Petition No. 1 of 1987.
Election Petition under Section 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of Part III of the Petitioner in person (Mithilesh Kumar).
K. Parasaran, Attorney General T.S. Krishnamurthy Iyer, Krishnamurthy Swami and Miss A. Subhashini for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATARAMIAH, J.
The above petition is filed by the petitioner, Shri Mithilesh Kumar under the provisions of the (Act No. 31 of 1952) (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act ') calling in question the validity of the election of Shri R. Venkataraman, the 1st respondent herein as the 528 President of India at the election held in July, 1987 for electing the President of India and praying for a declaration that he is the successful candidate at that election.
There were three candidates at the election, namely, Shri R. Venkataraman respondent No. 1, Shri V.R. Krishna Iyer respondent No. 2 and Shri Mithilcsh Kumar the petitioner.
The result of the election was declared on 16.7.1987 by the Returning officer for Presidential Election 1987 respondent No. 4, declaring Shri R. Venkataraman respondent No. 1 as the President of India.
The Act was passed in the year 1952 for the purpose of regulating certain matters relating to or connected with the elections to the offices of the President and the Vice President of India.
Part II of the Act contains the provisions relating to the conduct of Presidential and Vice Presidential elections and Part III of the Act sets out the provisions relating to the settlement of disputes regarding elections to the offices of the President and the Vice President of India.
Section 14 of the Act provides that no election should be called in question except by presenting an election petition to the authority specified in subsection (2) and the authority having jurisdiction to try an election petition under the Act is specified as the Supreme Court of India by sub section (2).
Sub section (3) of section 14 of the Act requires that an election petition should be presented to the Supreme Court of India in accordance with the provisions of Part III of the Act and of the rules made by the Supreme Court of India under Article 145 of the Constitution of India.
Order XXXIX of the Supreme Court Rules, 1966 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Rules ') made under Article 145 of the Constitution of India and all other powers enabling it in this behalf by the Supreme Court of India contains the provisions relating to the election petitions filed under Part III of the Act.
Section 14 A of the Act provides that an election petition calling in question an election may be presented on one or more of the grounds specified in Sub/section (1) of section 18 and section 19 to the Supreme Court by any f candidate at such election or in the case of Presidential election, by twenty or more electors joined together as petitioners and in the case of Vice Presidential election, by ten or more electors joined as petitioners.
Such petition may be presented at any time after the date of the publication of the declaration containing the name of the elected candidate at the election under section 12 of the Act but not later than thirty days from the date of such publication.
Section is of the Act provides that subject to the provisions of Part III of the Act rules made by the Supreme Court of India under Article 145 of the Constitution of India may regulate the form of election petitions, the manner in which 529 they are to be presented, the persons who are to be made parties thereto, the procedure to be adopted in connection therewith and the circumstances in which petitions are to abate and to be withdrawn and in which new petitioners may be substituted and may require security to be given for costs.
Rule 3 of order XXXIX of the Rules prescribes that a court fee stamp of the value of rupees two hundred and fifty shall be paid on the election petition and the election petition will be signed by the petitioner or petitioners, if they are more than one, or a duly authorised advocate on record on his or their behalf.
Rule 4 of order XXXIX of the Rules provides that the petition shall be divided into paragraphs, numbered consecutively, each paragraph being confined to a distinct portion of the subject, and shall be printed or typed legibly on one side of standard petition paper, demy foolscap size or of the size of 29.7 cm.
x 21 cm.
Or on paper of equally superior quality.
Rule 5 of order XXXIX of the Rules requires that the petition shall state the right of the petitioner under the Act to petition the Court and briefly set forth the facts and grounds relied on by him to sustain the reliefs claimed by him.
The allegations of fact contained in the petition shall be verified by an affidavit to be made personally by the petitioner or by one of the petitioners, if there are more than one as provided under rule 6 of order XXXIX of the Rules.
The grounds on which the election of the returned candidate at the Presidential or the Vice Presidential election can be declared void are set out in section 18 of the Act Section 18 of the Act reads thus: " 18(1).
If the Supreme Court is of opinion, (a) that the offence of bribery or undue influence at the election has been committed by the returned candidate or by any person with the consent of the returned candidate; or (b) that the result of the election has been materially affected (ii) by the improper reception or refusal of a vote; or (ii) by any non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders made under this Act; or (iii) by reason of the fact that the nomination of any 530 candidate (other than the successful candidate), who has not withdrawn his candidature, has been wrongly accepted; or (c) that the nomination of any candidate has been wrongly rejected or the nomination of the successful candidate has been wrongly accepted; the Supreme Court shall declare the election of the returned candidate to be void.
(2) For the purposes of this section, the offences of bribery and undue influence at an election have the same meaning as in Chapter IXA of the Indian Penal Code.
" Section 19 of the Act sets out the grounds for which a candidate other than the returned candidate may be declared to have been elected.
Section 19 of the Act reads thus.
Grounds for which a candidate other than the re turned candidate may be declared to have been elected.
If any person who has lodged an election petition has, in addition to calling in question the election of the returned candidate, claimed a declaration that he himself or any other candidate has been duly elected and the Supreme Court is of opinion that in fact the petitioner or such other candidate received a majority of the valid votes, the Supreme Court shall, after declaring the election of the returned candidate to be void, declare the petitioner or such other candidate, as the case may be, to have been duly elected: Provided that the petitioner or such other candidate shall not be declared to be duly elected if it is proved that the election of such candidate would have been void if he had been the returned candidate and a petition had been presented calling in question his election.
" Section 18 of the Act is exhaustive of the grounds on which the election of the President or the Vice President can be declared void.
Under section 18(1)(a) an election of the President or of the Vice President may be set aside if it is established that the offence of bribery or undue influence, as explained in Chapter IXA of the Indian Penal 531 Code had been committed by the returned candidate or by any person with the consent of the returned candidate.
In order to succeed on the grounds mentioned in section 18(1)(a) of the Act it has to be established that the offence of bribery or undue influence had been committed at the election by the returned candidate himself; or by any person with his consent.
Originally when the Act was enacted section 18(1)(a) of the Act read thus: " 18(1).
If the Supreme Court is of opinion (a) that the offence of bribery or undue influence at the election has been committed by the returned candidate or by any person with the connivance of the returned candidate: or . . . . . . . . ." The word 'connivance ' in section 18(1)(a) of the Act was substituted later on by Parliament when the former Part III of the Act was substituted by the present Part III of the Act by the Presidential and the Vice Presidential Elections (Amendment) Act, 1977 to bring it in line with the provisions of section 123(1) and (2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, which contain the grounds of bribery and undue influence which would vitiate the election to either House of Parliament or to the Houses or House of the State Legislatures as the case may be.
Clause (b) of section 18(1) of the Act contains three grounds the proof of any of which would result in the election being declared void provided it is established that the result of the election has been materially affected thereby, namely, (i) the improper reception or refusal of a vote; or (ii) any non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of the Act or of any rules or orders made under the Act; or (iii) wrongful acceptance of the nomination of any candidate (other than the successful candidate), who has not withdrawn his candidature.
Clause (c) of section 18(1) of the Act provides that if the nomination of any candidate has been wrongly rejected or the nomination of the successful candidate has been wrongly accepted, the election of the returned candidate is to be declared void.
These are the only grounds on which the election of the returned candidate can be declared void under the Act.
Section 19 of the Act as stated already contains grounds for declaring a candidate other than the returned candidate as duly elected.
It should he stated at the outset that the manner in which the 532 present petition has been drafted is not in accordance with the Rules.
Ordinarily the petition should state in a narrative form succinctly and clearly all the facts as may be necessary to enable the respondents and the Court to understand the case of the petitioner.
This is not the case here.
The first part of the petition contains 13 questions and the answers given by the petitioner to those questions.
A reading of all these 13 questions and answers given thereto by the petitioner shows that the only ground on which the petitioner wished to call in question the election of the 1st respondent is that the issue of a whip by the Congress (I) Party to its legislators on the eve of the election asking them to cast their votes in favour of the 1st respondent was in the nature of a threat amounting to undue influence which is one of the two grounds set out in section 18( I)(a) of the Act.
The allegations made in this part of the petition suggest that the specific case of the petitioner is that the said act of undue influence had been committed by the members of the Congress (I) Party.
There is no allegation that any act amounting to undue influence was committed either by respondent No. ] himself, or by any other person with his consent.
Even in the second part of the petition which is entitled 'Notable points ' and the third part of the petition containing grounds to declare the election of the returned candidate as void, there is no averment that either the returned candidate himself had committed any act of undue influence or any other person had committed any act of undue influence with his consent.
The fourth part of the petition contains grounds to declare the petitioner as duly elected.
It is alleged in this part that by reason of the issue of the whip by the Congress (I) Party and/or by other parties the votes which would have been cast in his favour had been grabbed by the other candidates.
The fifth part of the petition contains the reliefs sought by the petitioner and the last part contains the prayer for an interim order directing the staying of the oath ceremony of the returned candidate which had been fixed to take place on the 25th of July, 1987.
There is no reference to any other ground mentioned in section 18 of the Act on the basis of which the election can be set aside.
After the petition was presented to this Court notice was issued to the respondents and also to the Attorney General of India as pro 533 tion is liable to be rejected at this stage itself since it does not disclose any cause of action.
Rule 34 of order XXXIX of the Rules provides that subject to the provisions of order XXXIX of the Rules or any special order or directions of the Court, the procedure on an election petition shall follow, as nearly as may be, the procedure in proceedings before the Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction.
Order XXIIl of the rules contains the rules of pleadings in cases filed under the original jurisdiction of this Court.
Rule 6 of order XXIII of the Rules states that the plaint shall be rejected where it does not disclose a cause of action or where the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any law.
It is stated in the preliminary objections of the 1st respondent and the preliminary submissions of the Attorney General of lndia that since no where in the election petition the petitioner has stated that the offence of undue influence had been committed by the 1st respondent or by any other person with his consent and since no other ground specified in section 18 of the Act has been pleaded, the petition is liable to be rejected under rule 6 of order XXIII of the rules even assuming that all that the petitioner has stated in his petition is true.
After the preliminary objections of the 1st respondent and the preliminary submissions of the Attorney General of India were filed, the case was taken up for hearing on the said preliminary objections and preliminary submissions.
The petitioner Shri Mithilesh Kumar (in person), Shri T.S. Krishnamurthy Iyer, learned counsel for respondent No. 1 and Shri K. Parasaran, learned Attorney General of India were heard.
The issue which arises for consideration in this case is whether the election petition is liable to be rejected under rule 6 of order XXIII of the Rules on the ground that it does not disclose any cause of action.
The question of law involved in this case is no longer res integra.
In Charan Lal Sahu vs Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, ; the petitioner in that petition had questioned the election of Shri Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy as the President of India.
In that decision this Court held that it was obligatory upon the Court to reject a petition outright and not to waste any more time upon a plaint or petition if the provisions of law bar or are shown to bar the proceedings.
The Court proceeded to hold that it was not even necessary to issue notice to any opposite party or parties in such a case.
The next decision in Charan Lal Sahu & others vs Giani Zail Singh & Another, [198412 S.C.R. 6 534 deals with facts which are very close to the facts of the present case.
In A the said case two issues arose for consideration: (i) can the election of a candidate to the of fice of the President of India be challenged on the ground that he is not a suitable person for holding that office; and (ii) whether the averments in that election petition, assuming them to be true and correct, disclose any cause of action for setting aside the election of the returned candidate on the ground stated in section 18(1)(a) of the Act.
This Court observed in that case that the rights arising out of elections, including the right to contest or challenge an election, were not common law rights, but they were creatures of the statutes which created, conferred or limited those rights.
Therefore, for deciding the question whether an election can be set aside on any alleged ground, the court has to consult the provisions of law governing the particular election.
The Court has to function within the framework of that law and cannot travel beyond it.
The Court proceeded to observe in the above decision thus at Pages 22 to 24: "Nor is it alleged that the offence of undue influence was committed by the returned candidate himself.
The allegation of the petitioners is that the offence of undue influence was committed by certain supporters and close associates of Respondent 1 with his connivance.
It is patent that this allegation, even if it is true, is not enough to fulfil the requirements of section 18(1)(a).
What that section, to the extent relevant, requires is that the offence of undue influence must be committed by some other person with the 'consent ' of the returned candidate.
There is no plea whatsoever in the petition that undue influence was exercised by those other persons with the consent of Respondent 1.
It is contended by Shri Shujatullah Khan who appears on behalf of the petitioners, that connivance and consent are one and the same thing and that, there is no legal distinction between the two concepts.
In support of this contention, learned counsel relies upon the meaning of the word 'connivance ' as given in Webster 's Dictionary (Third Edition, Volume 1, p 481); Random House (p. 311); Black 's Law Dictionary (p. 274); Words and Phrases (Permanent Edition, Volume 8A, p. 173); and Corpus Juris Secundum (Volume 15A, p. 567).
The reliance on these dictionaries and texts cannot carry the point at issue any further.
The relevant question for consideration for the 535 decision of the issue is whether there is any pleading in the petition to the effect that the offence of undue influence was committed with the consent of the returned candidate.
Admittedly, there is no pleading of consent.
It is then no answer to say that the petitioners have pleaded connivance and according to dictionaries, connivance means consent.
The plea of consent is one thing: the fact that connivance means consent (assuming that it does) is quite another.
It is not open to a petitioner in an Election Petition to plead in terms of synonyms.
In these petitions, pleadings have to be precise, specific and unambiguous so as to put the respondent on notice.
The rule of pleadings that facts constituting the cause of action must be specifically pleaded is as fundamental as it is elementary. 'Connivance ' may in certain situations amount to consent which explains why the dictionaries give 'consent ' as one of the meanings of the word 'connivance '.
But it is not true to say that 'connivance ' invariably and necessarily means or amounts to consent, that is to say, irrespective of the context of the given situation.
The two cannot, therefore, be equated.
Consent imply that parties ad idem.
Connivance does not necessarily imply that parties are of one mind.
They may or may not be, depending upon the facts of the situation.
That is why, in the absence of a pleading that the offence of undue influence as committed with the consent of the returned candidate, one of the main ingredients of section 18(1)(a) remains unsatisfied.
The importance of a specific pleading in these matters can be appreciated only if it is realised that the absence of a specific plea puts the respondent at a great disadvantage.
He must know what case he has to meet.
He cannot be kept guessing whether the petitioner means what he says, 'connivance ' here, or whether the petitioner has used expression as meaning 'consent '.
It is remarkable that, in their petition, the petitioners have furnished no particulars of the alleged consent, if what is meant by the use of the word connivance is consent.
They cannot be allowed to keep their options open until the trial and adduce such evidence of consent as seems convenient and comes handy.
That is the importance of precision in pleadings, particularly in election petitions.
Accordingly, it is impermissible to substitute the word 'consent ' for the word 'connivance which 536 occurs in the pleadings of the petitioners.
The legislative history of the statute lends support to our view that for the purposes of section 18(1)(a), connivance is not the same thing as consent.
Originally, when the Act was passed in 1952, section 18(1)(a) provided that the Supreme Court shall declare the election of the re turned candidate void if it is of opinion that the offence of bribery or undue influence has been committed by the re turned candidate or by any person 'with the connivance ' of the returned candidate.
This sub section was amended by section 7 of the Presidential and Vice Presidential Elec tions (Amendment) Act S of 1974, which came into force on March 23, 1974.
The word 'connivance ' was substituted by the word 'consent ' by the Amendment Act.
If connivance carried the same meaning as consent and if one was the same as the other Parliament would not have taken the deliberate step of deleting the word 'connivance ' and sub stituting it by the word 'consent '.
The amendment made by the Amendment Act of 1974 shows that connivance and consent connote distinct concepts for the purpose of section 18(1)(a) of the Act.
Since, admittedly, there is no pleading in the Election Petition that the offence of undue influence was committed with the consent of the returned candidate, the petition must be held to disclose no cause of action for setting aside the election of the returned candidate under section 18(1) (a) of the Act.
" We have given above a fairly long quotation from the above decision because it contains all the reasons necessary to decide this case too.
We do not propose to repeat them.
They are applicable to this case also.
In the petition before us there is not even an allegation that the act of undue influence had been committed by some persons with the connivance of the 1st respondent.
The petition is as bald as it could be.
At the hearing after getting the entire petition read out the Court asked the petitioner to point out whether there was any allegation that the 1st respondent had himself committed any undue influence or any other person with the consent of the 1st respondent had committed such an act or any allegation which required to be tried and the petitioner was not able to point out any part of the petition in which such an allegation had been made.
In view of this infirmity we 537 have not found it necessary to examine whether the issuing of the whip by any political party amounts to undue influence vitiating an election even when such an act is committed by the returned candidate or with his consent by some other persons.
In the circumstances, the Court has no choice except to reject the petition as required under rule 6 of order XXIII of the Rules as it does not disclose any cause of action.
Before concluding we should observe that the petitioner did not appear to be quite serious about his case.
At one stage he contended having himself filed the petition before the Court that this Court had no competence to hear the case and at another stage he wanted 51 Judges to hear his petition when the maximum permissible strength of this Court is about one half of that number and the existing strength of this Court is less than one third of that number.
Rule 20 of order XXXIX of the Rules requires that every petition calling in question an election to the offices of the President and the Vice President shall be posted before and be heard and disposed of by a Bench of this Court consisting of not less than five Judges.
While we expect every conscientious citizen eligible to file an election petition to question an election on the grounds prescribed by the Act, we do not wish that any petitioner should make use of this Court as a forum to file a petition without giving adequate thought to its contents and also to the provisions of law governing the case merely to seek some cheap publicity.
We regret to say that seeing one 's name in newspapers everyday has lately become the worst intoxicant and the number of people who have become victims of it is increasing day by day.
We, however, refrain from referring to some other irrelevant and unwarranted statements made by him before this Court orally and in writing.
Perhaps the petitioner who desired to become the President of India did not understand the effect of what he was saying.
We shall leave it at that.
The petition is, therefore, rejected.
H.L.C. Petition dismissed.

Summary:
% Part III of the sets out the provisions relating to the settlement of disputes regarding elections to the offices of the President and the Vice President of India.
Section 14(3) thereof requires that an ekction petition should be presented in accordance with the provisions of that Part and of the rules made by this Court under article 145 of the Constitution.
The rules so made are contained in O.XXXIX of the Supreme Court Rules, 1966.
Rule 34 thereof provides that subject to the provisions of that order or any Special order or directions of the Court, the procedure on an election petition shall follow, as nearly as may be, the procedure in proceedings before the Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction, which procedure is set out in O.XXIII.
Rule 6 of o.
XXIII states inter alia that the plaint shall be rejected where it does not disclose a cause of action.
Respondent No. 1 was declared elected as the President of India at an election held in July, 1987.
The petitioner who had contested in the said election as a candidate filed this petition questioning the validity of the election of respondent No. 1 and praying for a declaration that he was the successful candidate at that election.
Rejecting the petition, ^ HELD: In the circumstances of this case the Court has no choice except to reject the petition as required under r. 6 of O.XXIII of 526 the Supreme Court Rules, 1966 as it does not disclose any cause of A action.
[537B] (i) Section 18 of the Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections Act, 1952 is exhaustive of the grounds on which the election of the President or the Vice President can be declared void.
An election may be set aside under cl.(a) of section 18(1) if it is established that the offence of bribery or undue influence, as explained in Chapter IXA of the Indian Penal Code had been committed by the returned candidate or by any person with the consent of the returned candidate.
In order to succeed on the grounds mentioned in section 18(1)(a) it has to be established that the offence of bribery or undue influence had been committed at the election by the returned candidate himself; or by any person with his consent.
[530G H: 531A R] (ii) The manner in which the present petition has been drafted is not in accordance with the Rules.
Ordinarily the petition should state in a narrative form succinctly and clearly all the facts as may be necessary to enable the respondents and the Court to understand the case of the petitioner.
This is not the case here.
The first part of the petition contains 13 questions and the answers given by the petitioner to those questions.
A reading of all these 13 questions and answers given there to be the petitioner shows that the only ground on which the petitioner wished to call in question the election of the 1st respondent is that the issue of a whip by the Congress (I) Party to its legislators on the eve of the ekction asking them to cast their votes in favour of the 1st respondent was in the nature of a threat amounting to undue influence which is one of the two grounds set out in section 18(1)(a).
The allegations made in this part of the petition suggest that the specific case of the petitioner is that the said act of the influence had been committed by the members of the Congress(I) Party.
There is no allegation that any act amounting to undue influence was committed either by respondent No. 1 himself or by any other person with his consent.
Even in the second part of the petition which is entitled 'Notable points ' and the third part of the petition containing grounds to declare the election of the returned candidate as void there is no averment that either the returned candidate himself had committed any act of undue influence or any other person had committed any act of undue influence with his consent.
[532A E] (iii) At the hearing after getting the entire petition read out the Court asked the petitioner to point out whether there was any allegation that the lst respondent had himself committed any undue influence or 527 any other person with the consent of the 1st respondent had committed such an act or any allegation which required to be tried and the petitioner was not able to point out any part of the petition in which such an allegation had been made.
In view of this infirmity we have not found it necessary to examine whether the issuing of the whip by any political party amounts to undue influence vitiating an election even when such an act is committed by the returned candidate or with his consent by some other person.
[536G H; 537A] (iv) The petitioner did not appear to be quite serious about his case.
At one stage he contended having himself filed the petition before the Court that this Court had no competence to hear the case and at another stage he wanted 51 Judges to hear his petition when the maximum permissible strength of this Court is about one half of tha number and the existing strength of this Court is less than one third of that number.
While we expect every conscientious citizen eligible to file an election petition to question an election on the grounds prescribed by the Act, we do not wish that any petitioner should make use of this Court as a forum to file a petition without giving adequate thought to its contents and also to the provisions of law governing the case merely to seek some cheap publicity.
[537C E] Charan Lal Sahu vs Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, l1978] 3 S.C.R. 1 and Charan Lal SaJlu & O.R.S. vs Giani Zail Singh & Anr., ; relied on.