iminal Appeal No. 37 of 1964.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated November 26, 1963 of the Allahabad High Court in Government Appeal No. 782 of 1962.
section P. Sinha, G. L. Sanghi, Ganpat Rai, E. C. Agarwala, section section Khanduja for P. C. Agarwala, for the appellant.
Atiquor Rehman and O. P. Rana, for the respondent.
Antiquor Rehman and O.P. Rana,for the respondent.
69 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shah, J.
The appellant was charged before a Magistrate, 1st Class, at Varanasi with being, on November 25, 1960, in possession of counterfeit labels which could be used to pass off his "tobacco tins" as the goods of M /s Nandoo Ram Khedan Lal bearing 'Titli" (butterfly) trade mark, and with being in possession for ale of "tobacco tins" bearing counterfeit trade marks of the genuine "Titli" brand trade mark of M/s Nandoo Ram Khedan Lal.
The Trial Magistrate convicted the appellant and sentenced him to suffer simple imprisonment for three months for offences under section 78 read with section 77 and under section 79 of the 43 of 1958, and directed the two sentences to run consecutively.
In appeal to the Court of Session, Varanasi, the order passed by the Trial Magistrate was set aside and the appellant was acquitted principally on the ground that the prosecution was barred because it was not instituted within the period prescribed by section 92 of the Act.
The High Court of Judicature at Allahabad however set aside the order of acquittal and restored the conviction, but reduced the sentence on each of the charges to a fine of Rs. 1,000/ .
With certificate granted by the High Court under article 134 of the Constitution, this appeal has been preferred.
M/s Nandoo Ram Khedan Lal who will hereinafter be called "the complainants" carry on in the town of Varanasi, business in "chewing tobacco".
They were marketing their product for the last many years under a trade mark styled "Titli" (butterfly).
The label on the containers of "chewing tobacco" shows figures of three butterflies on yellow green background and the legend "Titli" in Devnagari and English characters.
The appellant who carried on business also in "chewing tobacco" commenced market his goods in the name of "Titli" (partridge).
The label on the containers had figures of four butterflies on leaf green background, and the legend "Titli" in Devnagari and English characters.
The colour schemes of the butterflies in the complainants ' label and of the butterflies in the appellants label were substantially similar.
The complainants gave information to the police in November 1960 that the appellant had infringed their trade mark by marketing his goods under a trade mark calculated to deceive the purchasers into believing that they were purchasing the product of the complainants.
The police submitted a charge sheet against the appellant for offences under section 78 read with section 77 and, section 79 of the .
The Trial Magistrate observed that there was ' close resemblance between the label used by the complainants and the label used by the.
appellant, and that a vast mejority of users of such tobacco being illiterate were likely to be "carried" 'away by ' a pictorial ' device of "Titli" 70 (butterfly)" since they were incapable of reading and understanding the "descriptions on the label in Devanagri and in English".
With this view the Sessions Judge and the High Court agreed.
Before us, no substantial argument has been advanced which would justify us in taking a different view on this question.
It was however contended for the appellant that the case against him must still fail because the prosecution was barred by section 92 of the , and also because there was such acquiescence on the part of the complainants as would justify an inference that they had assented to the appellant using the trade mark under which his product was marketed.
To appreciate these two contentions, it is necessary to refer to certain facts.
Some time before 1955 the appellant had started marketing his goods under the trade mark "Titli": there is however no evidence about the general get up of the label on the containers of "chewing tobacco" marketed by him at that time.
On January 6, 1955 the complainants wrote a letter to the appellant claiming that they were the sole proprietors of "Titli" brand, that "Titli" was their registered trade mark, and the appellant had "with criminal intention started making illegal and unlawful use of that trade mark" and had copied their trade mark and was using it on similar but inferior "chewing tobacco" and was passing off his goods in the market as the product of the complainants; and on those allegations the complainants called upon the appellant to desist from selling or disposing of any of the goods with labels resembling to the complainants ' trade mark and thereby deceiving the public into purchasing the appellant 's product when the public desires to purchase the complainants ' product and making several other incidental requisitions.
In reply, the appellant denied that the complainants were the sole proprietors of "Titli" trade mark and that in any event the appellant had not used the trade mark "Titli" on any goods manufactured by him.
The appellant also claimed that he had been marketing his goods in the name of "Titli" for many years and that the complainants were seeking to pass off their product as that of the appellant.
After this correspondence no steps were taken by the complainants against the appellant till November 1960.
The appellant was on information lodged by the complainants prosecuted for offences under section 78 read with section 77 and section 79 of the .
The appellant submitted that whereas the complainants had on their own admission learnt about infringement of their trade mark in 1955, criminal proceedings started in November 1960 were barred under section 92 of the .
It may be noticed however that the offences charged against the appellant 71 were alleged to have been committed on November 25, 1960, an& the charge sheet was lodged in the Court of the Magistrate, 1st Class, on March 22, 1961.
Section 92 of the , insofar as it is material, provides: "No prosecution for an offence under this Act. . . . . shall be commenced after the expiration of three years next after the commission of the offence charged, or two years after the discovery thereof by the prosecutor, whichever expiration first happens." In substance the appellant in relaying upon the bar of section 92 seeks to substitute for the words "after the discovery" the words " after the first discovery", and for the words "after the commission of the offence charged" the words "after the commission of the first infringement of trade mark".
The Legislature has deliberately not used those expressions, and there is no warrant for substituting them in the section and thereby substantially modifying the section.
Counsel for the appellant however submitted that in inter preting section 15 of the Merchandise Marks Act 4 of 1889, which is similar to section 92 of Act 43 of 1958, the Madras High Court had in Ruppell vs Ponnusami Jevan and Another(1) held that a prosecution under section 15 of the Merchandise Marks Act 4 of 1889 commenced after the expiration of the period prescribed by the Legislature from the date when the infringement was first discovered, is barred and that this Court had in Dau Dayal vs State of Uttar Pradesh(1) affirmed that view.
In Ruppell 's case(1) the accused was charged with committing an offence punishable under section 15 of the , on a complaint that the accused had infringed the complainant 's trade mark.
It appeared at the trial that the complainant had discovered in 1893 that goods were sold by the accused marked with a trade mark which was similar to his trade mark, and the complainant had called upon the accused to discontinue user of the counterfeit trade mark and to render an account of sales made by him.
In 1898 the complainant prosecuted the accused for infringing his trade mark.
The High Court of Madras held that as the complainant did not show that he believed the use of the alleged counterfeit trade mark had been discontinued after the first discovery and protest in 1893, prosecution of the accused in 1898 under section 15 of the , was barred.
This view was followed by the Bombay High Court in Abdulsatar Khan Kamruddin Khan vs Ratanlal Kishenlal,(3): The Court observed in that case that under section 15 of the , if the offence of infringement of a trade or property mark is a continuing one, and if no discontinuance is proved, time runs from the first (1) I.L.R. (3) I.L.R. (2 ) ; 72 instance of infringement or from the first discovery of the infringement.
Abdulsatar Khan 's case(1) was however overruled by a full bench of the Bombay High Court in Emperor vs Chhotalal Amarchand.(2) In that case the Court dissenting from the judgment of the Madras High Court in Ruppell 's case(1) and overruling the decision in Abdulsatar Khan 's case(1) held that under section 15 of the , starting point of limitation in all cases is the date of the offence charged.
In Dau Dayal 's case,(1) Venkatarama Aiyar, J., incorporated substantially the whole of the judgment in Ruppell 's case: (3) but in Dau Dayal 's case(1) the matter in dispute was entirely different.
In that case the accused was prosecuted for offences punishable under sections 420, 482, 483 & 486 I.P. Code on the allegation that he was in possession of Bidis which bore counterfeit trade marks.
A complaint was filed against the accused on March 26, 1954, and after investigation by the police, a charge sheet was filed in the Court of the Magistrate on September 30, 1954.
The accused contended that the offence was discovered on April 26, 1954, and since process was issued by the Magistrate on July 22, 1955, i.e. more than one year after discovery of the offence he could not, because of section 15 of the Merchandise Marks Act, 1889, be prosecuted.
This Court rejected the plea raised by the accused.
An excerpt from the judgment in Ruppell 's case(1) was incorporated only to indicate the general tenor of section 15, and not with a view to express approval of all that was observed therein.
We are however in this case not called upon to consider whe ther Ruppell 's case(1) was correctly decided.
That case was decided on the interpretation of section 15 of the Merchandise Marks Act, 1889.
Suffice it to say that the Legislature has in enacting the 43 of 1958 made a substantial departure from the language used in section 15 of Act 4 of 1889.
For the sake of convenience the material parts of the two sections may be set out in juxtaposition: Section 15 of Act 4 of 1889 No such prosecution. . shall be commenced after the expiration of three years next after the commission of the offence, or one year after the first discovery thereof by the prosecutor, whichever expiration first happens.
(1) I.L.R. I.L.R. Section 92 of Act 43 of 1958 No prosecution for an offence under this Act. . shall be commenced after the expiration of three years next after the commission of the offence charged, or two years after the discovery thereof by the prosecutor, whichever expiration first happens.
(2) I.L.R. (4) A.T.R. 73 The Legislature in enacting section 92 of Act 43 of 1958 has clearly made departure from section 15 of Act 4 of 1889 in important respects.
Whereas under section 15 prosecution had to be commenced within three years next after the commission of the offence or within one year after the first discovery thereof by the prosecutor, under section 92 the prosecution must be commenced before the expiration of three years next after the commission of the offence charged, or two years after the discovery by the prosecutor of the offence charged, whichever expiration first happens.
Under section 92 it is plain the period commences to run from the date of the commission of the offence charged or from the date of discovery by the prosecutor of the offence charged.
The argument which could be raised under section 15 and was approved in Ruppell 's case(1) that the Legislature intended to provide that the period shall commence from the first discovery thereof by the prosecutor is plainly not open to the offender infringing the provisions of the under section 92.
The period has to be computed for the purpose of the first part of the section from the date of the commission of the offence charged, and under the second part from the date of discovery of the offence charged, and not from the first discovery of infringement of trade mark by the prosecutor.
The plea that the complainants had assented to the use of the trade mark by the appellant, and on that account the latter could not be said to have falsified a trade mark or to have falsely applied the trade mark, is without substance.
Section 77, it is true, provides that a person shall be deemed to falsify a trade mark who either (a) without the assent of the proprietor of the trade mark makes that trade mark or a deceptively similar mark; or (b) falsifies any genuine trade mark, whether by alteration, addition, effacement or otherwise.
If there is assent of the proprietor to the use by the accused of a trade mark which is deceptively similar, there would be no falsification or false application of the trade mark: but protest against infringement of the complainants ' trade mark cannot be regarded as assent to the use or application of the false trade mark.
The High Court has on a review of the evidence held that there was no acquiescence by the complainants from which assent may be inferred, and we see no reason to differ from that finding.
The appeal therefore fails and is dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.

Summary:
In 1955 the complainants protested to the appellant that he was infringing their trade mark but no further action was taken by them at that time.
In November 1960, the appellant was found in possession of labels and tobacco tins carrying marks deceptively similar to the complainants ' trade mark.
After investigation the police lodged in March 1961 a charge sheet against the appellant in respect of alleged offences under section 78 read ' with section 77 and P. 79 of the .
The trial Magistrate convicted the appellant who was however acquitted by the Sessions Judge principally on the ground that the prosecution was barred as it was not instituted within the period prescribed by section 92 of the Act.
In appeal against the order of acquittal the High Court convicted him but granted him a certificate under Art, 134 of the Constitution.
HELD:The period under section 92 of the commences to run from the date of the commission of the offences charged or from the date of discovery by the prosecutor of the offence charged.
The period does not have to be reckoned from the first discovery of infringement of trade mark by the prosecutor.
In this respect section 92 of the Act of 1958 is materially different from section 15 of the Merchandise Marks Act 4 of 1889.
[73A D] Ruppell vs Ponnusami Tavan and Anr., I.L.R. and Dau Dayal vs State of Uttar Pradesh, ; , distinguished.
Abdulsatar Khan Kamruddin Khan vs Ratanlal Kishenalal, I.L.R. and Emperior vs Chhotalal Amarchand, I.L.R. , referred to.
There was nothing to substantiate the appellant 's plea based on section 77 of the Act that the complainants had acquiesced in his use of the deceptive trade mark.