N: Civil Appeals Nos.
10061011 of 1963.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated September 25, 1959 of the Bombay High Court in Income tax Reference No. 36 of 1955.
G. section Pathak, B. Dutta, R. J. Kolah and J. B. Dadachanji, for the appellant.
Niren De, Addl.
Solicitor General, Gopal Singh and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Bachawat, J.
These appeals arise out of proceedings for assessment of income tax of the appellant Company (hereinafter referred to as the assessee) for the assessment years, 1943 44, 1944 45, 1945 46, 1946 47, 1947 48 and 1948 49, the relevant 653 accounting years being the Calendar years, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 and 1947 respectively.
During the relevant accounting years, the assessee was a nonresident.
It carried on the business of manufacturing textile goods at Indore then situated in an Indian State, and had offices at Indore and Bombay.
The assessee supplied goods to the Indian Stores Department, Government of India, under purchase orders placed by the latter with the assessee at Indore.
Duplicate copies of the purchase orders signed on behalf of the assessee at Indore used to be sent to the Government of India in British India.
The goods used to be inspected at Indore by an inspecting officer of the Government and the inspection certificates were issued at Indore.
One of the conditions of the contract was that the delivery would be F.O.R., Indore, and the freight from Indore would be borne by the Government of India.
The goods used to be despatched by railway from Indore station and the railway receipts used to be made out in the name of a representative of the Government.
There were two types of purchase orders, namely, (1) purchasewar order and (2) bulk purchase order.
Clause 9 of the bulk purchase order was in these terms "9.
Payment : Unless otherwise agreed between the parties, payment for the delivery of the stores will be made on submission of bills in the prescribed form in accordance with the instructions given in the Acceptance of Tender by cheque on a Government Treasury in British India or on a branch in British India of the Reserve Bank of India or the Imperial Bank of India transacting Government business.
" From the judgment of K. T. Desai, J. it appears that in the High Court both parties agreed that the aforesaid cl. 0 was one of the terms on which all the goods were supplied by the assessee.
In paragraph 2 of the petition for leave to appeal to this Court and, paragraph 3 of the appellant 's statement of case also, the assessee stated that the contracts between the parties were subject to the aforesaid cl. 9.
The prescribed form of the bill (Form No. WSB.
116) which the assessee was required to submit to the Goverment of India, Department of Supply, contained inter alia, the following receipt clause Received payment one anna Please pay by cheque receipt stamp on to Self on Bank original only Bank Treasury Contractor 's at. . . . . signature Contractor 's signature.
" 654 Instructions Nos. 13 and 14 with regard to payment were as follows : "13.
If payment is desired to be made to the Con tractor 's Bankers or other parties, the endorsement must be completed on the Bill Form (W.S.B. Form No. 116) and signed separately and the word 'Self ' scored out; in addition, a power of attorney will be necessary in such cases, except when payment is desired to a Bank mentioned in the second schedule to the Reserve Bank Act.
Payment in all cases will be made to the Contractors by the Accounts Officer named in the Acceptance of Tender by means of crossed cheques, unless a specific request is made to the contrary for the issue of an open cheque on the bill.
" The assessee used to make out bills in the prescribed form.
The receipt clause in the completed bill used to be in the following terms : "Please pay by cheque to self on a bank at Indore." The receipt clause in the bill used to be signed in advance on behalf of the assessee on a one anna stamp.
The bills with the signed receipts of the assessee then used to be sent to the Controller of Supplies, New Delhi after the latter was debited with the amounts of the bills in the books of the assessee.
On receipt of the bills, the Government of India used to draw cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay in favour of the assessee and used to send them by post to the assessee at Indore.
On receipt of the cheques, the assessee used to credit the Controller of Sup plies in its books with the amount of the cheques, and then used to deposit the cheques in their account with the Imperial Bank of India, Indore, and thereupon, the Bank used to credit the assessee in the aforesaid account with the amount of the cheques.
The question is whether on these facts the profits of the assessee, a non resident, in respect of the supplies were received by the assessee in British India and, therefore, taxable under section 4(1) (a) of the Indian Income tax Act, 1922.
Before the Appellate Tribunal and at all stages of the assessment proceedings, the contention of the revenue authorities wag that the profits were received at Bombay where the.
cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay were encashed.
By its order dated March 13, 1953, the Appellate Tribunal negatived this contention, and held that the amounts of the cheques were received by it at Indore.
On the application of the Commissioner of Income tax, Central 655 Bombay under section 66(1) of the Indian Income tax Act, 1922, the Tribunal by its order dated March 4, 1955 referred the following question of law to the Bombay High Court: "Whether the assessee Company is liable to pay tax in the taxable territories on the ground that the sale proceeds, which included the profit element therein, were received in the taxable territories ?" In its order dated March 4, 1955, the Tribunal referred to the decision of this Court in Commissioner of Income tax vs Kirloskar Bros. Ltd.(1) decided on April 19, 1954, and stated that on the facts of the case, a contention might arise that the assessee had requested the Government to send the cheque by post and the post office as the agent of the assessee, had received the cheques in British India, but the Tribunal pointed out that this contention had not been raised before it.
The reference under section 66(1) was heard by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court consisting of J. C. Shah and section T. Desai, JJ.
J. C. Shah, J. answered the question referred to the High Court in the affirmative, whereas section T. Desai, J. answered it in the negative.
The matter then went before the third Judge, K. T. Desai, J. who agreed with J. C. Shah, J. and answered the question in the affirmative.
The majority of the Judges held that the cheques were received by the assessee through its agent, the post office in British India and the Revenue authorities were entitled to urge this contention for the first time in the High Court.
The assessee now appeals to this Court on a certificate granted by the Bombay High Court.
In the appeals before us, the following two questions arise (1) Was the post office the agent of the assessee to receive the cheques representing the sale proceeds on its behalf, and did the assessee consequently receive the sale proceeds through its agent in British India; and (2) whether the Revenue authorities could raise this contention for the first time at the hearing of the reference before the High Court, though this contention was not raised by it before the Tribunal or at any stage of the assessment proceedings ? Where, as in this case, the question of law in issue between the parties and referred to the High Court is the board question whether or not the assessee is liable to pay tax on the ground that the sale proceeds including the profits of the sale were received (1) 656 by the assessee in British India, the Revenue authorities may be permitted to argue for the first time at the hearing of the reference that on the facts found by the Tribunal, the post office was the agent of the assessee for the purpose of receiving the cheques representing the sale proceeds and the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques were posted, though this aspect of the question was not argued before the Tribunal and though the only point there argued was that the sale proceeds were received at Bombay where the cheques were encashed.
See The Commissioner of Income tax vs Messrs. Ogale Glass Works Ltd(1) Zoraster & Co. vs Commissioner of Income tax(2).
See also Commissioner of Income tax, Bombay vs Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd.(3).
The decision in The New Jehangir Vakil Mills Ltd. vs The Commissioner of Income tax(4 ) relied on by the assessee is distinguishable.
There, the question of law referred to the High Court was "Whether the receipt of the cheques at Bhavnagar amounted to receipt of sale proceeds in Bhavnagar ?", and this question was not broad enough to cover the enquiry whether there were postings of the cheques at the request of the assessee and receipts of the cheques by the assessee through the post office in British India.
The precise point decided by this Court in the New Jehangir Vakil Mills '(4) case was that the High Court has no jurisdiction under section 66(4) to direct the Tribunal to collect evidence not already on the record and to make it a part of a supplementary statement of case, and this decision was followed and affirmed recently in Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. vs Commissioner of Income tax(").
But, in the instant case, the High Court did not call for any supplementary statement of case.
Nor is the question of law referred in this case a narrow one as in the New Jehangir Vakil Mills ' case(4) so as to exclude consideration of the contention that the assessee received the sale proceeds through its agent, the post office in British India.
We are, therefore, satisfied that the Revenue authorities can raise this contention for the first time in the High Court. ' The next question is whether the post office was the agent of the assessee to receive the cheques representing the sale proceeds and whether the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques were posted.
Now, if by an agreement, express or implied, between the creditor and the debtor or by a request, express or implied, by the creditor, the debtor is authorised to pay the debt by a cheque and to send the cheque to the creditor (1) (3) ; ,814.
(5) ; (2) [1961] 1 S .
C.R. 210.
(4) ; 657 by post, the post office is the agent of the creditor to receive the cheque and the creditor receives payment as soon as the cheque is posted to him.
See The Commissioner of Income tax vs Messrs. Ogale Glass Works Ltd.(1), Jagdish Mills Ltd. vs The Commissioner of Income tax(2 ) approving Norman vs Ricketts(1), Thairlwall vs The Great Northern Railway(3).
In Messrs. Ogale Glass Works ' case(1), there was an express request by the assessee at Aundh to its debtor in Delhi to remit the amount of the bills by cheques.
In Jagdish Mills case (2), there was a stipulation between the assessee and its debtor that the debtor in Delhi should pay the assessee in Baroda the amount due to the assessee by cheques, and this Court held that there was by necessary implication a request by the assessee to the debtor to send the cheques by post from Delhi, thus constituting the post office its agent for the purpose of receiving the payments.
In the instant case, cl. 9 of the terms and conditions of the contract read with the prescribed form of the bills and the instructions regarding payment show that the parties had agreed that the assessee would submit to the Government of India, Department of Supply, New Delhi, bills in the prescribed form requesting payment of the price of the supplies by cheques together with signed receipts and the Government of India would pay the price by crossed cheques drawn in favour of the assessee.
Having regard to the fact that the assessee was at Indore and the Supply Department of the Government of India was at New Delhi, the parties must have intended that the Government would send the cheques to the assessee by post from New Delhi, and this inference is supported by the fact that the cheques used to be sent to the assessee by post.
In the circumstances, there was an implied agreement between the parties that the Government of India would send.
the cheques to the assessee by post.
Mr. Pathak argued that the assessee had requested the Government to pay money by cheques on a bank at Indore and as that request was not complied with and the Government of India sent instead cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, there was no effective request by the assessee to the Government to send the cheque by post.
But independently of any subsequent request by the assessee, the contract between the parties authorised the Government of India to pay the price by cheques drawn on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay and imported a request by the assessee to the Government of India to send the cheques by post.
(1) (2) ; (3) (1886) 3 Times Law Reports.
(4) 658 The Government of India was entitled to ignore the subsequent request of the assessee for cheques on an Indore bank and the assessee received payments of the price as and when the cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay were posted in British India in accordance with the contract.
In Thairlwall vs Great Northern Railway(1) Lord Coleridge, J. observed : "The real question is whether the posting of the warrant was payment of the amount of the dividend.
To establish that it was, the defendants must prove a request by the plaintiff or an agreement between the plaintiff and the defendants that payment should be made by means of a warrant posted to the plaintiff.
If such a request or agreement is proved, then payment is established by posting even although the instrument is lost in the post : Norman vs Ricketts(2)." Mr. Pathak contended that the assesseee and the Government of India had agreed that the sale proceeds would be paid to the assessee in Indore outside British India, and therefore the rule in Messrs. Ogale Glass Works ' case(3) did not apply, having regard to the decision in Commissioner of Income tax vs Patney & Co.(4).
We are not inclined to accept this contention.
There is nothing on the record to show that there was any express agreement between the parties that the sale proceeds would be paid to the assessee at Indore.
We are satisfied that the post office was the agent of the assessee for the purpose of receiving the cheques representing the sale proceeds and the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques were posted, and consequently, the profits in respect of the sales were taxable under section 4 (1) (a).
The High Court, therefore, rightly answered the question in the affirmative.
Mr. Pathak and following him Mr. Kolah submitted that the assessee would have led additional evidence to disprove the contention that the post office acted as its agent, had that contention been raised before the Tribunal, and the Revenue authorities should not, therefore, have been allowed by the High Court to raise the new contention.
On being asked what additional evidence would have been led by the assessee, counsel said that the assessee would have led evidence to show (a) that the purchase orders were accepted by the assessee under compulsion of the (1) (2) (1886) 3 Times Law Reports 182.
(3) (4) 659 Defence of India Act and Rules and consequently there was no voluntary request by the assessee for payment by cheques, and (b) the Imperial Bank of India, Indore, as the statutory agent of the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, paid the amount of the cheques to the assessee at Indore.
But counsel was unable to show any provision of the Defence of India Act or Rules under which the assessee was obliged to accept the purchase orders, and we need not, therefore, enquire into the correctness of counsel 's assumption that acceptance of the purchase orders under compulsion of law would have negatived the contention that the post office acted as the agent of.
the assessee.
And if the assessee received payment by cheques posted in British India, the fact that subsequently the Imperial Bank of India, Indore as the statutory agent of the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay paid the amount of the cheques at Indore would not take the case of the assessee out of the purview of section 4 (1) (a).
We are, therefore, satisfied that the assessee was not prevented from adducing any material evidence by reason of the omission of the Revenue authorities to argue the new point before the Tribunal.
We do not, therefore, think it necessary to express any opinion on the question whether the Court should refuse to allow the Revenue authorities to raise a new contention where by reason of their omission to raise the contention before the Tribunal, the assessee had been prevented from adducing material evidence on the point.
In the result, the appeals are dismissed with costs, one set.
Appeals dismissed.

Summary:
The appellant company carried on the business of manufacturing textile goods at Indore and had offices at Indore and Bombay.
During its account years 1942 to 1947 it supplied goods to the Indian Stores Department, Government of India.
The purchase orders were placed by the latter with the appellant at Indore which was then in an Indian State.
On receipt of bills from the appellant the Government of India used to draw cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, in favour of the appellant and used to send them by post to the appellant at Indore.
The appellant used to deposit the cheques with the Imperial Bank of India Indore for the purpose of realisation from the Reserve Bank of India.
In connection with the assessment years 1943 44 to 1948 49 the question that arose in income tax proceedings was whether the profits of the appellant a non resident in respect of the supplies were received by the appellant in British India and therefore taxable under section 4(1)(a) of the Indian Income tax Act, 1922.
The departmental authorities held that the payment was received by the appellant at Bom bay where the cheques were encashed but the Appellate Tribunal took the view that the payment was received at Indore.
In reference the High Court held on the basis of this Court 's decision in Commissioner of Income tax vs Kirloskar Bros. Ltd. which had meanwhile been delivered that the cheques were received by the assessee through its agent, the post office in British India and further held that the Revenue authorities were entitled to raise the contention for the first time in the High Court.
With certificate the appellant came to this Court.
HELD : (i) Whereas in the present case the question of law in issue between the parties and referred to the High Court is the broad question whether or not the assessee is liable to pay tax on the ground that the sale proceeds including the profits of the sale were received by the assessee in British India, the Revenue authorities may be permitted to argue for the first time at the hearing of the reference that on the facts found by the Tribunal, the post office was the agent of the assessee for the purpose of receiving the cheques representing the sale proceeds and the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the chequest were posted though this aspect of the question was not argued before the Tribunal and though the only point there argued was that the proceeds were received at Bombay where the cheques were encashed.
[655 H] Commissioner of Income tax vs M/s. Ogale Glass Works Ltd. , Zoraster & Co. vs Commissioner of Income tax, ; and Commissioner of Income tax, Bombay vs Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., ; , referred to.
The New Jahangir Vakil Mills Ltd. vs Commissioner of Income tax ; and Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. vs Commissioner of Income tax; , , distinguished.
652 (ii) If by an agreement, express or implied, between the creditor and the debtor or by request, express or implied, by the creditor, the debtor is authorised to pay the debt by a cheque and to send the cheque to the creditor by port, the post office is the agent of the creditor to receive the cheque and the creditor receives payment as soon as the cheque is posted to him.
[656 G] Commissioner of Income tax vs M/s. Ogale Glass Works Ltd., , Jagdish Mills Ltd. vs The Commissioner of Income tax, ; , Norman vs Ricketts, (1886) 3 Times Law Reports 182 and Thairlwall vs The Great Northern Railway, , relied on.
(iii) In the instant case cl.
9 of the terms and conditions of the contract read with the prescribed form of the bills and the instructions regarding payment showed that the parties had agreed that the assessee would submit to the Government of India, Department of Supply, New Delhi, bills in the prescribed form requesting payment of the price of the supplies by cheques together with signed receipts and the Government of India would pay the price by crossed cheques drawn in favour of the assessee.
Having regard to the fact that the assessee, was at Indore and the Supply Department of the Government of India was at Now Delhi, the parties must have intended that the Government would send the cheques to the assessee by post from New Delhi, and this inference was supported by the fact the cheques used to be sent to the assessee by post.
In the circumstances there was an implied agreement between the parties that the Government of India would send the cheques by post.
The Government of India was entitled to ignore the subsequent request of the.
assessee for cheques on an Indore bank and the assessee received payment of the price as and when the cheques on the Reserve Bank of India Bombay, were posted in British India in accordance with the contract (657 D; 658 Al Thairlwall vs The Great Northern Railway, [1910] 2 K.B. 509 and Commissioner of Income tax vs Patney & Co. , referred to.
On the above view the profits in respect of the sales were taxable under section 4(1) (a) of the Indian Income tax Act, 1922.