ivil Appeal No, 307 of 1987.
From the Judgment and Order dated 16.10.1985 of the Allahabad High Court in C.M.W. No. 3689 of 1984.
G.B. Pai, Ms. Urmila Kapoor and section Janani for the Appellant.
Prithivi Raj, Vishnu Mathut and Ms. section Dikshit for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by AHMADI, J.
When the service of an employee is terminated consequent upon the employer accepting the resignation voluntarily tendered by the employee, does the termination so brought about amount to 'Retrenchment ' within the meaning of Section 2(s) read with Section 6N of the Uttar Pradesh , is the question which we are called upon to decide in this appeal by special leave.
The facts relevant to be stated for the disposal of this appeal are as under: Ram Singh was employed by the appellant company on 10th March, 1960 and was posted in the Bradma machine section of the company.
His duties were to attend to the printing of shares, pay sheets, registers, ESI cards etc.
, relating to the appellant company.
On 1st November, 1970 he addressed a letter of resignation to the Manager of the appellant compa ny in the following words: "R/Sir, I regret to bring to your kind notice that my family circum stances do not permit me to continue my service and hence I am compelled to sever my connections with these Mills imme diately.
I, therefore, request your goodself kindly to arrange for the payment of all my dues at an early date.
" Two days thereafter he wrote another letter to the Manager of the company which reads as under: 526 "R/Sir, Since I have already tendered my resignation from my serv ices, I request you kindly to depute somebody in the Bradma Office taking charge and learning the work, so that the entrusted work may be carried on smoothly.
Thanking you so much for making early arrangement as re quested.
" A copy of this letter was endorsed to the Special Executive of the appellant company for information and necessary action.
On receipt of the above letters, the Manager of the appellant company replied as under: "The resignation tendered by you vide your letter dated 1st instant, is hereby accepted with effect from 16th instant.
Please hand over charge of the Company 's properties in your possession to Shri R.S. Mathur and collect payment in full and final settlement from the Mills Pay Office." After the receipt of this letter the charge of the Bradma Section was handed over by the employee to the said R.S. Mathur on 15th November, 1970.
The amount due to the employee by way of salary, allowances, etc., upto 16th November, 1970 was worked out but the actual payment was received by the employee on 22nd December, 1970.
He was also paid his service gratuity at the end of February, 1971.
It appears that the employee raised an industrial dispute and sought a reference under Section 4K of the State Act.
The employee 's demand for a reference was initially rejected by the State Government on 12th November, 1973 but it came to be accepted subsequently on 28th November, 1974.
The appel lant company thereupon filed a writ petition challenging the said reference made by the State Government but the High Court dismissed the petition on 7th September, 1981.
Pursu ant to the reference, the Labour Court made an Award in favour of the employee on 25th January, 1984.
The Labour Court came to the conclusion that the employee 's resignation was not voluntary and, therefore, his services had been wrongly terminated with effect from 15th November, 1970.
He was ordered to be reinstated.
Against this Award of the Labour Court the appellant approached the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution.
The High Court came to the conclusion that the employee had tendered his resignation voluntarily 527 and without any threat or coercion.
It also took the view that the claim for overtime wages was an after thought.
However, considering the definition of 'retrenchment ' in Section 2(s), the High Court came to the conclusion that the termination of service of the employee fell within the said definition and as the appellant company had failed to ob serve the requirements of section 6N, the termination of service was clearly invalid.
The approach to the High Court is reflected in the following passage of its Judgment: 8"The contention raised is that there was no act of the employer in this connection and hence this may not be said to be a case of retrenchment of the respondent.
To this I do not find possible to agree.
There is no denial that the respondent had been in continuous service for not less than one year within the meaning of Section 6N.
According to Section 2(s), retrenchment covers termination by the employ er of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever.
To this there are exceptions applicable where the termination is by way of punishment inflicted as a result of a discipli nary_ action or voluntary retirement of the workman or retirement of the workman on attaining the age of superannu ation.
The provision is in pari materia with section 2(00) of the Central Act.
The case does not fail within any of these exceptions.
Voluntary retirement of a workman may not stand in need of acceptance by the employer; this may be hedged in with certain conditions such as those relating to certain number of years having been put in service and the like, but resignation may be tendered at any time though it requires acceptance to be effective.
There is retrenchment under law where the services of a workman stand terminated for any reason whatsoever.
This may not be a consequence directly flowing from an act of the employer.
The material factor would be whether there is determination of the rela tionship of employer and workman between the parties.
If as a consequence this relationship has ceased or has been brought to an end, there is the resultant termination of the services of the workman.
" In support of this view reliance was placed on the decisions of this Court in The State Bank of India vs N. Sundara Money, ; ; Hindustan Steel Ltd. vs The Presid ing Officer, Labour Court, Orissa & Others, ; , Delhi Cloth and General Mills LId.
vs Shambhu Nath Mukherji and Others, ; ; Santosh 528 Gupta vs State Bank of Patiala, ; and L. Robert D 'Souza vs Executive Engineer, Southern Railway and Another, ; Reliance was also placed on the decision of the Kerala High Court in Corporation of Cochin vs Jalaji & Others, Proceeding further the High Court concluded as under: " . . the present is a case where there was act of the employer also before the termination became effective.
As discussed above, the resignation tendered by the respondent could not take effect without the acceptance on the part of the employer.
The acceptance was accorded on November 4, 1970, expressly in writing.
This clearly is an act of the employer which put a seal to the matter and brought about cessation of the relationship of the employer and the work man.
Therefore, there is no escape from the conclusion that it was a case of retrenchment.
It remains to be seen on relevant material whether in fact there was compliance made of the requirement of section 6N." However, the order of reinstatement passed by the Labour Court, Kanpur was set aside and the matter was remanded to the Labour Court for a decision on the question whether there was an infraction of section 6N. The High Court, however, made it clear that "the issue of resignation shall not be open to read judication".
In other words, the only question which the Labour Court was required to consider was whether the retrenchment was in conformity with section 6N of the State Act.
Feeling aggrieved by this order the appel lant company has approached this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution.
The State Act, i.e., Uttar Pradesh was enacted to provide powers to prevent strikes and lock outs, to settle industrial disputes and for other incidental matters.
Section 2(s) defines the term 'Retrench ment ' as under: "2(s): 'Retrenchment ' means the termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as punishment inflicted by way of discipli nary action, but does not include (i) voluntary retirement of the workmen; or 529 (ii) retirement of the workmen on reaching the age of super annuation if the contract of employment between the employer and workman concerned contains a stipulation in that behalf.
" This definition is in pari materia with the definition of 'retrenchment ' found in section 2(00) of the Central Act i.e. as it stood prior to its amendment by Act LIX of 1984.
Section 6N the State Act reads as under: "6N. Conditions precedent to retrenchment of workman.
No workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service for not less than one year under an employer shall be retrenched by that employer until (a) the workman has been given one month 's notice in writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the period of notice has expired, or the workman has been paid in lieu of such notice wages for the period of the notice; Provided that no such notice shall be necessary if the retrenchment is under an agreement which specifies a date for the termination of service; (b) the workman has been paid, at the time of retrenchment, compensation which shall be equivalent to fifteen days ' average pay for every completed year of service or any part thereof in excess of six months; and (c) notice in the prescribed manner is served on the State Government.
" This section substantially reproduces section 25F of the Central Act.
In the Central Act the proviso came to be omitted by Act LIX of 1984 and instead clause (bb) came to be added to section 2(00).
The first question which we must consider is whether in the background of facts stated earlier it can be said that the services of the employee were terminated by way of 'retrenchment ' as understood by 530 section 2(s) and, if yes, whether the employer was required to comply with the provisions of section 6N of the State Act.
It becomes clear on a plain reading of the definition of the term 'retrenchment ' that it comprises of two parts; the first part is the inclusive part which defines retrench ment whereas the second part is in the nature of an excep tion and excludes two types of cases from the scope and ambit of the said definition.
Under the first part termina tion of an employee 's service by the employer for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than by way of punishment inflicted as a disciplinary measure, amounts to retrenchment.
Under the second part cases of (i) voluntary retirement & (ii) retire ment on superannuation are excluded from purview of the first part of the definition.
Termination of service can be brought about in diverse ways by an employer but every termination is not retrenchment, as for example, termination of service by way of punishment for proved misconduct.
The words 'for any reason whatsoever ' are undoubtedly words of wide import and hence termination of service by the employer will attract the definition of retrenchment unless it is shown to be penal in nature brought about by way of disci plinary action or as falling within one of the two exclusion clauses extracted earlier.
In order to counter the employ ee 's contention that he was retrenched from service on the employer having communicated the acceptance of his resigna tion, the employer has placed reliance on the first clause, namely, that the workman had voluntarily retired from serv ice.
The letter dated 1st November, 1970 written by the employee to the Manager of the appellant company expressing his desire to resign his job shows that it was a voluntary act on the part of the employee.
This was followed by anoth er letter of 3rd November, 1970 whereby the workman request ed the company to depute someone to take charge of the Bradma office so that he gets acquainted with the work to ensure a smooth take over.
It was on this request of the employee that the appellant company accepted his resignation by the letter of 4th November, 1970 with effect from 16th November, 1970.
From this correspondence it is crystal clear that the employee desired to sever his relations with the appellant company on account of his family circumstances.
But for this request made by the employee there was no reason for the appellant company to terminate the contract of service on its own.
Just as an employer has a right to terminate the service of an employee, an employee too has a fight to put an end to the contract of employment by inform ing his employer of his intention to give up the job.
This fight is specifically conferred by clause 21 of the Standing Orders certified under Section 5 of the Industrial Employ ment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946.
This clause reads as under: 531 "Any permanent clerk desirous of leaving the company 's service shall give one month 's notice in writing to the Manager unless he has a specific agreement providing for a longer or shorter notice.
If any permanent clerk leaves the service of the company without giving notice, he shall be liable to be sued for damages." Similar clause with reduced notice period is also to be found in the certified Standing Orders for operatives.
Therefore, one of the ways of terminating the contract of employment is resignation.
If an employee makes his inten tion to resign his job known to the employer and the latter accepts the resignation, the contract of employment comes to an end and with it stands severed the employer employee relationship.
Under the common law the resignation is not complete until it is accepted by the proper authority and before such acceptance an employee can change his mind and withdraw the resignation but once the resignation is accept ed the contract comes to an end and the relationship of master and servant stands snapped.
Merely because the em ployer is expected to accept the employee 's resignation it cannot be said that the employer has brought about an end to the contract of employment so as to bring the case within the first part of the definition of retrenchment.
A contract of service can be determined by either party to the con tract.
If it is determined at the behest of the employer it may amount to retrenchment unless it is by way of punishment for proved misconduct.
But if an employee takes the initia tive and exercises his right to put an end to the contract of service and the employer merely assents to it, it cannot be said that the employer has terminated the employment.
In such cases the employer is merely acceding to the employee 's request, may be even reluctantly.
Here the employee 's role is active while the employer 's role is passive and formal.
The employer cannot force an unwilling employee to work for him.
Under clause 21 of the certified Standing Orders all that the employee is required to do is to give the employer a notice to quit and on the expiry of the notice period his service would come to an end.
A formal acceptance of the employee 's desire by the employer cannot mean that it is the employer who is putting an end to the contract of employ ment.
It would be unfair to saddle the employer with the liability to pay compensation even where the service is terminated on the specific request of the employee.
Such an intention cannot be attributed to the legislature.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that where a contract of service is determined on the employee exercising his right to quite, such termination cannot be said to be at the instance of the employer 532 to fall within the first part of the definition of retrench ment in section 2(s) of the State Act.
The High Court has placed reliance on ,four decisions of this Court to which we may now advert.
In Sundara Money 's case the employment was for a fixed duration of 9 days, on the expiry whereof the service was to end.
This condition was imposed unilaterally.
The employment was to terminate not because the employee did not desire to serve but because of the unilateral condition imposed by the employer.
The initiative for the termination, therefore, came from the employer attracting the wide terminology of section 2(00).
In Hindustan Steel Ltd. the termination of service was by efflux of time.
Placing reliance on the law laid down in Sundara Money 's case and the proviso to section 25F(a), this Court held that the termination of service was by way of retrenchment.
In the case of Delhi Cloth Mills the employ ee 's name was taken as automatically removed from the rolls of the company under the Standing Orders for continued absence without prior intimation.
The striking off the name was clearly an act of the employer resulting in termination of service amounting to retrenchment.
Santosh Gupta 's was a case of termination of service on account of her failure to pass the prescribed test.
That was the reason for terminat ing her service.
All the same it was the employer 's action which resulted in the termination of her service attracting section 2(00).
In the case of Robert D 'souza the termination was rounded on the ground of unauthorised absence from duty which clearly was an act of the employer.
In all the. above cases on which the High Court placed reliance, no question of termination of service on the employee voluntarily ten dering his resignation arose for consideration.
These cases are, therefore, not helpful since they turn on their own special facts.
None of them deals with a case of voluntary resignation tendered by an employee.
We may now examine the question from another angle, namely, whether an employee whose resignation has been accepted by the employer falls within the first exclusion clause to the definition of the term 'retrenchment '.
There can be no doubt that a resignation must be voluntarily tendered for if it is tendered on account of duress or coercion, it ceases to be a voluntary act of the employee expressing a desire to quite service.
In the present case the High Court has come to the conclusion that the employee had tendered his resignation voluntarily.
Does termination of service brought about by the acceptance of resignation fall with the expression 'voluntary retirement '? The meaning of the term 'resign ' and 'retire ' in different dictionaries is as under: 533 TABLE Name of the Meaning of 'Resign ' Meaning of 'Retire ' Dictionary Black 's Law Formal renouncement to terminate employ Dictionary or relinquishment ment or service upon (5th Edn.) of an office.
reaching retirement age.
Shorter Ox To relinquish, The act of retiring ford English surrender, give up or withdrawing to Dictionary or hand over (some or from a place or (Revised thing); esp., an from a place or Edn. of 1973) office, position, position.
right, claim, etc.
To give up an office or position; to retire.
The Random To give up an office To withdraw from of House Dic , position etc.; to fice business or tionary relinquish (right, active life claim, agreement etc.) From the aforesaid dictionary meanings it becomes clear that when an employee resigns his office, he formally relin quishes or withdraws from his office.
It implies that he has taken a mental decision to sever his relationship with his employer and thereby put an end to the contract of service.
As pointed out earlier just as an employer can terminate the services of his employee under the contract.
So also an employee can inform his employer that he does not desire to serve him any more.
Albeit, the employee would have to give notice of his intention to snap the existing relationship to enable the employer to make alternative arrangements so that his work does not suffer.
The period of notice will depend on the period prescribed by the terms of employment and if no such period is prescribed, a reasonable time must be given before the relationship is determined.
If an employee is not permitted by the terms of his contract to determine the relationship of master and servant, such an employment may be branded as bonded labour.
That is why in Central Inland Water Transport Corporation vs Brojonath Ganguly, [1986] 3SCC 156 at page 228 this Court observed as under: 534 "By entering upon a contract of employment a person does not sign a bond of slavery and a permanent employee cannot be deprived of his right to resign.
A resignation by an employ ee would, however, normally require to be accepted by the employer in order to be effective." In the present case the employee 's request contained in the letter of resignation was accepted by the employer and that brought an end to the contract of service.
The meaning of term 'resign ' as found in the Shorter Oxford Dictionary includes 'retirement '.
Therefore, when an employee volun tarily tenders his resignation it is an act by which he voluntarily gives up his job.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that such a situation would be covered by the ex pression 'voluntary retirement ' within the meaning of cluase (i) of Section 2(s) of the State Act.
In Santosh Gupta 's case Chinnappa Reddy, J. observed as under: "Voluntary retrenchment of a workman or the retrenchment of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation can hardly be described as termination, by the employer, of the service of a workman".
(Here the word 'retrenchment ' has reference to 'retirement '.) above observation clearly supports the view which com mends to us.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the High Court was not right in concluding that because the employer accepted the resignation offer voluntarily made by the employee, he terminated the service of the employee and such termination, therefore, fell within the expression 'retrenchment ' rendering him liable to compensate the em ployee under section 6N.
We are also of the view that this was a case of 'volun voluntary retirement ' within the mean ing of the first exception to section 2(s) and therefore the question of grant of compensation under section oN does not arise.
We, therefore, cannot allow the view of the High Court to stand.
For the above reasons we allow this appeal, set aside the orders of the Courts below and hold that the employee is not entitled to any compensation under section 6N of the State Act.
The appeal is allowed accordingly.
No costs throughout.
Lal Appeal allowed.

Summary:
One Ram Singh was appointed by the appellant company on 10.3.1960.
On 1.11.1970, he addressed a letter of resigna tion to the Manager of the company saying that owing to his family circumstances, it was no longer possible for him to continue in service and that he was compelled to sever his connections with the company.
He made a demand of all his dues.
He wrote another letter two days later that someone should be posted in the section where he was working in order that he may learn the work are: printing of shares, pay sheets and pay registers etc.
The appellant company conveyed the acceptance of the resignation with effect from the 16th November, 1970 and paid all his dues on 22.12.1970.
The amount of gratuity was also paid later.
Ram Singh there after raised an industrial dispute and sought a reference under Section 4K of the U.P. Industrial Dispute Act, 1947.
Initially his demand was not accepted by the State Govern ment but later the State Government accepted his demand on 28.11.1974 whereupon the appellant company filed a writ petition in the High Court challenging the said reference made by the State Government but the High Court dismissed the petition.
The Labour Court thereafter made an award on the reference, in favour of the employee.
It came to the conclusion that the employee 's resignation was not voluntary and therefore his services had been wrongly terminated and accordingly he was directed to be reinstated.
The appellant challenged the validity of the said award under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court.
The High Court came to the conclusion that the employee had tendered his resignation voluntarily but it held that termination of the service of the employee fell within the definition of 'r etrenchment ' as contained in Section 2(s) and as the appel lant company had failed to comply with the requirement of Section 6N, the termination of service was invalid.
The High Court accordingly set aside the order of reinstatement passed by 524 the Labour Court and remanded the matter to the Labour Court for a decision on the question whether there was infraction of the provisions of Section 6N. Being aggrieved by that order of the High Court, the appellant company has filed this appeal after obtaining special leave.
Allowing the appeal, this Court, HELD: Where a contract of service is determined on the employee exercising his right to quit, such termination cannot be said to be at the instance of the employer to fail within the first part of the definition of retrenchment in Section 2(s) of the U.P. Industrial Disputes Act.
[531H; 532A] A contract of service can be determined by either party to the contract.
If it is determined at the behest of the employer it may amount to retrenchment unless it is by way of punishment for proved misconduct.
But if an employee takes the initiative and exercises his right to put an end to the contract of service and the employer merely assents to it, it cannot be said that the employer has terminated the employment.
In such cases the employer is merely acced ing to the employee 's request, may be even reluctantly.
Here the employee 's role is active while the employer 's role is passive and formal.
The employer cannot force an unwilling employee to work for him.
[531E F] When an employee resigns his office, he formally relin quishes or withdraws from his office.
it implies that he has taken a mental decision to sever his relationship with his employer and thereby put an end to the contract of service.
[533E] In the present case the employee 's request contained in the letter of resignation was accepted by the employer and that brought an end to the contract of service.
[534B] This was a case of 'voluntary retirement ' within the meaning of the first exception to section 2(s) and therefore the question of grant of compensation under section 6N did not arise.
The employee is not entitled to any compensation under section 6N of the State Act.
[534F] The State Bank of India vs
N. Sundara Money; , ; Hindustan Steel Ltd. vs The Presiding Officer, Labour court, Orissa and Ors., ; ; Delhi Cloth and General Mills Ltd. vs Shambhu Nath Mukherji and others; , ; Santosh (Gupta vs State Bank of Patiala, ; ; L. Robert D 'souza vs, Executive Engineer, Southern Railway and Anr., [1982] 1SCC 645 and 525 Corporation of Cochin vs Jalaji and Ors., [1984] 1 LLJ