.
We shall now examine the proposition of law relating to the delayed consideration and disposal of the representation of a detenu with reference to the judicial pronouncements.
There is a line of decisions of this Court dealing with this aspect of law of which we shall make reference to a few.
In Dayanarayan Sukul vs State of West Bengal, ; the following observation has been made: "It is established beyond any measure of doubt that the appropriate authority is bound to consider the representation of the detenu as early as possible.
The appropriate Government itself is bound to consider the representation as expeditiously as possible.
The reason for immediate consideration of the representation is too obvious to be stressed.
The personal liberty of a person is at stake.
Any delay would not only be an irresponsible act on the part of the appropriate authority but also unconstitutional because the Constitution enshrines the fundamental right of a detenu to have his representation considered and it is imperative that when the liberty of a person is in peril immediate action should be taken by the relevant authorities.
" This Court in Niranjan Singh vs State of Madhya Pradesh, ; expressed the view that it is incumbent on the State to 197 explain the inordinate delay in considering and rejecting the representation of the detenu and satisfy the Court that there was justification in that delay.
While dealing with the constitutional requirement of expeditious consideration of the detenu 's representation by the Government as spelt out from Clause 5 of Article 22 of the Constitution this Court, after referring to the deci sions in Abdul Karim and Others vs State of West Bengal, ; and Pankaj Kumar Chakraborty and Others vs State of West Bengal; , has stated in Rashik Sk.
vs State of West Bengal, , as follows: "It is undoubtedly true that neither the Constitution nor the Act expressly provides for consideration of a detenu 's representation by the State Government within any specified period of time.
The constitutional requirement of expeditious consideration of the petition er 's representation by the State Government has, however, been spelt out by this Court from clause (5) of Article 22 of the Constitu tion." XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX "The use of the words "as soon as may be" (occurred in Article 22(5) of the Constitu tion) is important.
It reflects the anxiety on the part of the framers of the Constitution to enable the detenu to know the grounds on which the order of his detention has been made so that he can make an effective representation against it at the earliest.
The ultimate objective of this provision can only be the most speedy consideration of his representa tion by the authorities concerned, for, with out its expeditious consideration with a sense of urgency the basic purpose of affording earliest opportunity of making the representa tion is likely to be defeated.
This right to represent and to have the representation considered at the earliest flows from the constitutional guarantee of the right to personal liberty the right which is highly cherished in our Republic and its protection against arbitrary and unlawful invasion. ' XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX "Now, whether or not the State Government has in a given 198 case considered the representation made by the detenu as soon as possible, in other words, with reasonable dispatch, must necessarily depend on the facts and circumstances of that case, it being neither possible nor advisable to lay down any rigid period of time uniformly applicable to all cases.
The Court has in each case to consider judicially on the available material if the gap between the receipt of the representation and its consideration by the State Government is so unreasonably long and the explanation for the delay offered by the State Government so unsatisfactory as to render the detention order thereafter illegal." Chinnappa Reddy, J. speaking for the bench in Smt.
Shalini Soni and Others vs Union of India & Ors.
, ; has emphasised the constitutional obligation on the part of the authorities concerned in dealing with the repre sentation of a detenu as follows: "Quite obviously, the obligation imposed on the detaining authority, by Article 22(5) of the Constitution, to afford to the detenu the earliest opportunity of making a representa tion, carries with it the imperative implica tion that the representation shall be consid ered at the earliest opportunity.
Since all the constitutional protection that a detenu can claim is the little that is afforded by the procedural safeguards prescribed by Arti cle 22(5) read with Article 19, the Courts have a duty to rigidly insist that preventive detention procedures be fair and strictly observed.
A breach of the procedural impera tive must lead to the release of the detenu.
" See also B. Sundar Rao and Others vs State of Orissa, ; Jnanendra Nath Roy vs The State of West Bengal, ; Frances Coralie Mullin vs W.C. Khambra and Others, ; ; Vijay Kumar vs State of Jammu and Kashmir & Ors., ; ; Raisuddin alias Babu Tamchi vs State of Uttar Pradesh and another; , and Mohinuddin alias Moin Master and Ors.
vs D.M. Beed; , The propositions deducible from the various reported decisions of this Court can be stated thus: The detenu has an independent constitutional right to make his representation under Article 22(5) of the Constitu tion of India.
199 Correspondingly, there is a constitutional mandate command ing the concerned authority to whom the detenu forwards his representation questioning the correctness of the detention order clamped upon him and requesting for his release, to consider the said representation within reasonable dispatch and to dispose the same as expeditiously as possible.
This constitutional requirement must be satisfied with respect but if this constitutional imperative is observed in breach, it would amount to negation of the constitutional obligation rendering the continued detention constitutionally impermis sible and illegal, since such a breach would defeat the very concept of liberty the highly cherished right which is enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution.
True, there is no prescribed period either under the provisions of the Constitution or under the concerned deten tion law within which the representation should be dealt with.
The use of the word "as soon as may be" occurring in Article 22(5) of the Constitution reflects that the repre sentation should be expeditiously considered and disposed of with due promptitude and diligence and with a sense of urgency and without avoidable delay.
What is reasonable dispatch depends on the facts and circumstances or ' each case and no hard and fast rule can be laid down in that regard.
However, in case the gap between the receipt of the representation and its consideration by the authority is so unreasonably long and the explanation offered by the author ity is so unsatisfactory, such delay could vitiate the order of detention.
Coming to the facts of this case, we shall now examine whether the delay that had occurred in consideration and disposal of the representation of the detenu is so inordi nate and unreasonable vitiating the order of detention or whether that delay is satisfactorily explained by the third respondent.
In the instant case, the gap between the receipt and the disposal of the representation is 28 days but upto the date of service of the order of rejection on the detenu the delay amounts to 32 days.
The only explanation offered by the third respondent is that further information required from the State Government was received by the third respondent on 17.10.88 after a delay of nearly 14 days and then the repre sentation of the detenu was disposed of on 27.10.88 within which period there were certain holidays.
Barring that, there is no other explanation.
This delay when scrutinised in the light of the proposition of law adumberated above, we are of the view, that there is an inordi 200 nate and unreasonable delay and the present explanation given by the third respondent is not satisfactory and ac ceptable.
Hence, for the aforementioned reasons we set aside the impugned order of detention on the ground that there is a breach of constitutional obligation as enshrined under Article 22(5) of the Constitution of India.
In the result the appeal as well as the Writ Petition are allowed.
The detenu is directed to be set at liberty forthwith.
Y.L. Petitions Allowed.

Summary:
With a view to preventing the petitioner detenu from indulging in activities that were prejudicial to the mainte n ance of public Order in Greater Bombay, the Commissioner of Police, Greater Bombay, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by Sub Section (2) of Section 3 of the read with clause 4 of the National Secu rity (Conditions of detention) (Maharashtra) Order 1980 passed on Order of detention, pursuant whereof the Petition er detenu was detained in Central Prison, Nasik.
He was furnished with copies of grounds of detention and other material on the basis of which the detaining authority based his subjective satisfaction.
In order to challenge the legality and validity of the detention Order, the detenu filed a Writ Petition before the Bombay High Court which was dismissed.
Against the Order of the High Court, the detenu petitioner has filed criminal appeal after obtaining special leave.
He has also filed a separate Writ Petition in this Court challenging his deten tion.
Both were heard together by this, Court.
Counsel for the appellant raised several contentions assailing the legality of the detention order, one of which being that there was inordinate and unexplained delay caused by the Union of India in considering and disposing of his representation dated 26 9 88, as such his continued deten tion was unconstitutional and illegal being violative of Article 22(5) of the Constitution.
Allowing the appeal as also the Writ Petition this Court 192 HELD: The detenu has an independent constitutional right to make his representation under Article 22(5) of the Con stitution of India.
Correspondingly there is a Constitution al mandate commanding the concerned authority to whom the detenu forwards his representation questioning the correct ness of the detention Order clamped upon him and requesting for his release, to consider the said representation within reasonable dispatch and to dispose the same as expeditiously as possible.
[198H; 199A B] (Jayanarayan Sukul vs State of West Bengal, ; ; A bdul Karim & Ors.
vs State of West Bengal, ; ; Pankaj Kumar Chakravarty & Ors.
vs State of West Bengal, ; This constitutional requirement must be satisfied with respect but if this constitutional imperative is observed in breach, it would amount to negation of the constitutional obligation rendering the continued detention constitutional ly impermissible and illegal; since such a breach would defeat the very concept of liberty the highly cherished right which is enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution.
[199B C] The use of the word "as soon as may be" occurring in Article 22(5) of the Constitution reflects that the repre sentation should be expeditiously considered and disposed of with due promptitude and diligence and with a sense of urgency and without avoidable delay.
What is reasonable dispatch depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case and no hard and fast rule can be laid down in that regard.
[199D] Rashik Sk.
vs State of West Bengal, Smt.
Shalini Soni & Ors.
vs Union of India & Ors.
, ; , In the instant case, the gap between the receipt and disposal of the representation is 28 days but upon the date of service of the order of rejection on the detenu the delay amounts to 32 days.
The only explanation offered by the 3rd respondent is that further information required from the State Government was received by the third respondent on 17 10 88 after a delay of nearly 14 days and then the repre sentation of the detenu was disposed of on 27 10 88 within which period there were certain holidays.
There is an inor dinate and unreasonable delay and the explanation given by the third respondent is not satisfactory and acceptable.
Detenu directed to be set at liberty forthwith.
[199F H; 200A, B] 193 B. Sundar Rao & Ors.
vs State of Orissa, ; Jnanendra Nath Roy vs The State of West Bengal, ; Frances Coralie Muffin vs W.C. Khambra and Others, ; ; Vijay Kumar vs State of Jammu and Kashmir State of Uttar Pradesh and another; , and Mohinuddin alias Moin Master and Ors., vs D.M. Beed, ; , referred to.