(Formerly MCRP 3-01B)
Pistol Marksmanship US Marine Corps DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.


                                                                                                                        CD&I (C 116)


                                                                                                                        2 May 2016



## Erratum

# To

## Mcrp 3-01B Pistol Marksmanship

1. Change all instances of MCRP 3-01B, *Pistol Marksmanship*, to MCRP 8-10B.3, Pistol Marksmanship. 2. File this transmittal sheet in the front of this publication.

PCN 144 000138 80

## To Our Readers

Changes:  Readers of this publication are encouraged to submit suggestions and changes that will improve it. Recommendations may be sent directly to Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Doctrine Division (C 42), 3300 Russell Road, Suite 318A, Quantico, VA 22134-5021 or by fax to 703-784-2917 (DSN 278-2917) or by E-mail to morgann@mccdc.usmc.mil. Recommendations should include the following information:

l
Location of change
Publication number and title Current page number Paragraph number (if applicable) Line number Figure or table number (if applicable)
l
Nature of change
Add, delete Proposed new text, preferably double-spaced and typewritten
l
Justification and/or source of change
Additional copies:  A printed copy of this publication may be obtained from Marine Corps Logistics Base, Albany, GA 31704-5001, by following the instructions in MCBul 5600, Marine Corps Doctrinal Publications Status.  An electronic copy may be obtained from the Doctrine Division, MCCDC, world wide web home page which is found at the following universal reference locator:  **http://www.doctrine.usmc.mil**.

Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women are included.

Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20380-1775

## Foreword

Marines must have the versatility, flexibility, and skills to deal with any situation at any level of intensity across the entire range of military operations. Whenever the situation warrants the application of deadly force, a Marine must be able to deliver well-aimed shots to eliminate the threat. A Marine who is proficient in pistol marksmanship handles this challenge without escalating the level of violence or causing unnecessary collateral damage. It is not enough to simply provide Marines with the best available firearms; we must also ensure that their training prepares them to deliver accurate fire against the enemy under the most adverse conditions without hesitancy, fear, or uncertainty of action. A well-trained Marine is confident that he can protect himself, accomplish the mission, and protect his fellow Marines. To be combat ready, a Marine must be skilled in the tactics, techniques, and procedures of pistol marksmanship and diligent in the proper care and maintenance of the M9, 9-mm service pistol.

Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-01B, *Pistol Marksmanship*, is the Marine Corps' source document for pistol marksmanship and provides the doctrinal basis for Marine Corps pistol marksmanship training. This publication provides all Marines armed with a pistol with the tactics, techniques, and procedures for range and field firing the M9, 9-mm service pistol. MCRP 3-01B supersedes the discussion of pistol marksmanship in Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 0-8, *Basic Marksmanship*. Reviewed and approved this date. BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS
EDWARD HANLON, JR.

Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps Commanding General Marine Corps Combat Development Command Publication Control Number: 144 000138 00 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Methods of Engagement. . . . . . . . . 7-7 Applying the Fundamentals of Marksmanship. . . . . . . . . 7-8

## Chapter 8. One-Handed Techniques

Presentation and Shooting  . . . . . . . . 8-1
Adjustment of the Standing Position . . . . . . . . 8-1 Searching and Assessing After Firing  . . . . . . . . 8-2
Reloading . . . . . . . . 8-2
Dry Reload . . . . . . . . 8-2 Condition 1 Reload. . . . . . . . . 8-4
Remedial Action. . . . . . . . . 8-5 Presentation From the Holster With the Weak Hand . . . . . . . . 8-7
Method One: Pistol Rotation  . . . . . . . . 8-7 Method Two: Hand Rotation . . . . . . . . 8-8 Method Three: Knee Placement . . . . . . . . 8-9
Transferring the Pistol From One Hand to the Other . . . . . . . . 8-10

## Chapter 9. Advanced Techniques

Shooting on the Move. . . . . . . . . 9-1
Moving With the Pistol. . . . . . . . . 9-1 Moving: The Glide Technique . . . . . . . . 9-1 Engaging Targets: Using the Pistol Sights . . . . . . . . 9-1 Continuing to Move . . . . . . . . 9-2 Reloading and Stoppages . . . . . . . . 9-2
Turn and Fire  . . . . . . . . 9-2
Engaging Targets 90 Degrees to the Right and Left. . . . . . . . . 9-2
Engaging Targets 180 Degrees to the Rear  . . . . . . . . 9-3

## Chapter 10. Low Light And Darkness Techniques

Combat Mindset . . . . . . . . 10-1 Night Vision Adaptation and Maintenance  . . . . . . . . 10-1
Night Vision Adapation . . . . . . . . 10-1 Night Vision Maintenance . . . . . . . . 10-1
Target Detection Techniques . . . . . . . . 10-1
Off-Center Vision. . . . . . . . . 10-2 Scanning/Figure Eight Scan . . . . . . . . 10-2
Effects of Illumination . . . . . . . . 10-2 Acquiring Targets at Night. . . . . . . . . 10-3 Sight Alignment/Sight Picture . . . . . . . . 10-3 Flashlights. . . . . . . . . 10-3
Types of Flashlights . . . . . . . . 10-3 Activation Devices . . . . . . . . 10-3 Types of Lenses . . . . . . . . 10-3 Target Detection . . . . . . . . 10-4 Target Engagement. . . . . . . . . 10-5

## Chapter 1 The M9 Service Pistol Double-Action Mode

The double-action mode causes the hammer to move to the rear as the trigger is being pulled. See figure 1-2.

The Marine Corps' uses the M9 service pistol as a defensive weapon. It is a semiautomatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated, double-action pistol. The M9 service pistol's magazine holds 15 rounds and is chambered with a 9-mm ball (NATO M882 round). The M9 service pistol has a maximum effective range of 50 meters (54.7 yards).

Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines reverse instructions as necessary.

## Functional Capabilities Nomenclature

When the M9 service pistol's safety lever is moved to the firing position, it can be fired in either a single-action or double-action mode. It is designed to fire one round each time the trigger is pulled. When the last round is fired, the slide automatically locks to the rear.

See figure 1-3 on page 1-2.

## Single-Action Mode Major Components

The M9's major components consist of the slide assembly, barrel assembly, and receiver. See figure 1-4 on page 1-3.

The single-action mode allows the pistol to be fired when the hammer is cocked; single action requires the hammer to be cocked to the rear before the trigger is pulled. The hammer can be manually cocked or mechanically cocked. The hammer is mechanically cocked after the first shot is fired. See figure 1-1.

## Slide Assembly

The slide assembly houses the firing pin, firing pin block, striker, extractor, and loaded chamber indicator, and it cocks the hammer during recoil.

## Extractor

The extractor pulls the brass from the chamber after the round is fired.

## Disassembly Button

The disassembly button permits quick disassembly of the pistol.

## Slide Stop

The slide stop holds the slide to the rear after the last round is fired. It can also be manually operated to lock the slide to the rear or release the slide.

## Magazine Catch Assembly (Magazine Release Button)

The magazine catch assembly secures the magazine in place when loading, and it releases the magazine from the pistol when unloading. The magazine catch assembly is designed for both right- and left-handed Marines.

Note: Reversal of the magazine catch assembly for left-handed Marines can be performed by a qualified armorer.

## Safety Features Loaded Chamber Indicator

The safety features of the M9 service pistol include the decocking/safety lever, firing pin block, and half-cock notch.

## Decocking/Safety Lever

When a round is in the chamber, the upper surface of the loaded chamber indicator protrudes from the right side of the slide. This protrusion can be felt with the finger, verifying that there is a round in the chamber.

## Barrel Assembly

The barrel assembly houses the round for firing, directs the projectile, and locks the barrel in position during firing.

The decocking/safety lever, commonly referred to as the safety, permits safe operation of the pistol by both right- and left-handed Marines. As the safety is moved to the safe (down) position, the firing pin striker moves out of alignment with the firing pin. This movement prevents the pistol from firing as the hammer moves forward.

## Receiver

Note: In the fire (up) position, a red dot is visible, indicating that the pistol is ready to fire.

## Firing Pin Block

The firing pin block rests in the firing pin notch and prevents movement of the firing pin until the trigger is pulled. As the trigger is pulled, the firing The receiver supports the major components, controls the functioning of the pistol, and holds the magazine in place. The front and back straps of the grip are grooved vertically to ensure that the hand does not slip while firing. The receiver consists of the disassembly button, slide stop, and magazine catch assembly.

pin block moves up and out of the firing pin notch. This movement allows a round to be fired when the hammer strikes the firing pin.

## Half-Cock Notch

The half-cock notch stops the forward movement of the hammer during a mechanical failure.

## Cycle Of Operation

There are eight steps in the cycle of operation for the M9 service pistol.

## Firing

Once the safety is off and the trigger is pulled to the rear, the hammer falls on the firing pin, which strikes the primer and ignites the round. See figure 1-5.

## Unlocking

As the slide assembly moves to the rear, the locking block rotates out of the notches in the slide. See figure 1-6.

## Extracting

As the slide moves rearward, the extractor withdraws the cartridge case out of the chamber. See figure 1-7.

## Ejecting

As the face of the slide passes over the ejector, the case strikes the ejector and it is knocked upward and outward through the ejection port. See figure 1-8.

## Cocking

As the slide moves rearward, the hammer is pushed back, allowing the sear to engage the hammer hooks, cock the hammer to the rear, and place the pistol in the single-action mode. See figure 1-9.

## Feeding

The slide starts forward, pushed by the recoil spring. The face of the slide makes contact with the cartridge at the top of the magazine, stripping it from the magazine and pushing it toward the chamber. See figure 1-10.

## Chambering

As the slide continues forward, it pushes the cartridge into the chamber. See figure 1-11.

## Locking

As the slide assembly continues to move forward, the locking block lugs move into the locking block recesses on the right and left sides of the slide. See figure 1-12 on page 1-6.

## Ammunition

The only ammunition authorized for the M9 service pistol is the NATO M882 9-mm ball. Dummy ammunition can be used during training (a dummy round has a hole drilled in its side and contains no primer). See figure 1-13. Do not open ammunition containers until the ammunition is to be used. Ammunition must be maintained in a high state of readiness. To care for ammunition

 Keep ammunition dry and clean. If ammunition gets wet or dirty, wipe it off with a clean
dry cloth.
 Wipe off light corrosion as soon as it is discovered. Never use ammunition that is heavily corroded, dented, or has the projectile pushed in.
 Do not expose ammunition to direct sunlight
for long periods of time.
  Do not oil or grease ammunition. Dust or other
abrasives can collect on greasy ammunition and may cause damage to the operating parts of the pistol. Oiled cartridges also produce excessive chamber pressure.

## Wearing Of The M9 Service Pistol's Gear

The proper placement of pistol gear helps ensure safety and aids the Marine in effectively handling and employing the pistol.

## M12 Holster

The M12 holster consists of the holster, removable holster flap, and metal retaining clip. To check for proper placement of the holster, allow the right arm to hang freely. The holster should be slightly in front of the arm to permit easy access to the pistol upon presentation from the holster. See figure 1-14.

Note: In most cases, the holster is issued with the holster flap installed for a righthanded Marine. To convert the holster for a left-handed Marine, remove the metal retaining clip and install the clip on the opposite side of the holster.

## M1 Ammunition Pocket

The ammunition pocket attaches to the cartridge belt on the side opposite the holster in a position that best permits ready access for reloads. The magazine is stored in the ammunition pocket with the rounds down and pointed inboard.

## M7 Shoulder Holster

The M7 shoulder holster consists of a holster with a thumb snap closure, shoulder strap, chest strap, and a belt retaining loop. The holster is positioned on the left side of the chest to provide easy and quick access with the right hand. See figure 1-15. The M7 holster comes fully assembled and has adjustable straps to accommodate each Marine's body size. The holster is available for right-handed Marines only, therefore, a left-handed Marine has to withdraw the pistol from the holster with the right hand and then transfer the pistol to the left hand before firing. (See chap. 8 for transferring the pistol from one hand to the other.) When the shoulder holster is worn properly

 The shoulder strap lays flat across the left
shoulder with the shoulder pad directly on top of the shoulder.
 The chest strap attaches to the D-ring at the top
of the holster and runs diagonally across the chest, underneath the right arm, and around the back where it attaches to the end of the shoulder strap.
 The belt retaining loop is at the bottom of the
holster and attaches to the belt to stabilize the holster's position.
  The ammunition pocket attaches to the chest
strap directly underneath the right arm.

## Assault Holster

Some Marines (i.e., Marine security force, direct action platoon, and military police) are required to carry the assault holster. This holster has a retention strap that fastens over the top of the holster to retain the pistol. This type of holster generally has a thumb break on the retention strap that is disengaged to access the pistol. See figure 1-16.

## Concealed Pistol Holster

Some Marines are required to carry a concealed pistol as part of their official duties. The primary consideration for placement of a concealed pistol holster is to ensure the pistol cannot be seen; therefore, the Marine must consider the type of clothing to be worn. A secondary consideration is to place the holster so the pistol can be presented easily. Typically, the best position for a concealed holster is just behind the strong side hip. This position best conceals the pistol while allowing it to be presented quickly. Another placement choice is in a shoulder holster, placing the pistol just under the weak side arm. See figures 1-17 through 1-20 on pages 1-8 and 1-9.

## Lanyard

The lanyard aids in pistol retention. It is issued in three sizes and is adjustable. The lanyard consists of a fabric cord, two cylindrical slip rings, and a metal clip that attaches the lanyard to the pistol's lanyard loop. See figure 1-21. To don the lanyard

 Adjust the slip rings so they are positioned
flush with the lanyard's base (clip end).
 Place the right arm through the loop and place
the loop over the head, resting on the left shoulder.
 Attach metal clip to the pistol's lanyard loop.  Place the pistol in the holster.  Use the left hand to hold the bottom slip ring
against the base of the lanyard. Use the right hand to slide the top slip ring upward to position the loop of the lanyard under the arm. The
lanyard should fit snugly against the body, but not restrict the Marine's movements.
 Tuck any excess cord behind the holster.
  Ensure that the lanyard is adjusted properly by
removing the pistol from the holster and fully extending the right arm. The lanyard should be taut. Adjust as necessary.
Note: Re-adjust the lanyard if any equipment changes are made (e.g., flak jacket).

## Firing The M9 Service Pistol While Wearing Gloves

Not all combat engagements occur during ideal weather conditions. During cold weather, the Marine may find it necessary to wear gloves to protect the fingers from frostbite and help prevent stiffening of the hands. Gloves may also be worn in mission-oriented protective posture conditions. Gloves provide protection to the hands, however, they also may interfere with the Marine's ability to engage targets effectively. The added bulk of the gloves may affect the Marine's ability to manipulate the safety, magazine release button, magazine, hammer, and slide stop/release. For example, the Marine may need to exert more pressure to engage the magazine release or slide release buttons to compensate for the thickness of the gloves. The principles of target engagement (see chap. 7) do not change while wearing gloves, however, the specific ability to manipulate and control the trigger is greatly affected by the thickness of the gloves around the fingers. Wearing gloves reduce the Marine's ability to feel, which makes it difficult to apply trigger control when firing. The Marine may find that more pressure than normal must be applied with the trigger finger just to establish initial contact with the trigger. Once the Marine can "feel" the trigger through the gloves, then the pressure required to fire a shot can be applied. This action may increase the chances of firing the pistol prematurely due to excessive pressure on the trigger. Dry firing while wearing gloves allows the Marine to learn how to apply trigger control consistently and determines how much pressure is needed to effectively fire a shot.

While wearing gloves, the Marine may find it difficult to fire the pistol in the double-action mode due to the position of the trigger and the limited amount of space between the trigger and the trigger guard. Therefore, if the situation permits, the Marine may wish to thumbcock the pistol to fire in single-action mode. In single-action mode, there is more space between the trigger guard and the trigger, making it easier to position the finger on the trigger. However, the Marine's ability to thumbcock the pistol may also be hindered by the gloves' bulk. Therefore, to thumbcock the pistol while wearing gloves, the Marine may perform one of the following methods:

 For method one, loop a section of 550 cord
(approximately 2 inches) through the loop located on the top rear portion of the hammer.
The length of the cord should not interfere with
the pistol's cycle of operation or with the Marine's ability to establish sight alignment.
Once the cord is attached to the hammer, take the pistol off safe and pull downward on the cord to cock the hammer. See figure 1-22.
  For method two, take the pistol off safe, rotate
the pistol inboard, and place the top of the hammer against a secure surface (e.g., cartridge
belt, table top, heel of boot). Apply pressure on the pistol to keep the hammer in place and push
downward on the pistol in one continuous motion to cock the hammer. See figure 1-23.

## Preventive Maintenance

If the M9 service pistol is to be effective, it must be maintained in a state of operational readiness at all times; therefore, maintenance of the M9 service pistol is a continuous effort. A clean, properly lubricated, well-maintained pistol will fire when needed.

## Pistol Disassembly

Before disassembling the M9 service pistol, ensure that the pistol is in Condition 4. The pistol is in Condition 4 when the magazine is removed, the chamber is empty, the slide is forward, and the safety is on. To disassemble the pistol, perform the following steps in sequence:

  Hold the pistol in the right hand with the muzzle slightly elevated. Reach over the slide with the left hand and place the left index finger on the disassembly button and the left thumb on the disassembly lever. Press the disassembly
button and hold it in place while rotating the disassembly lever downward until it stops. Note: A left-handed Marine places the right thumb on the disassembly button and the right index finger on the disassembly lever.

 Pull the slide and barrel assembly forward and
remove it while wrapping the fingers around
the slide to hold the recoil spring and recoil
spring guide in place.
  Turn the slide assembly over in the left hand
until the recoil spring and recoil spring guide
face up. Place the right thumb on the end of the
recoil spring guide next to the locking block and compress the recoil spring and spring guide while lifting and removing them from the slide and barrel assembly. See figure 1-24. Allow the recoil spring to decompress slowly.
 Separate the recoil spring from the recoil
spring guide.
  Push in on the locking block plunger with the
right index finger while pushing the barrel forward slightly. Lift and remove the locking block and barrel assembly from the slide.
A Marine is not authorized to disassemble the pistol any further than the preceding steps. Any further disassembly must be performed by ordnance personnel. See figure 1-25.

## Disassembly Of The Magazine

To disassembly the magazine, perform the following steps:

 Grip the magazine firmly in the left hand with
the floorplate up and the thumb resting against the flat end of the floorplate.
 Release the floorplate by pushing down (with a
blunt object; e.g., an ink pen) on the floorplate retainer stud in the center of the floorplate. At the same time, slide the floorplate a short distance forward with the thumb.
 Maintain the magazine spring pressure with the
thumb and remove the floorplate from the magazine.
  Remove the floorplate retainer and magazine
spring and follower from the magazine tube.
See figure 1-26.

## Cleaning And Lubricating The Pistol

Only authorized cleaning materials should be used to clean and lubricate the pistol. If these items are not issued with the pistol, they may be obtained from the armory. The following procedures are used to clean and lubricate the pistol

## Slide Assembly

 Clean the slide assembly with a cloth. A general purpose brush and cleaning lubricant protectant (CLP) can also assist in the removal of excess dirt and carbon buildup.
 Ensure the safety, bolt face, slide guides, and
extractor are free of dirt and residue.

## Inspection Of The Pistol

 Wipe dry with a cloth and apply a light coat of
CLP.
Barrel Assembly
Once the pistol has been disassembled, it must be thoroughly inspected to ensure it is in a serviceable condition. Pistol inspection is continuous during the pistol's cleaning and reassembly:

## Slide Assembly

  Insert a bore brush with CLP into the chamber
end of the barrel, ensuring that it completely clears the muzzle before it is pulled back through the bore.
 Check for free movement of the safety. Ensure
the rear sight is secure.
Barrel Assembly
Caution Insert the bore brush through the chamber to prevent damage to the crown of the barrel.

 Inspect the bore and chamber for pitting or
obstructions.
 Check the locking block plunger for free
movement of the locking block.
 Repeat several times to loosen carbon deposits.  Dry the barrel by pushing a swab through the
bore.
 Inspect the locking lugs for cracks and burrs. Recoil Spring and Recoil Spring Guide
 Repeat until a clean swab can be observed.
 Check the recoil spring for damage.  Check that it is not bent.
 Clean the locking block with a general purpose
brush.
 Check the recoil spring guide for straightness
and smoothness.
 Check to be sure it is free of cracks and burrs. Receiver Assembly  Check for bends, chips, and cracks.
 Use the barrel brush to apply a light coat of
CLP to the bore and chamber area and lubricate the exterior surfaces of the barrel and locking block.
Recoil Spring and Recoil Spring Guide
 Check for free movement of the slide stop and
magazine catch assembly.
 Clean the recoil spring and recoil spring guide
using CLP and a general purpose brush or cloth.
 Check the guide rails for excessive wear, burrs,
cracks, or chips.
Magazine Assembly
 Apply a light coat of CLP after wiping the
recoil spring and recoil spring guide clean.
Receiver
 Check the spring and follower for damage.
 Wipe the receiver assembly clean with a cloth.
  Ensure the lips of the magazine are not excessively bent and are free of cracks and burrs. The magazine tube should not be bent or dirty.
 Use a general purpose brush for areas that are
hard to reach, paying special attention to the
disassembly lever, trigger, slide stop, hammer, and magazine release button.

  Apply a light coat of CLP.
around the slide assembly to hold the recoil spring and guide in place. Align the slide assembly guide rails onto the receiver assembly guide rails.

Caution Do not allow the hammer to fall with full force by pulling the trigger when the slide is removed. This can damage the receiver and hammer.

  Push the slide rearward while pushing up on the
slide stop with the thumb. Lock the slide to the rear while maintaining upward pressure on the slide stop. Rotate the disassembly lever upward. Listen for a click, an audible click indicates a positive lock.

## Magazine Pistol Magazine Re-Assembly

 Clean the magazine tube and follower with
CLP and a general purpose brush.
To re-assemble the magazine

 Wipe the magazine spring, floorplate retainer,
and floorplate clean with a cloth.
  Apply a light coat of CLP.

## Pistol Re-Assembly

 Grip the magazine firmly in the left hand with
the floorplate end up and the counting holes facing the Marine. Insert the follower into the magazine so the flat end of the follower is against the flat end of the magazine.
 Ensure the floorplate retainer is attached to the
first curve of the bottom coil.
After the M9 service pistol has been cleaned and lubricated, it must be properly re-assembled to ensure its serviceability. To re-assemble the M9
service pistol

 Hold the spring upright with the right hand and
insert the spring into the magazine tube so that the flat end of the floorplate retainer is against the flat end of the magazine.
 Use the left hand to grasp the slide with the
bottom facing up and the muzzle pointing toward the body. Use the right hand to grasp the barrel assembly with the locking block facing up. Use the index finger to push in the locking block plunger while placing the thumb
on the base of the locking block.
  Push the magazine spring and floorplate
retainer down with the right hand and hold it in place with the thumb of the left hand. Use the right hand to slide the floorplate over the side walls of the magazine until fully seated, which is indicated by an audible click.

## Safety/Function Check

 Insert the muzzle of the barrel assembly into
the forward open end of the slide. At the same time, lower the rear of the barrel assembly by
slightly moving the barrel downward. The locking block should fall into the notches of
the slide assembly.
 Slip the recoil spring guide into the recoil
spring.
A safety/function check is performed after reassembling the M9 service pistol. Perform the following steps to ensure the pistol is operational:

 Ensure there is no ammunition in the chamber
of the pistol.
 Insert the end of the recoil spring and recoil
spring guide into the slide recoil spring housing. At the same time, compress the recoil spring and lower the spring guide until it is fully seated onto the locking block cutaway.
 Ensure that the safety is in the safe position,
then depress the slide stop, allowing the slide to return fully forward. At the same time, the hammer should fall to the full forward position.
 Use the left hand to grasp the slide and barrel
assembly, sights up, and wrap the fingers
 Ensure the magazine falls out freely when the
magazine release button is depressed.
 Pull and release the trigger. The firing pin
block should move up and down but the hammer should not move.
 Repeat the preceding four steps with the second magazine.
 Place the safety in the fire position.  Pull the trigger to check the double action. The
hammer should cock and fall.
 Ensure the slide is locked to the rear before
lubricating the spring guide, the top of the barrel just forward of the front sight, and the guide rails of the slide assembly behind the safety. With the muzzle pointed downward, work the slide several times and release.
 Inspect the pistol's external parts visually to
ensure that there are no cracks or excessive wear.
 Pull the trigger again and hold it to the rear.
Use the fingers and thumb of the left hand to
grasp the serrated sides of the slide just forward of the safety. Pull the slide to its rearmost position and release it while holding the trigger to the rear. Release the trigger, a click should be heard and the hammer should not fall.
  Perform a safety/function check of the pistol.
  Pull the trigger to check the single action. The
hammer should fall. Place the safety in the safe position.

## Pistol Maintenance In Adverse Conditions

If the safety/function check does not indicate an operational pistol, the Marine takes the pistol to organizational maintenance or the next authorized repair level.

Combat situations can place Marines in a variety of adverse conditions. Therefore, the M9 service pistol must be maintained properly to ensure its continued operation.

## User Serviceability Inspection Extreme Cold

In extreme cold conditions, ensure that the following maintenance is performed:

 Clean and lubricate the pistol inside at room
temperature, if possible.
 Apply a light coat of lubricant, arctic weather
(LAW) to all functional parts.
 Always keep the pistol dry.
The Marine is responsible for performing a user serviceability inspection on the pistol prior to live fire. The user serviceability inspection ensures the pistol is in an acceptable operating condition. This inspection is not intended to replace the detailed pistol components inspection following disassembly or the limited technical inspection or pre-fire inspection conducted by a qualified armorer. To conduct a user serviceability inspection on the pistol, perform the following steps:

 Keep the pistol covered when moving from a
warm to a cold area. This permit gradual cooling of the pistol and prevents freezing.
 Ensure that a hot pistol is not placed in snow or
on ice.
 Ensure the magazine release button is on the
left side of the pistol for a right-handed Marine, the right side of the pistol for a left-handed Marine.
  Keep snow out of the bore of the barrel. If snow
should enter the bore, use a swab and cleaning rod to clean the bore before firing.
 Ensure the magazine seats into the magazine
well when it is inserted and that it cannot be
pulled out.

## Hot, Wet Climates

 Ensure the slide stays locked to the rear when
the slide is pulled rearward with an empty magazine in the pistol.
Maintenance in hot, wet climates must be performed more frequently:

 Inspect hidden surfaces for corrosion. If corrosion is found, clean and lubricate.
from exposed surfaces. Do not lubricate internal components of the magazine.

## Heavy Rain And Fording Operations

 Remove handprints with a clean cloth in order
to prevent corrosion.
 Dry the pistol with a cloth and lubricate it with
CLP.
The following maintenance procedures are followed during periods of heavy rains or during fording operations:

 Always attempt to keep the pistol dry.
  Check ammunition and magazines frequently
for corrosion. Disassemble and clean the magazines with CLP and wipe dry with a clean cloth.
If necessary, clean ammunition with a dry cloth.
 Drain any water from the barrel prior to firing.  Dry the bore with a swab and cleaning rod.

## Hot, Dry Climates

  Generously lubricate internal and external surfaces of the pistol with CLP.

## Amphibious Conditions

In a hot, dry climate, dust and sand can cause stoppages and excessive wear on component contact surfaces during firing; therefore, keep the pistol covered whenever possible. Corrosion is less likely to form on metal parts in a dry climate. Therefore, lightly lubricate internal working surfaces with CLP. Do not lubricate external parts of the pistol. Wipe excess lubricant If the pistol comes into contact with salt water, clean the pistol as soon as possible. If time does not permit cleaning in accordance with Technical Manual (TM) 1005A-10/1, Operator's Manual, Pistol Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9, then wash the pistol with fresh water

## Chapter 2 Weapons Handling

Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines should reverse directions as needed.

## Safety Rules

Weapons handling is a method of providing consistent and standardized procedures for handling, operating, and employing the M9 service pistol. Understanding and applying the principles of weapons handling are critical to developing safe and consistent weapons skills. Strict adherence to training and diligent practice will make weapons handling instinctive. Mission accomplishment and survival during combat depend on a Marine's ability to react instinctively and with confidence.

The following safety rules are the foundation for responsible weapons handling. They must be observed at all times, both in training and combat.

## Safety Rules

Rule 1: Treat every weapon as if it were loaded.

This rule is intended to prevent unintentional injury to personnel or damage to property from handling or transferring possession of a weapon.

Rule 2: Never point a weapon at anything you do not intend to shoot.

This rule enforces the importance of muzzle awareness and reinforces positive identification of the target.

Rule 3: Keep your finger straight and off the trigger until you are ready to fire.

This rule is intended to minimize the risk of firing the weapon negligently (when not firing, the trigger finger is straight along the receiver, outside of the trigger guard). This rule also reinforces positive identification of the target.

Rule 4: Keep weapon on safe until you intend to fire.

This rule enforces the use of the weapon's own safety feature and reinforces positive identification of the target.

## Weapons Conditions

The M9 service pistol's level of readiness is defined by three specific conditions. The steps in the loading and unloading process take the pistol through the specific conditions that indicate the pistol's readiness for live fire. The Marine must understand and know the condition of his pistol at all times.

Condition 1. Magazine inserted, round in chamber, slide forward, and safety on. Condition 2. Not applicable to the M9 service pistol. Condition 3. Magazine inserted, chamber empty, slide forward, and safety on. Condition 4. Magazine removed, chamber empty, slide forward, and safety on.

## Determining A Weapon's Condition

There are two methods for determining the pistol's condition: checking the round indicator on the right side of the pistol and conducting a chamber check.

## Checking The Round Indicator

When there is a round in the chamber, the upper surface of the extractor protrudes from the right side of the slide. The protrusion can be felt by sliding either the thumb or the index finger of the left hand over the top of the slide and across the extractor. See figure 2-1.

## Conducting A Chamber Check

To conduct a chamber check

 Point the pistol in a safe direction and grasp the
pistol grip with the right hand.
  Place the trigger guard in the palm of the left
hand. Use the thumb and index finger to grasp the forward end of the slide at the indentations under the front sight, behind the muzzle. See figure 2-2.
Caution Ensure the muzzle does not cover the hand or fingers.

 Keep thumb in place around the pistol's backstrap and rotate fingers of the right hand over the top of the slide in front of the rear sight.
 Pull the slide to the rear by pushing forward
with the right thumb and pulling back on the rear sight with the fingers. Use the left hand to
steady the pistol and to assist in pulling the slide to the rear.
  Use the right hand to hold the slide to the rear
(just enough to visually inspect the chamber for a round). Physically check for a round by
inserting a finger of the right hand into the chamber area. See figure 2-3.
Note: At night or in low light conditions, the Marine's visibility is reduced; therefore, the Marine will have to rely on the physical check with the finger to determine if a round is in the chamber.

Caution Pulling the slide too far to the rear while inspecting the chamber may cause a double feed or the ejection of a round.

  Remove the finger from the chamber and
release tension on both hands to allow the slide to go forward. Ensure that the slide is all the way forward.

## Weapons Commands

Weapons commands direct the Marine to safely load, unload, and employ the M9 service pistol. Six commands are used in weapons handling:

"*Load*" This command is used to take a weapon from Condition 4 to Condition 3.
"*Make Ready*"
This command is used to take a weapon from Condition 3 to Condition 1.
"*Fire*"
This command is used to engage targets.
"*Cease Fire*"
This command is used to cease target engagement.
"*Unload*"
This command is used to take a weapon from any condition to Condition 4. "*Unload, Show Clear*" This command is used to require a second individual to check the weapon to verify that no ammunition is present before the weapon is put into Condition 4.

## Loading The Pistol

Perform the following steps to load the pistol (take the pistol from Condition 4 to Condition 3):

 Ensure the pistol is on safe.  Use the right hand to grip the pistol grip
firmly. Ensure that the pistol is pointed in a safe direction, bring the trigger guard to the right of eye level and cant the pistol so the magazine well faces inboard at approximately a 45-degree angle to the deck. Draw the right elbow in to facilitate control of the pistol.
 Use the left hand to remove a filled magazine
from the ammunition pocket. Index the magazine by sliding the index finger along the forward edge of the magazine. See figure 2-4.
  Insert the filled magazine into the magazine
well by guiding it with the index finger and, with the fingers extended, pushing it in with the heel of the hand until it is fully seated. Do not relinquish contact with the magazine until it is fully seated. See figure 2-5.

## Making The Pistol Ready

Perform the following steps to take the pistol from Condition 3 to Condition 1:

 Firmly grip the pistol grip with the right hand.
Ensure that the pistol is pointed in a safe direction and the slide is in its forward position.
  Rotate the magazine well outboard to facilitate
pulling the slide to the rear. With the fingers
and thumb of the left hand, grasp the serrated sides of the slide just forward of the safety. See figure 2-6.
Caution Ensure the muzzle does not cover the hand or fingers.

 Pull the slide to its rearmost position by pushing forward with the right hand while pulling back on the slide with the left hand.
 Release the slide, this strips a round from the
magazine and chambers it as the slide moves forward.
 Ensure the pistol remains on safe.   Conduct a chamber check to ensure a round is
in the chamber.
Note: A chamber check may be conducted at any time to check the pistol's condition.

## Fire

Perform the following steps to fire the pistol:

 Keep trigger finger straight and use the right
thumb to take the pistol off safe.
  Place the trigger finger on the trigger and apply
pressure to the trigger until the shot is fired.

## Cease Fire

Perform the following steps to execute a cease fire of the pistol:

 Remove the finger from the trigger and place it
straight along the receiver.
 Place the pistol on safe without breaking the
grip of the right hand.
  Assume a carry or transport position.

## Unloading The Pistol

Perform the following steps to take the pistol from any condition to Condition 4:

 Use the right hand to grip the pistol firmly.
Ensure that the pistol is on safe.
  Rotate the pistol so the magazine well is
pointed inboard and angled down.
Note: The angle of the magazine well must allow the magazine to fall freely from the well once the magazine release button is engaged.

 Depress the magazine release button to remove
the magazine from the pistol. Catch the magazine with the left hand and retain it.
  Push upward on the slide stop with the right
thumb and maintain pressure. Rotate the weapon so the chamber is outboard.
Note: A left-handed Marine pushes upward on the slide stop with the left index finger.

 Reach over the top of the pistol with the left
hand and grasp the slide serrations with the thumb and index finger. The left hand should partially cover the ejection port so it is positioned to catch an ejected round.
  Point the pistol in a safe direction and fully
retract the slide and lock it to the rear. At the
same time, catch the ejected round with the left
hand. See figure 2-7.  Rotate the pistol so the inside of the chamber
can be seen. Visually inspect the chamber to ensure it is empty.
  Push upward on the slide stop with the right
thumb and maintain pressure. Rotate the weapon so the chamber is outboard.
  Press the slide stop to release the slide and
observe it going forward on an empty chamber.
Note: A left-handed Marine pushes upward on the slide stop with the left index finger.

## Unloading And Showing The Pistol Clear

 Reach over the top of the pistol with the left
hand and grasp the slide serrations with the thumb and index finger. The left hand should partially cover the ejection port so it is positioned to catch an ejected round.
Perform the following steps to take the pistol from any condition to Condition 4. See figure 2-8.

 Point the pistol in a safe direction and fully
retract slide and lock it to the rear. At the same time, catch the ejected round with the left hand.
 Rotate the pistol so the inside of the chamber
can be seen. Visually inspect the chamber to ensure it is empty.
 Bring the pistol to the administrative transport
and have another Marine visually inspect the chamber to ensure that  The chamber is empty, no ammunition is
present, and the magazine is removed.
 The pistol is on safe.
 Acknowledge that the pistol is clear.   Press the slide stop to release the slide and
observe it going forward on an empty chamber.

## Emptying The Magazine

Once the pistol is unloaded, the pistol magazine can be emptied of ammunition. To empty the magazine, perform the following steps:

 Hold the magazine upright with the back of the
magazine tube against the palm of the hand.
 Use the right hand to grip the pistol firmly.
Ensure that the pistol is on safe.
 Push the top round forward with the thumb and
catch it with the other hand as it is removed.
  Rotate the pistol so the magazine well is
pointed inboard and angled down.
  Repeat until the magazine is empty.
Note: The angle of the magazine well must allow the magazine to fall freely from the well once the magazine release button is engaged.

## Filling The Magazine

 Depress the magazine release button to remove
the magazine from the pistol. Catch the magazine with the left hand and retain it.
Prior to loading the pistol, the pistol magazine must be filled with the prescribed number of rounds of ammunition. See figure 2-9. To fill the magazine, perform the following steps:

 Hold the magazine with the back of the magazine against the palm of the hand and the follower up.
 Use the other hand to place a round (primer
end first) on the follower in front of the magazine lips.
  Press down on the round and slide the round
completely back under the lips. The thumb or
finger may push down on the back of the round to assist movement. The base of the round should be flush with the back of the magazine.

Repeat this procedure until the magazine is filled with the appropriate number of rounds. Holes on the back of the magazine allow the visual counting of rounds in five-round increments.

## Reloading The Pistol

The Marine's ability to reload the pistol quickly improves his chance for success on the battlefield.

## Dry Reload

A dry reload is conducted when the pistol runs out of ammunition during engagement and the slide locks to the rear. See figure 2-10. Perform the following steps to conduct a dry reload with the slide locked to the rear:
Note: The pistol is not placed on safe during a dry reload; the trigger finger is taken out of the trigger guard and placed straight along the side of the receiver.

 Seek cover, if the situation permits.
 Retain the firing grip with the right hand and
pull the pistol in close to the body to facilitate
control. Bring the trigger guard to the right of eye level and cant the pistol so the magazine well is facing inboard at approximately a 45- degree angle to the deck. See figure 2-11.
  Press the magazine release button and let the
empty magazine fall to the deck. At the same
time, unfasten the ammunition pocket to withdraw a filled magazine. See figure 2-12.
Note: The primary objective during a dry reload is to get the pistol back in action as quickly as possible. Following engagement, retrieve the magazine before moving.

 Grasp the magazine by curling the middle finger and thumb of the left hand around the base of the magazine, with the index finger straight along the ammunition pocket. See figure 2-13.
 Bring the eyes back on target at the same time
as the heel of the left hand seats the magazine, do not relinquish contact with the magazine. See figure 2-16.
 Index the magazine: as the magazine is being
withdrawn from the pocket, the index finger should be along the front of the magazine. See figure 2-14.
 Rotate the hand up so the magazine is aligned
with the magazine well.
 Glance quickly at the magazine well, insert the
magazine into the magazine well (see fig. 2-15).
 Roll both hands inward to establish a twohanded grip and press the slide release with the left thumb to allow the slide to move forward, chambering the first round, and present the pistol to the target. See figure 2-17.
Note: A left-handed Marine presses the slide release with his trigger finger.

## Condition 1 Reload

In a Condition 1 reload, a partially-filled magazine is removed from the pistol and replaced with a fully filled magazine. A Condition 1 reload is performed when there is a lull in the action or whenever deemed necessary by the Marine. To perform a Condition 1 reload

 Retain the firing grip with the right hand and
pull the pistol in close to the body to facilitate
control. Keep the pistol pointed in the direction of the likely threat. See figure 2-18.
 Withdraw a filled magazine from the ammunition pocket with the left hand. Index the magazine and bring it up to the left of eye level. See figure 2-19.
 Slide the index finger to the side of the magazine to grasp the magazine between the index
and middle fingers. See figure 2-20.
  Raise the pistol and bring the trigger guard to
the right of eye level and cant the pistol so that the magazine well is facing inboard at approximately a 45-degree angle to the deck.
Note: The angle of the magazine well must allow the magazine to fall freely from the well once the magazine release button is engaged.

 Press the magazine release button with the
right thumb to eject the partially-filled magazine from the magazine well. Grasp the magazine between the index finger and thumb. See figure 2-21.
 Insert the filled magazine into the magazine
well (see fig. 2-22). Use the heel of the hand to ensure it is fully seated (see fig. 2-23).
  Lower the pistol and point it in the direction of
the likely threat.
If time permits, examine the partially-filled magazine to determine the number of rounds remaining. Stow the partially-filled magazine in the ammunition pocket for later use.

## Reloading Considerations

If possible, take cover before reloading. Always reload before leaving cover to take advantage of the protection.

 Engages safety while firing.  Engages magazine release button while firing.
When reloading, the first priority is to reload the pistol quickly so that it is ready to fire. During a reload, the Marine focuses on reloading only not on the enemy.

 Engages slide stop while firing (particularly
prevalent when firing with an Isosceles grip).
 Fails to reset the trigger.   Fails to recognize the pistol has run dry and the
slide has locked to the rear.

## Malfunction

The next priority is for the Marine to retain the magazine during the reload. However, the combat situation may dictate dropping the magazine to the deck when performing a reload (i.e., dry reload). If time permits (i.e., Condition 1 reload), the Marine picks the magazine up or secures the magazine (e.g., ammunition pocket, flak jacket) before moving to another location.

## Remedial Action

A malfunction is a failure of the pistol to fire satisfactorily or to perform as designed (e.g., a broken front sight that does not affect the functioning of the pistol). A malfunction does not necessarily cause an interruption in the cycle of operation. When a malfunction occurs, the pistol must be repaired by an armorer.

## Remedial Action

The M9 service pistol is an effective and extremely reliable weapon. Proper care and preventive maintenance usually ensures the pistol's serviceability. However, stoppages, while infrequent, do occur. To keep the pistol in action, stoppages must be cleared as quickly as possible through remedial action. A malfunction cannot be corrected through remedial action by the Marine.

## Stoppage

There is no one set of procedures (i.e., immediate action) that can be performed to clear all or even most of the stoppages that can occur with the M9 service pistol. Therefore, remedial action requires investigating the cause of the stoppage, clearing the stoppage, and returning the pistol to operation. When performing remedial action, the Marine should seek cover if the tactical situation permits. Once a pistol ceases to fire, the Marine must visually or physically observe the pistol to identify the problem before it can be cleared:
Note: The steps taken to clear the pistol are based on what is observed.

A stoppage is an unintentional interruption in the cycle of operation; e.g., the slide not moving forward completely. A stoppage is normally discovered when the pistol will not fire. Most stoppages can be prevented by proper care, cleaning, and lubrication of the pistol.

 Remove the finger from the trigger and place it
straight along the receiver.
 Bring the pistol in close to the body and in a
position to observe the chamber.
Many stoppages of the M9 service pistol are caused by shooter error. The Marine must be aware of shooter-induced stoppages in order to avoid them or to quickly identify and correct the stoppage and return the pistol to action. In a shooter-induced stoppage, the Marine

  Pull the slide to the rear while observing the
chamber area to identify the stoppage. See figure 2-24 on page 2-14.
 Fails to make ready.  Fails to take the pistol off safe prior to firing.
Note: Ensure the pistol does not move to safe when pulling the slide to the rear.

 Correct the stoppage:
 If there is a round in the magazine but not in
the chamber (see fig. 2-25), the slide is released and a round is observed being chambered.
 If a round being chambered is not observed,
the bottom of the magazine is tapped to seat
it properly, and the slide is racked to the rear.
See figure 2-26.
 If there is no round in the magazine or chamber, a reload is conducted. See figure 2-27.
  Fire the pistol.

## Audible Pop Or Reduced Recoil

  WARNING
When an audible pop or reduced recoil is experienced, the Marine DOES NOT perform remedial action unless he is in a combat environment. An audible pop occurs when only a portion of the propellant is ignited. It is normally identifiable by reduced recoil and the pistol will not cycle. Sometimes, it is accompanied by excessive smoke escaping from the chamber area.

## Training Environment

and the Ready. The carries permit quick engagement when necessary.

## Alert

If an audible pop or reduced recoil is experienced during firing, cease fire immediately. Do not apply remedial action; instead, perform the following steps:
The Alert is used when enemy contact is likely (probable). See figure 2-28. The Marine performs the following steps to assume the Alert:

 Remove the finger from the trigger and place it
straight along the receiver.
 Point the pistol down range.  Place the pistol on safe.   Raise a hand to receive assistance from available range personnel.

## Combat Environment

The tactical situation may dictate correction of an audible pop or reduced recoil. To clear the pistol, perform the following steps:

 Remove the finger from the trigger and place it
straight along the receiver.
 Seek cover if the tactical situation permits.  Unload the pistol, but leave the slide locked to
the rear.
 Insert something into the bore and clear the
obstruction.
 Observe the barrel for cracks or bulges.   Reload the pistol.

## Weapons Carries

 Ensure the pistol is on safe.  Grasp the pistol grip firmly with two hands.
The trigger finger is straight and the right thumb is on the safety and in a position to
As the threat level increases, so should the Marine's readiness for engagement. Weapons carries are designed to place the Marine in a state of increased readiness as the threat level increases. There are two carries with the pistol: the Alert

## Weapons Transports

 Extend the arms down at approximately a 45-
degree angle to the body or bend the elbows. See figure 2-29.
The M9 service pistol is transported in either the holster transport or the administrative transport.

  The muzzle of the pistol is pointed in the likely
direction of the threat.

## Holster Transport Ready

The Ready is used when there is no target, but contact with the enemy is imminent. The Marine performs the following steps to assume the Ready (see fig. 2-30):

 Ensure the pistol is on safe.
The holster transport is the most common method of carrying the pistol because it can be transported safely in the holster. This transport is used when there is no immediate threat (enemy contact is remote). See figure 2-31. To transport the pistol in the holster:

  Point the pistol in a safe direction.
 Grasp the pistol firmly with two hands. The
trigger finger is straight and the right thumb is on the safety and in a position to operate it.
 Extend arms and raise the pistol to just below
eye level so a clear field of view is maintained.

              WARNING
Ensure the pistol is pointed in a safe direction
at all times and does not cover any part of the
body while holstering.

  Point the muzzle of the pistol in the direction of
enemy contact.  Ensure that the safety is on, the slide is forward, and the trigger finger is straight.
 Ensure the pistol is on safe, the magazine is
removed, the slide is locked to the rear, and the trigger finger is straight along the receiver.
 Use the right hand to firmly grip the pistol grip
and place the pistol in the holster:  Lift the flap of the holster with the left hand.
 Bend the elbow to approximately a 45-degree
angle so the pistol is positioned near shoulder level. The wrist should be straight so the pistol's muzzle points up.
 Look down at the holster, bring the pistol
back to a position above the holster, and rotate the muzzle down into the holster.
  Push the pistol snugly into the holster and fasten the flap with the right hand.

## Combat Mindset Administrative Transport

The administrative transport is used to transport the pistol when the Marine does not have a holster.

See figure 2-32. The Marine performs the following steps to assume the administrative transport:
In a combat environment, the Marine must be constantly prepared to engage targets. When a target presents itself, there may be little time to react. The target must be engaged quickly and accurately. It is not enough to simply know marksmanship techniques, the Marine must be able to react instinctively.

 Establish a firm grip around the pistol grip
with the right hand.
 Identifying and evaluating possible courses of
action and developing potential plans for target engagement that will be appropriate to the combat situation.
The development of a combat mindset can be associated with the carries and holster transport for the pistol. The use of each carry/transport is dictated by the perceived level of threat. Each carry and transport should signify a stage of mental and physical preparedness for combat. The intensity of the Marine's mental and physical preparation depends on the likelihood of enemy contact.

## Physical And Mental Preparation

  Instilling confidence in a Marine's ability to
fire well-aimed shots in the stress of a combat situation. A key factor in a Marine's level of confidence is the degree to which he has mastered the tactics, techniques, and procedures of pistol marksmanship.

## Physical Preparation Threat Levels No Immediate Threat

In combat, targets can present themselves without warning. Therefore, it is essential for the Marine to maintain proper balance and control of the pistol at all times so that the pistol can be presented quickly and the target engaged accurately.

When there is no immediate threat, the Marine assumes the holster transport. The pistol should be in Condition 1. This is the lowest level of awareness for the Marine in a combat environment, but the Marine must stay alert and aware of any nearby activity. To prepare for target engagement at this level, the Marine must

 Be aware of likely areas of enemy contact.  Be aware of the condition of his pistol.  Establish a plan or course of action to present
the pistol to a target should a target appear.
Speed alone does not equate to effective target engagement. The Marine should fire only as fast as he can fire accurately, never exceeding his physical ability to apply the fundamentals of marksmanship. To be effective in combat, the Marine must train to perfect the physical skills of shooting so they become second nature. The more physical skills that can be performed automatically, the more concentration that can be given to the mental side of target engagement.

  Mentally review appropriate actions such as
reloading and remedial action.

## Mental Preparation Contact Likely (Probable)

If enemy contact is likely (probable), the Marine assumes the Alert. When enemy contact is likely, the Marine should

 Expect enemy contact and be constantly prepared to present the pistol.
While combat is unpredictable and constantly changing, the Marine can prepare mentally for the contingencies of the operational setting and confrontation with a threat. The stress of combat, coupled with the limited time available to engage targets, requires concentration on the mental aspects of target engagement; e.g., identification of targets, shoot/no-shoot decisionmaking, and the selection and use of cover. Minimizing stress and maximizing the limited time available to engage targets can be accomplished by

 Search the entire area for indications of enemy
targets and for suitable terrain features that offer cover and concealment. The Marine should avoid restricting the search to a single terrain feature because this hinders awareness to a sector of the battlefield and to approach by the enemy.
 Knowing the combat environment and being
constantly aware of the surroundings (e.g., terrain, available cover, possible threats) enables the Marine to quickly present the pistol and
accurately engage targets.
 Be mentally prepared for contact. Plan a course
of action for immediate response to a target. Modify the plan of action as needed.

## Show Clear Transfer

To transfer the pistol

  Be physically prepared to fire. Maintain proper
balance at all times. Avoid self-induced physical fatigue. For example, do not grip the pistol so tightly that fingers, hands, and arms tire from carrying the pistol.
 Grasp the pistol firmly in the right hand while
ensuring that the pistol is on safe.
 Remove and retain the magazine.

## Contact Imminent

 Lock the slide to the rear and catch the round if
there is a round in the chamber.
 Inspect the chamber visually to ensure it is
empty and leave the slide locked to the rear. To transfer the pistol  If the receiving Marine is to the right: Cradle
the trigger guard in the palm of the left hand and wrap the fingers around the top of the pistol. Release the firing grip.
When contact with an enemy target is imminent, assume the Ready. In this carry, the Marine is at the highest level of awareness and is constantly searching for and expecting a target. To fire wellaimed shots upon target detection, the Marine must be at the peak of his mental preparation, all distractions must be eliminated, and his focus must be on firing an accurate shot. In the Ready, the Marine must

 Keep the pistol oriented in the general direction of observation (eyes, muzzle, target).
 If the receiving Marine is to the left: With
the left hand, grasp the slide of the pistol with the thumb over the slide and the fingers underneath. Release the firing grip.
 Maintain a clear field of view above the pistol
sights until the target is detected.
 Be mentally and physically prepared to engage
the target. The Marine must be ready to:  Identify the target.
 Ensure that the muzzle points up at a 45-degree
angle in a safe direction and the chamber exposed. Hand the pistol to the other Marine, grip first. See figure 2-33.
 Sweep the safety.  Apply the fundamentals of marksmanship.
 Move only as fast as he is capable of delivering
well-aimed shots, ensuring that speed of engagement does not exceed his physical abilities.
  Search the entire area for indications of enemy
targets, lowering the pistol enough to observe a clear field of view of the area.

## Transferring The Pistol

The Marine's ability to transfer a pistol to another Marine is critical to safe weapons handling. There are two methods for transferring the pistol from one Marine to another: show clear transfer and condition unknown transfer. Each transfer is performed based on the operational environment/
combat situation.

 The receiving Marine
 Grasps the pistol grip with the trigger finger
straight along the receiver.
 Inspects the chamber visually to ensure it is
empty.
 Ensures the pistol is on safe.

## Condition Unknown Transfer

To transfer the pistol

 Grasp the pistol firmly in the right hand while
ensuring that the pistol is on safe. To transfer the pistol  If the receiving Marine is to the right: Cradle
the trigger guard in the palm of the left hand and wrap the fingers around the top of the pistol. Release the firing grip. See figure 2-34.
 If the receiving Marine is to the left: With the
left hand, grasp the slide of the pistol with the thumb over the slide and the fingers underneath. Release the firing grip. See figure 2-35.
 Ensure that the muzzle points up at a 45-degree
angle in a safe direction. Hand the pistol to the receiving Marine, grip first.
 The receiving Marine
 Grasps the pistol grip with the trigger finger
straight along the receiver.
 Ensures the pistol is on safe.  Conducts a chamber check to determine the
condition of the pistol.
 Remove the magazine and count the number
of rounds in the magazine by using the counting holes, if time permits. Re-insert the magazine into the magazine well ensuring it is fully seated.

## Chapter 3 Fundamentals Of Pistol Marksmanship Establishing Sight Alignment

The pistol is fired without benefit of bone support; therefore, the pistol is in constant motion. The Marine must understand this, yet continually strive to align the sights. To fire accurately, the sights must be aligned when the shot breaks.

## Grip

The fundamentals of pistol marksmanship are aiming, trigger control, and breath control. Understanding and applying the basic pistol marksmanship fundamentals ensures the Marine's effectiveness in target engagement. The fundamentals must be continually studied and practiced because they are the means by which accurate shots are placed on target. A Marine with a solid foundation in the fundamentals of marksmanship will be successful in the application of these fundamentals during combat.

## Aiming

The grip is key to acquiring sight alignment. If the grip is correct, the front and rear sights should align naturally. Dry fire during presentation of the M9 service pistol aids in obtaining a grip that allows sight alignment to be acquired consistently.

## Controlled Muscular Tension

Maintaining the correct relationship between the pistol sights is essential for accurate target engagement. Because of the short distance between the pistol sights, a small error in their alignment causes a considerable error at the target.

There must be enough controlled muscular tension in the grip, wrists, and forearms to hold the pistol steady and level the barrel to maintain sight alignment. Consistent tension stabilizes the sights and maintains sight alignment.

## Sight Alignment Sight Picture

Sight picture is the placement of the front sight in relation to the target while maintaining sight alignment. See figure 3-2 on page 3-2.

Sight alignment is the relationship between the front sight and rear sight with respect to the aiming eye. Correct sight alignment is the front sight centered in the rear sight notch with the top edge of the front sight level **aligned** with the top edge of the rear sight. There should be equal space on either side of the front sight. See figure 3-1.

Because the pistol is constantly moving, sight picture is acquired within an aiming area that is located center mass on the target. The aiming area allows for movement of the sights on the target while maintaining sight alignment. Each Marine defines an acceptable aiming area within his own ability to stabilize the sights. Time, distance to the target, and personal ability affect dictate the aiming area. As the Marine becomes more proficient with the pistol, the aiming area becomes more precise.

The aiming area is determined by the Marine's stability of hold. The proper grip stabilizes the sights so sight alignment can be maintained, but the sights move continuously within the aiming area of the target. The Marine understands the pistol's movement and learns to apply trigger control as he is obtaining sight alignment/sight picture within the aiming area so the shot breaks the moment sight picture is established.

## Relationship Between The Eye And The Sights

The human eye can focus clearly on only one object at a time. The Marine must focus on the top edge of the front sight and fire the shot while maintaining the relationship between the front and rear sights within the aiming area. Focusing on the top edge of the front sight rather than the target keeps the front sight clear and distinct, which allows the Marine to detect minor variations in sight alignment. Secondary vision allows the Marine to see the target (although slightly blurred) and maintain sight picture within his aiming area.

## Trigger Control

Trigger control is the Marine's skillful manipulation of the trigger that causes the pistol to fire while maintaining sight alignment and sight picture. Proper trigger control aids in maintaining sight alignment while the shot is fired.

## Sight Alignment And Trigger Control

Aiming and trigger control are mutually supportiveone cannot be performed without the other. Sight alignment and trigger control must be performed simultaneously to fire an accurate shot. As pressure is applied to the trigger, the sights may move, causing them to be misaligned. To fire accurate shots, the sights must be aligned when the shot breaks. Trigger control can actually assist in aligning the sights. With proper trigger finger placement and consistent muscular tension applied to the grip, the sights can be controlled as the trigger is moved to the rear. If the sights move extensively while pressing the trigger, this can indicate an improper grip or inconsistency in the muscular tension being applied to the grip.

## Grip

A firm grip is essential for good trigger control. The grip is established before applying trigger control and is maintained throughout the firing process. To establish the grip, the hand is placed around the pistol grip in a location that allows the trigger finger to move the trigger straight to the rear while maintaining sight alignment. Once the grip is established, it should be firm enough to allow manipulation of the trigger while maintaining sight alignment. The pressure applied to the grip must be equal to or more than the pressure required to move the trigger to the rear. If the pressure is not applied correctly, the sights move as the trigger is pressed to the rear and sight alignment is disturbed.

## Trigger Finger Placement

ward movement of the trigger is continued until the shot is fired.

## Breath Control

Once the grip is established, the finger is placed on the trigger. Placement of the finger should be natural and allow free movement of the trigger finger. A natural trigger finger placement allows the trigger to be moved straight to the rear while maintaining sight alignment. If the finger presses the trigger to the side, it can cause an error in sight alignment and shot placement.

Breathing causes movement of the chest, abdomen, and shoulders, which causes the pistol sights to move vertically while attempting to aim and fire. Therefore, it is necessary to stop breathing for a period of time while firing a shot or a series of shots.

Each Marine must experiment with finger placement in order to determine effective placement on the trigger. Once established, effective trigger finger placement allows the trigger to be consistently moved straight to the rear while maintaining sight alignment.

## Types Of Trigger Control

The object of breath control is to stop breathing just long enough to fire the shot while maintaining sight alignment, stabilizing the sights, and establishing the sight picture. To be consistent, the breath should be held at the same point in the breathing cycle; i.e., the natural respiratory pause.

## Uninterrupted Trigger Control

Breathing should not be stopped for too long because it has adverse visual and physical effects. Holding the breath longer than is comfortable results in a lack of oxygen that causes vision to deteriorate and then affects the ability to focus on the sights.

## Application Of Marksmanship Fundamentals In Field Firing Compression Of The Fundamentals

During uninterrupted trigger control, the Marine applies a steady, unchanging pressure to the trigger until the shot is fired. Uninterrupted trigger control is particularly effective at close range, when the target area is large, and when stability of hold is not critical for accuracy. To apply uninterrupted trigger control, apply pressure on the trigger while maintaining focus on the top edge of the front sight. Continue pressure on the trigger to begin moving the trigger straight to the rear while obtaining sight alignment and sight picture. Move the trigger straight to the rear in a single, smooth motion with no hesitation.

## Interrupted Trigger Control

Pistol engagements typically occur over close distances and are short in duration. Because an immediate response to the threat is required, the application of the fundamentals must be a conditioned response that is executable in a compressed time. The goal of successful, quick target engagement is the application of the fundamentals of marksmanship while firing the shot the moment weapon presentation is complete.

Interrupted trigger control is particularly effective at longer ranges, when the target is small, and when stability of hold is critical to maintaining sight picture in the aiming area. This method is also used if the pistol sights move outside the aiming area when applying trigger control. If the sight picture is outside the aiming area, the Marine stops and holds the rearward movement on the trigger until sight picture is re-established.

When sight picture is re-established, the rear-
The time required to move the trigger to the rear while acquiring and maintaining sight alignment and sight picture is unique to each Marine and is based on his capabilities. Each Marine should know his abilities and fire only as quickly as he is capable of firing accurately. The Marine must not exceed his shooting skills in an effort to get rounds off quickly.

## Aiming

In field firing, the fundamentals are applied in a compressed time so sight alignment and sight picture are achieved as the shot is fired. Although the target must be quickly engaged in combat, sight alignment is still the first priority: strive for a clear front sight. Distance to the target and the size of the target affects sight alignment as follows:

 As the distance to the target increases and the
size of the target decreases, sight alignment
becomes more critical to target engagement.
Accurate sight picture/sight alignment cannot
be compromised for speed.
 Sight alignment is critical to the effective
engagement of smaller targets such as partially exposed targets.
  As the distance to the target decreases, perfect
sight alignment is not as critical, but there must be a relationship between the sights and their placement on the target within the aiming area to ensure accuracy.

## Trigger Control

Proper trigger control aids in maintaining sight alignment while the shot is fired. As pressure is applied to the trigger, the sights may move, causing them to be misaligned. Therefore, the Marine is constantly re-aligning the sights as pressure is applied to the trigger. Sight alignment and trigger control must be performed simultaneously to fire an accurate shot.

## Breath Control

During combat, the Marine's breathing and heart rate often increase due to physical exertion or the stress of battle. The key to breath control in field firing is to stop breathing just long enough to fire an accurate shot or a series of shots.

## Chapter 4 Pistol Firing Positions And Grip

The M9 service pistol is fired from the standing, kneeling, and prone positions. Each firing position may be adapted to either a Weaver or Isosceles variation, each possessing a distinct advantage in combat. The Weaver variation stabilizes the pistol sights. The Isosceles variation manages recoil. The advantages apply whether the Marine is firing in the standing, kneeling, or prone position. The Marine must select and assume a stable firing position that provides a solid foundation for accurate shooting while meeting the demands of the combat situation
Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines should reverse directions as needed.

## The Pistol Firing Position

During combat, the Marine selects a firing position based on mobility, observation of the enemy, and stability.

## Mobility

A firing position must provide mobility should the Marine need to move. The standing position permits maximum mobility because it is quickly assumed and easily maneuvered from and it permits lateral mobility to engage widely dispersed targets. The prone position provides limited mobility because it is the most time-consuming position to get into and out of and it lacks the lateral mobility required to engage dispersed targets.

## Observation Of The Enemy

A firing position should allow observation of the enemy while minimizing the Marine's exposure. During combat there can be many obstructions to a clear field of view. Terrain features such as vegetation, earth contours, and manmade structures often dictate the firing position. The prone position normally allows the least exposure, but it usually provides a limited field of view. Kneeling may provide a wider field of view, but generally provides less concealment.

## Stability

A solid firing position establishes a stable foundation for target engagement and provides accurate and consistent shooting. The definition of a stable position is one in which the body is positioned so as to resist forces that cause motion (i.e., recoil and movement of the pistol sights). The standing position is the least stable firing position, while the prone is the most stable firing position. A consistent, stable position is assumed for two distinct purposes:

 Minimize the pistol's movement in order to
control the sights and to deliver accurate fire on a target.
  Minimize the affects of recoil in order to
recover the sights to the same area on the target.
During combat, it may be necessary to engage the same target more than once to eliminate it. If the firing position is stable, the pistol's sights should recover to the same area on the target, allowing rapid re-enactment. Distributing the body's weight to balance the position also stabilizes the pistol and allows better management of recoil. A pistol firing position is stabilized through controlled muscular tension. Because the pistol is fired without benefit of bone support, muscular tension is needed in the body to stabilize the position and the pistol sights. Muscular tension must follow these guidelines

 A consistent amount of muscular tension is
needed to hold the pistol steady so the sights are aligned with the aiming eye and the target.
 Controlled and consistent tension in the body
provides resistance that the Marine uses to manage recoil and bring the sights back on target quicker. However, too much tension can cause strain or trembling.
  Muscular tension is correct when the Marine
can control the pistol before, during, and after firing the shot.

## Pistol Firing Grip

A proper grip is one that provides maximum control of the pistol before, during, and after firing. It stabilizes the pistol sights before firing, allows trigger control to be applied during firing, and manages recoil after firing.

## Before Firing: Stabilize The Sights

To fire an accurate shot, the sights must be stabilized prior to and as the bullet exits the muzzle of the pistol. A proper grip controls the alignment of the pistol's sights and stabilizes the sights so an accurate shot may be fired. The following guidelines apply to the establishment of a proper grip

 There must be muscular tension in the wrist
and forearms. Consistent muscular tension in the wrist, forearms, and grip helps maintain sight alignment by reducing the movement in the grip that can cause movement in the sights. The grip is correct when it allows the sights to be naturally aligned to the aiming eye.
 When establishing a two-handed grip, equal
pressure must be applied with both hands. Consistent, equal pressure from both hands stabilizes the sights and allows them to be aligned and level with respect to the aiming eye.
  The hand grips as high on the back strap as possible, bringing the centerline of the bore as
close as possible to a parallel line with the bones in the forearm.

## During Firing: Allow Trigger Control

The Marine's grip provides a foundation for the movement of the trigger finger. The trigger finger applies positive pressure on the trigger as an independent action, completely free of the other muscles of the gripping hand. The Marine should not apply excessive pressure to the web of the hand touching the pistol's back strap because excessive pressure interferes with the manipulation of the trigger by the trigger finger.

## After Firing: Manage Recoil

Once a shot is fired, the pistol recoils, disturbing alignment of the sights. A proper grip facilitates a quick recovery from recoil so the sights quickly return to the same area on the target. The Marine's grip determines the following during recoil:

 The amount the muzzle climbs during recoil
depends on the amount of controlled muscular tension in the grip and wrists applied to stabilize the pistol and create consistency in resistance to recoil. Controlled muscular tension allows the sights to recover consistently back on target within a minimum amount of time.
 Firm, equal pressure must be applied to the
grip with both hands to ensure that the pistol does not slip during recoil. An improper grip or lack of controlled muscular tension causes the pistol to move after the shot is fired, disrupting sight alignment and requiring the Marine to re-establish his grip.
  Locking out the wrist of the firing hand, similar
to executing a punch, helps provide resistance to recoil and speed recovery. The elbows should be at a position slightly less than locked out to help absorb the recoil and aid in recoil management.

## Withdrawing The Pistol From The Holster

The firing grip is not established in the holster, however, a proper firing grip can be assumed quickly if the pistol is withdrawn from the holster correctly. The pistol should be withdrawn from the holster in one continuous, fluid motion:

 Place the heel of the left hand at the center of
the torso with the fingers extended toward the target. At the same time, unfasten and release the D-ring with the right hand. See figure 4-1.
Note: The left hand is placed on the torso in a position that allows a two-handed firing grip to be established in a minimum amount of movement.

  Place the right thumb on the forward edge of
the lower portion of the holster and the fingers
around the back edge of the holster, keeping the trigger finger straight. See figure 4-2. Note: The left hand may assist in holding the holster flap up.

 Slide the hand up the holster until the fingers
come in contact with the pistol grip. At the same time, keep the thumb above the pistol to guide the holster flap up. See figure 4-3 on page 4-4.
  Grasp the pistol grip with the fingers and draw
the pistol straight up. Continue withdrawing the pistol while moving the thumb to a position on the safety. See figure 4-4 on page 4-4.
Note: This hand placement allows a firing grip to be established once the thumb disengages the safety. Any adjustments made to the firing grip after the safety is disengaged should be minor.

 Once the muzzle clears the holster, rotate the
muzzle forward to clear the body. Ensure the muzzle is pointed in a safe direction.
  Establish a two-handed grip on the pistol by
joining the left hand with the right hand in the front of the torso. See figure 4-5.
Caution Ensure the muzzle does not cover the left hand when establishing the two-handed grip.

## Weaver And Isosceles Variations

The size of the target, distance to the target, time, and type of engagement needed (i.e., two shots, single precision shot) determine whether to fire in the Weaver or Isosceles variation. The Weaver and Isosceles variations each consist of three firing positions: standing, kneeling, and prone. The firing position chosen is based on the combat situation and the Marine's body configuration, and it must permit balance, control, and stability during firing. In addition, there is a specific firing grip that supports each position and the combination of the grip and the body configuration is key to establishing the variation. See table 4-1 for a list of advantages and disadvantages of both the Weaver and the Isosceles variations.

The management of recoil is a bigger factor in close-range engagements because it is more likely that multiple shots will be fired to eliminate the target and the sights have to recover quickly back on target. However, at close ranges, the target is larger so stability of hold is not as important because it is easier to hold the sights on target and sight picture is not as critical.

## Standing Position

At longer ranges, the target is smaller, a more precise shot is required to eliminate the target, and any small movement moves the sights off the target; therefore, the pistol must be steadied.

Although the Weaver variation is effective at any distance, some aspects of the position make it more effective for long range or precision shots on small or partially exposed targets; i.e., sight alignment and sight picture are easier for stability of hold.

The standing position is the most often employed position during a pistol engagement due to the short distance of the engagement and the nature of combat. When properly assumed, the standing position provides a stable base for firing, a clear field of view, and excellent mobility. The standing position can be adapted to either the Weaver variation or the Isosceles variation.

## Weaver Standing Position

The Isosceles variation is effective at any distance, however, some aspects of the position make it more effective for close range engagements. When confronted with a target, the natural physical reaction is to face the target and push out with the arms. This makes the Isosceles variation advantageous for quick engagements at close range. When a target is at close range, it must be engaged quickly before it engages the Marine.

The key to successful employment of the Weaver variation is the body's angle to the target and the push-pull pressure applied to the grip. See figure 4-6.

| Variation                              | Advantages                       |
|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Weaver                                 | Additional balance, control, and |
| stability of hold during firing due to |                                  |
| placement of the arms (left arm        |                                  |
| bent, pistol is in close to the body). |                                  |
| Recoil has a greater impact due to     |                                  |
| the hand placement on the pistol       |                                  |
| (some of the pistol grip is exposed    |                                  |
| and pressure is applied in two dif-    |                                  |
| ferent directions around the pistol).  |                                  |
| Easier to maintain sight picture       |                                  |
| because the pistol's foundation is     |                                  |
| steady.                                |                                  |
| Recovery of the sights back on tar-    |                                  |
| get may take longer since recoil is    |                                  |
| affected.                              |                                  |
| Stability of hold is degraded due to   |                                  |
| the pistol being further from the      |                                  |
| body without support.                  |                                  |
| Isosceles                              | Recoil has a lesser impact       |
| because muscular tension and           |                                  |
| grip pressure are evenly distrib-      |                                  |
| uted around the pistol.                |                                  |
| Allows quicker recovery of the         |                                  |
| sights on target.                      |                                  |
| Since it is harder to steady the pis-  |                                  |
| tol, acquiring sight picture           |                                  |
| becomes more difficult.                |                                  |

To assume the Weaver standing position

 Face the target and make a
half turn to the right, keeping the pistol oriented toward the target. This orients the body at approximately a 40 to 60 degree angle oblique to the target. The shoulders are angled to the target, the left shoulder forward of the right. The feet are about shoulder-width apart, the left foot forward of the right.
 Grip the pistol grip firmly
with the right hand. Place the right thumb on the safety.
 Keep the shoulders at a 40 to
60 degree angle oblique to the target and raise the right arm and extend it across the body toward the target. Ensure that the right shoulder does not roll forward or turn toward the target.
  Extend the left arm to the target, bending the left elbow to join the left and right hands.
The left elbow is inverted and tucked in toward the body so the left arm supports the pistol. Note: The angle of the body determines how much the elbow bends.

 Establish a two-handed firing grip in the
Weaver variation. See figure 4-7.
 Place the palm of the left hand over the front of
the right hand so the palm covers the curled fingers of the right hand. The trigger guard should rest in the "V" formed by the left thumb and forefinger. The knuckles of the left hand are just outboard of the trigger guard. A portion of the pistol grip is exposed.
 Rest the trigger finger naturally, straight and
outside of the trigger guard, so the finger can be moved quickly and easily to the trigger.
 Rest the left thumb against the receiver so that
both thumbs are on the left side of the pistol. Once the safety is disengaged with the right thumb, the left thumb is placed over the right thumb and positive pressure is applied to hold the right thumb in place.
 Apply rearward pressure with the left hand and
forward pressure with the right hand to achieve a "push-pull" grip. Isometric tension (pushpull) stabilizes the pistol during firing.   Rest the trigger finger naturally, straight and
outside of the trigger guard, so the finger can be moved quickly and easily to the trigger.
 Lean forward slightly and apply muscular tension throughout the body to stabilize the position and manage recoil. The muscular tension in the upper body is not symmetrical due to the "push-pull" tension applied on the grip.
Notes: Index finger of the left hand may or may not rest on the front of the trigger guard.

  Keep the head erect so the aiming eye can look
through the sights.

## Isosceles Standing Position

Marines with large hands must ensure that their right thumb does not rest on the slide stop, preventing reliable pistol operation.
 Elevate and extend the
arms toward the target.
The key to the Isosceles variation is that the body is squared to the target and equal pressure is applied on the pistol from the grip. To assume the Isosceles standing position

 Face the target with feet approximately shoulder width apart. The shoulders are squared to the target.
 Establish a two-handed firing grip in the Isosceles variation. See figure 4-8.
 Roll the shoulders forward and shift the body weight slightly forward to stabilize the position and better manage recoil. The left foot may be slightly forward of the right foot to balance the position. There should be an equal amount of muscular tension on both sides of the body to best manage recoil.
 Grip the pistol grip firmly with the right hand.
Place the right thumb on the safety.
 Tuck the head between
the shoulders; the head is extended forward but kept erect so the aiming eye can see through the sights. See figure 4-9.

## Kneeling Position

 Place the heel of the left hand on the exposed
portion of the pistol grip in the pocket formed by the fingertips and heel of the right hand. There should be maximum contact between the pistol grip and the hands. Wrap the fingers of the left hand over the fingers of the right hand. Ensure both thumbs rest on the left side of the pistol and point toward the target.
  Apply equal pressure on both sides of the pistol
to allow for the best management of recoil.
The kneeling position offers a smaller exposure than the standing position and greater stability. Increased stability makes the kneeling position effective for longer range shooting. It does not, Note: Ensure the left thumb does not apply excessive pressure to the slide stop or slide.

however, offer as much mobility for quick reaction as the standing position. The kneeling position can be quickly assumed and allows firing from various types of cover. Depending on the cover and the need for observation, the kneeling position may be adapted to a high kneeling, a medium kneeling, a low kneeling, or a two-knee kneeling position. The kneeling positions can be adapted to either the Weaver variation or the Isosceles variation.

## Weaver Kneeling Position

The advantage of the Weaver variation of the kneeling position is that it provides bone support due to the left elbow's placement on the knee. The Weaver variation further enables firing from the side of cover while exposing less of the body to a threat. To assume the Weaver kneeling position, the following steps are basic to all adaptations:

 Make a half turn to the right, drop the right
foot back or step forward with the left foot, and place the right knee on the deck. The body is positioned at a 40 to 60 degree angle oblique to the target.
 Blade the shoulders at a 40 to 60 degree
oblique angle to the target, the left shoulder forward of the right.
 Extend the arms toward the target.  Bend forward at the waist to better manage
recoil.
  Place the flat part of the upper left arm, just
above the elbow, in firm contact with the flat
surface formed on top of the bent knee. The point of the left elbow extends just slightly past
the left knee. However, depending on the need for stability or observation of the enemy, the elbow does not have to rest on the knee.
The following steps provide specifics for each adaptation:

 High kneeling: the toes of the right foot are
curled and in contact with the deck or the inside of the foot may be in contact with the deck. Depending on the need for observation,
the buttocks may or may not rest on the right heel. The left leg is bent at the knee; the shin straight up and down. The left foot is flat on the deck. See figure 4-10.

 Medium kneeling: the right ankle is straight
with the foot stretched out and the bootlaces in contact with the deck. The left leg is bent at the knee, the left foot flat on the deck. The right shin may be angled to the body to create a tripod of support for the position. See figure 4-11.
 Low kneeling: the right ankle is turned so the
outside of the foot is in contact with the deck
and the buttocks are in contact with the inside of the foot. The right shin may be angled to the body to create a tripod of support for the position. See figure 4-12.
  Two-knee: drop both knees onto the deck. The
toes may be curled to get into and out of the position quickly. Depending on the need for
observation of the enemy, the buttocks may or may not rest on the heels. See figure 4-13.

## Isosceles Kneeling Position

The advantage of the Isosceles variation is that it enables the Marine to fire over the top of cover while exposing less of the body to a threat. To assume the Isosceles kneeling position, the following steps are basic to all adaptations:

 Drop the right foot back or step forward with
the left foot and place the right knee on the deck.
 Square the shoulders to the target.  Extend the arms toward the target.   Lean forward with the shoulders rolled forward
and the head tucked between the shoulders to better manage recoil.
The following steps provide specifics for each adaptation:

 High kneeling: the toes of the right foot are
curled and in contact with the deck or the inside of the foot may be in contact with the deck. Depending on the need for observation, the buttocks may or may not rest on the right heel. The left leg is bent at the knee, the shin is straight up and down. The left foot is flat on the deck. See figure 4-14.
 Medium kneeling: the right ankle is straight
with the foot stretched out and the bootlaces in
contact with the deck. The left leg is bent at the
knee, the left foot is flat on the deck. The right shin may be angled to the body to create a tripod of support for the position. See figure 4-15.
 Low kneeling: the right ankle is turned so the
outside of the foot is in contact with the deck
and the buttocks are in contact with the inside of the foot. The right shin may be angled to the body to create a tripod of support for the position. See figure 4-16.
 Two-knee: drop both knees onto the deck. The
toes may be curled to get into and out of the position quickly. Depending on the need for observation of the enemy, the buttocks may or may not rest on the heels. See figure 4-17.

## Prone Position

The prone position is easily assumed, stable, and presents a small target to the enemy. Since the prone position places most of the body on the deck, it offers great stability for long range shooting. However, it is the least mobile of the firing positions and may restrict the field of view. The prone position can be adapted to either the Weaver variation or the Isosceles variation.

## Weaver Prone Position

The Weaver variation of the prone position produces a cocked leg position by angling the body to the target and cocking the leg to support the position. The Weaver prone position is ideal for firing from behind cover. See figure 4-18.

To assume the Weaver prone position, perform the following steps:

 Face the target and make a half turn to the right
(this places the body at a 40 to 60 degree oblique to the target). Grip the pistol in the right hand, placing the pistol in a position that facilitates control of the weapon. Ensure the pistol is pointed in a safe direction and does not cover any portion of the body.
 Move the body to the deck by using either the
squat or drop method, keeping the body at a 40 to 60 degree oblique to the target. Squat Method  Squat down and place the left hand on the
deck.
 Kick both feet backward and come down on
the right side of the body with the right arm extended toward the target.
 Ensure the pistol does not cover the body or
the left hand. See figure 4-19.
Drop Method  Drop to a kneeling position.  Place the left hand on the deck in front of the
body, push the pistol out toward the target.
 Roll the right side of the body onto the deck.  Ensure the pistol does not cover the body or
the left hand. See figure 4-20 on page 4-12.
 Bring the left knee up to support the firing
position and to raise the diaphragm off the deck so as not to interfere with breathing. The inside of the knee rests on the deck. The knee is drawn up to provide maximum stability for the position.
 Establish a two handed-firing grip on the pistol.
 Place the left elbow on the ground for stability.
For maximum stability, strive to keep the grip firmly placed on the deck.
  The head may rest against the right arm so the
pistol sights can be aligned. The head may be canted as long as the aiming eye can look directly through the sights. Strive to keep the pistol sights as level as possible while acquiring sight alignment.
To make minor increases in elevation, keep the left hand in place and firmly on the deck and raise the right hand to achieve the desired elevation. However, contact between the right and left hands must be maintained to stabilize the pistol. See figure 4-21 on page 4-12. (There is a tradeoff between obtaining the needed elevation and losing stability, so the Marine must strike a balance between the two.)
To assume the Isosceles prone position:

 Stand facing the target. Grip the pistol in the
right hand, placing the pistol in a position that facilitates control of the weapon. Ensure the pistol is pointed in a safe direction and does not cover any portion of the body.
 Move the body to the deck by using either the
squat or drop method. Squat Method  Squat down and place the left hand on the
deck.
 Kick both feet backward and come down on
the right side of the body with the right arm extended toward the target.

## Isosceles Prone Position

 Ensure the pistol does not cover the body or
the left hand. See figure 4-23.
Drop Method  Drop to a kneeling position.
The Isosceles variation of the prone position produces a straight leg position. See figure 4-22.

 Place the left hand on the deck in front of the
body.
 Keep the pistol sights as level as possible while
acquiring sight alignment. Keep the head in a position to allow the aiming eye to look directly through the sights.
  When wearing a helmet, the head may be
canted slightly and rest against the right arm to push the helmet from the eyes so the sights can be aligned. Likewise, the pistol may be canted outboard to allow the aiming eye to look directly through the sights.
To make minor increases in elevation, keep the left hand in place and firmly on the deck and raise the right hand to achieve the desired elevation. However, contact between the right and left hands must be maintained to stabilize the pistol. See figure 4-25 on page 4-14. (There is a tradeoff between obtaining the needed elevation and losing stability, so the Marine must strike a balance between the two.)

 Push the pistol out toward the target, and roll
the right side of the body onto the deck.

## Natural Body Alignment

 Ensure the pistol does not cover the body or
the left hand. See figures 4-24.
 Establish a two-handed firing grip on the pistol.
The body must be properly aligned to the target so the sights fall naturally on the target when the pistol is presented. It takes a combination of body alignment and consistent muscular tension to

 Spread the legs to a position that provides
maximum stability. The insteps of both feet may be flat on the deck or the toes may be curled and dug into the deck.
 Close the eyes and take a deep breath.   Open the eyes and see where the pistol sights
are in relation to the target. If the pistol sights are right or left of the target, move the feet to adjust the position right or left.
Note: Do not force the sights onto the target area by moving the arms; this increases the muscular tension on one side of the body, disturbs balance, and makes recoil harder to manage.

If the sights are significantly out of alignment when the pistol is at eye level, it may be an indication of a poor grip. When the grip is correct (to include the muscular tension in the grip, wrist, and forearms), the sights should align to the point that only minor adjustments are needed to align the sights to the aiming eye.

ensure the sights fall naturally to the same area of the target every time the pistol is presented. The Marine can execute the following to check natural body alignment and to ensure the sights center on the aiming area:

 Orient the body to a target and establish a variation of the standing position and a two-handed
firing grip on the pistol. Aim in on the target.
Repeat the preceding steps as necessary. Body alignment and muscular tension are correct when the sights are naturally placed in the same area on the target every time the Marine aims on the target.

## Chapter 5 Use Of Cover And Concealment

protect an individual from small arms fire can be used for cover. Some common types of cover material are as follows.

## Dirt

The best type of cover is dirt packed to a minimum thickness of 18 inches.

On the battlefield, a firing position that allows maximum observation of the enemy as well as cover and concealment is a necessity. A good position provides a solid foundation for the pistol, maximizes the use of cover to provide protection from enemy fire, allows mobility, and provides observation of the enemy. Where possible, the cover should be used to provide additional support for the position.

## Cinder Blocks

Cinder blocks used as foundations for houses or walls can be used for cover, but they can be penetrated. They are also brittle and can shatter upon impact from small arms fire, which can cause injury by secondary fragmentation.

## Trees, Logs, And Telephone Poles

When contact with the enemy is made, it is important to seek cover as quickly as possible. Cover is anything that provides protection from enemy fire. Cover should be, at a minimum, thick enough to stop small arms fire and high enough to protect the Marine when firing from behind it. The effective use of cover enables engagement of enemy targets while affording protection from enemy fire. Cover can also be effectively used to conceal the Marine from enemy view while searching for targets. Concealment is anything that hides a Marine from enemy view; however, it might not afford protection. Concealment can be provided by brush, trees, etc.

Wood is a relatively dense material; therefore, it offers good covering protection since bullets have a tendency to fragment as they penetrate. Live trees have a greater resistance to bullet penetration than dead wood. Wood that has been treated with creosote, such as telephone poles and railroad ties, offers better protection from projectiles than untreated wood, but it still does not ensure protection from small arms fire.

Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines must reverse directions as needed.

## Sandbags Cover Materials

Sandbags can be used for cover. However, they should always be packed tightly and tamped down to increase their density. If loosely filled or moist, a bullet can more easily penetrate the sandbag. Doubling or overlapping sandbags also increases their protective qualities.

Natural cover (rocks, logs, rubble, etc.) is best because it is hard to detect. But any material (including buildings, structures, etc.) that may

## Considerations For Firing From Cover Adjusting The Firing Position

Cover can provide additional support for the firing position. The firing position is adjusted to ensure stability, mobility, and observation of the enemy. The Marine chooses a firing position based on his height in relation to the height of the cover. The firing position must minimize exposure to the enemy but allow observation of the area.

Although the cover provides additional support, the Marine continues to apply the same amount of muscular tension in the grip, wrist, and forearms. Muscular tension is still necessary to stabilize the pistol sights and manage recovery.

Because the sights are higher than the muzzle of the pistol, the Marine must ensure that the muzzle of the pistol clears the cover as he obtains sight alignment/sight picture on the target. The closer the Marine is to the cover, the easier it is to ensure the muzzle clears the cover.

## Applying The Weaver And Isosceles Variations

The type of cover may dictate which variation of a firing position will be the most effective. The position should provide the Marine with the maximum amount of stability and control and allow the Marine to manage recoil effectively in order to recover on target.

## Weaver Variation

The Weaver variation exposes less of the body from behind cover due to the angle of the body. The Weaver variation may be better suited for firing from behind the right or left side of cover. For example, the Weaver prone is ideal for firing from behind a log.

## Isosceles Variation

The Isosceles variation is good for firing over the top of cover (e.g., a window). The Isosceles prone is ideal for firing from behind narrow cover (e.g., a telephone pole).

## Keeping The Body Behind Cover

Avoid inadvertent exposure of any part of the body. Be especially aware of the top of the head, elbows, knees, or any other body part that may extend beyond the cover.

## Log Or Curb

When firing from behind a log or curb, the Marine must present the lowest possible silhouette and may use the log or curb for maximum support of the position. For maximum protection, muzzle clearance is kept as close as possible to the top of the log or curb. The Marine may fire from either the side or the top of the log, depending on cover and concealment (see fig. 5-1). The Marine fires over the top of a curb when it is used for cover.

## Wall Or Barricade

Firing is done from either the side or over the top of a wall or barricade. See figure 5-2.

## Window

If the Marine has not been detected by the enemy, he should use the side of the window or the window sill for support. Ideally, it is best to fire from the corner of the window sill when using the window for support. If there is little chance for detection or the shot can be made without support, the Marine should remain back and to the side of the window opening so the pistol does not protrude and his body is concealed by the shadows/darkness of the room. If the Marine is positioned too close to the window, his body provides a silhouette to the enemy.

## Vehicle

In many combat situations, particularly in urban environments, a vehicle may be the best form of cover. When using a vehicle for cover, the engine block provides the most protection from small arms fire. The Marine establishes a position behind the front wheel or front door jamb so the engine block is between him and the target. See figure 5-3. From this position, the Marine fires over the hood of the car or underneath the car from behind the wheel. At the back of the car the axle and the wheel provide the only cover. If the Marine must shoot from the back of the car, he must position himself directly behind the wheel as much as possible. See figure 5-4. Support helps stabilize both the firing position and the pistol and enable the Marine to maintain sight alignment and sight picture.

The forearms or hands can contact the support to stabilize the pistol. The Marine may rest the pistol on or against the support as long as the support does not interfere or affect the pistol's cycle of operation. See figure 5-5. When firing over the top of cover, the Marine can establish a supported position and stabilize the position by resting the trigger guard or the magazine on the cover. The pistol may be pushed up against the support so the "V" formed by the receiver and the front of the trigger guard rests firmly against the support. See figure 5-6. When firing around the sides of cover, the Marine can establish support and stabilize the position by placing the back of the hand or arm against the cover. Avoid placing the slide of the pistol against the cover because it can interfere with the pistol's cycle of operation. However, the pistol can be canted and placed against the cover so the trigger guard or the "V" formed between the receiver and trigger guard rests against the support. This position enables the Marine to expose less of himself to the enemy. See figure 5-7. When using a vehicle for cover, the Marine can establish additional support for the pistol by positioning himself in the car behind the door jamb (frame of door) and placing his hands or pistol against the "V" formed by the open door and door frame. See figure 5-8. When shooting from the left side of cover, the Marine still uses his right hand and eye. See figure 5-9. He may have to cant his head and the pistol to the left to establish sight alignment. For right-handed Marines, shooting from the left side of cover may expose more of the Marine to the enemy than shooting from the right side.

## Changing Positions

If the Marine has been firing from cover and has to reload or clear a stoppage behind cover he should attempt to resume firing from a different position. The enemy is aware of the Marine's current position and will be ready to engage him once he re-appears.

## Moving

In combat, the Marine must be constantly aware of his surroundings and the available cover should enemy contact occur during movement from one position to another.

When moving from cover to cover, the Marine selects the next cover location and plans the route of movement before leaving his present position. This is done by quickly looking from behind cover to ensure the area is clear, ensuring the head and eyes are exposed for as short a time as possible. If necessary, the Marine should conduct a Condition 1 reload before moving from cover. Once the Marine is committed to moving, he must focus on the move until cover is reassumed.

## Supported Firing Positions

During combat, the Marine may not have the time to assume a perfect firing position. He must know instinctively that his position is correct rather than follow a regimented sequence of movements to ensure its correctness. With training, the Marine can assume stable firing positions quickly and instinctively by incorporating the use of cover for support. Support provides foundations for the firing position; which, in turn, provides support for the pistol. To maximize the support provided by the position, the firing position should be adjusted to fit or conform to the shape of the cover. A supported firing position minimizes exposure to the enemy, maximizes the stability of the pistol and protection from fire, and provides observation of the enemy. Any stable support may be used (e.g., logs, sandbags, walls). The surrounding environment dictates the support and position. The size, distance to the target, and time affect the need for stability and recovery in the selection of a supported firing position. For example, if the target is a great distance from the Marine, he may sacrifice some of his ability to manage recoil in order to assume a supported firing position that provides him the additional stability needed to fire accurately at long range. But, recovery may be more important for the Marine if he must fire multiple shots on target quickly; therefore, he may sacrifice some stability in his supported firing position in order to engage a target with multiple shots.

## Supported Prone

The supported prone position presents the lowest silhouette and provides maximum protection from enemy fire. The supported prone position can be assumed behind a tree, a wall, or almost any type and size of cover. It is flexible and allows firing of the pistol from all sides. To assume the supported prone position and maximize the use of cover, the position is kept as low as possible to ensure no part of the body is exposed to the enemy. If the cover is narrow, the Marine positions his body directly behind cover and keeps his legs together. The Marine's body is in line with the pistol and directly behind the pistol. The Isosceles prone position presents a smaller target to the enemy and more body mass to absorb recoil. The Weaver prone position is ideally suited to fire from around cover (e.g., log) because of the angle of the body, but this position presents a larger target to the enemy. See figure 5-10.

## Supported Kneeling

If the prone position cannot be used because of the height of the support, the Marine may use the supported kneeling position. The kneeling position allows firing of the pistol from all sides. This position may be altered to maximize the use of cover or support by assuming a variation of the kneeling position (high, medium, low, or twoknee). The kneeling position provides more mobility than the prone position. See figure 5-11.

Caution The Marine must not indicate to the enemy his position with his exposed knee. If the Marine changes knees while exposed to the enemy, he has indicated the direction of his next shot to the enemy.

## Supported Standing

When use of the support is maximized, the supported standing position can be as stable as the supported kneeling or prone position. The supported standing position provides greater mobility than the other positions and usually provides greater observation of the enemy. In the standing position, the Marine must not allow the placement of his foot to indicate to the enemy his position behind cover. See figure 5-12.

## Locate And Engage Targets From Behind Cover

To locate targets when behind cover or to ensure the area is clear before moving, the Marine must expose himself to the enemy. There are two techniques used to locate and engage targets from behind cover: the pie and the rollout. These techniques minimize the Marine's exposure to enemy fire while placing him in a position to engage targets or to move to another location if necessary. Both techniques are used in the kneeling and standing positions.

## Pie Technique

The Weaver position is the most effective position when executing the pie technique because the position of the Marine's body minimizes exposure to the enemy. See figure 5-13.

To perform the pie technique

 Stay behind cover while moving back and
away from the leading edge of the cover. The surroundings and situation dictate the distance the Marine moves back and away from the cover. Generally, the further back the Marine is from cover, the greater his area of observation; staying too close to cover decreases the area of observation.
 Assume a firing position and lower the pistol
sights enough to have a clear field of view, aiming in on the leading edge of the cover.
 Take small side steps and slowly move out
from behind cover, covering the field of view with the aiming eye and muzzle of the pistol. Wherever the eyes move, the muzzle should move (eyes, muzzle, target).
  Continue moving out from cover until a target
is identified or the area is found to be clear. If a target is identified, sweep the safety off, place the finger on the trigger, and engage the target.
Note: If a target is identified before moving out from cover, the pistol should be thumbcocked and off safe before moving out.

## Rollout Technique

In this technique, the Isosceles position is the most effective position when executing the rollout technique because the position of the body allows the Marine to better maintain his balance. See figure 5-14. To perform the rollout technique

 Stay behind cover, move back, and position the
body so it is in line with the leading edge of the cover, ensuring that no part of the body extends beyond cover.
 Assume firing position
and come to the Ready, ensuring the muzzle is just behind cover.
 Cant the head and pistol slightly and roll the upper body out to the side enough to obtain a clear field of view. Keep the feet in place and push up on the ball of one foot to facilitate rolling out.
  Continue to roll out
from cover until a target is identified or the area is found to be clear. If a target is identified, sweep the safety off, place the finger on the trigger, and engage the target.
Note: If a target is identified before moving out from cover, the pistol should be thumbcocked and off safe before moving out.

## Combining The Pie And Rollout Techniques

In some situations, it may be necessary to utilize both the pie and rollout technique in order to search an entire area for targets (i.e., corner of a building, doorway). Changing from one technique to another may allow the Marine to minimize his exposure to the enemy and reduce the time he is exposed to enemy fire.

## Chapter 6 Presentation Of The M9 Service Pistol Presentation From The Carries And Holsters Presentation From The Ready

To present the pistol from the Ready, the Marine performs the following steps in sequence. When a target appears
In combat, targets present themselves with little or no warning. The Marine must have the ability to react quickly and to effectively and efficiently present the pistol, whether the pistol is in the holster or at a carry. To successfully engage a combat target with the M9 service pistol, the Marine must master pistol presentation from the carries and transport, pistol presentation while assuming a firing position, and search and assess techniques.

  Sweep the safety with the thumb of the right
hand, place the trigger finger on the trigger, and raise the arms to bring the pistol to the target.
Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines should reverse directions as needed.

## Sight Alignment/Sight Picture

Note: If the Marine wishes to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot, the pistol is thumbcocked with the left thumb after the safety is swept with the right thumb. The grip of the left hand may have to be broken to thumbcock the pistol; re-establish the grip after thumbcocking.
Pistol presentation drills and dry fire help the Marine achieve a consistent grip and rapid presentation and aid in quickly acquiring sight alignment and sight picture. The Marine always executes the following steps:

  Acquire sight alignment and sight picture
within the aiming area and apply trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Presentation From The Alert

To present the pistol from the Alert, the Marine performs the following steps in sequence. When a target appears

 Identify the target and quickly present the pistol to the target while simultaneously sweeping
the safety with the thumb of the right hand.
(Disengaging the safety with the right thumb
ensures the trigger is not pulled before taking the pistol off safe.)
 Sweep the safety with the thumb of the right
hand, place the trigger finger on the trigger, and bring the pistol to the target:  If the arms are straight, raise the arms to a
45-degree angle with the deck.
 Shift the focus from the target to the front sight
to obtain sight alignment while presenting the
pistol. As the front sight breaks the plane of
vision, acquire the front sight and begin to
apply trigger control as sight picture is acquired.
  Apply trigger pressure until the shot is fired.
 If the arms are bent, straighten the arms out
toward the target.
Note: If the Marine wishes to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot, the pistol is thumbcocked with the left thumb after the safety is swept with the right thumb. The grip of the left hand may have to be broken to thumbcock the pistol; re-establish the grip after thumbcocking.

  Acquire sight alignment and sight picture
within the aiming area and apply trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Presentation From A Holster Transport

The pistol is presented from the holster in one continuous, fluid motion.

## M12 Holster

To present the pistol from the M12 holster transport, perform the following steps in sequence once the target appears:

 Place the heel of the left hand at the center of
the torso with the fingers extended toward the target. (The placement of the left hand allows a
two-handed grip to be established in a minimum
amount of movement.) At the same time, unfasten and release the D-ring with the right hand.
 Use the right hand to place the thumb on the
forward edge of the holster and the fingers around the back edge of the holster, keeping the trigger finger straight.
 Slide the hand up the holster until the fingers
come in contact with the pistol grip. At the
same time, keep the thumb above the pistol to guide the holster flap up.
  Grasp the pistol grip with the fingers and draw
the pistol straight up. Continue withdrawing the
pistol while moving the thumb to a position on the safety. Note: Hand placement should allow the firing grip to be established once the thumb disengages the safety. Any adjustments made to the firing grip after the safety has been disengaged should be minor.

 Once the muzzle clears the holster, rotate the
muzzle forward while sweeping the safety.
 Establish a two-handed grip on the pistol by
joining the left hand with the right hand in front of the torso. At the same time, start to straighten the pistol out toward the target. See figure 6-1.
  Continue moving the pistol toward the target
and, at the same time, place the trigger finger on the trigger, acquire sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and apply trigger pressure until the shot is fired. See figure 6-2.
When time permits to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot (e.g., a long-range engagement), the Marine presents the pistol from the holster by performing the following steps once the target appears:

 Withdraw the pistol from the holster.  Sweep the safety with the thumb of the right
hand.
 Join the left and right hands and thumbcock the
pistol with the left thumb.
 Establish a two-handed grip on the pistol.   Straighten the pistol out toward the target and,
at the same time, place the trigger finger on the
trigger, acquire sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and apply trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## M7 Shoulder Holster

The M9 service pistol fits very snugly in the M7 shoulder holster because the holster was originally designed for the M1911A1 .45-caliber pistol, which has a more slim, round design, particularly around the trigger guard. A firm grip is required when holstering and withdrawing the M9 service pistol from the M7 shoulder holster. To present the pistol from the M7 shoulder holster, perform the following steps:

 Unsnap the thumb snap closure with the left
hand.
 Wrap the fingers of the right hand around the
pistol grip and rest the thumb on top of the inside of the holster. See figure 6-3.
 Grasp the pistol grip firmly and draw the pistol
up and away from the holster while rotating the thumb in a position to operate the safety.
 Continue withdrawing the pistol until the muzzle clears the holster and rotate the muzzle toward the target. See figure 6-4.
 Sweep the safety with the thumb of the right
hand while starting to punch the pistol out toward the target.
 Establish a two-handed grip on the pistol by
joining the right hand with the left hand in the center of the torso. See figure 6-5.
  Continue punching the pistol out and, at the
same time, place the trigger finger on the trigger, establish sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and continue trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Assault Holster

To present the pistol from the assault holster, perform the following in one, continuous motion:

 Bring the heel of the
hand down on the hammer of the pistol so that it disengages the thumb break. See figure 6-6.
  Sweep the hand forward in a small circular motion, slide the hand up the holster, and bring the fingers up under the pistol grip.
Note: Depending on the type of retention strap, this circular motion releases the retention strap or pushes the retention strap forward and out of the way.

 Grasp the pistol grip and draw the pistol
straight up and out of the holster while establishing a firing grip and positioning the thumb
on the safety to operate it. See figure 6-7.
tact with the pistol grip. Keep the thumb above the pistol to ensure the jacket or sweater clears the pistol. See figure 6-9 on page 6-6.

Note: Leaning slightly forward at the waist may assist in clearing the jacket or sweater from the pistol and in removing the pistol from the holster.

 If the Marine is wearing a long jacket (below
waist-level), or a short jacket or sweater that is unfastened  Place the heel of the left hand at the center of
the torso to hold the left side of the jacket down with the fingers extended. At the same time, place the right hand on the right side of the jacket, with the thumb underneath the right side of the jacket below the left hand. See figure 6-10 on page 6-7.
 Keep thumb of the right hand against the body
and throw the jacket back and away from the holster. See figure 6-11 on page 6-7.
Note: Keeping a weighted object (e.g., keys, extra magazine) in the right-hand pocket of the jacket assists in throwing the jacket back and away from the holster.

## Concealed Pistol Holster

 Place the right hand on the holster and slide
the hand up the holster until the fingers come in contact with the pistol grip.
  Grasp the pistol grip with the fingers and draw
the pistol straight up. Continue withdrawing the pistol while moving the thumb to a position on the safety.
Depending on the clothing worn by the Marine, there are two methods for accessing the concealed pistol holster so that the clothing does not become an obstruction while presenting the pistol. To present the pistol from the concealed pistol holster, the following steps are performed in one, continuous motion when the target appears:

 If the Marine is wearing a short jacket/sweater
(waist-level) that is buttoned or zipped
Note: Hand placement should allow the firing grip to be established once the thumb disengages the safety. Any adjustments made to the firing grip after the safety is disengaged should be minor.

 Rotate the muzzle forward, once it clears the
holster, while sweeping the safety.
 Move the left hand across the body and grasp
the jacket or sweater just above the holster, at the same time place the right hand on the holster below the jacket or sweater. See figure 6-8 on page 6-6.
 Pull up on the jacket or sweater with the left
hand. At the same time, slide the right hand up the holster until the fingers come in con-
 Establish a two-handed grip on the pistol by
joining the left hand with the right hand in front of the torso. At the same time, start to punch the pistol out toward the target.
  Continue punching the pistol out and, at the
same time, place the trigger finger on the trigger, acquire sight alignment and sight picture
within the aiming area, and apply trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Presentation While Assuming The Kneeling Position

In combat, the Marine must be able to quickly assume the kneeling position while presenting the pistol to the target. This usually takes advantage of cover and provides a more stable base for shooting. The following procedures are based on the Isosceles and Weaver variations of the standing to the kneeling shooting positions.

## From The Ready

The Marine drops to the kneeling position while raising the arms to bring the pistol up to the target.

Note: The Weaver variation maintains the body's position in a 40 to 60 degree oblique to the target.

At the same time, the Marine sweeps the safety with the thumb of the right hand, places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## From The Alert (Arms Straight)

The Marine drops to the kneeling position while raising the arms to bring the pistol up to the target.

Note: The Weaver variation maintains the body's position in a 40 to 60 degree oblique to the target.

At the same time, the Marine sweeps the safety with the thumb of the right hand, places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## From The Alert (Close Quarters, Elbows Bent)

the drop method. The pistol is rotated to the target as the left hand is placed on the deck. The Marine sweeps the safety off.

The Marine drops to the kneeling position while pushing the arms out toward the target.

Note: If the Marine wishes to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot, it is done once the Marine is on the deck.

Note: The Weaver variation maintains the body's position in a 40 to 60 degree oblique to the target.

At the same time, the Marine sweeps the safety with the thumb of the right hand, places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

The Marine establishes a two-handed firing grip while spreading the legs a comfortable distance apart for stability. He places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## From The Holster Transport Weaver Prone

The Marine withdraws the pistol from the holster while dropping to the kneeling position. The pistol should be rotated to the target by the time the knee hits the deck. The Marine sweeps the safety with the thumb of the right hand, establishes a two-handed firing grip and
The Marine withdraws the pistol from the holster. At the same time, the Marine eliminates body contact with the deck by either the squat method or the drop method. The Marine maintains the 40 to 60 degree oblique to the target. The pistol should be rotated to the target as the left hand is placed on the deck. The Marine sweeps the safety off.

 In the Weaver variation, raises the arms to
bring the pistol up toward the target.
Note: If the Marine wishes to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot, it is done once the Marine is on the deck.

  In the Isosceles variation, pushes the pistol out
toward the target.
At the same time, the Marine places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

The Marine brings the left knee up, establishes a two-handed firing grip, and places the left elbow on the deck for stability. He places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Presentation While Assuming The Prone Position Search And Assess

The prone position is generally assumed to take advantage of cover or to provide additional stability for shooting. The following procedures are executed from the standing holster transports.

## Isosceles Prone

The Marine withdraws the pistol from holster. At the same time, the Marine eliminates body contact with the deck by either the squat method or To be successful in combat, the Marine must have the ability to assess the situation and take appropriate action following engagement. Once the Marine fires one or two rounds to engage a target, he must quickly assess the situation and the effectiveness of his engagement. This splitsecond assessment allows the Marine to determine the best course of action and prevents him from expending a number of rounds without If the target has not been eliminated, the Marine must determine whether to re-engage the target:
assessing the results and his ability to accurately engage the target. To search and assess, perform the following steps in sequence:

 Place the trigger finger straight along the
receiver immediately after a target is engaged. Do not place the pistol on safe.
 If the Marine decides to re-engage the target,
the target's size, time and distance to the target, and Marine's capabilities dictate the technique used. Re-engagement techniques include re-engaging the target with a well-aimed precision shot, two shots, or offset aiming.
  If the target's distance exceeds the Marine's
engagement capabilities or if the target is partially exposed and too small for the Marine to accurately engage, the Marine should not attempt to re-engage the target. The Marine may seek cover, seek out a better opportunity for engagement, or use support to better stabilize the pistol.
 Lower the arms just enough to look over the
pistol sights and provide a clear field of view. Do not rotate the wrists in order to angle the pistol downward, this breaks the firing grip and changes the tension in the arms. Lowering the arms maintains the firing grip, keeps the sights level, and allows sight alignment and sight picture to be quickly re-established should followon shots need to be fired.
When it is determined that the area is clear of all enemy threat, place the pistol on safe without breaking the grip and assume a pistol carry or pistol transport.

  Search the area by moving the head, eyes, and
pistol left and right (approximately 45 degrees from center). Wherever the head moves, the muzzle moves (eyes, muzzle, target). Keeping both eyes open increases the field of view.

## Chapter 7 Pistol Engagement Techniques Improper Camouflage

The Marine must be able to quickly detect targets and employ the proper pistol engagement and firing techniques. The Marine must also be able to re-engage a target if the initial engagement is not successful.

Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines should reverse directions as needed.

The improper use of camouflage creates three target indicators: shine, outline, and contrast with the background. The closeness of a typical pistol engagement somewhat diminishes these effects, but can still affect target detection. The Marine's ability to recognize target indicators aids in the detection of targets.

## Shine Target Detection

Shine is created from reflective objects such as metal, glass, pools of water, and the skin's natural oils. Shine acts as a beacon in locating a target's position.

## Outline

Target indicators reveal an enemy's position. Most combat targets are detected by smoke, flash, dust, noise, or movement and are usually only momentarily visible. Target indicators are grouped into three general areas: movement, sound, and improper camouflage.

The outline of camouflaged objects such as the body, head and shoulders, weapons, and gear can be recognizable.

## Movement Contrast With The Background

Objects contrast with a background because of differences in color, surface, and shape. The following are examples of objects contrasting with their background:
The Marine does not need to look directly at an object to notice movement. The eye is attracted to any movement, especially sudden movement. A slowly moving target is harder to detect than one with quick, jerky movements. Therefore, the ability to locate a moving target depends primarily on the speed of the object's movement.

 A target wearing a dark uniform would be
clearly visible in an area of snow or sand.

## Sound

 Symmetrical shapes, such as helmets or rifle
barrels, can be detected in a wooded area.
  Fresh soil around a fighting hole contrasts with
the otherwise unbroken ground surface.
Sound (e.g., movement, rattling equipment, talking) can be used to detect an enemy position. Sound provides only a general location, making it difficult to pinpoint a target by sound alone. However, sound can alert the Marine to the presence of a target and increases the probability of locating the target through other indicators.

While observing an area, the Marine notes anything that looks out of place or unusual and studies it in more detail in order to increase the chances of spotting a hidden threat.

## Techniques Of Fire

To enable the first shot to be fired single action, the pistol's hammer can be manually cocked with the thumb:
Note: The pistol must be taken off safe before it can be thumbcocked.

To successfully engage a combat target with the M9 service pistol, the Marine must employ effective techniques of fire. The Marine's performance of these skills and the proper application of the fundamentals of marksmanship are critical to success in a combat situation.

 Use the left thumb to pull back on the hammer
to cock it. This ensures that the firing grip of the right hand does not have to be broken.

## Double And Single Action Firing

 Ensure that the hammer moves all the way to
the rear.
 Ensure the trigger finger remains straight along
the receiver until the pistol is fully cocked.
When the M9 service pistol is taken off safe, it is capable of firing in both a double and a single action mode.

  Re-establish the firing grip with both hands
once the pistol is cocked.

## Double Action Mode Single Action Or Double Action Firing Factors

The design of the M9 service pistol causes the first shot fired to be a double action shot.

The decision to fire in a single or double action mode is made rapidly. Ultimately, the decision is based on the Marine's abilities, but the decision is also based on time and accuracy. The pistol is fired in the double action mode when trigger control, sight picture, and stability of hold are not as critical for accuracy (i.e., close range, large targets). The pistol is fired in the single action mode when the fundamentals are more critical to accuracy (i.e., long range, small targets).

In double action firing, two actions occur as the trigger is moved to the rear; the hammer moves to the rear, cocking the pistol, and then the hammer moves forward, firing the pistol. More pressure is required on the trigger to fire a double action shot due to the distance between the trigger and hammer and the weight of the trigger. A double action shot requires approximately 9 to 16 pounds of pressure to move the trigger rearward.

## Time

Maintaining sight alignment and sight picture are harder when firing a double action shot. Therefore, the sights will more than likely move outside the aiming area when applying trigger pressure.

The Marine sacrifices time to fire a single action, precision shot; but what he sacrifices in time, he gains in accuracy.

## Single Action Mode

For quick engagements at close range, there may not be time to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot. Therefore, firing the first shot in the double action mode is preferred because shots are needed on target quickly and stability of hold and sight picture are not as critical to accuracy.

In single action firing, the pistol is already cocked because the cycle of operation in the first double action shot leaves the hammer cocked to the rear. Therefore, the only action taking place as the trigger is moved to the rear is the hammer moving forward, firing the pistol. A single action shot requires approximately 4 to 6 pounds of pressure to move the trigger rearward. Therefore, the application of trigger control is easier when firing a single action shot.

When time permits and for targets at longer ranges, the pistol may be thumbcocked to place it in the single action mode to reduce the weight of the trigger and the distance the trigger must travel rearward to fire the first shot.

## Distance And Size Of The Target

 The key to proper recovery is a stable firing
position and proper grip.
 If the Marine's firing position is not stable, recoil forces him out of his firing position, requiring him to re-establish his position before he takes his next shot.
The smaller the target, the more critical the application of the fundamentals in order to engage the target accurately. To accurately engage a small target (e.g., head shot, long-range target) it is better to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot. Engagement of a smaller target requires additional precision because sight alignment and sight picture are more critical to accuracy.

  An improper grip or lack of controlled muscular tension causes the pistol to move in the Marine's hand after the shot is fired, disrupting sight alignment and requiring the Marine to reestablish his grip.

## Two-Shot Technique Slow Fire Technique

During combat, the preferred pistol engagement technique is to rapidly fire more than one shot on a target to eliminate it as a threat. Two shots fired in rapid succession increase the trauma (i.e., shock, blood loss) on the target and increase the Marine's chances of quickly eliminating the threat. Therefore, two shots are most often fired in rapid succession on a target at close range.

Sight alignment becomes more critical the smaller the target and the greater the distance to the target. In these situations, the Marine does not engage the target with two rapidly fired shots because he has to slow down his application of the fundamentals in order to fire a precision shot(s). To engage small targets (i.e., partially exposed) and targets at longer ranges where precision is required, the Marine must employ the following slow fire technique:

 Thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot.  Slow down application of the fundamentals.   Fire one well-aimed, precision shot on target.

## Re-Engagement Techniques

After the pistol is fired, the muzzle climbs with the recoil of the pistol. To fire two shots, the Marine must quickly recover the sights to the same area on the target while re-acquiring sight alignment and sight picture. The proper recovery automatically brings the sights back on target following recoil. A quick recovery allows more time for the Marine to align the sights and apply trigger control to fire the next shot. Recovery begins immediately after the application of the fundamentals to bring the pistol sights into alignment with the target in preparation for firing the next shot.

Once the Marine has quickly assessed the situation and determined that the threat still exists, he may make the decision to re-engage the target to eliminate it as a threat. Re-engagement techniques include engaging the target with a precision shot through slow fire, two shots, or offset aiming. The time, size, and distance to the target as well as the Marine's marksmanship abilities dictate the technique used to re-engage the target.

## Slow Fire Technique

If the Marine has engaged a target and the target still poses a threat, the Marine may choose to slow down his application of the fundamentals The amount the muzzle climbs during recoil depends on the amount of controlled muscular tension in the grip and wrists used to stabilize the pistol and create consistency in resistance to recoil. Controlled muscular tension allows the pistol sights to recover consistently back on target within a minimum amount of time. The speed of delivery of multiple shots depends on how fast the Marine can re-acquire sight alignment. Sight recovery is determined by the following:

## Offset Aiming

and fire a slow fire, precision shot. The placement of one well-aimed, precision shot on a designated area of the target increases the chances of eliminating the target as a threat. However, the time the Marine has to engage the target determines if he can slow down his application of the fundamentals to fire a precision shot. Firing a precision shot takes time, so the Marine will sacrifice time for accuracy.

When the Marine assesses the situation and determines his shots are not successful and not striking the target in the designated aiming area, he may employ offset aiming. Since the pistol's sights cannot be adjusted, offset aiming is applied to adjust the aiming area and to cause rounds to strike center mass. This technique should only be applied when the Marine determines that he is applying the fundamentals of marksmanship correctly. Sight picture will change as the aiming area is adjusted. The known strike of the round offset aiming technique requires shifting the point of aim to compensate for rounds striking off target center. To effectively engage a target using this technique, the Marine must be able to see where the rounds are striking and then aim an equal distance from the center of the aiming area opposite the observed strike of the round. For example, if the rounds are striking the target high and left of center mass, aim an equal and opposite distance low and right.

## Multiple Targets

The key to successful shot placement is the Marine's ability to slow down his performance and focus on the application of the fundamentals of marksmanship. The Marine must determine where to place shot for maximum effectiveness. In order to make this decision, the Marine must consider distance and size of the target and time. For targets at close range and within the Marine's marksmanship abilities, a precision shot is placed in the head to immediately eliminate the target as a threat. Sometimes, even at close ranges, the target may only be partially exposed; therefore, the Marine is presented with a small target and aims his sights on the portion of the target that is exposed. For targets at long ranges, the target is smaller and requires a precision shot. A precision shot may be placed in the body to add trauma to the target and increase the chances of eliminating the target as a threat.

## Two-Shot Technique

If a target is accurately engaged, but does not go down, the Marine may re-engage the target with additional shots. Two additional, rapidly delivered shots increases the trauma and increases the Marine's chances of eliminating the threat.

If engaging more than one target at a time, the Marine adheres to the fundamentals of marksmanship and employs the techniques of multiple target engagement. The introduction of multiple targets in a combat scenario requires additional skills that must be learned and practiced if a Marine is to be successful. To be effective in combat, the Marine must be able to detect targets through identification of target indicators (identified on page 7-1), prioritize the targets, and employ multiple target engagement techniques.

## Combat Mindset

The size and distance to the target affect how quickly two shots can be delivered on the target. The speed at which two shots are fired also depends on the Marine's marksmanship abilities and how fast he can re-acquire his front sight.

However, the Marine must not compromise accuracy for speed; the key to successful target engagement is to fire only as quickly as the Marine can fire effectively.

Successful engagement of multiple targets requires a somewhat different mindset from single target engagement. For example, following engagement of a single target, the Marine assesses

## Engaging Multiple Targets

the situation. During multiple target engagements, after the first target is engaged, he must immediately engage the next target and continue until all targets have been eliminated. Because split-second decisions must be made, the development of a combat mindset is important to success on the battlefield. A combat mindset allows the Marine to control the pace of the battle rather than react to the threat.

Once targets have been prioritized, the Marine must quickly eliminate them. It is crucial to understand and practice the physical techniques for engaging multiple targets until they become second nature. When these techniques occur as automatic responses, the Marine maintains an awareness of the complete battlefield and is able to concentrate on the mental aspects of multiple target engagement.

## Engagement Methods

Mental preparedness is essential to successful engagement of multiple targets, and the required mindset must be developed until it becomes second nature to the Marine. When multiple targets appear, the Marine must prioritize the targets to establish an engagement sequence. To prioritize targets and establish an engagement sequence, the Marine must be aware of the surroundings, not focus on one target, and continuously search the terrain for additional targets.

## Prioritizing Targets

The fundamentals of marksmanship are critical to the development of skills to support multiple target engagement. While responsiveness is important when engaging multiple targets, the Marine's primary concern is to place accurate rounds on target. A balance must be struck between placing shots quickly on targets at close range and slowing down to place precision shots on targets at long range because all targets pose a threat and must be accurately engaged. To engage multiple targets

 Engage every target, move from target to target.
Once multiple targets have been identified, they must be prioritized in terms of the threat each target presents. While the fundamentals of marksmanship must still be applied, prioritizing targets and planning the engagement are just as essential to successful multiple target engagement.

 After all of the targets have been initially
engaged, assess the effectiveness of the engagements and, if necessary, re-engage targets that still pose a threat.
  If all of the targets are eliminated, search the
area for new targets.

## Considerations For Field Firing Positions

Target priority is based on factors such as proximity, threat, and opportunity. It also encompasses the Marine's proficiency level since a Marine should not attempt to engage a target beyond his proficiency level or the pistol's capability (e.g., a target 100 yards away). The principal method of prioritizing targets is to determine the level of threat for each target so that all targets may be engaged in succession, starting with the most threatening and ending with the least threatening.

The selection and use of field firing positions are critical to engagement of multiple targets. As in any firing situation, if the situation permits, the Marine should make a quick mental review of the terrain to select a firing position that provides stability, mobility, and observation of the enemy. The firing position should also provide flexibility for engaging multiple targets. The more dispersed the multiple targets, the greater the lateral movement the position must afford to engage them. The prone position provides the maximum stability for firing well-placed shots, but engaging multiple targets from this position may require Prioritizing targets is an ongoing process. As the engagement proceeds, new targets may appear or previously identified targets may take cover, delaying their engagement. Therefore, the Marine must remain constantly alert to changes in target threat, proximity, and the opportunity for engagement and revise target priorities accordingly.

adjustment in the position from shot to shot depending on the distance between the targets and their location. Because the arms are fully extended on the ground, the prone position can be restrictive, increasing the time it will take to recover the sights onto subsequent targets. If the Marine must make an adjustment in the prone position to engage multiple targets, he must ensure that he maintains proper arm placement. Improper arm placement may affect his stability of hold and his ability to acquire sight picture.

The following identifies position adjustments:

 For targets that are not widely dispersed, the
Marine adjusts the position of the lower part of
the body to orient the upper body toward the
target without disturbing the placement of the arms. This allows the Marine to maintain stability of hold and quickly recover on subsequent
targets. Moving the legs to the left orients the
upper body to the right; moving the legs to the right orients the upper body to the left.
  For targets that are widely dispersed, the
Marine may need to adjust his entire position to orient his body in the direction of subsequent targets. Using the left hand, push the upper body off the deck just high enough to move the body in the direction of the target. Extend the right arm toward the target and keep the muzzle pointed in the direction of the target.
The kneeling and standing positions provide an increased field of view and allow maximum lateral adjustment to engage dispersed targets. The type of adjustment the Marine must make in the kneeling or standing position in order to orient his body in the direction of each target is related to the distance between the targets. It is also related to the Marine's ability to maintain stability of hold and recover from recoil. Once the first target is engaged

 Maintain a proper shooting position, rotate the
body in the direction of the target, keeping the
feet in place. In the standing position, the Marine may bend slightly at the knees while
rotating the body. This allows the Marine to distribute his weight forward to provide additional stability to the position and to better control the effects of recoil.

 Adjust the entire position by either adjusting
the placement of the feet or knee(s) in order to face in the direction of the new target if the targets are some distance apart.
  Ensure that as the eyes move to a new target,
the head and pistol muzzle should follow.

## Moving Targets

The majority of combat targets will be moving; the enemy will move quickly from cover to cover, exposing himself for the shortest time possible. Therefore, a moving target must be engaged before it disappears. The Marine must engage a moving target with the same accuracy and precision used to engage a stationary target. Practice in the proper application of leads and the fundamentals of marksmanship enable the successful engagement of moving targets.

## Types Of Moving Targets Moving Target

This type of target moves in a consistent manner (i.e., walking or running) and is in continuous sight as it moves across the Marine's field of vision. However, unless the enemy is completely unaware of the Marine's presence, this type of target is not likely to present itself.

## Stop And Go Target

This type of target appears and disappears during its movement due to intermittent cover. It will present itself for only a short period of time before re-establishing cover. This type of target is most vulnerable to fire at the beginning and end of its movement because it begins slow and gains momentum as it leaves cover and then slows to avoid overrunning the new cover.

## Leads For Moving Targets

Half Lead. The target moves obliquely across the Marine's line of sight (at about a 45-degree angle). One arm and over half of the back or chest are visible. This target requires half of a full lead because it moves half as far as a target moving directly across the Marine's line of sight during the bullet's flight. No Lead. A target moving directly toward or away from the Marine presents a full view of both arms and the entire back or chest. No lead is required. This target is engaged in the same manner as a stationary target because it is not moving across the Marine's line of sight.

Once the moving target has been identified it must be engaged. To engage a moving target, the Marine must aim at a point in front of the target, which is known as a lead. Lead is the distance in advance of the target that is required to strike the target when it is moving. To achieve success, determining the amount of lead to engage a moving target must be as precise as possible. When a shot is fired at a moving target, the target continues to move during the time of the bullet's flight. For this reason, the aim must be in front of the target; otherwise, the shot will fall behind the target.

## Point Of Aim Technique Factors Affecting Lead

Factors that affect the amount of lead are the target's range, speed, and angle of movement.

Range. There is a time lag from the time a round is fired until the round strikes at the point of aim. This time of flight could allow a target to move out of the bullet's path if the round were fired directly at the target. Time of flight increases as range to the target increases. Therefore, the lead must be increased in proportion to the distance to the target.

To engage a moving target, a Marine establishes a lead using a point of aim offset aiming technique. This technique uses predetermined points of aim to sector a man-sized target vertically, halfway between center mass and the leading edge of the target (both one point of aim and two points of aim) (see fig. 7-1 on page 7-8). The same units of measure can be applied off the target for holds of additional points of aim. To use the point of aim technique to establish a lead on a man-sized moving target at various ranges, speeds, and angles of movement, the following guidelines apply. See figure 7-2 on page 7-9.

Speed. A greater lead is required to hit a running man than a walking man because the running man moves a greater distance during the flight of the bullet.

 For a target moving at a distance of 15 yards
away or less, no lead is required.
 For a target walking directly across the Marines
line of sight (full lead) between 16 and 25 yards away, hold 1 point of aim in the direction the target is moving.
Angle of Movement. The angle of target movement also affects the amount of lead required for target engagement. The angle of movement across the Marine's line of sight relative to the flight of the bullet determines the type (amount) of lead.

  For a target running directly across the Marine's
line of sight (full lead) between 16 and 25 yards away, hold 2 points of aim in the direction the target is moving.

## Types Of Leads Methods Of Engagement

Full Lead. The target moves straight across the Marine's line of sight with only one arm and half the body visible. This target requires a full lead because it moves the greatest distance across the Marine's line of sight during the bullet's flight.

Moving targets, although difficult, can be engaged by the tracking or ambush method or a combination of the two. See figure 7-2 on page 7-9.

 Continue tracking and applying trigger pressure while acquiring sight picture. When sight picture is established, engage the target while maintaining the proper point of aim (lead).
  Follow through so the lead is maintained as the
bullet exits the muzzle. Continuing to track also enables a second shot to be fired on target.

## Ambush Method

The ambush method is generally used to engage a stop and go target and when it is difficult to track the target with the pistol, such as in the prone position. With this method, the pistol is aimed at a predetermined engagement point ahead of the target and along its path, allowed to remain stationary, and fired when the target reaches the predetermined engagement point. The engagement point is based on the required point of aim (lead) to engage the target effectively. When the sights are settled, the target moves into the predetermined engagement point creating the desired sight picture. Once sight picture is established, the remaining pressure is applied on the trigger until the shot is fired. To execute the ambush method

## Tracking Method

 Look for a pattern of exposure.  Thumbcock the pistol while presenting it to a
selected point of aim ahead of the target.
 Apply trigger pressure while obtaining sight
alignment in the aiming area.
 Continue applying trigger pressure and hold
sight alignment until the target moves into the predetermined engagement point and the desired sight picture is established.
In this method, the Marine "tracks" or follows the target with his front sight while maintaining sight alignment and a point of aim on or ahead of (leading) the target until the shot is fired. Sight picture is the aiming point in relation to the target while maintaining sight alignment (when a lead is established in moving target engagement, the sights are not entered on the target). To execute the tracking method

 Engage the target once the sight picture is
acquired.
 Thumbcock the pistol while presenting it to the
target.
  Follow through so the pistol sights are not disturbed as the bullet exits the muzzle.

## Applying The Fundamentals Of Marksmanship

 Track the muzzle of the pistol through the target to the desired point of aim (lead). The point of aim may be on the target or some point in
front of the target depending upon the target's
range, speed, and angle of movement.
The engagement of moving targets is a perishable skill that must be practiced frequently if it is to be maintained. The Marine must practice to develop the skill to calculate the point of aim (lead) and

 Track and maintain focus on the front sight
while applying trigger pressure and acquiring sight alignment.
fire the shot while maintaining the proper point of aim (lead). To engage moving targets using the tracking method, the Marine moves the pistol smoothly and steadily as the target moves. A stable position and firm grip are necessary to steady the pistol sights while tracking.

mon error when engaging moving targets is to focus on the target rather than focusing on the front sight. Sight picture is the point of aim in relation to the target while maintaining sight alignment. For both the ambush and tracking methods, sight picture is changed from the normal center mass picture, based on range, speed, and angle of movement of the target. It takes practice in moving target engagement to quickly establish the desired sight picture for a given point of aim (lead).

## Breath Control

There is no difference in breath control when engaging moving targets; the breath is held to fire the shot.

## Trigger Control

When using the tracking method, continue tracking the target while following through with the shot process so the point of aim (lead) is maintained as the bullet exits the muzzle. Continuing to track also enables a second shot to be fired on target if necessary. Concentration should be on continuing to track while applying the fundamentals. The fundamentals must be instinctively applied, allowing concentration on tracking the target and applying point of aim (lead).

## Aiming

Sight alignment remains unchanged for accurate engagement of a moving target. The most com-
Trigger control is critical to firing shots while establishing and maintaining sight alignment and sight picture. Because the single action mode is the preferred method of engaging a moving target, the pistol is thumbcocked before trigger control is applied. The following guidelines apply:

 Do not use interrupted trigger control when
engaging moving targets because the point of
aim (lead) is lost or has to be adjusted if the
trigger is held in order to re-assume the proper sight picture.
 Do not stop tracking as trigger control is
applied. This causes the shot to impact behind
the moving target. Trigger control should be uninterrupted while maintaining the point of aim so the trigger is pulled in one continuous, smooth motion to the rear.

  Do not interrupt trigger control when the target
is masked from view. This is particularly true in the ambush method for targets that appear to stop and go when moving to and from cover. Trigger control should be uninterrupted.

## Chapter 8 One-Handed Techniques

In combat, a situation may arise where the Marine must engage a target by using only one hand. A Marine fires the pistol one-handed when

 The Marine's other hand is occupied.  A target presents itself so quickly and at a
close range that the Marine does not have time
to establish a two-handed grip and position.
  One of the Marine's hands is injured.
Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines should reverse directions as needed.

## Presentation And Shooting Adjustment Of The Standing Position

To fire accurately, the Marine must maintain the same stability and control of the pistol, manage recoil, and recover on target as effectively with one hand as with two. This is accomplished by adjusting the standing position as the pistol is presented to the target (see fig. 8-1). The Marine's angle to the target determines what adjustments are made to the standing position. This adjustment is made while the pistol is being presented to the target by moving or sliding the feet to orient the body to the target. For stability and balance, the right foot may be slightly forward of the left foot. The further to the right of the Marine the target is the farther forward the right foot will be. To adjust the standing position when firing one-handed

 Increase the muscular tension in the right arm
and bend the elbow slightly to better manage the pistol.
Note: For some Marines, muscular tension in the firing arm and the position of the body in relation to the target causes them to cant the pistol inboard slightly. A slight inboard cant of the pistol and firing arm allows a natural bend in the elbow and allows a better management of recoil and recovery of the sights back on target. Any cant should be natural and not caused by excessive muscular tension. A slight cant does not affect shooting performance and should not alter the application of the fundamentals of marksmanship.

 Apply controlled muscular tension throughout
the body to better manage the effects of recoil.
  Lean forward aggressively, roll the shoulders
forward, and tuck the head into the shoulders.
Note: The following step is done only during training to demonstrate how to stabilize the position and to simulate the Marine's other hand being occupied.

  Place the left hand in a fist on the center of the
torso to increase stability. If the left arm is swinging freely it causes a corresponding movement in the pistol, reducing stability and control. Placing the left hand on the torso also ensures it is not covered by the muzzle of the
pistol as the pistol is presented.

## Searching And Assessing After Firing

Following one-handed target engagement, the Marine must quickly decide if it is to his advantage and if it is possible to free his occupied hand in order to place both hands on the pistol to search and assess. Whenever possible, the Marine places both hands on the pistol to increase stability and to be ready for re-engagement if necessary.

## Reloading Dry Reload

When only one hand is available, the dry reload can be performed as follows:

 Seek cover, if the situation permits.  Press the magazine release button and allow
the magazine to fall to the deck. If using the right hand, press the magazine release button with the thumb. If using the left hand, press the magazine release button with the trigger finger.
 Point the muzzle in a safe direction and position
the pistol to facilitate loading the magazine. Depending on the firing position, this is accomplished using one of the following methods: Two-Knee Kneeling Position  Rotate the pistol so the magazine well faces
up and the muzzle of the pistol is pointed away from the body.
 Place the pistol between the thighs or knees
and apply pressure to hold the pistol in place.
 Withdraw a filled magazine from the ammunition pocket and insert it into the magazine well, seating it with the heel of the hand. See figure 8-2.

## Standing Position

 Rotate the pistol so the magazine well faces
up and the muzzle of the pistol is pointed away from the body.
 Place the pistol between the thighs or knees
and apply pressure to hold the pistol in place. Bend slightly at the knees to secure the pistol between the thighs.
 Withdraw a filled magazine from the ammunition pocket and insert it into the magazine
well, seating it with the heel of the hand. See figure 8-3.
Kneeling Position (High, Medium, Low)  Rotate the pistol so the magazine well faces
outboard and the muzzle is pointed away from the body.
 Place the rear portion of the slide in the bend
of the right knee and apply pressure with the leg to hold the pistol in place. For additional control, the Marine may drop to a two-knee kneeling position and place the pistol between his knees.
 Withdraw a filled magazine from the ammunition pocket and insert it into the magazine well, seating it with the heel of the hand. See figure 8-4 on page 8-4.
Prone Position  The Marine places the pistol on the deck in
front of him and against his body with the muzzle pointed in a safe direction. Alternately, the Marine may roll on his side and place the pistol between his knees, with the magazine well facing out.
 Withdraw a filled magazine from the ammunition pocket and insert it into the magazine well, seating it with the heel of the hand. See figure 8-5 on page 8-4.
 Grasp the pistol grip and remove the pistol
from its secured location or from the deck.
  Press the slide release to allow the slide to
move forward and chamber a round. If using the right hand, press the slide release with the thumb. If using the left hand, press the slide release with the index finger.

## Condition 1 Reload

When only one hand is available, a Condition 1 reload can be performed as follows:

 Point the muzzle in a safe direction and position the pistol to allow for removal of the magazine (e.g., between the thighs, in the bend of
the knee, in the holster, tucked in the cartridge belt, on the deck against the body). Any position is correct if it allows the magazine well to
be exposed.
 Withdraw a filled magazine from the ammunition pocket.
 Press the magazine release button and remove
the magazine from the pistol. If using the right
hand, press the magazine release button with
the thumb. If using the left hand, press the magazine release button with the index finger.
 Insert the filled magazine into the magazine
well, seating it with the heel of the hand.
 Stow the partially-filled magazine (e.g., inside
the cartridge belt, in the cargo pocket).
  Grasp the pistol grip and remove the pistol from
its secured location, keeping the trigger finger straight and off the trigger until ready to fire.

## Remedial Action

Remedial action requires investigating the cause of the stoppage, clearing the stoppage, and returning the pistol to operation. When performing remedial action, seek cover if the tactical situation permits. Once a pistol ceases to fire, the Marine must visually or physically observe the pistol to identify the problem before it can be cleared. The steps taken to clear the pistol are based on what is observed:

 Remove the finger from the trigger and place it
straight along the receiver.
 Lock the slide to the rear. To pull and lock the
slide to the rear, push up on the slide stop and maintain pressure with the right thumb. (Push up on the slide stop with the left index finger if remedial action is being performed with the weak hand.)
  Secure the rear sight on the top of the cartridge
belt or any other surface that provides the resistance needed to stabilize the pistol. See figure 8-6. While applying pressure on the pistol to keep the rear sight secured, push downward on the pistol in one continuous motion to lock the slide to the rear.
Note: Ensure the pistol does not move to safe when locking the slide to the rear.

 Place the pistol in a position to observe the
chamber.
  Correct the stoppage.
If there is a round in the magazine but not in the chamber, release the slide and observe a round being chambered. If you do not observe a round being chambered, tap, rack, and bang to perform remedial action:

## Tap

 Keep muzzle pointed in a safe direction and
place trigger finger straight along the receiver.
 Strike the bottom of the magazine against a
hard surface to ensure it is seated. In the kneeling position, strike the magazine against the thigh (see fig. 8-7 on page 8-6). In the standing position, bring the right knee up while striking magazine against the right thigh (see fig. 8-8 on page 8-6). In the prone position, strike the magazine against the deck.

## Rack

 Rotate the pistol so the rear sight can be
hooked on the top of the cartridge belt or any other surface (e.g., the edge of a table, wall, heel of the boot) that provides the resistance needed to rack the slide in a smooth, uninterrupted motion. Do not let the muzzle of the pistol cover the body. See figures 8-9 and 8-10.  Wrap the fingers and thumb around the pistol
grip so the index finger and thumb are around the base of the pistol grip. See figure 8-12.
 Apply pressure on the pistol to keep the rear
sight secured while pushing downward on the pistol to move the slide fully to the rear.
 Release pressure on the pistol to chamber the
round.
Bang   Recover the pistol on target, re-establish sight
alignment/sight picture, and attempt to fire.

## Presentation From The Holster With The Weak Hand

 Draw the pistol straight up until trigger guard
clears the top of the holster. See figure 8-13.
During combat, the Marine must be prepared to engage targets at any time. Therefore, the Marine must have the ability to present the pistol from the holster with his weak (left) hand if circumstances prevent him from using his strong (right) hand. He must apply the same smooth, controlled movement to present the pistol to the target. There are three methods for withdrawing the pistol from the holster with the weak hand. The Marine should practice each method to determine which works best for him.

## Method One: Pistol Rotation

 Unfasten and release the D-ring with the left
hand. See figure 8-11.
 Rotate the pistol so the magazine well faces the
target and the trigger guard rests on the top of the holster. Ensure the trigger guard rests securely against the top of the holster. See figure 8-14 on page 8-8.
 Maintain downward pressure on the pistol and
slide the left hand around the pistol grip to establish a firing grip. See figure 8-15.
 Grasp the pistol and continue to withdraw the
pistol until the muzzle clears the holster and rotate the muzzle toward the target.
 Sweep the safety off with the thumb of the left
hand while moving the pistol out toward the
target. At the same time, place the trigger finger on the trigger and establish sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area.
  Continue trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Method Two: Hand Rotation

 Unfasten and release the D-ring with the left
hand.
 Push the holster flap up and out of the way
with the back of the left hand.
  Push the right hip out to facilitate grasping the
pistol grip. Grasp the pistol grip between the holster flap and the pistol grip, the thumb is wrapped around the other side of the pistol grip against the backstrap. See figure 8-16.
Note: The cartridge belt may be pulled with the left hand to bring the holster closer to the body's center to facilitate grasping the pistol.

 Draw the pistol straight up while rotating the
pistol so the magazine well faces inboard. Continue to remove the pistol until the trigger guard rests on the holster. See figure 8-17.
 Establish a firing grip and rotate the thumb to a
position to operate the safety. See figure 8-18.
 Continue to withdraw the pistol until the muzzle clears the holster and rotate the muzzle to the target. See figure 8-19.
 Sweep the safety with the thumb of the left
hand while moving the pistol out toward the
target. At the same time, place the trigger finger on the trigger and establish sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area.

  Continue trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Method Three: Knee Placement

This method is particularly effective when firing from the two-knee kneeling position and the standing position.

 Unfasten and release the D-ring with the left
hand.
 Wrap the fingers and thumb around the pistol
grip so the index finger and thumb are around the base of the pistol grip.
 Draw the pistol straight up until the muzzle
clears the holster and rotate the muzzle forward. The magazine well should face upward.
 Place the pistol between the thighs, applying
enough tension to keep the pistol in place. The Marine must ensure that he does not disengage the safety while performing this motion and that the muzzle of the pistol is clear of the body. In the standing position, the Marine bends slightly at the knees to facilitate securing the pistol between the thighs.
 Remove the left hand from the pistol grip and
rotate the hand around the pistol grip to facilitate establishing a firing grip.
 Grasp the pistol grip and remove the pistol
from the thighs, rotating the pistol until the muzzle is pointed toward the target.
 Sweep the safety with the thumb of the left
hand while starting to punch the pistol out toward the target.
 Establish a firing grip and continue to punch
the pistol out toward the target. At the same time, place the trigger finger on the trigger and
establish sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area.

  Continue trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

## Transferring The Pistol From One Hand To The Other

Situations may arise in combat where the Marine must transfer the pistol to the left hand to engage a target because the right hand or arm is injured.

To safely transfer the pistol from one hand to the other, perform the following steps:
Note: This procedure is written to transfer the pistol from the right hand to the left hand.

 Point the muzzle in the direction of the target
and place the trigger finger straight along the receiver. See figure 8-20.
 Establish a firing grip with the left hand on the
pistol. See figure 8-22.
 Place the web of the left index finger and
thumb under the backstrap of the pistol. See figure 8-21.
 Wrap the fingers of the left hand around the
pistol grip while releasing the right hand grip.

## Chapter 9 Advanced Techniques Moving: The Glide Technique

Some tactical situations are quite complex and require Marines to apply advanced pistol engagement techniques in order to effectively engage the enemy and survive. The ability of the Marine to rapidly shoot on the move and to turn and fire will be critical to a successful engagement.

Note: The procedures in this chapter are written for right-handed Marines; left-handed Marines should reverse directions as needed.

To shoot accurately while moving, the Marine cannot run or walk fast. A normal running movement produces too much bounce in the Marine's body and makes it extremely difficult to use the sights of the pistol or to achieve the needed level of stability for accurate shooting. Therefore, the proper movement technique is similar to a glide and allows for accurate target engagement:

 A lower center of gravity is achieved by keeping the knees bent and the upper body erect.

## Shooting On The Move

 The bent knees also serve to absorb the shock
generated by movement.
 The feet are not lifted as high as in a normal
walk or run, allowing obstructions to be kicked out of the way.
When moving from one area of cover to another, the Marine may engage a target that presents an immediate threat. In this situation, the Marine relies on accurate fire to serve as his cover.

## Moving With The Pistol

  The feet and knees point in the direction of
travel. If there is a need to engage a target off to the side, the Marine rotates at the waist to move the upper body in the desired direction. The upper body shooting position does not change.
The likelihood of encountering a threat dictates how the pistol is carried while the Marine is moving. But regardless of the method of carry, the pistol's muzzle is pointed in the same direction that the head and eyes are lookingthe eyes and muzzle move as one.

The glide is not a technique that can be used for a long period of time or for long distances. Rather, the Marine can move in a normal manner until it becomes necessary to engage a target, he then slows and assumes the glide.

## Engaging Targets: Using The Pistol Sights

When carrying the pistol in the Alert position, the pistol is tucked in close to the body, finger off the trigger. This position allows the Marine freedom of movement and still allows for a quick presentation of the pistol. If there is a high probability of encountering a threat, the Marine carries the pistol in the Ready position while moving.

When the Marine fires the pistol, he must concentrate on the pistol's front sight. The adherence to the fundamentals of marksmanship becomes even more vital when both the Marine and the enemy may be moving.

## Continuing To Move

A Marine continues to move no matter what happens. Continuing to move makes it difficult for the threat to engage the Marine and can be one of the Marine's best defensive assets. When moving to cover or to a different position, the Marine should not stop to engage a target.

## Reloading And Stoppages

If a stoppage occurs or a reload is required while moving, the Marine's primary consideration is to keep moving and seek cover. Ideally, reloads and clearing stoppages are performed behind cover.

## Turn And Fire

The techniques for turn and fire allow a Marine to engage a target that is not directly in front of him. The key to turn and fire is smoothness and quickness of pivoting and presentation of the pistol to engage the threat. Turn and fire is based on the principle that wherever the head goes, the body follows.

## Engaging Targets 90 Degrees To The Right And Left

The Marine turns the head toward the threat and identifies the target. Once the target is identified, the Marine maintains focus on the target for the rest of the presentation.

If engaging a target 90 degrees to the right, the Marine turns toward the target by raising the left foot while pivoting on the ball of the right foot. The Marine plants the left foot once he is facing the target squarely. The stance is natural. See figure 9-1. The Marine then engages the target.

If engaging a target 90 degrees to the left, the Marine turns toward the target by raising the right foot while pivoting on the ball of the left foot. The Marine plants the right foot once he is facing the target squarely. The stance is natural. See figure 9-2. The Marine then engages the target.

## Engaging Targets 180 Degrees To The Rear

The Marine turns the head toward the target, looking over either the right or left shoulder, and identifies the target. Once the target is identified, the Marine maintains focus on the target for the rest of the presentation. See figures 9-3 on page 9-4. If the Marine pivots to the right to engage the target, pick up the left foot, move it across the right foot, while pivoting 180 degrees on the ball of the right foot, plant the left foot, and squarely face the target in a natural stance. See figure 9-4 on page 9-4. If the Marine pivots to the left to engage the target, pick up the right foot, move it across the left foot, while pivoting 180 degrees on the ball of the left foot, plant the left foot, and squarely face the target in a natural shooting stance. See figure 9-5 on page 9-4. The Marine then engages the target.

## Chapter 10 Low Light And Darkness Techniques

this approach is that a Marine is not able to perform any tasks while acquiring night vision in total darkness.

An effective combat marksman must be prepared to detect and engage targets under a variety of conditions. Factors such as terrain and opportunity often dictate that the Marine engage combat targets at night or under low-light conditions. The fundamentals of marksmanship are employed for engagement of targets in low light and darkness just as they are in daylight. However, the principles of night vision and target detection when engaging targets at night must be applied.

The second method is to remain in a darkened area under a low intensity red light (similar to the light in a photographer's darkroom) for about 20 minutes, followed by about 10 minutes in darkness without the red light. This method produces almost complete night vision adaptation while permitting the performance of some tasks during the adjustment period.

## Night Vision Maintenance Combat Mindset

Because the eyes take a long time to adjust to darkness, it is important to protect night vision once it is acquired. To maintain night vision, the Marine avoids looking at any bright light and shields the eyes from parachute flares, spotlights, or headlights. When using a flashlight to read a map or other material

 Put one hand over the glass to limit the area
illuminated and the intensity of the light.
 Keep one eye shut to reduce the amount of
night vision lost.
  Cover the light with a red filter to help reduce
the loss of night vision.
In the stress of the combat environment, Marines must eliminate any hesitation, fear, or uncertainty of action and focus on the actions to fire wellaimed shots. This is important during low light and darkness when attention is more easily diverted because the sense of vision is reduced. This may create a shock of awareness as the Marine relies more heavily on his other senses. Every noise, movement, and muzzle blast appears intensified at night. The physical acts of shooting must become second nature to the Marine, so his focus will not be diverted from firing well-aimed shots. This is accomplished through mental preparedness and training until shooting actions become instinctive.

## Target Detection Techniques Night Vision Adaptation And Maintenance Night Vision Adaptation

There are two methods for acquiring night vision.

Once the Marine has acquired night vision, he is prepared to locate targets. Some of the daylight observation techniques, such as searching for target indicators, also apply at night or in low light. But night observation techniques must allow for the limitations of night vision and the need to protect it.

The first method is to remain in an area of darkness for about 30 minutes. This area can be indoors or outdoors. The major disadvantage of

## Off-Center Vision

Because of the placement of the cones in the center of the retina and the rods around the edges, the angle at which the Marine observes an object at night affects how well it is seen. Off-center vision is the technique of keeping the attention focused on an object without looking directly at it. To maximize the use of the eye's rods that provide night vision

 Never look directly at the object being observed.   Look slightly to the left, right, above, or below
the object.
Each Marine must experiment and practice this technique to find the best off-center angle. Typically, the best off-center angle is 6 to 10 degrees away from the object or about a fist's width at arm's length. See figure 10-1.

## Scanning/Figure Eight Scan

Scanning is the use of off-center vision to observe an area or object and involves slowly moving the eyes in a series of separate movements across the objective area. See figure 10-2. To execute a figure eight scan, move the eyes in a figure eight pattern in short, abrupt, irregular movements over and around the area. Once a target indicator has been detected, focus should be concentrated in that area, but not directly at it. It is more effective to scan from a prone position or a position closer to the ground than the object being observed, creating a silhouetted view of the object. When scanning an area, look and listen for the same target indicators as in daylight: movement, sound (which seems louder at night than during daylight), and improper camouflage. Also, objects in bright moonlight/starlight cast shadows just as in sunlight.

## Effects Of Illumination

Both ambient (natural) light and artificial illumination can affect a Marine's perception of the target's distance and size and his night vision. The following situations produce less of an effect at the close ranges that pistol engagements occur, but they still affect target detection and engagement:

 Light behind or between the Marine and the
target illuminates the front of the target and makes it appear closer than it actually is.
 Light beyond the target displays the target in
silhouette and makes it appear farther away than it actually is.
  The introduction of light requires the eyes to
make a sudden, drastic adjustment to the amount of light received, causing a temporary blinding effect that occurs when night vision is interrupted abruptly. Ambient light can also have the

## Straight/Tubular

same blinding effect; e.g., when a bright moon suddenly appears from behind clouds.

## Acquiring Targets At Night

The straight/tubular flashlight is the most common. The body of the flashlight is a straight/tubular shape with the lens at the head of the flashlight. The on/off mechanism is located along the body or at the base of the flashlight.

## L-Shaped

The Marine must keep both eyes open to get maximum visual coverage of the target area. Keeping both eyes open also improves depth perception and peripheral vision.

## Sight Alignment/Sight Picture

The L-shaped flashlight has a straight/tubular body, with the head/lens of the flashlight positioned at a 90-degree angle to the body of the flashlight. The on/off mechanism is located along the body or at the base of the flashlight.

## Activation Devices

Depending on the type of flashlight, there are several ways that it can be activated.

## On/Off Button

On/off buttons are located either along the body of the flashlight or at the base. On/off buttons are operated in a number of ways, depending on the flashlight.

Sight alignment and sight picture are obtained the same way in darkness as in daylight. There is normally enough ambient light to perceive objects as far away as 50 meters, especially if they are moving. However, when pistol sights are placed on a dark background, such as a camouflaged target, the Marine may not be able to acquire and align the sights clearly. Instead, the Marine may have to rely almost entirely on his presentation, firing position, and grip to get the pistol on target. To check for sight alignment or acquire the sights:

## On/Off Switch

 Move the pistol just off the edge of the target
to an area that provides a good contrast.
 Acquire sight alignment.   Bring the sights back on line with the target
while applying pressure to the trigger so the shot breaks once the sights are on target.
On/off switches are mounted on the body of the flashlight. This switch has three settings that allow the flashlight to be either on, off, or in manual mode. In the manual mode, the flashlight is turned on by pressing and holding the button located next to the on/off switch.

## Rotating Head Flashlights

Rotating the head of the flashlight, either clockwise or counterclockwise, turns the flashlight on.

Continuing this motion allows the width and intensity of the beam to be adjusted.

A flashlight can be used in low light and darkness to identify and illuminate targets. It is also used to acquire sight picture.

## Types Of Lenses Types Of Flashlights Clear Lenses

There are a variety of flashlights used throughout the Marine Corps. They come in many different shapes and sizes; however, they are either straight/
tubular or L-shaped.

Clear lenses are used primarily for target detection and to illuminate the pistol sights. They are the most commonly used lens.

## Considerations Colored Lenses

Colored lenses include red, amber, and blue. These lenses are used primarily for map reading and signaling, but can be used to illuminate the pistol's sights.

## Target Detection

During night operations, the Marine should use a flashlight whenever possible. A flashlight not only helps the Marine locate targets at night, but the beam can be aimed directly at the target once it is detected and temporarily blinds the target. This gives the Marine the advantage to react before the target does. However, the Marine must consider the following:

 Anytime a flashlight is on, the location may be
revealed to the enemy. The Marine should keep the flashlight pointed out in front of his body to help avoid illuminating himself and revealing his position.
 Light shined directly from in front of the
Marine at the target obscures the Marine.
When a target is illuminated, the front sight may become silhouetted against the target, providing the sight picture needed to engage the target. During target detection, the Marine's focus should be twofold: to scan the area to identify possible targets and to assess the area to formulate a plan for engagement or cover (e.g., identifying the quickest route to cover, determining the best method for engagement based on terrain).

 Light shined from the side of the Marine at the
target illuminates the Marine.

## Searches

The Marine executes a hasty search immediately upon entering a new area in order to identify a threat that poses immediate danger. To execute a hasty search

 Light can bounce off surfaces and reflect back
onto larger areas that the light is not focused on. Therefore, whenever a Marine shines a flashlight onto a surface, some of the light may reflect back and illuminate the Marine.
 Quickly scan the area with the flashlight taking
note of obvious points throughout the area that
could cover or conceal the enemy. Wherever
the eyes move, the flashlight should move.
 When positioned at the outside corner of a
room, building, or other cover, the Marine should avoid pointing the flashlight beam directly at the corner because the beam reflects off the corner and illuminates the Marine. To prevent this, the head of the flashlight should extend just beyond the corner.
  Aim the flashlight beam on the ground about 8
to 10 feet in front of the Marine's location, this allows the eyes to follow the beam and quickly
establishes a reference point for the light. Aiming the beam at the outer edge of the search area strains the eyes to find the beam and
decreases the field of view.
 Many flashlights have adjustable beams that aid
in target detection. The beam's intensity must be adjusted to provide the best illumination of the area depending on the distance between the Marine and the area of observation.
The Marine executes a detailed search after the hasty search. A detailed search focuses on target indicators identified during the hasty search. To conduct the detailed search

 Diffused light from a wide beam creates a
softer light and illuminates a greater area, but the beam does not travel a great distance. A wide beam is best for observing larger areas at close range.
 Focus the most direct or intense portion of the
flashlight beam on the target indicators.
  Move the beam of light slowly across the target
indicator from right to left or left to right. Wherever the eyes move, the flashlight should move.
 Concentrated light from a narrow beam illuminates a smaller field of view, but the beam travels a greater distance. A concentrated beam is effective for observing a specific area or an area that is further away. Concentrated light
blinds the enemy and prevents him from focusing on the Marine or determining his location.

 Slip the left hand through the cord loop. The
loop should be just big enough so that, if the flashlight needs to be dropped, it can be retained on the wrist.
 Rotate the flashlight until the cord is twisted to
the desired tension and length necessary to best stabilize the rear end of the flashlight in the hand.
  Grasp the flashlight with the left hand in a position that allows it to be operated easily.
 When searching an area, the Marine can alter
the position where he is holding his flashlight
so that the beam is perceived as coming from various locations. For example, the Marine can turn the flashlight on from a standing position, quickly search for targets, turn the flashlight off, assume a kneeling position, and search
again. This keeps the enemy from obtaining an exact location of the Marine's position.
  Keep both eyes open to get maximum visual
coverage of the target area. Keeping both eyes open also improves depth perception and peripheral vision.
If the flashlight has a retaining loop, attaching a cord to the loop helps support and stabilize the flashlight when the Marine must fire the pistol with the flashlight in his left hand. The cord also helps retain the flashlight.

## Target Engagement Acquiring Sight Alignment/Sight Picture

When holding a flashlight on a target, the tendency is to look at the target rather than the sights. Sight alignment is still necessary for effective target engagement. Using a flashlight to illuminate a target allows the Marine to

 Acquire sight picture by silhouetting the sights
against the target.
Once a target is detected using a flashlight, the flashlight can be used to acquire sight picture and facilitate engagement of the target. The fundamentals of marksmanship are employed for engagement of targets in darkness just as they are in daylight. However, the Marine must apply the principles of night vision and target detection and must be able to employ a flashlight properly when engaging targets at night.

## Grip

 The Marine establishes sight picture by focusing the sights in the soft, diffused light area of the target.
 At close ranges, colored lenses produce
enough light on the target to silhouette the sights; at long ranges, colored lenses will not provide enough light off the target to illuminate the pistol sights. The Marine must be able to see the target by some other means, (e.g., contrast, moonlight).
 Acquire sight picture by illuminating the sights.
To engage a target accurately while using a flashlight, the flashlight must be held to maintain the pistol's stability, control, and recoil during firing. Normally, the left hand (two-handed grip) provides the pistol's stability and ability to manage recoil. However, when firing with a flashlight, the left hand holds and operates the flashlight. Therefore, some stability, control, and management of recoil is lost.

## Securing The Flashlight

Most flashlights come equipped with a retaining loop located at the base for ease of transportation. To position the cord properly:

 A colored lens can be held directly over the
sights to shine light on the top of the pistol to illuminate the sights. This allows sight alignment to be established without revealing the Marine to the enemy. This method can also be used with a clear lens to make a precision shot at long ranges but the Marine risks being illuminated by the light.
 Feed one end of the cord through the retaining
loop of the flashlight and tie the ends of the cord together.
 A colored lens can be shined from directly behind the pistol sights to illuminate them. This
allows sight alignment to be established, but reveals the Marine's position to the enemy.

## Target Engagement Techniques

Two-Handed Grip Technique. This technique is typically used with a straight/tubular flashlight.

The pistol and flashlight must be side by side and level so the Marine can engage a target without making adjustments to the pistol or the flashlight. This technique is also effective for firing multiple shots because the flashlight and pistol recoil as a unit. Whenever possible, the flashlight is just in front of the muzzle of the pistol so that it does not illuminate the pistol. Placement of the flashlight alongside the pistol may need to be adjusted depending on the size of the flashlight or the location of the on/off mechanism. This technique is most often used with an Isosceles position (see fig. 10-3):

 Grasp the flashlight with the left hand, lens
pointing down range.
 Wrap the thumb and index finger of the left
hand around the body of the flashlight, thumb resting on the on/off switch to allow easy operation of the on/off switch without disrupting the grip on the flashlight.
 Extend both arms toward the target and bring
the flashlight alongside the pistol so the fingers of the left and right hands touch.
 Wrap the bottom three fingers of the left hand
around the fingers of the right hand, incorporating the flashlight into a two-handed grip.
  Apply isometric pressure against both hands to
aid in stabilizing the pistol.
This technique can also be incorporated into a Weaver position; the more the left hand wraps around the right, the more the body can be angled and the left elbow bent. Apply push-pull pressure on the grip to stabilize the pistol. See figure 10-4.

Cross-Hand Technique. The cross-hand technique is used primarily with a Weaver position and can

 Grasp the flashlight with the left hand, fingers
wrapped around the top of the flashlight and thumb wrapped around the bottom.
 Place the thumb on the on/off button while
maintaining a firm grip on the flashlight.
 Extend both arms toward the target and bring
the left hand under the pistol so that the back of the left hand is resting firmly against the back of the right hand.
 Apply isometric pressure against both hands to
aid in stabilizing the pistol.
  Extended the right arm fully and bend the left
arm at the elbow.

## Considerations For The Carry/Transport

When searching an area for targets, the Marine moves with the pistol at the carry or transport dictated by the threat level. The Ready. If enemy contact is expected (contact imminent), the Marine carries the pistol at the Ready and carries the flashlight in his left hand and incorporates it into his firing grip. In the Ready, the Marine can search for targets and readily present the pistol and flashlight to the target for engagement without making adjustments to either the grip or the flashlight. See figure 10-6 on page 10-8. The Alert. If enemy contact is likely, the Marine carries the pistol at the Alert and the flashlight in his left hand and incorporates it into his firing grip. The Marine must ensure the flashlight is not pointed at the deck because it illuminates the Marine. If necessary, the head of the flashlight may have to be tilted up to elevate the beam to increase the field of view. If the flashlight has been tilted, it has to be lowered so it is level with the pistol muzzle and the light shines directly on the target in order to establish sight picture. See figure 10-7 on page 10-8. Holster Transport. If there is no immediate threat, the pistol is holstered and the Marine carries the flashlight with his left hand to search for targets. Should a target present itself, the Marine presents the pistol from the holster and engages the target. Time and distance to the target dictate whether the Marine incorporates the flashlight and his left hand into the firing grip.