## Military Police Operations U.S. Marine Corps

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

PCN 147 000076 00
Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20350-3000

## Foreword

Marine Corps Tactical Publication (MCTP) 10-10F, *Military Police Operations*, provides the doctrinal basis for employment of military police in support of Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) operations. This publication addresses military police tasks, functions, objectives, and capabilities occurring in peace, crisis, and war. It describes how military police integrate into MAGTF operations and support operational- and tactical-level expeditionary activities. This publication supports commanders and staff planners who are responsible for the conduct of policing activities across the range of military operations. It describes the organization and capabilities of Marine Corps police forces to meet MAGTF mission requirements. This publication also addresses logistic requirements and specialized capabilities including law enforcement, support to mission assurance, physical security, customs, military working dog employment, and police advising and training. This publication supersedes MCTP 10-10F dated 9 September 2010 and cancels MCIP 10-10F.2i, *Military Working Dogs in Urban Terrain*.

Reviewed and approved this date.

## By Direction Of The Commandant Of The Marine Corps

Major General, U.S. Marine Corps Commanding General Training and Education Command Publication Control Number: 147 000076 00 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This Page Intentionally Left Blank This Page Intentionally Left Blank

## Chapter 1 Fundamentals

Military police (MP) provide the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF), component, and combatant commanders with scalable, highly-trained police forces capable of conducting law and order operations in an expeditionary environment across the range of military operations (ROMO).

The relevancy of MP capabilities during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom demonstrated the need for a highly flexible, task-organized police force capable of providing a spectrum of policing capabilities throughout the ROMO. Requirements for MP capabilities span Marine Corps operations during peacetime and conflict. Military police forces continuously execute military engagement, security cooperation, and deterrence operations that foster United States Government (USG) relationships with foreign governments and law enforcement (LE) agencies. Military police enable and support rule of law and partner nation stability via training and advising missions and exercises. Commanders leverage MP capabilities during crisis response and limited contingency operations, flexing policing and LE skill sets to meet mission requirements and establish civil control. During major operations and campaigns, military police provide security and mobility support to enable combat operations and support intelligence preparation of the battlespace through police intelligence and investigative capabilities. Marine Corps missions and USG interests require policing capabilities across the conflict continuum. Expeditionary Force 21 describes the future operating environment as one where "the actions of transnational criminal organizations and violent extremist groups will contribute to regional unrest and instability that directly threaten U.S. interests through piracy, trafficking and terrorism." There is an unparalleled need for police skills worldwide as terrorists, insurgents, and criminal networks increase and as technology advances. Military police are able to identify, respond to, and reduce these threats at all levels of conflict. Law enforcement battalions provide the MAGTF with an organic police capability to respond to emerging threats with resilient systems capable of integrating with domestic and international LE agencies.

Figure 1-1 depicts MP stability, offensive, and defensive objectives as an operation progresses. Military police apply tactics and policing approaches to meet evolving Marine Corps requirements. Military police stability operations include host nation (HN) LE advising and training. Supporting the maintenance of civil authority is critical to maintaining diplomatic relations with partner nations and promoting regional stability. As the phases of an operation progress, military police conduct defensive actions by supporting mission assurance activities. Additionally, military police support network engagement through the identification and disruption of criminal and terrorist networks in order to protect Department of Defense (DOD) personnel and assets, allies and partners, and civilians in the area of operations (AO). Offensive actions executed by military police include support to security and mobility operations, apprehension of criminal and terrorist actors, and the use of lethal force to enable operational tempo and conditions in the battlespace. Policing capabilities enable major combat operations and support enduring mission success through stability operations and support to civil authority. The LE battalion commander and other senior MP leadership advise the MAGTF commander on specialized policing skill sets and task organization to support prioritization of assets and development of courses of action for MP support. Phased employment of MP forces across military operations provides support tailored to commanders' priorities and the intensity of the conflict. For further discussion regarding the balance of offense, defense, and stability activities, reference Joint Publication (JP) 3-0, *Joint Operations.*

## Military Police Support To The Marine-Air Ground Task Force

Command Element Military police provide support to the command element to enable it to execute command and control functions. Military police conduct surveys and risk assessments, develop security plans, and train personnel to conduct security activities in support of the command element and its respective staff sections. Additionally, military police provide necessary channels to LE agencies and HN civil authorities across the USG and internationally.

Ground Combat Element Law enforcement battalions facilitate battlefield circulation throughout the ground combat element AO. Maintaining proper battlefield circulation allows for the unimpeded flow of supplies to units engaged in combat operations and facilitates the movement of casualties and enemy prisoners of war (EPWs) to the rear. Military police support maneuver and mobility operations by conducting route regulation, establishing traffic control points/vehicle checkpoints, and patrolling main supply routes (MSRs) to maintain lines of communication and prevent interference with logistic trains that support the ground combat element. Military police are the optimal force for providing movement support for internally displaced persons. Additionally, military police can support the ground combat element with specialized combat skills, such as employing military working dog (MWD) teams in the subterranean environment and clearing enemy tunnel systems.

Aviation Combat Element The primary function of MP support to air base ground defense is to conduct external, mounted and dismounted patrols of airfields up to 30 kilometers outside the perimeter in order to prevent enemy forces from disrupting airfield operations with indirect fire, ground attack, surveillance, or other active or passive measures. In support of air base ground defense, military police


Employ as part of an incident response force in support of rear area security missions.

Secure forward arming and refueling points.

Assist the air base commander by conducting airfield security surveys and assessments.

Facilitate the development of security plans.

Train force protection augments in physical security and internal security measures in order to
secure airfields and aviation supply depots.
Logistics Combat Element Military police enable logistics combat element operations by providing maneuver and mobility support, route reconnaissance, and support to rear area operations and by removing displaced civilians from MSRs. Military police may be organized to protect critical communications, engineering, transportation, medical, supply, and maintenance capabilities from vulnerability to attack both on base and while in support of operations. Military police may be employed to ensure unimpeded movement of military personnel and supplies by conducting security operations and protecting existing infrastructure.

## Policing Operations

Policing operations focus on the welfare of the population and the missions of MAGTF
commanders across the ROMO. Policing encompasses law enforcement and other MP disciplines. The goal of policing is the establishment, maintenance, or restoration of law, order, and safety through the restrained application of force, employment of control measures, mitigation of threats, and interaction with the population. Policing operations are critical to the establishment of civil security. They are the precursor to the transition to the rule of law and the establishment of civil authority. Policing operations include the following:


LE operations.

Police services.

Scalable incident response operations.

Traffic investigations (management and enforcement).

Criminal investigations.

Forensic analysis.

Identity operations (IdOps).

MWD services.

Customs operations.

Police advising.

Training and engagement.

Integration into joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational operations.

Civil disturbance control.

Integration of escalation of force capabilities.

## Detention Operations

Detention operations involve the detainment of a population or group that poses some level of threat to military operations. Detention operations are conducted by military police to shelter, sustain, guard, protect, and account for populations as a result of military or civil conflict or to facilitate criminal prosecution. Military police plan, coordinate, conduct, and monitor the collection, processing, safeguarding, and transfer of detainees. Detention operations ensure the humane treatment of all detainees. In any conflict, the safe and humane treatment of detainees is required by international law. Respect for individual human rights and humanitarian concerns are the basis for the *Geneva Conventions* and the Law of Armed Conflict. Failure to conduct detainee operations in a humane manner and in accordance with international law can have significantly adverse tactical and strategic impacts for the Marine Corps and US military.

Any military action across the ROMO is likely to produce detainees. During major combat operations, entire units of enemy forces may be captured, placing a tremendous burden on the MAGTF as tactical units are diverted to handle detainees. The LE battalion can preserve the combat effectiveness of the capturing unit by relieving it of the responsibility to handle detainees. Law enforcement battalion units perform detention operations throughout the AO. Military police coordinate closely with intelligence sections to collect and share information to be used in support of current or future operations.

## Military Police In Support Of Security And Mobility Operations

Military police support to security and mobility operations enables commanders to protect the force and noncombatants and to preserve commanders' freedom of movement. Military police expedite the secure movement of theater resources to ensure that commanders receive the forces, supplies, and equipment needed to support the operation plan and changing tactical situations. Throughout all aspects of security and mobility support, MP units take proactive measures to detect, deter, and defeat threat forces operating within the AO. Through supporting security and mobility operations, military police provide combat power to protect the mission's command headquarters, equipment, and services that are essential for mission success as prioritized by the joint force commander or geographic combatant commander.

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

## Chapter 2 Police Forces Law Enforcement Battalion

The mission of the LE battalion is to conduct policing and detention operations and to support security and mobility operations in order to support the Marine expeditionary force (MEF) and designated commanders across the ROMO.

## Organization

Capabilities During MEF-/Marine expeditionary brigade-level operations, LE battalions conduct the following mission-essential tasks:


Policing.

Detention operations.

Support to security and mobility operations.
Law enforcement battalions have the command and control capabilities to employ each of their line companies and to task them with one or more of these mission-essential tasks. For Marine expeditionary unit and special purpose MAGTF operations, LE  battalions provide task-organized detachments based upon mission requirements. Policing elements are task-organized to provide the supported commander with the full range of policing capabilities to assist in identifying and targeting threats, site exploitation, criminal investigations, nonlethal weapon (NLW) employment, and police training and advising.

Employment Each MEF has an LE battalion assigned to the Marine expeditionary force information group to conduct policing, detention, and security and mobility operations in support of the MAGTF. A field grade MP officer is assigned as the MEF's law enforcement integration officer (LEIO) and a senior staff noncommissioned officer is assigned as the law enforcement integration chief (LEIC). Each MEF major subordinate command (i.e., Marine division, Marine aircraft wing, and Marine logistics group) has an LEIO and LEIC serving on the staff to provide MP planning, coordination, and expertise. The LE battalion is in general support of the MEF while the MEF G-3 determines prioritization of employment. The commanding officer of the LE battalion serves as the senior operational MP officer. The MEF LEIO and LEIC work with the MEF staff to identify LE-related and security-related tasks for assignment to LE units, to shape MP support, and to ensure that military police are tasked in accordance with the concept of operations and priorities established by the MAGTF commander. The LE battalion commander or assigned LE advisor (i.e., MP commander or MP staff officer) provides the MAGTF commander with MP employment subject matter expertise and coordinates MP activities to ensure the effective allocation of MP capabilities. The MEF may also task-organize police assets in support of joint and multinational requirements. Commanders use command and control to maximize the employment of limited MP assets based upon the type of MAGTF employed. During combat operations, two LE battalion are required in support of MEF-level warfightingone battalion is in direct support of the ground combat element and the other battalion is in general support of the MEF. During Marine expeditionary brigade-level contingencies and/or crisis response, one LE battalion is required. The LE battalion may be augmented with an additional company from the Reserves in order to meet personnel requirements for accomplishing mission-essential tasks. Law enforcement battalions may also act as a force provider, which requires additional planning to determine the incorporation of the LE battalion headquarters into operations.

## Military Police Personnel

All 58xx military occupational specialties (MOSs) are present in the LE battalion and provide the policing capabilities required to support the MAGTF commander:


Military police officer (5803).

Corrections officer (5804).

Criminal investigation officer (5805).

Military police (5811).

Criminal investigator (5821).

Corrections specialist (5831).

Military working dog handler (5812).

Accident investigator (5813).

Physical security specialist (5814).

Special reaction team member (5816).

Military police investigator (5819).
This Page Intentionally Left Blank

## Chapter 3 Policing Operations Police Patrol Operations

One of the keys to an effective policing effort is aggressive police patrol activities. The method of MP patrol depends upon the threat, mission, available MP assets, terrain, response requirements, and level of host-nation support. Military police conduct police patrols to


Meet prescribed objectives and accomplish assigned tasks.

Protect critical assets.

Provide a deterrent and/or presence.

Enable a rapid response capability.
Military police integrate into other combat and security patrols to provide subject matter expertise for conducting site exploitation, community engagement, tactical questioning, NLW and force continuum employment, and other LE- and policing-specific functions. This integration enhances the commander's operations while allowing operational members of the patrol to focus on their core mission-essential tasks. The gap between the civilian populace and military operations has rapidly closed. Policing operations provide a framework for operating in these environments and leveraging the civilian population's knowledge and cooperation. Key to this activity is the exercise of nonlethal interactionsan approach in which military police and their HN partners move amongst non-combatant populations, building relationships, rapport, and communication channels. These interactions bridge the divide between military police, HN military, and LE officials, and a civilian populous enmeshed with terrorist and criminal actors. The information derived from interaction with the civilian population can assist with the protection of military operating bases; critical infrastructure, lines of communication, and public resources; high-risk personnel and dignitaries; supply routes; and Marine Corps and partner forces.

## Police Intelligence

The development of police information into police intelligence (i.e., intelligence used by military and civilian law enforcement) enables policing operations. An active or passive collection effort during the course of MP patrols, LE activities, or detention operations produces police information. This information consists of data pertaining to individuals, activities, or locations where military police have an interest. Police intelligence is the analysis of police information for patterns used to predict illegal, criminal, or subversive activities so that military police can inform operational planners and enable decision-making. Police intelligence operations include intelligence-led policing, crime analysis, criminal intelligence, support to IdOps, support to network engagement, site exploitation, and interagency coordination. Military police leverage police intelligence processes to support effective operations, particularly in a nontraditional battlespace. Police intelligence processes reflect Marine Corps planning principles by informing the commander's understanding of the operational environment; providing a venue to collect, analyze, exploit, and share information from a range of sources; and shaping the development of the most effective course of action in support of policing and/or protection requirements. Success in policing operations requires the timely analysis of criminal intelligence. Crime analysis provides the framework and processes to support criminal prosecution efforts associated with detainees, detainee-related evidence, and captured enemy material. Additionally, criminal intelligence supports criminal investigations and IdOps and enhances the development of key linkages that can be used to identify, disrupt, and attack criminal or other networks as part of broader network engagement operations. The LE battalion conducts police intelligence and crime analysis in support of MEF or MAGTF operations. See Department of Defense Instruction (DODI) 5525.18, Law Enforcement Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) in DoD, for guidelines and principles of LE
intelligence within DOD. Law enforcement battalions offer unique capabilities that assist in providing battlefield awareness and informing domestic and foreign audiences. The LE battalion's Expeditionary Forensics Exploitation Capability (EFEC) and support to IdOps provide significant support to the information environment. The EFEC provides forensic analysis of captured enemy material that provides the commander with real-time results to support targeting and all-source intelligence efforts. The EFEC offers a material solution to sensitive site exploitation, which is comprised of an expeditionary analysis cell. The expeditionary analysis cell is an expeditionary crime lab that exploits evidence collected from a target location and disseminates it via the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity interagency data management portal, known as Department of the Navy Identification and Screening Information System. This collection and forensics/technology exploitation provides a biometric analysis capability in terms of collection and comparison; a chemical analysis capability for explosives and narcotics; an electronic exploitation capability for computers, media, and cell phones; and an evidence processing capability for latent fingerprints and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The LE battalion and its detachments remain in general support of the MAGTF.

## Support To Identity Operations

An identity operation is the synchronized application of biometrics, forensics, and identity management capabilities. Identity operations enable Marines to establish the identity, affiliations, and authorizations of an individual; to deny anonymity to the adversary; and to protect assets, facilities, and forces. Denying anonymity to the adversary is a key component of combating crime and terrorism. Law enforcement battalion capabilities play an ever-increasing role in identity activities by collecting, exploiting, and analyzing biometric and forensic information. These capabilities support identity activities throughout all phases of a campaign in that military police are capable of identifying activities and threats, managing populations, and screening persons.

Biometrics The LE battalion maintains biometric technologies and subject matter expertise to execute the four biometric activities in support of IdOps: collect, match, store, and share. These four biometric activities are defined as follows:


Collect. To capture biometrics and related contextual data from an individual, with or without
the individual's knowledge. Create and transmit a standardized, high-quality biometric file consisting of a biometric sample and contextual data transmitted to a data source for matching.

Match. To accurately identify or verify the identity of an individual by comparing a
standardized biometric file to an existing source of standardized biometric data. Matching
consists of either a one-to-one (i.e., verification) or one-to-many (i.e., identification) search.

Store. To maintain biometric files in such a manner that standardized, current biometric
information of individuals is available when and where required.

Share. To exchange standardized biometric files horizontally (i.e., across an echelon) and
vertically (i.e., to higher and lower echelons) within the AO and with external agencies.
Fingerprints, iris, and facial images are the biometric modalities collected by the current biometric program of record: Identity Dominance SystemMarine Corps. Biometric data collection can be widely incorporated across MAGTF operations, to include


Patrols.

Raids.

Police operations.

Detention operations.

Visit, board, search, and seizure.

Noncombatant evacuation operations.

Foreign humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations.
For more information regarding biometrics, see Marine Corps Reference Publication 10-10F.1, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Employment of Biometrics in Support of Operations.

Forensics Law enforcement battalions maintain expeditionary forensic technologies and subject matter expertise to execute IdOps. As an integral part of IdOps, expeditionary forensics uses multidisciplinary scientific means to determine facts linking individuals, places, things, activities, intentions, organizations, and events. The EFEC integrates forensic functions within the MAGTF. The EFEC provides the MAGTF with forensic exploitation capabilities consisting of document and media exploitation, cellular exploitation, additional biometric collection abilities (e.g., latent print), chemistry, and site exploitation. These capabilities enable forensic analysis of captured and/or collected enemy material and exploitation of evidence as well as provide information to the commander with near-immediate forensic analysis results to support prosecution, targeting, and intelligence efforts. Furthermore, the EFEC links the commander to Federal, DOD, LE, forensics, and identity and biometric databases to support the rule of law and MAGTF targeting processes. Site exploitation, within the context of biometric and forensic processes, is the systematic search of a location that enables the collection and preservation of captured enemy material and information and facilitates effective forensic exploitation. Military police conduct site exploitation to support prosecution, tactical and strategic intelligence, and combat operations. Military police training and experience in preserving and collecting evidence and maintaining evidentiary chain of custody enables them to conduct site exploitation effectively and efficiently. Successful network engagement operations depend on the ability to identify and neutralize relevant adversaries within the network who carry out illicit activities. From personally identifiable information (e.g., DNA, fingerprints) to material-related information (e.g., cell phone data, document and media analysis data, chemical residue data), the EFEC enables timely and actionable intelligence for MAGTF commanders. It provides identifiable information on personnel and materials, enabling Marines to track, target, and take action to defeat adversaries and their associated networks. The six functions of forensics are recognize, preserve, collect, analyze, store, and share:


Recognize. To locate and distinguish materials that have potential forensic value.

Preserve. To protect materials and data from the moment those items are recognized as
holding potential forensic value to the point of collection. Materials must be protected and preserved by available, reasonable measures (i.e., marking, packaging, and tracking) to prevent contamination, loss, alteration, or degradation.

Collect. To recover and account for materials from a site. The site is documented and
contextual information is recorded, within the parameters allowed by the situation. This often includes limited processing of specific items or areas in an effort to detect additional forensically relevant information. Presumptive testing of materials may be involved.

Analyze. To immediately and scientifically assess items during site exploitation. Forensic
analysis may occur from the point of recognition of materials and contextual information at the site to an in-depth examination at mobile or traditional labs. Forensic analysis attempts to scientifically link individuals, places, things, activities, intentions, organizations, and events.

Store. To maintain materials and associated information until forensic material disposition is
fully adjudicated or resolved. Policies and procedures should dictate proper disposition.
Balancing information assurance with necessary retrieval capability is critical when storing data.

Share. To catalogue and share results, in accordance with policies and procedures, as forensic
analyses are completed. Interoperability is key to developing databases and retrieving information. Sharing information and results with the relevant stakeholders, to include the submitting unit, is vital to the successful execution of IdOps.
Military police perform the six functions of forensics independently or through the augmentation of other organizations and/or agencies. These functions are essential to providing evidence for the purpose of targeting or prosecution. Because these functions closely represent an investigative-type process, the MAGTF may incorporate the investigative capability of the LE battalions, along with other supporting MOSs (e.g., intelligence, explosive ordnance disposal), to promote, train to task, and execute this capability. The application of forensics results in the ability to support multiple aspects of military operations, to include the following:


Enable the targeting process by scientifically linking individuals, places, things, activities,
intentions, organizations, and events.

Identify the forensic origin of arms, ammunition, and explosives.

Assist and enable the decision to hold or release personnel and support the development of
prosecution cases to try detainees or suspected criminals in a court of law.

Enable the commander to implement effective force protection measures.

Facilitate location and scientific identification of remains and/or determination of the cause and
manner of death.
For more information regarding IdOps, see Marine Corps Order (MCO) 5530.17, Marine Corps Identity Operations (IdOps).

## Criminal Investigations

Law enforcement battalions provide criminal investigative capabilities (misdemeanor to felony level) in support of the MAGTF to protect personnel, supplies, facilities, readiness, and operational capabilities. Offenses committed against US forces and properties degrade unit readiness and operational capabilities. Military police conduct criminal investigations, site exploitation, evidence collection, and interrogations. Military police criminal investigative support to commanders includes investigation, fingerprinting, and evidence collection and exploitation. While all military police have basic investigative capabilities, Marine Corps criminal investigators provide specialized and advanced investigative techniques and capabilities as required for major and minor crimes. When authorized, criminal investigators initiate appropriate criminal investigations, conduct interrogations, and conduct criminal intelligence operations in support of police intelligence. Complex investigative activities, such as those conducted by drug or black market suppression teams, may involve investigators from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, LE battalion, and/or other US Services or agencies.

## Law Enforcement Operations

Law enforcement operations support governance and the rule of law. To conduct LE operations, a legal system and governmental authority must exist, and the governing body must authorize military police to participate in LE operations. A key factor to the success of LE operations is the MP's ability to use and apply the force continuum and operate with restraint under designated authority. Law enforcement operations include enforcing compliance with and investigating violations of applicable laws, directives, and regulations; conducting criminal and traffic accident investigations; and controlling populations and resources to provide commanders with a lawful and orderly environment. Proactive LE measures are implemented to reduce opportunities for crime. While military police may have the authority to apprehend a suspect, the military may not have jurisdiction to adjudicate charges. The concept of jurisdiction discussed in this chapter refers to MP authority to apprehend military personnel and to detain civilians. Military police performing LE operations enhance the commander's combat readiness, efficiency, and command and control by


Suppressing opportunities for criminal or insurgent behavior.

Assisting and protecting forces.

Preserving good order and discipline.

Preventing the diversion of military resources, thereby aiding in the maintenance of
combat strength.

Assisting intelligence organizations in obtaining a complete tactical intelligence picture by
collecting and providing criminal and operational data and information.

Providing liaison to civilian or military LE agencies.
Authority Authority is the lawful right of designated persons or agencies to exercise governmental power or control. The authority of military police to enforce military law, orders, and regulations by apprehension or detention, if necessary, is derived from the President, as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces, and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The Uniform Code of Military Justice specifies the types of persons who are subject to its provisions and articles. Outside the continental United States, MP authority is designated by the laws of the country concerned, international agreements, and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. In some countries, a status-of-forces agreement (referred to as SOFA) authorizes one government to take action in cases where both governments could take action. In the absence of an international agreement or status-of-forces agreement provisions that provide otherwise, MP authority may be limited. DODI 3025.21, *Defense Support of Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies*, provides guidance on military support for civilian LE agencies, including permissibility of actions taken for the primary purpose of furthering a DOD or foreign affairs function of the United States.

Jurisdiction Under international law, the HN normally has primary jurisdiction to prosecute nonmilitary offenses committed within its borders by members of a visiting force. This authority may be further defined or surrendered to military authorities through status-of-forces agreements and other treaties or agreements, depending upon the nature and circumstances of the offense. This limitation to prosecute does not prohibit commanders from taking administrative action against suspects. The Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000 extends jurisdiction of US law to certain members of the Armed Forces and civilians employed by, accompanying members of, or acting on behalf of DOD outside of the United States. In a combat environment, LE battalion authorities and jurisdiction are governed by the authority of the geographic combatant commander. In a garrison environment, the installation commander exercises LE authorities via the provost marshal office.

## Police Advising And Training

Military police advising efforts reflect the combination of the multiple and diverse capabilities of all participants in a joint, interagency, or multinational environment. Military police keep lines of communications open and provide coordination to offset the cultural challenges presented by interoperability. Military police must understand how to connect operational objectives to tactical tasks. By describing their objectives and grouping them by desired and undesired effects within the AO, MP force planners can help guide the initial analysis. This analysis and the commander's intent and planning guidance assist the staff in identifying tasks and functions for military police. Coordination is key to mission success during joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational operations. Training and partnership efforts must incorporate interaction with other agencies, including extensive communication with the civil support staff and planners. Military police efforts may require contact with nonmilitary agencies including government organizations, interagency LE organizations, nongovernmental agencies, humanitarian organizations, and HN authorities and agencies. The MEF and major subordinate command LEIOs and LEICs are the commander's subject matter experts for integration of LE capabilities into MAGTF operations. The LE battalion provides additional planning expertise.

Interagency Coordination By understanding the influence of nongovernmental agencies, humanitarian organizations, HN authorities, and LE agencies, commanders can add diplomatic, informational, and economic depth to their military efforts. United States' military capabilities allow these agencies to interact with foreign powers from a position of strength and security. Unified action of all USG organizations is a desired end state in any conflict. In order to achieve this end state, commanders must recognize the challenges associated with interagency cooperation and proactively mitigate the friction inherent to interagency operations with effective prior planning, coordination, and training. Military police provide a vital linkage between the commander and other LE agencies. Military police support the commander's intent through the conduct of interagency coordination and liaison at the lowest operational levels in order to resolve potential conflicts and maximize the benefits of unified action.

Host Nation Police Training Programs Military police tailor police training programs to the level of the police officer being trained. Senior-level police officer training addresses components relevant to the administration of effective police operations, including planning, personnel management, logistics, and training. Basic police officer training focuses on tactical police skills such as unarmed self-defense, weapons training, and application of restraints.

Transition Teams Police transition teams provide subject matter expertise to advise HN police forces. These teams vary greatly in size based upon the AO and threat level. They may be composed of varying MOSs and/or appropriate LE-trained personnel. The primary mission of transition teams is to advise host-nation security forces in the areas of intelligence, communications, fire support, logistics, and infantry tactics to support the HN's ability to conduct independent counterinsurgency operations.

When executing military operations, transition teams are able to request US close air support, indirect fire, and medical evacuation as required. They provide the capability to serve as a liaison between foreign and nearby US units to ensure that each is aware of and can assist the other's operations. Transition teams also monitor and report the capabilities of the fledgling security force. They work with their HN counterparts to enhance the understanding of the rule of law and fundamental human rights. Effective policing requires a base from which police forces can operate. A police station provides a static, recognizable landmark for the public to access the police with reports and complaints or to provide and receive information necessary to the maintenance of a stable environment. In many operations, military police face situations where little or no police infrastructure is present due to long-standing neglect, inadequacies on the part of the HN, natural disaster, or combat operations. During operations where significant destruction attributed to natural or manmade disaster or where adequate police infrastructure does not exist, renovation or rebuilding of police stations is critical. Military police, in conjunction with civil affairs, other multinational forces, governmental agencies, and the HN forces, must assess the existing police structures and requirements for possible new structures and coordinate for construction support. Police personnel and facilities are targeted often by criminals, terrorists, and insurgents; therefore, police personnel, equipment, and facilities require robust security and protection measures, including protection in depth, standoff distance, access control, barriers, and blast mitigation.

Law Enforcement Advisors Law enforcement advisors (MOSs 58xx and 0570/0571) assist the commander by providing an experienced LE perspective on network engagement operations within the AO. The threat confronting deployed forces may incorporate an operational framework including guerilla, insurgent, and profit-motivated organizations exhibiting strong criminal network characteristics. Conventional military forces and associated information collection methods and analytical processes, even when augmented with special operations experts, may lack the full range of skill sets and experience necessary to understand and attack complex criminal (e.g., terrorist, insurgent) networks. Law enforcement advisors with the requisite anticriminal, network analytical, and investigative skill sets may be employed by US military units when required by the mission. The responsibilities of LE advisors embedded within Marine Corps units vary according to the requirements of the commander and the nature of the operation. The following list provides an overview of LE advisor tasks used to effectively understand, identify, target, penetrate, interdict, and suppress criminal networks:

Plan/Coordinate

Identify criminal hot spots, both meeting places and locations, and develop methods to
recognize signs of radicalization in assigned AOs.

Identify methods to enhance local community participation in police information and
intelligence gathering.

Cultivate community and individual assistance by understanding the local leadership, centers
of influence, and activities within the community (e.g., normal versus abnormal activity).

Identify the threat and AO dynamics through cultivation of community support networks and
identification of deceptive means that may be employed to support or sustain criminal activity.

Provide advice to deliberate offensive actions that result in the ability to effectively attack,
disrupt, and neutralize criminal networks.

Examine, recommend, and support means and activities that discourage the regeneration of
criminal cells, including activities intended to create confidence and earn the trust of HN and local populations.

Advise on actions that ensure HN law enforcement and security forces maintain a visible,
capable, responsive, and proactive presence in order to instill confidence within the population.

Serve as criminal network subject matter experts and primary training resource for
police skills.

Coordinate with LE counterparts at higher and subordinate headquarters and adjacent units to
ensure unity of effort.

Coordinate with HN LE assets to strengthen and encourage trust, confidence, cooperation, and
information sharing between local assets and the supported unit.

Coordinate operational and tactical investigations and judge advocate general investigations
as directed.
Train

Train Marines in the conduct of site exploitation, detention operations, and police patrol
tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP).

Train HN forces in the conduct of site exploitation, detention operations, and police patrol TTP.
Execute

Support IdOps.

Apply an LE counter-criminal perspective to the execution of counterinsurgency operations in
the supported commander's area of responsibility.

Accompany mounted and dismounted patrols on street-level operations within the supported
unit's AO to instruct and mentor on LE TTP and to provide immediate feedback and assistance.

Participate in tactical questioning and debriefing of suspects and detainees.

Provide assistance to the development of detainee packages by the unit or HN law enforcement
and security forces.

Conduct site exploitation.
Military Police and Law Enforcement Training The LE battalion can provide specialized police training to enhance the skills of deploying Marines to meet mission requirements. Commands may integrate police training into predeployment training programs and exercises to prepare Marines to perform police-related tasks such as supporting detainee operations, IdOps, site exploitation, NLW employment, and escalation of force procedures. Reservists who are LE professionals can be identified and aligned with units to serve as trainers when serving as a foreign security force advisor.

## Military Working Dog Operations

The Marine Corps MWD program provides varying MWD capabilities matched to a mission or task by the supported commander. Although all MWDs are different, their detection and warning capabilities are a combined result of their superior senses of sight, sound, and smell. The MWD is a force multiplier when properly employed during military operations, as well as a physical and psychological deterrent. On or off-leash, MWDs provide the commander with the ability to address and neutralize the threat from explosive devices. Depending upon the type of training received, an MWD can detect and locate a person or explosive device faster than a human, even when obstacles, distance, or terrain might obscure the threat from human detection. Public knowledge of MWD team detection capabilities provides commanders with a formidable deterrent wherever the MWD team is employed. Like other specialized assets, MWD teams enable commanders to perform their mission more effectively with significant savings of manpower, time, and money. Employing MWD teams with different capabilities (see table 3-1, on page 3-12) to work together can prove very effective. For example, during route clearance, units can employ a specialized search dog (SSD) to sweep the roads in order to locate weapons caches or improvised explosive devices, and then a combat tracker dog (CTD) could follow the tracks of the enemy, initiated from the site of a find.

Organization An MWD team consists of one Marine and one MWD that can provide commanders with the following capabilities:


Explosives detection.

Drug detection.

Intruder detection.

Human tracking.

Nonlethal apprehension of combatants.

Psychological deterrence.
Each LE battalion has an MWD platoon. The MWD platoon consists of squads containing each of the MWD disciplines. For effective employment of these capabilities, it is important that command relationships for forward-deployed elements of the MWD platoon be identified prior to deployment. Each of the MWD disciplines is unique and requires extensive training in the development and maintenance of team proficiency. Military working dog support may also be taskorganized into detachments of varying sizes and compositions to support other MAGTFs (e.g., special purpose MAGTF, Marine expeditionary unit). The MWD team should be integrated into field training exercises as early as possible to promote proper utilization.

Types of Military Working Dogs Patrol Dog. Patrol dogs (also referred to as PDs) can be utilized as a force multiplier and are especially valuable in area security, force protection, and antiterrorism operations, thus allowing the commander to employ fewer Marines and apply resources to other areas. Patrol dogs in the Marine Corps are dual-certified as either an explosive detector dog or drug detector dog. These types of MWDs are referred to as patrol/drug detector dogs (P/DDDs) and patrol/explosive detector dogs (P/EDDs). The patrol dog's contribution is most effective when the MWD team is employed as a walking patrol. As a walking patrol, the patrol dog team can check or clear buildings, perimeters, and open areas, thereby deterring trespassers, vandals, violent persons, infiltrators, and other would-be criminals. Mobility significantly increases the potential area of coverage. Patrol dogs are trained to attack/apprehend suspects, stop those who may attempt to escape, and protect their handlers from harm. See table 3-1 for tasks supported by the patrol dog.

Patrol/Drug Detector Dog. Patrol/drug detector dogs are a variant of patrol-trained MWDs that search for and detect illicit drugs (to include cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamines [e.g., ecstasy, MDMA]) and used, drug-associated paraphernalia. The P/DDD is capable of searching vehicles, aircraft, luggage, vessels, buildings, roadways, and open areas, primarily on-leash. The P/DDD is also capable of working in urban and rural environments, day or night. See table 3-1
for tasks supported by the P/DDD.

Patrol/Explosive Detector Dog. Patrol/explosive detector dogs are a variant of patrol-trained MWDs that search for and detect the presence of odors to include the following:


Explosive components:

Time fuze.

Emulsion.

AN [ammonium nitrate dynamite].

Smokeless powder.

TNT [trinitrotoluene].

C-4 [composition 4 (explosive)].

PC [potassium chlorate].

SC [sodium chlorate].

ANAL [ammonium nitrate-aluminum].

Homemade explosives.

Explosive devices.

Weapon caches.
The P/EDD is capable of searching vehicles, aircraft, luggage, vessels, buildings, roadways, and open areas, primarily on-leash. The P/EDD can operate in urban and rural environments, day or night. See table 3-1 for tasks supported by the P/EDD.

Specialized Search Dog. Specialized search dogs are single-purpose MWDs, employed off-leash, that are not trained in patrol. The SSD is trained to detect the same explosive components, explosive devices, and weapon caches as the P/EDD. Additionally, the SSD is trained on other odors associated with homemade explosives that are regionally/locally employed. The SSD may be directed (i.e., controlled) through the search pattern by voice command, hand-and-arm signals, or a combination of both. The SSD is capable of searching vehicles, buildings, roadways, and open areas. The SSD can operate in urban and rural environments, day or night. See table 3-1 for tasks supported by the SSD.

Combat Tracker Dog. Combat tracker dogs are single-purpose MWDs that are not trained in patrol.

The CTD, employed on-leash, is trained to track humans and may alert on a human presence (i.e., strongest scent and specific scent). The CTD can re-establish contact with enemy combatants, relocate friendly personnel, or conduct reconnaissance of an area. The CTD closes on the target using the strongest scentgroundborne or airborne. The CTD can track in or over vegetation, sand, concrete, water, and asphalt over an undetermined distance, depending on weather and contamination of the track. The CTD can operate in urban and rural environments, day or night. In order to conduct a successful track, the CTD requires an adequate starting point that is not contaminated with extraneous humans. See table 3-1 for tasks supported by the CTD.

Assignment By Type
Operational Task
MWD Function
Patrol/Drug
Detector Dog
Specialized
Search Dog
Patrol/
Explosive
Detector Dog
Combat
Tracker
Dog
Aircraft and luggage search
Drug detection Explosive detection
X
X
X
Area search
Drug detection Explosive detection
X
X
X
X
Patrol
X
X
Area/perimeter security: -   External intrusion detection -   Listening post -   Observation post -   Vulnerable area
Bomb threat
Explosive detection
X
X
Building search: -   Illegal substance -   Personnel
Drug detection Explosive detection Patrol
X
X
X
Drug detection Explosive detection Patrol
X
X
X
Checkpoint support: -   Entry control point -   Random gate inspection -   Vehicle control point -   Vehicle search Civil disturbances/crowd control
Patrol
X
X
Combat patrols
All
X
X
X
X
Command post area preparation
Explosive detection
X
X
Deployment customs search (pre/post)
Drug detection Explosive detection
X
X
X
Detainee operations support (contraband searches and external security)
Patrol Drug detection Explosive detection
X
X
Assignment By Type
Operational Task
MWD Function
Patrol/Drug
Detector Dog
Specialized
Search Dog
Patrol/
Explosive
Detector Dog
Combat
Tracker
Dog
Drug detection Explosive detection
X
X
X
Health and comfort inspections: -   Barracks -   Work area
High-risk personnel support
Patrol
X
X
X
High-risk target support
Explosive detection Patrol Tracking
X
X
X
X
Patrol Tracking
X
X
X
Locating individuals: -   Escaped prisoner -   Fleeing criminal suspect -   Fleeing enemy attacker -   Hostage -   Downed pilot -   Lost person -   Missing-in-action -   Survivors -   Improvised explosive device maker/planter -   Tactical recovery of aircraft/personnel Postal inspection
Drug detection Explosive detection
X
X
X
Protective service mission
Explosive detection
X
X
Quick search
Explosive detection
X
X
Raid
Explosive detection Tracking Patrol
X
X
X
X
Quick reaction force
All
X
X
X
X
Securing area for down aircraft
Patrol
X
X
Explosive detection Tracking
X
X
X
Supply route search: -   Main -   Alternate
US customs search
Drug detection Explosive detection
X
Walking and mobile patrol
All
X
X
X
X

Planning Considerations When MWD teams are employed, they should participate in all phases of the unit's mission;
therefore, it is essential that either the kennel master or handler participate in mission planning. The kennel master or handler provides recommendations for effective employment of the MWD team. The following factors should be considered:


Length of tactical employment.

Climate and environment.

Location and size of the area to be covered.

Condition and type of terrain.

Prevailing wind direction.
Combat operations require the handlers' full attention to maintain focus on working and controlling their MWDs. This severely reduces the handler's ability to employ his or her personal weapon upon enemy contact; therefore, the MWD team operates within the "buddy system" concept. A two-person team should be assigned to the handler to maintain the mutual support and all-around security required in a combat environment. Military working dog teams normally work in the front or on the flank of the supported unit or the protected facility, but not so far forward that the accompanying Marines can no longer provide security for the team. The MWD team should be downwind from potential locations or avenues of approach for the persons and/or explosives to be detected. This improves the chances of providing early warning. If the MWD team is supporting a patrol that is moving directly into the wind, the team may have to move left or right of the line of march to take advantage of the prevailing wind. If the situation or terrain dictates, the MWD team can traverse while the supported unit continues along a direct route. The MWD handlers must socialize the dog into the supported unit immediately. The handler is responsible for training the dog to be tolerant and obedient, regardless of the environment. Familiarity with members of the unit will reduce aggression toward unit personnel. In order to maintain the discipline of the MWD, supported unit personnel must strictly adhere to the following restrictions:


Do not feed the MWD. Only the handler is authorized to feed the MWD.

Do not play with or pet the MWD, except under the handler's direct supervision.

Do not make any movement or gesture that an MWD may interpret as a threat to the handler.

Do not think of the MWD as a pet or mascot.
The MWD team should rehearse with the supported unit prior to a mission so that everyone becomes accustomed to working with the MWD. Supported unit personnel must know what to do with the MWD if a handler is seriously wounded or killed. An MWD that has worked closely with a supported unit and has developed a tolerance for one or more of the individuals will usually allow one of them to return it to the kennel. If the MWD will not allow anyone near its handler, other handlers should be called in to assist if available.

Both training and health present unique planning considerations and must be considered while conducting field training and during deployment. Training aids, such as explosives and/or drugs, are required to maintain MWD team proficiency. Finding and employing a site to effectively train, kennel, and provide medical treatment must also be taken into consideration. While an MWD team may be employed in various austere environments, it is essential to provide veterinary support if the care required is beyond the capabilities of the handler.

Transportation The MWD team can be transported by ground, air, or sea. The allocation of transportation assets is essential to allow for effective MWD employment, training, and care. During training, the transportation of MWDs to training sites and veterinary facilities must be planned for and adequately sourced. During tactical missions when the MWD is not being employed, the preferred method of kenneling is to keep the MWD in a kennel crate if possible; however, it is understood that there will be times when this is not possible. The kennel crate can be disassembled, but the load plan must take into account that the MWD team requires additional space in the transportation vehicle. The advantages of transporting the MWD in the kennel crate include better conditions for the MWD's rest management plan (i.e., off the ground and dry), improved safety for friendly forces (i.e., eliminates the potential of the MWD biting a Marine), and the ability for the MWD handler to handle a weapon. The disadvantage is the logistic footprint of the kennel crate. Military working dogs can be transported by a variety of means, ranging from tactical aircraft to armored vehicles. No matter the method of transport, the safety of both the MWD and the vehicle crew must be considered. For example, in an up-armored HMMWV [high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle], the placement of the MWD may interfere with the operation of the turret gunner, especially if the kennel crate is employed. The MRAP [mine-resistant, ambush-protected] armored vehicles also present unique challenges because of the seating layout and the elevation of the crew compartment. Military working dogs can travel safely in all types of assault support aircraft. Consideration should be taken to ensure handlers are able to control the MWDs effectively without interfering with aircrew operations. In some cases, the MWD may need to be transported via aircraft without the advantage of the kennel crate. It is essential that the aircrew and passengers receive a brief regarding safety considerations for the MWD. When MWDs are transported by ship or are embarked for amphibious operations, the MWDs should be kenneled in their kennel crate. A designated area should be established so that personnel other than MWD handlers do not have access to the MWDs. When possible and feasible, the preferred method of transportation would be for the MWD teams to fly and linkup with the unit at a forward location.

Veterinary Support The US Army Surgeon General provides professional veterinary support for the entire MWD program through the Army Veterinary Corps. This responsibility includes the following:


Providing medical and surgical care.

Conducting inspections to ensure that MWD kennel facilities are safe and sanitary.

Prescribing medications and an adequate feeding program for MWDs.

Instructing handlers and supervisors on all matters related to the health of MWDs, including
first aid procedures.

Conducting research to improve the DOD MWD program.
The responsible Veterinary Corps officer (VCO) provides treatment for the MWD at the kennel facility, installation veterinary treatment facility, or during deployments. The US Army Veterinary Corps is responsible for equipping the veterinary treatment facility and providing medical and surgical supplies. The VCO is responsible for maintaining the MWD's veterinary treatment record and related information regarding examinations, immunizations, and treatment. The VCO
instructs MWD handlers on matters pertaining to dog health, care, feeding, and first aid. This instruction helps the MWD handler develop a better understanding of the MWD's health needs and improves the handler's ability to care for the MWD. The VCO prescribes an appropriate feeding program based upon the MWD's health, the climate, and working conditions. The VCO is involved in the review of all plans for new MWD kennel facility construction or modifications; this ensures that potential health and safety hazards are corrected prior to beginning construction. While deployed, the kennel master or handler must coordinate with the responsible VCO to ensure proper support. Additionally, MWDs must be routinely evaluated prior to, during, and after deployment, like any other Marine. In some countries, the use of prophylactic medications is required for preventive medicine purposes. Effective planning and coordination with the VCO is required to maintain both combat effectiveness and readiness.

Medical Concerns Military working dog handlers are trained to know how and when to use the items in the issued canine first aid kit. For example, handlers can administer intravenous fluids, medications, and splints with the help of a corpsman. The most common medical concerns for MWDs are overheating, diarrhea, cuts, abrasions, and eye irritations. A wounded or sick MWD may be evacuated by air if necessary; however, the handler must accompany the MWD.

Environment Some environmental factors restrict the use of MWDs. Before employing MWDs, the following factors should be considered:


MWD employment near petroleum, oils, and lubricants must be limited. These elements can
damage a MWD's paws and affect sense of smell.

MWDs are prohibited from areas contaminated with chemical, biological, radiological, and
nuclear (CBRN) agents. There are no protective devices for canines.

MWDs may work in open areas where riot control agents are in use if the wind velocity is
normal; however, they should be closely monitored and taken to a veterinarian if they show signs of distress. Signs of distress include difficulty breathing, abdominal distention, confusion, forgetfulness of routine commands, abnormally rapid or weak pulse, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive panting.
Other environmental concerns may also impact the use of the MWD. The presence of diseasecarrying vectors, feral animals, and other circumstances (e.g., heat, humidity, amount of water, type of soil, debris, sharp objects) may pose risks to the MWD that hinder effective employment.

Field Kennels and Operations No matter what type of kennel is established, the focus should be on security, safety, and sanitation. Field kennels can be constructed out of available materials (e.g., defensive barriers). Regardless of the materials used to construct the kennel, it must be free from sharp edges or points that can cause injury to MWDs. The kennel must be well ventilated and provide shade from direct sunlight. Military working dog field kennels must not be located near trash collection, storage, or disposal areas.

Security. An MWD's ability to disrupt and defeat enemy TTP makes it, and the kennel, a potential target. Leaders must analyze the site for security weaknesses. When possible, provide concealment for the kennel to prevent enemy observation and provide the same level of cover against direct and indirect fires that would be provided for every other sleeping area. Restrict access to the field kennel in order to decrease disturbances by unit personnel and to keep others such as local national workers from entering and potentially targeting the MWDs.

Safety. Check the area for hazards before constructing a kennel, and remove any potentially hazardous materials. Do not use kennel areas to store unit equipment that is not related to MWDs. Not only will equipment become damaged, but the MWDs may also develop severe medical issues.

Sanitation. Unit leaders must ensure that kennels, containers, and rooms used to house MWDs are cleaned daily and washed/disinfected weekly. Equipment used to feed the MWD must be sanitized after each use. Units must designate an area for MWD relief. This area must be kept clean of feces, and urine should be raked thoroughly to allow for sunlight disinfection of the soil. Units should dispose of feces in the same manner that they dispose of human waste (i.e., burning, septic system). If the kennel smells like urine or feces, it is not sanitary.

Food and Water Storage. Military working dog rations must not be stored in an area exposed to direct sunlight or extreme heat. The MWD food should be stored in accordance with label instructions, if feasible. Military working dog food will attract rodents, so adequate prevention and standard field sanitation measures must be implemented. Military working dogs drink from the same water sources as their handlers; they should never be provided with nonpotable water. An individual dog's need for water can vary, especially with changes in ambient temperature, relative humidity, and level of exertion. Two and a half to three and a half liters per MWD per day is a good planning factor. Leaders should ensure that kenneled MWDs have water available at all times. It is vital that water designated for MWD use is kept in a shaded location or indoors so that it remains as cool as possible. Proper water storage and ready access ensures that the MWD will drink a sufficient amount and stay well hydrated.

Feral Animal Control. Food, water, and food waste attract feral animals, rodents, and indigenous dogs. These animals are uncared for and carry external and internal parasites and diseases, including rabies, that can be transmitted to both MWDs and humans. Encampment stores of food and water should be kept in a secure location. The encampment should be kept as clean as possible. Food waste and trash must be policed, stored, and disposed of in a manner that prevents access to indigenous animal populations. Indigenous animals must not be kept as camp pets or mascots, and measures must be taken to prevent their entry into the encampment.

## Customs And Border Clearance Program

It is DOD policy to assist and cooperate with US and HN border clearance agencies in halting the flow of contraband into the United States and foreign countries and enforcing this policy when entry is through military channels. This policy applies to the export of US goods to and through other countries and the enforcement of DOD policy to eliminate the flow of contraband and unauthorized products to other nations. Areas of enforcement include compliance and enforcement of US and foreign laws, regulations, and customs requirements (e.g., agriculture, immigration).

Note: The DOD acknowledges the primacy of the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and the US Citizenship and Immigration Services over cargo and personnel moving into the customs territory of the United States. They also acknowledge that those officers or inspectors may delay, impound, or otherwise prohibit the entry or export of military cargo into or from the customs territory of the United States, without obstruction by the DOD, the Services, or defense agencies.

Military police provide commanders with a high degree of flexibility through the execution of customs operations. During the execution of these operations, commanders and their staffs (e.g., geographic combatant commander, deployed commander, staff officers) should be familiar with the military customs inspection program per Department of Defense Directive (DODD) 4500.09E, *Transportation and Traffic Management*, and Department of Defense Regulation (DODR) 4500.9-R, *Defense Transportation Regulation*, which are applicable to all international movement of DOD personnel and cargo at the time they cross the border. In the MAGTF, military police are trained as military customs inspectors-excepted (MCI-Es) and customs and border clearance agents (CBCAs). They coordinate with joint and US Federal agencies to ensure compliance with regulations and applicable provisions of international agreements by detecting and investigating violations and conducting inspections concerning the customs territory of the United States. The responsibilities, training, and certification needed to perform these duties are outlined in DODR 4500.9-R, part V. When deemed beneficial to the DOD, CBP, or United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), preclearance programs may be established. Under certain circumstances (e.g., major unit rotations, redeployments in conjunction with exercises and contingency operations), cargo and personnel returning to the United States can be precleared (e.g., inspected and/or certified at the point of origin instead of at the US border). These preclearance programs are initiated only when the theater command, United States Transportation Command, and the respective US agency or agencies explicitly agree to their establishment. Procedures for requesting the establishment of a preclearance program are detailed in DODR 4500.9-R.

Responsibilities Military police may perform several roles and functions in support of the military customs program at various echelons.

Geographic Combatant Command Customs and Border Clearance Coordinator
Coordinates the DOD Customs and Border Clearance Program for the theater commander.

Serves as the primary point of contact for the customs or border clearance requirements on
matters of importance concerning the entry or exit of DOD-sponsored movements.
Deployed Commander
Ensures that unit personnel (i.e., military, civilian, and contractors) are briefed on CBP
and USDA entry requirements prior to redeploying and that all returning unit equipment or sustainment stocks are cleaned and inspected per USDA-recommended procedures. See DODR 4500.9-R, chapter 505, for details.

Ensures that shipping, customs, and border clearance documentation is available for each
shipment or passenger and that documentation is prepared and is free of abbreviations or acronyms to ensure entry or exit.

Implements requirements per DODR 4500.9-R, chapter 501, paragraph D.9, and maintains
performance quality that will ensure customs or border clearance agencies (i.e., foreign and domestic) certification.
Law Enforcement Integration Officer/Chief
Establishes and conducts a military customs program as directed and per DODR 4500.9-R.

Appoints, provides training for, and obtains proper certification for MCI-Es and CBCAs
per DODR 4500.9-R and appropriate regulations.
Military Customs Inspector-Excepted
Performs duties per DODR 4500.9-R and US and/or foreign country border
clearance requirements.

Inspects or examines baggage, professional equipment, and cargo as authorized in established
memorandums of understanding and designated on that person's CBP Form 55, Designation,
Customs Officer (Excepted). All passengers and crewmembers are subject to inspection. The degree to which accompanied baggage or equipment is inspected or examined is dependent upon the discretion and judgment of the MCI-Es. "Dumping" of baggage contents is against both DOD and CBP policy and is prohibited.

Accomplishes inspections in a courteous and professional manner.

Inspects only active duty military personnel. Civilian personnel are inspected by a CBP officer.

Reports any contraband discoveries (e.g., drugs, firearms, explosives) to the nearest CBP port
director and the installation commander immediately.
Customs and Border Clearance Agent

Performs duties per DODR 4500.9-R and US and/or foreign country border
clearance requirements.

Inspects and certifies that DOD-owned material, personal property, and passengers are
acceptable for entry into the United States and notifies the appropriate legal authorities if
contraband is discovered.

Represents the commander in performance of inspections and ensures that the proper and/or
required documentation accompanies all shipments or personnel.

Ensures that customs and border clearance violations are expeditiously reported to the proper
legal authority or military agency for disposition.

Conducts all inspections and examinations in a professional, expeditious, and courteous manner.

Does not, under any circumstances, collect or accept duty payments.
Training and Certification All MCI-Es and CBCAs are trained per DODR 4500.9-R. Training is provided and approved by CBP and USDA. Upon successful completion of the training, CBP and USDA provide certification for the trainees. Certified trained personnel are appointed as CBCAs on orders issued by the sponsoring Service component and those orders will include an effective termination date. The geographic combatant commander and the Service component commander coordinate the request to the Service for sourcing of military law enforcement or other designated personnel to act as CBCAs for the duration of a redeployment. All personnel designated for MCI-E or CBCA duties must be E-4, the civilian equivalent, or above. In some cases, CBP may approve DOD personnel as certified trainers. When a "train the trainer" process is approved, commanders are required to


Use a CBP and USDA-approved CBCA training curriculum.

Provide program management and any command-specific training.
Employment Marines trained as MCI-Es or CBCAs will perform their duties in accordance with DODR 4500.9-R and other implementing regulations. They represent their commanders by performing inspections and examinations, reporting violations to their supervisor, and validating shipping documents. The MCI-Es or CBCAs are employed to inspect DOD-sponsored cargo, military equipment, ships, aircraft, vehicles, and personnel.

## Chapter 4 Detention Operations

Detention operations are conducted to enhance MAGTF effectiveness through management of individuals or populations that pose a threat to military operations. Military police provide the commander with the ability to manage large prisoner and detainee control requirements by collecting, processing, guarding, protecting, accounting for, and transferring detainees. Military police enhance the tempo of operations by effecting the quick control and evacuation of detainees from a forward battle area to temporary holding areas and, during joint operations, to US Army holding facilities. In addition, military police facilitate the freedom of movement of forces by clearing the AO of detainees. Military police may advise and manage short-term detention operations, but require significant augmentation in order to conduct sustained detention operations. Personnel conducting detention operations must actively avoid mistreatment and abuse of detainees by adhering to the requirements of the Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Professional performance of detention operations by military police is critical for sustaining goodwill between the HN and international community. The DODD 2310.01E, DoD
Detainee Program, designates the Secretary of the Army as the executive agent for the administration of the DOD Detainee Program.

## The Geneva Conventions

Detention operations are governed by the provisions of the Geneva Conventions. Comprised of four treaties, the *Geneva Conventions* provide internationally recognized humanitarian standards for the treatment of victims of war and individuals detained during armed conflict and other military operations.

Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field This Convention provides for the protection of members of armed forces and other persons on the battlefield who are no longer actively participating in hostilities as a result of becoming wounded or sick. It requires humane treatment for wounded and sick personnel who fall into enemy hands. It provides for members of the conflict to take all possible measures to


Search for and collect the wounded and sick.

Protect them against pillage and ill treatment.

Ensure their adequate care.

Search for the dead and prevent their being despoiled.
Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea This Convention requires the humane treatment and protection of members of the armed forces and other persons at sea who are wounded, sick, or shipwrecked. It also protects hospital ships and provides a procedure for burial at sea.

Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War This Convention provides for the humane treatment of EPWs by the parties involved in the conflict. It regulates, in detail, the treatment of EPWs, including the following:


Care, food, clothing, medical care, and housing.

Discipline and punishment.

Labor and pay.

External relations.

Representation.

International exchange of information.

Termination of captivity.
Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War This Convention deals with the protection of civilians who find themselves under the control of an enemy nation (normally during a period of belligerent occupation). It regulates the treatment of such civilians, including procedures for the deprivation of liberty (i.e., arrest, internment, assigned residence), and provides a legal framework for the relationship between civilians and the enemy authorities controlling them.

## Categories Of Detained Persons

The term detainee includes any person captured, detained, or otherwise under the control of DOD personnel (see fig 4-1, on page 4-3). It does not include personnel detained for law enforcement purposes, except where the United States is the occupying power. All detainees are treated as EPWs until the appropriate legal status is determined and granted by competent authority in accordance with the criteria enumerated in *Geneva Convention (III)*.

Belligerent In general, a belligerent is a person who is engaged in hostilities against the United States or its multinational partners during an armed conflict. The term belligerent includes both privileged belligerent and unprivileged enemy belligerent. Belligerents who are entitled to protections under *Geneva Convention (III)* include members of the regular armed forces of a state party to the conflict; militia, volunteer corps, and organized resistance movements belonging to a state party to the conflict (which are under responsible command, wear a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance, carry their arms openly, and abide by the laws of war); and members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the detaining power.

Privileged (enemy prisoner of war). Upon capture, privileged belligerents are EPWs and are entitled to combatant immunity for their lawful pre-capture war-like acts. They may be prosecuted for violations of the law of war. If so prosecuted, they retain their status as EPWs.

Unprivileged. Belligerents who do not qualify for the distinct privileges of combatant status (e.g., combatant immunity) are unprivileged enemy belligerents. Examples of unprivileged belligerents are


Individuals who have forfeited the protections of civilian status by joining or substantially
supporting an enemy nonstate armed group in the conduct of hostilities.

Combatants who have forfeited the privileges of combatant status by engaging in espionage,
sabotage, or other similar acts behind enemy lines.
Civilian Internee A civilian internee is any civilian, including those described by Article 4 of *Geneva Convention (IV)*, who is in the custody or control of the DOD during an armed conflict or occupation, such as those held for imperative reasons of security or protection. Such individuals, unless they have committed acts for which they are considered unprivileged enemy belligerents, generally qualify for protected status in accordance with the *Geneva Convention*, which also establishes procedures that must be observed when depriving such civilians of their liberty. During detention operations, civilian internees are to be accommodated separately from EPWs and persons deprived of liberty for any other reason.

Retained Person A retained person is an individual who is described by Article 28 of the *Geneva Convention (I)* and Article 33 of *Geneva Convention (III)*, and who is in the custody or control of the DOD.

Retained persons receive the same benefits and protection as EPWs. Retained persons fall into the following categories:


A person who is a member of the medical service of an enemy armed force.

A medical person of an enemy force exclusively engaged in

Searching, collecting, transporting, or treating wounded or sick personnel.

Preventing disease.

Administering a medical unit or establishment.

A chaplain attached to an enemy armed force.

A member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or another
voluntary aid organization. The organization must be duly recognized and authorized by its government. The staff may be employed in the same duties as medical personnel if the organization is subject to military laws and regulations.
For more information regarding the categories of detained persons, see MCO 3461.1, Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees.

## Principles Of Detention Operations

To achieve detention operations objectives, military police employ the following principles:


Employ humane treatment.

Support prompt evacuation from the combat zone.

Provide instruction to troops on the provisions of international agreements and regulations
relating to detainees.

Support integration of procedures for detainee evacuation, control, and administration with
other combat, combat support, and combat service support operations.

## Detainee Processing

There are six aspects of detainee processingsearching, tagging, reporting, evacuating, segregating and interrogating, and safeguardingto conduct a thorough search and document information for use in later interrogation, screening, disposition processes, and decision making.

Searching Immediately upon capture, detainees shall be disarmed, secured, and searched for concealed weapons, equipment, and documents of particular intelligence value. Whenever possible, males should search males, and females should search females. Each detainee must be secured to prevent escape and harm to the detainee or capturing unit personnel. Restraint devices are applied to limit detainee movement and to prepare for additional processing. Until each detainee has been searched, Marines must remain alert to prevent the use of concealed weapons or the destruction of documents and/or equipment. A complete and thorough search is required unless impractical due to the tactical situation. Each search shall be documented, and all confiscated weapons, personal items, and items of intelligence and/or evidentiary value must be documented on DA Form 4137, Evidence/Property Custody Document, or OPNAV Form 5527/22, Evidence/Property Custody Receipt, and linked to the detainee by annotating his or her tracking number per DD Form 2745, Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Capture Tag.

Tagging At the time of detention, all detained persons are tagged using DD Form 2745, which provides the only official detainee tracking number prior to receiving an internment serial number (ISN). This accountability procedure enables the commander to properly account for the handling of the detainees and their possessions. Additionally, it enables the commander to take follow-on military or legal action against the enemy. If equipment, documentation, or personal property is confiscated during the search, it must be tagged and accounted for by the capturing unit. As soon as an individual is detained, a capture tag must be completed. The capture tag must indicate the following information:


Name of the EPW/detainee.

Rank.

Service number.

Date of birth.

Date of capture.

EPW/detainee unit.

Location of capture.

Capturing unit.

Special circumstances of capture.

Description of weapons/documents.
All confiscated items are linked to the detainee using DD Form 2745 initially and then the ISN once issued.

Reporting Accurate and timely reporting of detainees is essential. Ensure that the five Ws (who, what, where, when, why) are reported to higher headquarters as soon as possible:


Who. State the name(s), gender(s), status (i.e., military, civilian) of detainee(s). Report the
capturing unit and the reporting unit.

What. Acknowledge whether the subject is a detainee or EPW (if known). Report the details of
the capture, the operation being conducted, and actions taken by the detainee/EPW and the capturing/reporting unit.

Where. Provide grid coordinates for point of capture and grid coordinates of current location.
Report all other details (e.g., room/building, city/province/state).

When. State the date-time group for both time of detainment and submission of the report.

Why. Report details of the capture and what supporting documentation has been acquired/
created to ensure proper custody.
Evacuating Detainees must be humanely evacuated to a designated collection point where they can be held until coordination is made for their transport to a permanent holding facility. The unit leader determines how to safely transport detainees to the rear for questioning by designated personnel. Detainees presumed to have significant intelligence value should be separated immediately from other detainees and may be sped to a separate collection point so that their knowledge can be acted upon in a timely manner. During transport, instructions given to detainees should be in their own language, if possible, and as brief as possible. When military necessity requires delay in evacuation beyond a reasonable period, health and comfort items are issued, such as food, water, clothing, shelter, and medical attention. Detainees will not be unnecessarily exposed to danger while awaiting evacuation. The capturing unit may keep detainees in the combat zone in cases where, due to wounds or sickness, prompt evacuation would be more dangerous to their survival than retention in the combat zone. While conducting operations in a multinational environment, detainees may be transferred to forces from other nations.

Segregating and Interrogating Only trained and certified intelligence personnel will conduct intelligence interrogations. Per DODD 3115.09, DoD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning, DOD personnel conducting detention operations, including military police, security forces, master-at-arms, and other individuals providing security for detainees, are responsible for ensuring the safety and well-being of detainees in their custody in accordance with applicable law and policy. They will not directly participate in the conduct of intelligence interrogations. Interrogators trained at a military criminal investigation organization and trained military police are responsible for conducting criminal interrogations of detainees upon coordination with intelligence interrogators.

The segregation of detainees by categories first requires that individual detainees be identified as belonging to a particular category. When time does not permit for the detailed interrogation of detainees to make all such determinations, it may be possible to readily identify and separate detainees according to the following categories:


Male and female.

Officer and enlisted.

Military and civilian.

Ethnic groups.

Old and young.
If circumstances permit, segregation of detainees by these categories is desirable and serves to facilitate follow-on interrogation. It may also be necessary to segregate detainees by nationality, religion, and specific ideology. Segregation ensures the security, health, and welfare of the prisoners. Segregation also prevents detainees from communicating by voice or visual means, diminishing their immediate ability to mount a resistance and attempt to escape. Guards communicate with the detainees only to give commands and instructions.

Safeguarding Safeguarding refers to the MP's obligation to protect the safety of detainees and to ensure the custody and integrity of confiscated items. Military police must safeguard detainees against combat hazards, from conflict with each other, and from improper treatment. Safeguarding measures are implemented to maintain control of detainees, to prevent escape or belligerent acts, to prevent injury to themselves or others, and to ensure the orderly and safe administration of the facility or unit. Military police provide firm but humane treatment to detainees by ensuring their safety and providing food, water, and medical treatment.

## Collection Locations

To support detainee collection and evacuation efforts, military police establish detainee collection points (DCPs), detainee holding areas (DHAs), and theater detention facilities (TDFs). While capturing units initiate detainee operations at the point of capture, military police establish and operate collection locations to the immediate rear area of forward units in a linear battlespace or near supported units in a nonlinear battlespace, but they may be located wherever they are needed. If possible, collection locations should be located near MSRs to ease the movement of detainees to the next echelon of detainment and to facilitate the transportation of supplies and medical support. Once transported to the collection locations, military police use the appropriate biometric and forensic systems to identify, track, and document detainee information. Depending upon the number of detainees anticipated, military police are likely to require augmentation. An MP platoon can guard up to 125 detainees, and a company can guard up to 500 during limited, short-term detention operations at a collection point or temporary holding area.

Point of Capture Detainee operations begin at the point of capture where the senior member of the capturing unit is responsible for ensuring the humane treatment and proper handling of detainees. The capturing unit evacuates detainees to the DCP when transportation is available. Evacuation is conducted to reduce the threat to detainees that is associated with ongoing conflict or operations. Detainees are placed in a location where US Armed Forces can fulfill legal and policy requirements for detainee treatment and administration. The capturing unit typically releases detainees to the custody of the military police who are operating the DCP. Detainee collection at the point of capture is austere, and considerations for establishing a point of capture holding point are based on the tactical situation. Figure 4-2 depicts one possible configuration for a point of capture holding point.

Detainee Collection Point Military police establish and operate DCPs to receive detainees quickly from operating forces and to support the pace of the operations. The establishment of DCPs allows for the rapid transfer of the custody of detainees by capturing forces, without hindering their own combat effectiveness. At DCPs, military police conduct security tasks, process and secure detainees, and prepare them for evacuation to a DHA or TDF. Every detainee is processed initially with a DD Form 2745. The duration of stay at each echelon is driven by security, operational conditions, availability of transportation, and theater regulations. For example, the exploitation of intelligence from a detainee at the tactical level may require the holding unit to maintain the detainee for an unspecified amount of time. Throughout each phase of detention operations, and between each echelon of custody, it is critical that the humane treatment of detained persons remains consistent and that strict accountability of detainees, property, and evidence is maintained. Typically, an MP platoon operates a DCP in support of a battalion.

Detainee Holding Area A DHA is larger than a DCP, but the considerations for setup and operations are the same.

Detainees are held at a DHA until they can be transferred to a TDF. Military police use existing structures when possible to reduce construction requirements as shown in figure 4-3. The size, compound configuration, placement of internal facilities, field processing site, and military intelligence screening site vary based upon the situation. Typically, an MP company operates a DHA in support of a regiment.

-  -
medium tent 20 EPW

authorized per tent

Long and short pickets

Staples and anchors

Water cans (5 gallon)
Theater Detention Facility A TDF is a semipermanent structure, building, or enclosed area where detainees are centrally or regionally held, and it is considered to operate at the theater level. Marines conduct TDF
operations when tasked by the joint task force commander and/or the commander of the detainee operations. Figure 4-4 on page 4-10 provides an example of a TDF with four, 120-person segregation compounds. This area includes receiving, field processing, screening, and intelligence collection sites. Typically, an LE battalion operates a TDF in support of a MEF.

## Detainee Reporting

Theater Detainee Reporting Center The theater detainee reporting center (TDRC) functions as the field operations agency for the National Detainee Reporting Center (NDRC). The TDRC reports all detainee data directly to the NDRC. The TDRC is the central agency responsible for maintaining information on all detainees and their personal property within an operational area. The TDRC obtains and stores information concerning all detainees in the custody of US Armed Forces. This includes those detainees that have been transferred to or from other powers for detentioneither temporarily or permanently. The TDRC serves as the theater repository for information pertaining to detainee accountability and implementation of DOD policy.

National Detainee Reporting Center The NDRC is designated by the Office of the Provost Marshal General as the recipient and archive for all detainee information. The NDRC's principal responsibility is to ensure the collection, storage, and appropriate dissemination of detainee information. The NDRC directs the development of the detainee reporting system (DRS) and communicates assistance to the TDRCs when TDRCs are in use in a theater of operation. When TDRCs are not present, the NDRC communicates assistance directly to the detention facilities. The NDRC provides initial and replacement block ISN assignments to organizations operating in the theater.

Detainee Reporting System The DRS is the mandated detainee accountability database for all DOD agencies and operations. The DRS may not be used in multinational operations. The key functions of the DRS at a detention facility include the following:


Assigning ISNs.

Documenting detainee transfers, releases, and repatriations.

Recording detainee deaths.

Recording detainee escapes.
Internment Serial Number The ISN is the DOD-mandated identification number used to maintain accountability of detainees (see fig. 4-5, on page 4-12). Once an ISN is assigned, it is used on all detainee documentation. The ISN is generated by the DRS. The DRS is the only approved system for maintaining detainee accountability. It is the central datapoint system used for reporting at the national level and for sharing detainee information with other authorized agencies. The ISNs are normally issued within 14 days of capture, or according to applicable policy. The ISN is comprised of the following components:


Capturing power. A two-digit alpha character code representing the capturing power. The
country codes are listed in the Defense Human Intelligence Enterprise Manual (DHE-M) 3301.001, Defense Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Enterprise Manual, Volume I: Collection Requirements, Reporting, and Evaluation Procedures.

Theater code. A one-digit number representing the command/theater under which the detainee
came into US custody.

Power served. A two-digit alpha character code representing the country for which the
detainee is fighting. Only country codes found in DHE-M 3301.001 are used.

Sequence number. A unique six-digit number assigned exclusively to an individual detainee.
The DRS assigns these numbers sequentially. The detainee's number is not reissued during the same conflict if the detainee dies; is released, repatriated, or transferred; or escapes.

Detainee classification. A two- or three-digit alpha character code representing the
detainee's classification.
The number assigned by DD Form 2745 is the only authorized tracking number that may be used before the assignment of an ISN. After an ISN is assigned, previously completed documents should be annotated with the assigned ISN.  Once an ISN has been issued, the issuing activity should provide detainee information to the TDRC. The ISN is used as the primary means of identification throughout the detainee's period of detention. It is used to link the detainee with biometric data, personal property, medical information, and issued equipment. For more information regarding detainee operations, see JP 3-63, *Detainee Operations*.

## Chapter 5 Military Police Support To Security And Mobility

Mobility is a key element of effective warfighting, as it allows tactical advantage; the ability to control operational tempo; and access to troops, munitions, and other supplies. Military police have training and subject matter expertise in maintaining security while effecting traffic mobility, which prevents stagnation along MSRs that increases convoy vulnerability to attack. Traffic management ensures mobility of troops, aid, and disaster relief efforts. Military police also conduct straggler control operations to assist commanders in maintaining combat strength by locating and returning stragglers to their units. Based upon the operational and political environment, traffic enforcement measures may include development of traffic circulation plans, establishment of checkpoints, enforcement of vehicle load and route restrictions, and implementation of speed control measures. Enforcement of commanders' MSR regulations reduces the number of deployed military casualties and prevents dangerous collisions between military vehicles carrying explosives. As accident investigators, military police also assist HN or other authorities in investigating those accidents involving US personnel or property. Providing they do not interfere with the tactical mission or mission-essential operations, MP vehicle accident investigations can include those resulting in fatalities of US military personnel, involving US military personnel and equipment (as well as HN persons and/or property), or involving substantial vehicle damage and/or multiple vehicles. Military police identify the personal, environmental, and equipment factors that caused or contributed to the accident; document the facts of the incident for criminal or civil actions that may result from the accident; and support HN judicial action, if applicable and appropriate.

## Physical Security Support

A strong physical security program supports the crime prevention effort by identifying, reducing, eliminating, or neutralizing conditions favorable to infiltration or attack. Military police conduct physical security inspections and surveys of designated mission-essential assets and activities within a command to identify measures to reduce vulnerability to enemy attack. Physical security measures are critical to force protection and enhance the overall defensive posture. Trained physical security specialists use current information and technology to provide recommendations to the commander for developing a defense in depth (e.g., security posts, barriers, access control, electronic security systems, identification controls, technology, biometrics) against existing and emerging threats. Physical security surveys are essential to protecting mission readiness of forward and main operating bases.

A physical security survey is a systematic evaluation of a facility's or activity's overall security. Physical security personnel identify security deficiencies and recommend active and passive corrective measures through surveys. A physical security survey addresses


Structural design information and deficiencies (e.g., walls, doors, ceilings).

Tactical employment of physical barriers and obstacles.

Preventive and compensatory security measures and procedures.

Employment of physical security aids, equipment, and devices (e.g., lighting, fencing, locks,
key and lock control, portable electronic security measures).

Access and control procedures for US and HN civilian and military personnel and equipment
within an AO.
To facilitate access control, military police utilize biometrics, electronic security, and intrusion detection systems.

## Protective Service Operations

The Commandant of the Marine Corps or the commander exercising geographic responsibility for the area may direct protective service operations for Marine Corps or other DOD personnel designated as high-risk personnel (referred to as HRP) Level 1 while in theater. Military police may also provide support to HN and foreign LE protective service operations. The mission of protective services is to protect the principal from assassination, capture, or injury during operations and exercises. Military police plan and implement protective service operations based on existing threats to the target, characteristics of the relevant operational environment, and other factors determined during a personal security vulnerability assessment. Specialized protective service operations include countersurveillance, evasive driving, threat recognition, and route analysis. For more information on high-risk personnel, refer to DODI O-2000.22, Designation and Physical Protection of DoD High-Risk Personnel.

## Civil Disturbance Control

Military police provide civil disturbance and tactical response teams skilled in the employment of NLWs and appropriate application of the force continuum. Additionally, LE battalions can provide tactical response teams and/or subject matter experts to train operational forces in nonlethal techniques and proper application of force. Military police support the commander's ability to manuever forces by containing disturbances away from MSRs and manuever areas. During crisis response and stability operations, military police conducting civil disturbance control support the commander's intent by facilitating the unencumbered delivery of aid supplies and the evacuation of noncombatants. See Marine Corps Tactical Publication 10-10A, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nonlethal Weapons, for more information concerning the employment of NLWs.

## Dislocated Civilians

A dislocated civilian is a civilian who left his or her home for specified reasons. Dislocated civilian movement and physical presence can hinder military operations. A dislocated civilian most likely requires some degree of aid (e.g., medicine, food, shelter, clothing) and may not be native to the area or to the country where they are residing. Dislocated civilians include the following categories:


Displaced person. A displaced person has been dislocated because of war, natural disaster, or
political/economic turmoil. Consequently, the motivation for civilians to flee and establish status under international and domestic laws may vary, as does the degree of assistance
required and the location for relief operations.

Refugee. The United Nations *Convention relating to the Status of Refugees* states that a
refugee is a person who "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country."

Evacuee. An evacuee is a civilian who is removed from his or her place of residence by
military direction because of personal security or other requirements of the military situation.

Stateless person. A stateless person is a civilian who has been denationalized, whose country of
origin cannot be determined, or who cannot establish his or her right to the nationality claimed.

War victim. A war victim is a civilian who suffered an injury, a loss of a family member, or
damage to or destruction of his or her home because of war.

Migrant. A migrant is a worker who moves from one region to anotherby chance, instinct,
or plan.

Internally displaced person. An internally displaced person may have been forced to flee his
or her home for the same reasons as a refugee, but he or she has not crossed an internationally recognized border.

Expellee. An expellee is a civilian who is outside the boundaries of his or her country of
nationality or ethnic origin and is being forcibly repatriated to that country or a third country for political or other purposes.
Until their status is determined, dislocated civilians are initially processed and handled the same as EPWs and civilian internees. Civil affairs units, in coordination with HN authorities, work to resettle dislocated civilians and refugees. Military police support these efforts by assisting in the collection, evacuation, and resettlement of these persons. During operations, military police ensure that dislocated civilian and refugee traffic does not adversely affect military maneuver and mobility. Dislocated civilian camps are established in the same manner as EPW and civilian internee facilities. When detainees are contained in a facility for extended periods, dissatisfaction and restlessness may result. Commanders and military police should expect and be prepared for demonstrations, disturbances, or riots. Effective communication and rumor control measures, coupled with professional, humane treatment by security forces, minimize the possibility and severity of disturbances in the internee population. To expedite movement on MSRs, military police conduct dislocated civilian control. Although the HN usually takes measures to control the movement of their populations during a conflict, a massive flow of civilians can seriously affect the movement or security of military units. If needed, military police redirect or prevent the movement of civilians when their location, direction of movement, or actions hinder military activity. Military police direct dislocated civilians to secondary roadways and areas not being used by military forces.

## Military Police In Support Of Mission Assurance

Mission assurance is a process and integrative framework that ensures protection and continued function of Marine Corps capabilities and assets. Military police support mission assurance planning and implementation across a range of risk management program activities and security-related functions, which include antiterrorism, force protection, critical infrastructure protection, information assurance, continuity of operations, and CBRN defense. Military police participation in mission assurance across the ROMO ensures synchronization of efforts to sustain mission readiness and mitigates risk to Marine Corps personnel and assets from manmade and natural disasters.

Assessments Military police support threat and risk assessments that are essential to the development of an effective mission assurance program. Assessments form the basis for planning, establishing, and implementing protection and risk mitigation measures. These measures are developed through the fusion of subject matter expertise from fields such as METOC [meteorological and oceanographic], intelligence, engineering, and CBRN. Prior to deployment, military police conduct assessments to determine the vulnerability of locations, assets, and personnel. As forces flow into and begin operations within a theater of operation, military police continue to support iterative mission assurance processes that take into account the threats and characteristics of the operating environment. Vulnerabilities identified during assessments provide justification for establishing specific measures and actions. Military police assessment capabilities include identifying vulnerabilities for specific assets, as well as understanding and developing appropriate mitigation measures required to reduce risk. Military police determine appropriate measures based on training, experience, commander's priorities, knowledge of AO-specific terrorist and/or criminal tactics, and targets of interest to the enemy.

Military Police in Support of Antiterrorism/Force Protection Antiterrorism encompasses defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, including rapid containment by local military and civilian forces. Military police support to antiterrorism includes assessing the threat, developing and implementing measures to counteract the threat, and responding to attacks with crisis management and investigative capabilities. The fluid nature of modern terrorism and integration with existing criminal networks has increased the importance of police intelligence support to antiterrorism. Police intelligence operations contribute to the comprehensive understanding of terrorist networks, tactics, recruitment, and support by leveraging information from allies and noncombatants in theater. This information is vital to defend effectively against terrorist techniques and the element of surprise. The Navy/Marine Corps Departmental Publication 2927, *Antiterrorism/Force Protection Campaign Plan*, clarifies the issue of antiterrorism as it relates to force protection and provides commanders with a source document upon which to implement local programs. Military police support the commander's responsibility for the security of Marine Corps personnel and assets through a range of force protection activities. Force protection includes preventive measures taken to mitigate hostile actions against DOD personnel (to include family members), resources, facilities, and critical information. As stated in Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 1-2, Campaigning, "force protection safeguards centers of gravity and protects, conceals, reduces, or eliminates critical vulnerabilities" throughout phases of military operations. During the shape and deter phases, force protection efforts demonstrate capability and resolve to both allies and the enemy. Force protection supports friendly force effectiveness during the seize the initiative and dominate phases by mitigating or eliminating the adversary's ability to degrade friendly offensive actions. During the stabilize and transition to civil authority phases, force protection includes protecting the supported nation's population, infrastructure, and economic or governmental institutions. See JP 3-0 for detailed information on phasing. Leaders are responsible for ensuring that Marines are properly prepared to meet, counter, and survive existing and emerging threats throughout the battlespace. Force protection conserves combat power and ensures mission readiness. Force protection is accomplished through a systematic approach that integrates the planning and application of antiterrorism and combating terrorism measures, physical security, operations security, law enforcement and policing operations, and personal protective measures. Intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs support planning and execution of protection and resilience initiatives. A qualified MP officer assigned to a Marine expeditionary unit or special purpose MAGTF (e.g., the LEIO) concurrently serves as the MAGTF antiterrorism/force protection officer (AT/FPO) and is responsible for coordinating antiterrorism training, planning, and execution. The AT/FPO provides methods to detect and defeat terrorist threats, and the MP detachment provides the commander with the capability to implement antiterrorism prevention and response measures. Military police serving as AT/FPOs provide antiterrorism training to individual units regarding the nature of terrorist actors and networks including motives, recruitment, infiltration techniques, and intelligence processes and planning. Training also includes effective responses to support investigative and targeting processes and to mitigate further degradation or loss of US forces, allies, and assets. The senior LEIO on staff is typically responsible for developing Appendix 15 (Force Protection) of Annex C (Operations) of the operation order or plan.

Military Police in Support of Critical Infrastructure Protection Military police prevent or mitigate risks to critical infrastructure through physical security and police intelligence activities. Critical infrastructure includes all DOD and non-DOD networked assets and facilities essential to project, support, and sustain military forces and operations worldwide. Military police support the design and employment of intrusion detection systems, electronic security systems, barrier plans, and access control systems to protect critical infrastructure in theater. Risk assessment may result in changes to TTP, redundancy, isolation, hardening, or guarding to prevent the loss or degradation of assets. Military police also support response planning in case of an attack, such that defensive resources focus on prioritized assets and infrastructure. For more information regarding mission assurance, see MCO 3058.1, *Marine Corps Mission Assurance*.

## Section Ii. Terms And Definitions

area of operationsAn operational area defined by a commander for land and maritime forces that should be large enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces. Also called AO.

See also **area of responsibility**. (DOD Dictionary) area of responsibilityThe geographical area associated with a combatant command within which a geographic combatant commander has authority to plan and conduct operations. Also called AOR. (DOD Dictionary)
biometricsThe process of recognizing an individual based on measurable anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics. (DOD Dictionary) contrabandMaterial, goods, plant and animal products, agricultural pests and hazards, and other articles prohibited entry into the Customs and Border Territory of the United States or host nation country, including controlled substances, as identified in 21, United States Code 812, Schedules of Controlled Substances, and restricted items when the conditions of the restriction have not been met. (DOD 4500.9-R) controlled substance1. A drug or other substance, or immediate precursor included in Schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of the Controlled Substances Act. (DOD Dictionary) counterinsurgency Comprehensive civilian and military efforts designed to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes. Also called **COIN**. (DOD Dictionary) criminal intelligenceA category of police intelligence derived from the collection, analysis, and interpretation of all available information concerning known and potential criminal threats and vulnerabilities of supported organizations. (Upon promulgation of this publication, this term and definition are approved for use and will be included in the next edition of MCRP 1-10.2.) defense in depthThe siting of mutually supporting defense positions designed to absorb and progressively weaken attack, prevent initial observations of the whole position by the enemy, and to allow the commander to maneuver the reserve. (MCRP 1-10.2) dislocated civilianA broad term primarily used by the Department of Defense that includes a displaced person, an evacuee, an internally displaced person, a migrant, a refugee, or a stateless person. Also called DC. See also displaced person; evacuee; internally displaced person;
migrant; stateless person. (DOD Dictionary) displaced personA broad term used to refer to internally and externally displaced persons collectively. See also **evacuee**. (DOD Dictionary) evacueeA civilian removed from a place of residence by military direction for reasons of personal security or the requirements of the military situation. See also **displaced person**. (DOD Dictionary)
force continuumThe wide range of possible actions ranging from voice commands to application of deadly force that may be used to gain and maintain control of a potentially dangerous situation. (MCRP 1-10.2) high-risk personnelPersonnel who, by their grade, assignment, symbolic value, or relative isolation, are likely to be attractive or accessible terrorist targets. Also called HRP.

(DOD Dictionary). host nationA nation which receives the forces and/or supplies from allied nations and/or North Atlantic Treaty Organization to be located on, to operate in, or to transit through its territory. Also called HN. (DOD Dictionary)
improvised explosive deviceA weapon that is fabricated or emplaced in an unconventional manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals. Also called IED. (DOD Dictionary).

internally displaced personAny person who has been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their home or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border. Also called IDP. (DOD Dictionary) law enforcement activitiesThose actions performed by trained police officers, who are directly accountable to the governmental source of their authority, authorized by legal authority to compel compliance with and investigate violations of applicable laws, directives, and punitive regulations. (Note: Law enforcement occurs in support of governance and the rule of law; for law enforcement to occur, a legal system must exist.) See also **policing**. (Upon promulgation of this publication, this term and definition are approved for use and will be included in the next edition of MCRP 1-10.2.) law enforcement agencyAny of a number of agencies (outside the Department of Defense) chartered and empowered to enforce United States laws in a state or territory (or political subdivision) of the United States, a federally recognized Native American tribe or Alaskan Native Village, or within the borders of a host nation. Also called LEA. (DOD Dictionary) migrantA person who belongs to a normally migratory culture who may cross national boundaries, or has fled his or her native country for economic reasons rather than fear of political or ethnic persecution. (DOD Dictionary) military customs inspectorexceptedAn individual designated by the installation commander to perform specified customs functions at regular or limited ports of entry at continental United States military locations only. (DTR 4500.9-R) mission assuranceA process to protect or ensure the continued function and resilience of capabilities and assets, including personnel, equipment, facilities, networks, information and information systems, infrastructure, and supply chains, critical to the execution of DoD mission-essential functions in any operating environment or condition. (DODD 3020.40)
network engagementInteractions with friendly, neutral, and threat networks, conducted continuously and simultaneously at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels, to help achieve the commander's objectives within an operational area. (DOD Dictionary) nonlethal weaponA weapon, device, or munition that is explicitly designed and primarily employed to incapacitate personnel or materiel immediately, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property in the target area and the environment. (DOD Dictionary) operational environmentA composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. Also called OE. (DOD Dictionary) physical security1. That part of security concerned with physical measures designed to safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft. (DOD Dictionary. Part 1 of a 2-part definition.) police informationThe available information concerning known and potential enemy and criminal threats and vulnerabilities collected during police activities, operations, and investigations to produce police intelligence. See also **police intelligence; policing**. (Upon promulgation of this publication, this term and definition are approved for use and will be included in the next edition of MCRP 1-10.2.) police intelligenceThe product from community policing and the application of systems, technologies, and processes that analyze applicable data, information, biometrics, forensics, and/ or criminal records necessary for situational understanding to focus policing activities to achieve social order. See also **police information; policing**. (Upon promulgation of this publication, this term and definition are approved for use and will be included in the next edition of MCRP 1-10.2.) policingThe employment of specialized techniques, methodology, principles, and capabilities including restrained application of force, employment of control measures, mitigation of threats, and engagement with key networks in the local population to establish, maintain, and/or restore civil order. (Note: Policing is complementary to law enforcement, but may occur with or without rule of law.) See also **law enforcement activities**. (Upon promulgation of this publication, this term and definition are approved for use and will be included in the next edition of MCRP 1-10.2.) stability activitiesVarious military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment and provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. (DOD Dictionary) stateless personA person who is not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law. See also **dislocated civilian; displaced person; evacuee**. (DOD Dictionary)
tactical questioningThe field-expedient initial questioning for information of immediate tactical value of a captured or detained person at or near the point of capture and before the individual is placed in a detention facility. Also called TQ. (DOD Dictionary)

## References Geneva Conventions

Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949 Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949 Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949 Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949

## United Nations

Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva, 28 July 1951, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 189, No. 2545

## United States Code

Title 10, *Armed Forces*, subtitle A, part II, chap. 47, Uniform Code of Military Justice

## Department Of Defense Issuances

Department of Defense Instructions (DODIs)
O-2000.22       Designation and Physical Protection of DoD High-Risk Personnel 3025.21
Defense Support of Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies
5525.18
Law Enforcement Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) in DoD
Department of Defense Directives (DODDs)
2310.01_
DoD Detainee Program
3020.40
Mission Assurance (MA)
3115.09
DoD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning
4500.09_
Transportation and Traffic Management
Department of Defense Regulation (DODR)
4500.9-R
Defense Transportation Regulation

Miscellaneous DHE-M 3301.001 Defense Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Enterprise Manual, Volume I: Collection Requirements, Reporting, and Evaluation Procedures. (title is unclassified; however, publication is classified).

## Joint Issuances

Joint Publications (JPs)
3-0
Joint Operations
3-63
Detainee Operations

## Miscellaneous Dod Dictionary Of Military And Associated Terms Navy/Marine Corps Departmental Publication (Navmc)

2927
Antiterrorism/Force Protection Campaign Plan

## Marine Corps Publications

Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication (MCDP)
1-2
Campaigning
Marine Corps Tactical Publications (MCTP)
10-10A
Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nonlethal Weapons
Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP)
10-10F.1
Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Employment of Biometrics in Support of Operations
Marine Corps Orders (MCOs)
3461.1
Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees
5530.17
Marine Corps Identity Operations (IdOps)
3058.1
Marine Corps Mission Assurance

## Miscellaneous Expeditionary Force 21 To Our Readers

Changes: Readers of this publication are encouraged to submit suggestions and changes to Doctrine Branch via e-mail: doctrine@usmc.mil. Suggestions and changes must include the following information:

-    Location of change
        Publication number and title Current page number Paragraph number (if applicable) Line number Figure or table number (if applicable) -    Nature of change
        Addition/deletion of text Proposed new text
Additional copies: If this publication is not an electronic only distribution, a printed copy may be obtained from Marine Corps Logistics Base, Albany, GA 31704-5001, by following the instructions in MCBul 5600, Marine Corps Doctrinal Publications Status. An electronic copy may be obtained from the United States Marine Corps Doctrine web page: https://homeport.usmc.mil/sites/mcdoctrine/SitePages/Home.aspx A non-cost copy of this document is available at:
https://www.marines.mil/News/Publications/MCPEL/

## Copyright Information

This document is a work of the United States Government and the text is in the public domain in the United States. Subject to the following stipulation, it may be distributed and copied:

-    Copyrights to graphics and rights to trademarks/Service marks included in this
document are reserved by original copyright or trademark/Service mark holders or their assignees, and are used here under a license to the Government and/or other permission.
-    The use or appearance of United States Marine Corps publications on a non-Federal
Government website does not imply or constitute Marine Corps endorsement of the distribution service.