Appeal No. 473 of 1976.
(Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 26 2 1976 of the Allahabad High Court in Second Appeal No. 2068/75).
D.P. Singh, R.P. Singh, L.R. Singh, Rajev Dutta and P.K. Jain, for the appellants and R. 2. 214 D. Mukherjee and Amlan Ghosh, for respondent No. 1.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BEG, J.
The respondent was initially appointed as an Ac countant 10th July, 1969, in the Varanasaya Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya Varanasi (hereinafter referred to as the University ').
On 4th December, 1969, he was transferred to another post, that of a "Senior Assistant".
In January, 1970, Dr. Shambhu Nath Singh, who was the permanent Lecturer in Hindi in the University proceeded on long leave, and the plaintiff respondent, being already in the service of the University, was asked to teach classes for the time being Applications 'were invited for filling up the, post of Dr. Singh.
The advertisement said that the appointment was to be temporary but likely to be made permanent later.
The plain tiff respondent, who was already officiating, also applied.
He was temporarily appointed on 25th February, 1970.
On 23rd April, 1970, the Registrar of the University gave the plaintiff[respondent a notice that his temporary appointment would terminate on 30th April, 1970.
The plaintiff respond ent promptly brought his first suit in the Court of Munsif City, Varanasi, to restrain the University from appointing any one else in his place; but, this suit was ultimately dismissed.
On 15th July, 1970, Dr. Singh had resigned from his post so that the permanent vacancy was there to be filled up.
At that time, the plaintiff 's suit, mentioned above, was still pending.
A Selection Committee of the University interviewed candidates, including the plaintiff respondent on 2nd November, 1970, and submitted a list of names for appointment to the post.
In this list, the plain tiff respondents name was placed first.
As the Executive Committee of the University was not in session, it appears that the Vice Chancellor appointed the plaintiff on 1st February, 1971, on the basis of the recommendations of the Selection Committee.
The Vice Chancellor purported to act under Section 13, sub.
section (7) of the Varanasaya Sanskrit Vishwa Vidyalaya Adhiniyam, 1956 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act ').
The Executive Committee of ' the University then passed a resolution on 17th or 18th March, 1971, approv ing what it assumed to be the recommendation of the Selec tion Committee to appoint the plaintiff respondent tempo rarily.
It also decided to advertise for the post again.
On 10th April, 1971, the plaintiff respondent was informed by the Registrar of the University, communicating the decision of the Executive Committee, that his appointment was to continue only, upto the end of the current academic session.
On 15th May, 1971, the plaintiff respondent filed his second suit, now before us, for a permanent injunction to restrain the appellant University from terminating his services.
This suit was dismissed by an Additional Civil Judge.
On an appeal it was decreed by the Additional District and Ses sions Judge of Varanasi.
The High Court of Allahabad, in second appeal, affirmed the judgment and order under appeal before it.
The defendant University is now before this Court by grant of special leave to appeal.
The case of the plaintiff respondent was: firstly, that the vacancy in which he was to be appointed being permanent and the procedure of appointment through a Selection Commit tee being meant for permanent appointments, the plaintiff respondent was actually recommended for 215 a permanent appointment, but, there had been an alteration and interpolation in the recommendation of the Selection Committee so as to make it appear that the recommendation was only for a temporary appointment secondly, that the Vice Chancellor, in any case, had the power to make a permanent appointment under Section 13, sub.
section (7) of the Act and he had done so, thirdly, that the plaintiff respondent 's ap pointment being complete and permanent, the Executive Com mittee of the University had no power left to nullify it; and lastly, that the authorities of the University, that is to say the Vice Chancellor and the Executive Committee, had (in the words used by the plaintiff respondent): "xx xx in collusion with one another with a view to put an end to the plaintiff 's services as Lecturer in Hindi in utter disre gard of the statutes and rules and the ap pointment letter issued by the then Vice Chancellor have collusively arranged and made manipulation in the report of Selection Com mittee and resolution of the Executive Commit tee for an order dated 10th April, 1971, and, in colourable exercise of power, are threaten ing to treat the plaintiff 's appointment as continuing till the end of Session but the plaintiff is continuing to discharge his function as permanent lecturer in Hindi and on account of interim injunction granted in suit No. 289 of 1971 for permanent injunction restraining the defendants terminating the services of the plaintiff the defendants have not been able to do any act adverse to the interest of the plaintiff".
The Trial Court had held that, even if there had been an interpolation of the word temporary in the recommendation of the Selection Committee for a proposed appointment, it did not affect the result because the Vice Chancellor had nei ther the power to make a permanent appointment nor had he done so by means of his order dated 1 st February, 1971, which merely said that the plaintiff respondent was appoint ed to lecture without specifying whether the appointment was to be temporary or permanent.
It appears to us that the Appellate District Court had been very much carried away by the fact that there had been, in its opinion, an alteration or interpolation in the recom mendation of the Selection Committee although the Committee had no power whatsoever to determine the nature of the appointment of the plaintiff respondent.
The Appellate Court had, therefore, reached the conclusion, which did not really follow from this finding, that the appointment of the plaintiff respondent was permanent in the eye of law.
It also held that the Executive Committee had no power whatso ever to alter or touch the terms of the appointment made by the Vice Chancellor, which amounted to an appointment on probation for two years.
It reached this surprising conclu sion despite the complete absence in the Vice Chancellor 's order of any mention of a probation.
The Appellate Court had granted an injunction in the following terms: "The defendants respondents are perma nently restrained from advertising the post of Lecturer in Hindi and from caus 216 ing any interference in the plaintiff 's dis charge of his duties as lecturer in Hindi in the Varanasaya Sanskrit Vishwavidyala by terminating his services or from withholding his salary in pursuance of resolution No. 44 dated 17/18 3 1971 passed by the Karya Kariti ni Parishad of the Varanasaya Sanskrit Vish wavidyalaya and order No. 3 dated 10 4 1971 (exhibit 1 ) passed by the defendant respondent No. 3".
The High Court, in agreement with the first Appellate Court, had interpreted Section 13(7) of the Act as confer ring the power of absolute appointment to a permanent vacan cy upon the Vice Chancellor.
It had repelled the contention that Section 23(1)(g) of the Act gives exclusive powers to the Executive Committee to make appointments of teachers because that power is: "Subject to the provisions of this Act and the Statutes".
The power is "23 (1) (g) to appoint the officers, teachers and other servants of the Vishva Vidyalaya, to define their duties and the conditions of their service and to provide for the filling of casual vacancies in their posts," The High Court sustained the injunction, but had modified it considerably by what it called a clarification in the following words: "xxx as it is not a yet certain whether the position of the plaintiff respondent at present is that of probationer or a permanent employee, if for any valid reason the services of the plaintiff are terminated hereafter, the permanent injunctions granted to the plain tiff respondent by the lower appellate court shall become inoperative and unenforceable".
After the High Court had diluted the injunction in a type of case in which the desirability of granting such a relief was very doubtful, it was perhaps not very necessary for this Court to consider the matter under Article 136 of the Constitution.
Nevertheless, as this Court had thought fit to grant special leave in this case and the High Court 's findings are not unequivocal, we propose to decide the question of interpretation of Section 13 (7) of the Act and other questions which appear to us to have a bearing on the question whether it is desirable for Courts to interfere by means of an injunction in the affairs of educational institutions.
The High Court itself has held that the ordinary power of making appointments of teachers of the University and of defining the nature of appointments and specifying condi tions of service in such cases is vested in the Executive Committee.
The emergency powers under Section 13 (7 ) of the Act are obviously intended for certain emergent situa tions necessitating "immediate action".
Before they can be exercised it must appear that there is, in fact, such a situation as to warrant the exercise of extraordinary powers conferred under Section 13 ( 7 ) of the Act.
It is apparent that the Vice Chancellor has to report the action taken to the authority or other body "which in the ordinary course would have dealt with the matter".
It seems to us to be rather extraordinary that despite these clear indications of the situation in which 217 and the extent to which the Vice Chancellor may exercise his emergency powers, it should have been held by the first Appellate Court and affirmed by the High Court that the Vice Chancellor had a power to make an absolute or clear appoint ment without any restriction or obligation to place the matter before the Executive Committee for confirmation.
We find that the Appellate Court had gone to the extent of saying that the Executive Committee had "no jurisdiction" or power left to consider the case.
We think that this is an impossible view to take in view of the clear meaning of the words used in Section 13(7) of the Act.
The object of the provision for reporting the matter to the body which deals with it in the ordinary course could only be to leave the final decision to that body when it does meet.
In other words, the powers of the Vice Chancellor was, in our opin ion, confined to making a tentative decision which, whether he meant the appointment to be temporary or permanent, was subject to confirmation by the Executive Committee.
Until then it was not final.
When that body refused to treat the appointment as permanent and to re advertise the post, it clearly indicated its ;intention to specify the nature of the plaintiff respondent 's appointment which it alone could do.
Although we are not satisfied that circumstances existed which justified the use of emergency powers of the Vice Chancellor under Section 13(7) of the Act, yet, we do not think it possible to enter upon this enquiry as no argument seems to us to have been advanced on this aspect in the High Court or in the District Courts.
We, however, think that the first Appellate Court had much too lightly believed that the plaintiff appellant had been a victim of some kind of fraud, when no such particulars of that fraud or collusion were given as would satisfy the requirements of Order VI, Rule 4, Civil Procedure Code, which lays down: "In all cases in which the party plead ing relies on any misrepresentation, fraud, breach of trust, wilful default, or undue influence, and in all other cases in which particulars may be necessary beyond such as are exemplified in the forms, aforesaid, particulars (with dates and items if neces sary) shall be stated in the pleading".
We do not think it is enough to state in general terms that there was "collusion" without more particulars.
This Court said in Bishundeo Narain & Anr.
vs Seogeni Rai & Ors.
C) (at p.556) as under: "General allegations are insufficient even to amount to an averment of fraud of which any Ct. ought to take notice, however strong the language in which they are couched may be, and the same applies to undue influ ence and coercion".
We have already set out the general allegations of alleged collusion by which the plaintiff respondent seemed to imply some kind of fraud.
He indicated no reason for this and made no specific allegation against any particular person.
(1) ; , 556 218 Apart from some suspicion surrounding the alleged alter ations in the recommendation of the Selection Committee, which did not have as the Appellate Court rightly held the power to determine the nature of appointment of the plain tiff respondent, nothing more seems to have been proved here at all on the findings of fact recorded.
It is in evidence that the Selection Committee itself was presided over by the Vice Chancellor.
It is true that the alterations have not been initialed.
But, considering the most unsatisfactory and haphazard manner in which the records of this University had been kept (we have examined the original records), we would not be surprised if the actual proceedings were, quite honestly, recorded in this fashion.
If the Vice Chancellor, who presided, had any actual prejudice or animus against petitioner, he would not be a party to placing the plain tiff 's name first let alone the recommendation for a tempo rary appointment of an employee whose worth must be known to him.
There was nothing to prevent a Selection Committee from making a particular recommendation of this kind.
It certainly had no power to make the appointment which vested only with the Executive Committee.
But, its powers of recom mendation were not fettered.
At any rate, no rule was shown to us as to how it should send its report.
Furthermore, if the Vice Chancellor was prejudiced against the plaintiff respondent and had even altered records, he could not have passed an order of appointment without even clearly specify ing that the appointment was temporary.
The original order on the record shows that the petitioner was appointed with out specifying whether he was being appointed permanently or temporarily.
Obviously, if the Vice Chancellor did not have the power to make a permanent appointment, as we think he did not, we do not think that it would have made a differ ence even if he had purported to make a permanent appoint ment which would have been invalid.
However, on the exact terms of the order of the Vice Chancellor, it could not be said that he had passed any order for a permanent appoint ment.
The resolution of the Executive Committee, which was also presided over by the Vice Chancellor, could not be said to be dishonest or collusive.
We think that the first Appellate Court was unduly swayed by what it thought was a dishonest interpolation in the report of the Selection Committee.
The result of the consideration of the applicable provi sions and the pleadings and findings of fact in the case before us is that we think that the plaintiff respondent has failed completely to show that the resolution of 17 18th March, 1972, of the Executive Committee, which had the final power to appoint and to specify conditions of service, under Section 23(1)(g) of the Act, could be said to be either collusive or inoperative.
We would also like to observe that, in a matter touching either the discipline or the administration of the internal affairs of a University, Courts should be most reluctant to interfere.
They should refuse to grant an injuction unless a fairly good prima facie case is made out for interference with the internal affairs of an educational institutions.
We presume that the plaintiff respondent has been work ing as a result of the injunction granted to him.
We, however, see no justification for continuing the injunction.
We, therefore, allow this appeal to the 219 extent that we withdraw the injunction.
This means that the parties are left free to adjust their differences.
If, upon the strength of any facts subsequent to the institution of the suit now before us, the plaintiff has acquired any new rights which have been infringed he is free to seek relief.
We make this observation as it was stated on his behalf that he claims some rights on the strength of subsequent facts too.
As those are not before us, we can say nothing about them.
The result is that we allow this appeal and set aside the decree and order of the High Court and restore those of the Trial Court.
The parties will bear their own costs throughout.
M.R. Appeal allowed.

Summary:
A permanent lecturer 's post fell vacant in the appellant University, and the Executive Committee which ordinarily made the appointment under section 23(1) (g) of the Varanasaya Sanskrit Vishwa Vidyalaya Adhiniyam, 1956, not being in session, the Vice Chancellor exercised his emergency powers under section 13(7) of the Act to appoint the respondent on the recommendation of a Selection Committee of the University.
Later, the Executive Committee, when apprised of the ap pointment, refused to treat it as permanent and decided to re advertise the post.
The respondent 's suit for permanent injunction against the termination of his services was dismissed by the Trial Court but decreed on appeal.
On second appeal, the High Court upheld the decree.
The respondent contended that his appointment by the Vice Chancellor, made under section 13(7), was permanent and could not be nullified by the Executive Committee as its resolution was collusive and inoperative.
Allowing the appeal, the Court, HELD: (1) The extraordinary power under section 13(7) of the Act are intended for certain emergent situations necessitat ing "immediate action.
" The Vice Chancellor has to report the action taken to the authority or other body "which in the ordinary course would have dealt with the matter" The object of such a report is to leave the final decision to that body when it does meet.
The Executive Committee had the final power to appoint and to specify conditions of service under section 23(1)(g) of the Act.
The powers of the Vice Chancellor were confined to making a tentative decision which was subject to confirmation by the Executive Commit tee.
[216 G H, 217 B C] (2) It is not enough to state, in general terms, that there was "collusion" without particulars.
By general allegations of alleged collusion, the plaintiff respondent seemed to imply some kind of fraud, but no such particulars of that fraud or collusion were given as would satisfy the requirements of Order VI Rule 4, Civil Procedure Code.
[217 E F] Bishundeo Narain & .Anr.
vs Seogeni Rai & Ors.
; at 556, applied.