(Formerly MCRP 8-10B.1)

## Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities

U.S. Marine Corps DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

## Erratum To Mcrp 8-10B.1 Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities

1. Change all instances of MCRP 8-10B.1, Operational Training Ranges Required
Capabilities, to MCRP 7-20B.1, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities.
2. Change PCN from 144 000169 00 to 144 000169 01. 3. File this transmittal sheet in the front of this publication.
Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20350-3000

# Change 1 To Mcrp 8-10B.1 Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities

1. This publication has been edited to ensure gender neutrality of all applicable and appropriate terms, except those terms governed by higher authority. No other content has been affected. 2. File this transmittal sheet in the front of this publication.

Reviewed and approved this date. BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps Deputy Commandant for Combat Development and Integration Publication Control Numbers: Publication: 144 000169 00 Change: 144 000169 01

## Erratum To Mcrp 3-0C Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities

1. Change all instances of MCRP 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required
Capabilities, to MCRP 8-10B.1, *Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities*.
2. File this transmittal sheet in the front of this publication
PCN 144 000169 80
Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20380-1775

## Foreword

Marine Corps operational training ranges consist of a complex infrastructure with multiple geographic locations possessing a wide array of capabilities. These training ranges must support a broad spectrum of mission-essential warfighter training. It is uniquely challenging to assess this diverse infrastructure's capacity to meet the current and emergent training requirements imposed on contemporary operating forces. Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities, is the source document for managers and operators of Marine Corps range complexes as well as Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) commanders and staffs, joint forces, and other Services describing required capabilities for the entire Marine Corps range infrastructure. This publication categorizes and quantifies the required capabilities of Marine Corps operational training ranges. It also provides an overarching strategy for the ranges to ensure that range assets and capabilities are continuously available to support operations and training requirementsespecially critical as the Marine Corps implements significant transitions in weapons, technology, and doctrine. MCRP 3-0C recognizes the dynamic environment of today's Marine Corps and the one certainty in training and education: that such training must be a continuum which must evolve as needed to produce Marines who are capable of thriving in diverse and challenging operational environments. The infrastructure involved in this training must keep pace with operating force mission requirements and force modernization. This publication supports mission-essential training in an unconstrained environment. It identifies short-term and long-range investment requirements and supports the development of new operational training ranges. MCRP 3-0C focuses on enhancing the effectiveness of operational training range support provided to warfighters and the stewardship of these vital resources for future generations of Marines.

Reviewed and approved this date. BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS.


GEORGE J. FLYNN
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps Deputy Commandant for Combat Development and Integration Marine Corps Combat Development Command Publication Control Number: 144 000169 00 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

## Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities Table Of Contents Chapter 1. Marine Corps Range Program

Marine Corps Operational Training Range Resources. . . . . . . . . 1-1
Required Capabilities of Operational Training Ranges . . . . . . . . 1-2

## Chapter 2. Marine Corps Training Continuum

Training and Readiness Programs  . . . . . . . . 2-1
Training Requirements . . . . . . . . 2-3 Live Fire Training. . . . . . . . . 2-3 Future Training RequirementsEvolving Marine Corps Tasks . . . . . . . . 2-4
Training and Readiness Standards and Range Requirements. . . . . . . . . 2-4

## Chapter 3. Training Requirement Identification

Joint Tactical Task List. . . . . . . . . 3-1
Universal Naval Task List and Marine Corps Task List  . . . . . . . . 3-2 Marine Corps Task List Categories . . . . . . . . 3-5

## Chapter 4. Range Classes And Attributes

Marine Corps Range Classes . . . . . . . . 4-1
Marine Corps Range Attributes . . . . . . . . 4-1

## Chapter 5. Range Infrastructure

Maneuver/Training Areas. . . . . . . . . 5-1
Impact Areas. . . . . . . . . 5-1 Live Fire Ranges. . . . . . . . . 5-2 Aviation Ranges . . . . . . . . 5-2 Military Operations on Urbanized
Terrain Training Facilities/Complexes. . . . . . . . . 5-2

## Chapter 6. Common Marine Corps Range Requirements And Attributes

High-Level Required Capabilities . . . . . . . . 6-1
Information Exchange Requirements and Interoperability. . . . . . . . . 6-1 Suitability . . . . . . . . 6-4 Scheduling System . . . . . . . . 6-4 Meteorological System. . . . . . . . . 6-6 Instrumentation System  . . . . . . . . 6-6

## Chapter 7. Required Individual-Level Training Range Capabilities

Individual-Level Training. . . . . . . . . 7-1 Operational Concept . . . . . . . . 7-1 Individual-Level Suite of Ranges . . . . . . . . 7-2 Required Capabilities . . . . . . . . 7-2
Chapter 8. Required Unit-Level Training Range Capabilities
Unit-Level Training  . . . . . . . . 8-1 Operational Concept . . . . . . . . 8-1 Unit-Level Suite of Ranges. . . . . . . . . 8-2 Required Capabilities . . . . . . . . 8-2
Chapter 9. Required MEU-Level Training Range Capabilities
MEU-Level Training. . . . . . . . . 9-1 Operational Concept . . . . . . . . 9-1 MEU-Level Suite of Ranges. . . . . . . . . 9-2 Required Capabilities . . . . . . . . 9-2

## Chapter 10. Required Meb-Level Training Range Capabilities

MEB-Level Training. . . . . . . . . 10-1 Operational Concept . . . . . . . . 10-1 MEB-Level Suite of Ranges . . . . . . . . 10-2 Required Capabilities . . . . . . . . 10-2

## Chapter 11. Joint National Training Capability

Joint National Training Capability Concept . . . . . . . . 11-1 Joint National Training Capability Process  . . . . . . . . 11-1 Required Joint National Training Capability Range Capabilities. . . . . . . . . 11-2

## Appendices

| A   | Marine Corps Suite of Ranges A-1       |
|-----|----------------------------------------|
| B   | Additional Training Infrastructure B-1 |
| C   | Glossary C-1                           |
| D   | References D-1                         |

## Chapter 1 Marine Corps Range Program Marine Corps Range Complexes

Each component of the range training area (RTA) inventory is vital to Marine Corps training programs. Retaining access to it is a priority in training and range management efforts. The Marine Corps range inventory comprises a complex of ranges and associated airspace.

 Ground and air-to-ground (A/G) range complexes include  Marine Corps Base (MCB), Quantico.  MCB, Camp Lejeune.  MCB, Camp Pendleton.
Marine Corps Range and Training Area Management Division [RTAM], Marine Corps Training and Education Command (TECOM) is responsible for the development and implementation of programs to sustain, upgrade, and modernize Marine Corps operational training ranges. These ranges support the achievement and maintenance of combat readiness, which is of utmost importance to the Marine Corps. The Corps has embarked upon a major investment program to sustain and modernize its operational training range infrastructure. This program does not include the facilities, sustainment, restoration, or modernization for the fixed property such as permanent buildings and structures.

 Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center,
Twentynine Palms.
 MCB, Hawaii.  MCB, Camp Butler, Japan.

## Marine Corps Operational Training Range Resources

 Air combat and A/G ranges include
 Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS), Cherry
Point.
 MCAS Yuma/Bob Stump Training Range
Complex.
 MCAS Beaufort/Townsend Range.
 Other installations (small-arms ranges only)
include  Marine Corps Recruit Depot [MCRD], Parris
Island.
 MCAS, Miramar.  MCAS, Iwakuni, Japan.  Marine Corps Logistics Base (MCLB), Albany.
 MCLB, Barstow.
The Marine Corps relies on many land and airspace resources to accomplish training at all levels of the continuumindividual, unit, Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF), and joint. Its training range complexes are central to the training process. The Marine Corps also depends on extensive and extended access to non-Marine Corps training lands and airspace and extensive cross-Service utilization. In addition to access to other Services' ranges, the Marine Corps relies on other nations' ranges, non-Department of Defense (DOD) Federal lands such as Bureau of Land Management (BLM) property, and public and private non-Federal lands.

 Norwaycold weather training and maritime prepositioning force operations.

## Cross-Service Ranges And Other Training Areas

 Koreamountain warfare training.  Denmarkelectronic warfare (EW) training
operations.
Some of the cross-Service ranges and other training areas used by Marine Corps training units are

 AustraliaMAGTF fire and maneuver training.
 Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training
Center Bridgeport, CaliforniaMarine Corps.
 Horn of Africa and West Africasustainment training.
 Forest ServiceUnited States Department of
Agriculture.
 Camp Fuji, Fuji Maneuver Area, JapanJapanese Self Defense Force.

## Required Capabilities Of Operational Training Ranges

 Eglin Air Force Base, FloridaUS Air Force.  San Clemente Island Range Complex, CaliforniaUS Navy.
 Fort Bragg, North CarolinaUS Army.  Fort A.P. Hill, VirginiaUS Army.  Fort Irwin, CaliforniaUS Army.  Fort Pickett, VirginiaUS Army.  Pohakuloa Training Area, HawaiiUS Army.  Southern California and Western Arizona
BLM.
 Foreign training areas:
This publication defines the required capabilities of the operational training ranges identified in the previous paragraph, which have been sustained and modernized under the Marine Corps Range Investment Program, to support mission-essential training in an unconstrained environment. Marine Corps organizations can assess the capabilities of component elements of each training range complex against the required capabilities for the applicable range classes to determine future range investment priorities.

 Scotlandnaval surface fire support (NSFS)
qualification.

## Chapter 2 Marine Corps Training Continuum

seamlessly integrate into MAGTFs, and then MAGTFs into joint task force operations. Because unit and individual readiness are interrelated, in that the purpose of individual training is to enhance unit readiness, T&R programs contain both individual and collective events. The Marine Corps T&R concept is built upon the following tenets:
Marine Corps training is built along a continuum that is well-defined and structured to provide combat-ready Marines, Marine Corps units, and MAGTFs. This continuum is constantly adapting to internal forces, such as funding, availability, personnel levels, societal changes, external forces, and identified threats. The training continuum consists of five major parts

 Building block approach to training.
 Individual-level training.
 Identification of expected missions.
 Common skills training.
 Unit core capabilities and individual core skills.
 Skill progression training.  Professional military education.
 Organization of training tasks into executable
events.
 Unit collective training.
 Sustainment of training and unit evaluation.

## The Building Block Approach

The goal of training is to achieve and maintain a threshold level of combat readiness, in core capabilities for units and sections and core skills for individuals, by accomplishing a series of progressively more challenging training events. The level of challenge for the individual and the unit increases as each training event builds on the preceding ones, from the simple to the complex.

## Identification Of Expected Missions

Marine Corps training is based on defined tasks, conditions, and standards developed to ensure that training focuses on core competencies; is relevant in terms of expected missions and operational environments; and implements doctrinal and operational principles, such as expeditionary maneuver warfare. Training requirements are derived from the fundamental purpose of the Marine Corpsto provide combat-ready units as the Nation's expeditionary force in readiness. The Marine Corps training system provides the means to attain combat readiness throughout military operations.

## Training And Readiness Programs

The Marine Corps has established official training and readiness (T&R) programs for its ground and aviation units. The purpose of the T&R program is to provide the commander with approaches to individual and collective training for Marines, Marine Corps units, and the MAGTF. The goal is to develop unit warfighting capabilities that will Training requirements are determined by expected missions. The T&R programs focus on training for the successful accomplishment of MAGTF missions across the range of military operations, including stability operations, contingency operations, and major theater war. It also focuses on operational environments, such as military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT), extreme environments, and littoral warfare. The operational environment greatly affects how the Marine Corps plans and executes its training and education programs. In particular, the factors of uncertainty, complexity, and the increasing concentration of the world's population within littoral and urban environments impact the continuum. The combination of these factors results in a marked increase in the number and types of tactical and operational tasks a Marine must be trained to execute.

## Core Capabilities And Skills

In its building block approach to training, the T&R program identifies core capabilities and core skills for each military occupational specialty (MOS) and unit to be trained. Core capabilities are the essential collective functions that a unit must be capable of performing during extended contingency or combat operations. Core plus capabilities are advanced functions that are specific to the environment, mission, or theater. Core skills are essential individual skills that enable a Marine to perform in combat and qualify that Marine for an MOS. Core plus skills are those combat-focused skills that are specific to the environment, mission, rank, or billet, and are developed upon a Marine's assignment to an operational unit.

## Train Through Executable Events

Training requirements for each type and level of training are contained in the T&R manuals, which describe specific training events to be accomplished to achieve combat readiness. These manuals are based on specific performance standards for mission-essential tasks designed to ensure proficiency in core competencies. Using the building block approach to training, T&R events are categorized according to the nature and scope of the training objectives:

 The 1000-level events consist of initial MOS
training conducted at formal schools and provide core skill training to Marines of that MOS. Upon graduation, Marines have
completed all 1000-level events and are assigned an MOS.

 The 2000-level events occur when a Marine is
assigned to an operational unit. This core plus skills training raises the proficiency of the individual Marine and builds upon core skills introduced in formal school. At the completion of 2000-level training, Marines have mastered the core skills in their specialties and are proficient enough in their MOSs to perform in combat. Units will normally train Marines through this level prior to operational deployment or major collective training exercises. This training also includes formal advanced individual MOS training completed at a formal school or on the job, called managed on-the-job training. Many MOSs require Marines to complete follow-on MOS training as they advance in rank and billet responsibility. This training is accomplished at appropriate intervals in a Marine's career.
 The 3000- to 4000-level events, or unit core
capability, are collective events conducted at the lower echelons, such as sections, teams, and squads.
 The 5000- to 8000-level events, also called
unit core capability, are collective events conducted at the higher echelons, such as platoon, company, battalion, and regiment.

## Sustainment Of Training And Unit Evaluation

Periodic demonstration of capabilities is required to ensure perishable skills are maintained so that the unit can accomplish its mission as part of the MAGTF. Proficiency and currency are two measures of training established in the T&R programs. Proficiency is a function of unit capability and individual skill that must be demonstrated to an evaluator. Currency is a T&R event's sustainment interval or period of time within which skills must be refreshed and re-evaluated.

## Training Requirements

(special operations capable) (MEU[SOC]) and Marine expeditionary brigade (MEB).

## Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)

The following levels of training are essential to the preparation of Marine Corps combat readiness from the most basic unit level to the organizational level.

## Individual-Level Training

The MEU(SOC) is the standard, forward deployed Marine expeditionary organization. Current training requirements for the MEU(SOC) include training in the following core capabilities:

 Amphibious operations.  Marine expeditionary unit (MEU)-level maneuvers ashore.
 Combined arms operations.  Maritime special operations.  Stability operations.  Supporting operations.
Within those core capabilities, the MEU(SOC) must train to accomplish a variety of missions across a broad spectrum of tasks and operations.

## Marine Expeditionary Brigade

Individual-level training is a transformation process that takes young men and women and molds them into Marines capable of winning the Nation's battles. This process is founded upon commonly shared individual-level training experiences that begin in recruit training or Officer Candidates School, continue through MOS skill training, and culminate when Marines arrive at their first operational unit. Individuallevel training involves extensive physical training, marksmanship instruction, and demanding field problems designed to teach Marine Corps core values and basic concepts and assess the trainee's understanding of them. As Marines progress, they continue to receive training specifically designed to reinforce and supplement their MOS skills. They also receive professional military education commensurate with advances in rank to increase their understanding of warfighting.

## Unit-Level Training

In addition to the core capabilities and essential missions of the MEU, the MEB is the largest response force of the Marine Corps that is trained in live context and is the smallest MAGTF capable of forcible entry operations. As such, the MEB must be trained to perform those tasks that are inherent to its role as an operational-level warfighting force in the theater of operations. These tasks include forcible entry, amphibious operations, employment of combined arms with MEB-level maneuver, and operational logistics at the theater level. The MEB must also train to perform as both a joint task force headquarters and the rear area operations group.

## Live Fire Training

Upon assignment to a unit, Marines undergo training in collective skills based on tightly focused requirements defined by their unit's mission-essential tasks. As they move along the continuum, Marines focus less on individual skills and more on collective and unit-level skills, emphasizing their role within the MAGTF. Collective T&R events are designed to sustain individual skills while exercising the capabilities of the unit.

## Magtf Training

The following subparagraphs summarize training requirements for the Marine expeditionary unit In live fire training, Marine Corps aviation, ground, and logistic elements fire ordnance in a training environment from the aircraft, artillery, armored vehicles, mortars, and crew-served and Tasks, conditions, and standards for future MAGTF training requirements will be driven by anticipated operational contexts and principles employing new systems and weapons, and characterized by

 Extended range training operations to exercise
capabilities.
 MEB live fire and maneuver exercises.  Increased requirements for both small- and
large-unit MOUT training.
 Significant enhancements to training and feedback/evaluation through instrumented range and target systems.
 Increased reliance on MAGTF sustainment
training during deployment.
 Increased joint training.

## Training And Readiness Standards And Range Requirements

individual weapons they will use in combat. The unique benefit of live fire training is that it gives Marines a chance to apply the general skills learned in simulators and other types of training in a realistic operational environment. The accomplishment of critical tasks necessary for combat readiness is dependent upon the availability and capability of live fire ranges. These ranges are indispensable to the effective training of warfighters, whether that training is conducted using live or inert ordnance. Live fire training experiences help to span the gaps between the abstract subject matter learned in the classroom, the physical and mental skills learned in the safe and controlled environment of a simulator, and the stressful and dangerous environments into which Marines will have to deploy their weapons. Live fire training represents the best opportunity to prepare Marines to perform well in hostile and dangerous environments. Live fire training may be conducted in stand-alone training events or in conjunction with virtual, constructive, and nonlive fire maneuver training events.

## Future Training Requirements Evolving Marine Corps Tasks

The training continuum will change as needed to produce Marines who are capable of meeting diverse and challenging operational environments.

Expeditionary maneuver warfare capabilities will enhance MAGTF mission capabilities. Tactics, techniques, and procedures are evolving to leverage new capabilities. Future training requirements will evolve across the range of Marine Corps tasks (MCTs). As mission capabilities increase in complexity from individual-level tasks to small-unit events and MAGTF training, range requirements for land, sea, and airspace increase proportionally.

## Chapter 3 Training Requirement Identification Joint Tactical Task List

The Marine Corps must be prepared to support tasking from the President of the United States, DOD and resulting DOD Universal Joint Task List (UJTL) (high-level, required strategic warfighting capabilities), joint tactical tasks (JTTs), and the Marine Corps Task List (MCTL). The UJTL, JTTs, and MCTL are the basis for all Marine Corps training requirements and are doctrinally based. They are also the basis for weapon systems development programs.

Based upon Presidential tasking, DOD develops the UJTL. The United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) uses the UJTL to develop specific statements of required tactical capabilities, the JTTs. The USJFCOM lists 13 JTTs, grouped into seven major task categories. Table 3-1 provides a sample of current JTTs.

JTT General Category
JTT Description*
Deploy/conduct maneuvers
Conduct passage of lines
Conduct countermine operations Conduct mine operations
Share intelligence
Disseminate tactical warning information and attack assessment
Employ firepower
Coordinate battlespace maneuver and integrate with firepower
Perform logistics and combat service support
Provide sustainment
Exercise command and control
Conduct joint logistics over-the-shore operations
Protect the force
Execute personnel recovery operations
Conduct rear area security Conduct noncombatant operations Provide for combat identification Conduct counter improvised explosive device operations
Operate in a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive environment
Conduct mission operations in a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive environment

*Not a complete list of applicable JTTs.

## Universal Naval Task List And Marine Corps Task List

UNTL is architecturally linked to the UJTL, which includes strategic-national, strategic-theater, and operational levels of war tasks.

The Department of the Navy refines the UJTLs and JTTs applicable to naval warfare into statements of required tactical capabilities for Marine Corps units. These statements make up the MCTL, in which specific MCTs are grouped into six general categories applicable to specific warfighting concepts. Table 3-2 provides a list of the six MCTL categories and examples of their associated range-related MCTs.

The UNTL/MCTL is designed as an interoperability tool for joint force and naval commanders to use as a master menu of tasks, conditions, and standards that provides a common language and structure for the development of naval and Marine Corps mission essential task lists [METLs]. The UNTL/MCTL, along with the Army and Air Force task lists, directly support the UJTL and joint mission-essential task list [JMETL] development. The UJTL (which includes the Service task lists) is the primary link to support joint training development, the Defense Readiness Reporting System, and future resource/weapon system procurement. The MCTs could impact or be impacted by the Marine Corps training range infrastructure. Table 3-2 cross-references the JTTs to the applicable range-related MCTs. Table 3-3 provides a summary of the applicability of the range-related MCTs to the four Marine Corps range classes.
The Universal Naval Task List (UNTL) is a single source document that combines the Navy Tactical Task List [NTTL] and the MCTL. As applied to joint training and readiness reporting, the UNTL/MCTL provides a common language that commanders can use to document their command warfighting requirements as missionessential tasks. The UNTL's tactical level of war tasks are a compilation of Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard tasks, written using the common language and task hierarchy of the UJTL. The

JTT
General Category
MCT
Description*
Deploy forces and conduct maneuver
Conduct amphibious operations
Conduct ship-to-objective maneuver Conduct offensive forms of maneuver Conduct amphibious assault Conduct offensive operations Conduct noncombatant evacuation operations Conduct mobility operations Conduct assault support operations Conduct defensive operations Conduct countermobility operations Conduct antiterrorism operations
Share intelligence
Collect data and intelligence
Conduct reconnaissance and surveillance
JTT
General Category
MCT
Description*
Employ firepower
Conduct fires to destroy an enemy force
Conduct antiair warfare (offensive antiair warfare) Integrate fire support with the scheme of maneuver Conduct direct fires Conduct indirect fires Attack deep targets Conduct close air support Conduct suppression of enemy air defenses Conduct air interdiction operations Conduct nonlethal fires
Perform logistics and combat service support
Conduct bulk liquid operations
Coordinate material handling operations Conduct aerial delivery operations Conduct general engineering operations Provide combat service support services
Exercise command and control
Acquire, process, and communicate information
and maintain status of operations Prepare plans and orders Direct, lead, and coordinate forces/operations Conduct information operations Conduct joint and coalition operations
Protect the force
Provide security
Rescue and recover Perform consequence management Operate in a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive environment

*Not a complete list of MCTs.

Marine Corps Range Classes
MCTs*
MCT Title
Individual
Level
Unit
Level
MAGTF
Battalion / MEU
Level
MAGTF
Regimental / MEB
Level
MCT 1
Deploy forces and conduct maneuver
MCT 1.3.1.1
Conduct ship-to-objective maneuver
X
X
MCT 1.3.2
Conduct amphibious operations
X
X
MCT 1.3.2.3
Conduct amphibious assault
X
X
MCT 1.3.4
Conduct assault support operations
X
X
MCT 1.4.1
Conduct mobility operations
X
X
X
MCT 1.5
Conduct countermobility operations
X
X
X
MCT 1.6.1
Conduct offensive operations
X
X
X
MCT 1.6.2
Conduct offensive forms of maneuver
X
X
X
X
MCT 1.6.4
Conduct defensive operations
X
X
X
MCT 1.6.6.1
Conduct antiterrorism operations
X
X
X
X
MCT 1.6.6.6
Conduct noncombatant evacuation operations
(NEO)
X
X
MCT 2
Develop intelligence
MCT 2.2
Collect data and intelligence
X
X
MCT 2.2.9
Conduct reconnaissance and surveillance
X
X
X
MCT 3
Employ firepower
MCT 3.2
Attack targets
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.1.3
Integrate fire support with the scheme of maneuver
X
X
MCT 3.2.2.1
Conduct fires to DISRUPT an enemy force
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.2.4
Conduct fires to DESTROY an enemy force
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.3.1.1
Conduct close air support (CAS)
X
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.3.1.2.1
Conduct air interdiction
X
X
MCT 3.2.3.2
Conduct antiair warfare (offensive antiair warfare)
X
X
MCT 3.2.3.2.1
Conduct suppression of enemy air defenses
(SEAD)
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.4.1
Conduct direct fires
X
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.4.2
Conduct indirect fires
X
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.4.2.1
Attack deep targets
X
X
X
MCT 3.2.6
Conduct nonlethal fires
X
X
MCT 4
Perform logistics and combat service support
MCT 4.1.2.4.1
Conduct bulk liquid operations
X
X
X
MCT 4.2
Conduct maintenance operations
X
X
MCT 4.2.2.8
Conduct recovery and evacuation operations
X
X
MCT 4.3.4
Conduct air delivery
X
X
X
MCT 4.3.6
Conduct material handling operations
X
X
MCT 4.4
Provide general engineering operations
X
X
X
MCT 5
Exercise command and control
Marine Corps Range Classes
MCTs*
MCT Title
Individual
Level
Unit
Level
MAGTF
Battalion / MEU
Level
MAGTF
Regimental / MEB
Level
MCT 5.1.1
Provide and maintain communications
X
X
X
MCT 5.1.1.6
Relay communications
X
X
MCT 5.3.1
Direct operations
X
X
X
MCT 5.3.1.2
Exercise tactical command and control
X
X
X
MCT 5.3.2.1
Establish/conduct combat operations center (COC)
operations
X
X
MCT 5.4.1.2
Conduct electronic warfare
X
X
X
MCT 6
Protect the force
MCT 6.1
Provide security
X
X
X
MCT 6.1.1.5
Conduct convoy security
X
X
X
MCT 6.2.1
Conduct tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel
X
X
MCT 6.4.5
Conduct enhanced chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive operations
X
X
X
*Not a complete list of MCTs.

## Mct 2.0Develop Intelligence Marine Corps Task List Categories

The following categories define Marine Corps capability requirements for combat missions, contingency operations, and readiness in the support of warfighting.

## Mct 1.0Deploy Forces And Conduct Maneuver

This category includes the planning and development of intelligence operations. Its goal is to develop intelligence required for planning and conducting tactical operations, including analyzing the enemy's capabilities, intentions, and vulnerabilities. Intelligence also refers to analysis of the environment, to include weather and the application of tactical decision aids and weather effects matrices on friendly and enemy systems and terrain. Collecting data and intelligence and conducting reconnaissance and surveillance are examples of training rangerelated MCT 2.0 activities.

## Mct 3.0Employ Firepower

Firepower is the collective and coordinated use of target acquisition data, direct and indirect fire weapons, armed aircraft of all types, and other lethal and nonlethal means against air, ground, and sea targets. This category of tasks includes artillery, mortar, and other non-line-of-sight fires.

This category of tasks includes the employment of forces on the battlefield in combination with fire or fire potential. Maneuver is the movement of forces to achieve a position of advantage with respect to enemy forces. It is a dynamic element of combat designed to achieve surprise, psychological shock, physical momentum, and moral dominance, which enables smaller forces to defeat larger ones. This category also includes movement of combat and combat support forces. Specific examples of MAGTF training rangerelated MCT 1.0 activities include the conduct of amphibious operations, offensive and defensive actions, and mobility and countermobility operations.

## Mct 5.0Exercise Command And Control

It includes naval gunfire, NSFS, close air support (CAS), electronic attack, strike, air warfare, antiair warfare (AAW), and interdiction. Specific examples of training range-related MCT 3.0
activities include the conduct of targeting, direct and indirect fires, and nonlethal engagement.

## Mct 4.0Perform Logistics And Combat Service Support

This category of tasks involves maintaining visibility over and arranging personnel, equipment, and facilities during the planning for and the conduct of military operations. Specific examples of training range-related MCT 5.0 activities include providing and maintaining communications, directing operations, exercising tactical command and control, and establishing and conducting a combat operations center.

## Mct 6.0Protect The Force

Logistics and combat service support sustain forces in the combat zone by providing health services and arming, fueling, fixing, moving, supplying, staffing, and maintaining visibility over equipment. This support is provided as necessary to US agencies and friendly nations and groups. Specific examples of training rangerelated MCT 4.0 activities include the conduct of maintenance operations, recovery and evacuation operations, air delivery operations, and general engineering operations.

This category of tasks includes those measures the force takes to remain viable and functional by protecting itself from the effects of or recovery from enemy activities. Specific examples of training range-related MCT 6.0 activities include providing security and conducting convoy security, assault support such as tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel operations, and enhanced chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive operations.

## Chapter 4 Range Classes And Attributes Marine Corps Range Classes

ship-to-objective maneuver (STOM). The unitlevel operational training range supports tactics and operations associated with all training phases of small unit-level missions and employs varying degrees of immersion to better stimulate the combat environment.

## Meu-Level Operational Training Range

The required capabilities for Marine Corps operational training ranges are divided into four separate range classes: individual, unit-level, MEU-level, and MEB-level. The range classes are aligned with the types of training conducted and the size of the units conducting the training. In addition, there are attributes consisting of operational elements, system characteristics, and information exchange requirements (IERs) and interoperability that are used to establish thresholds, objectives, and key performance parameters (KPPs) for the range classes.

## Individual-Level Training Range

The MEU-level operational training range supports the set of offensive and defensive tactics and operations associated with expeditionary MAGTF forces against hostile or potentially hostile forces. It also supports the aircraft, weapons, ordnance, special operations forces, landing forces, and ground forces employed in concerted military presence and engagement efforts such as OMFTS and STOM.

## Meb-Level Operational Training Range

The individual-level operational training range supports individual training standards (ITS) for each element of a MAGTF, providing the basic training environment associated with the MAGTF aviation combat element (ACE), ground combat element (GCE), and logistics combat element (LCE). It also supports the basic infantry combat skills taught at the School of Infantry and specific training events associated with other formal schools.

## Unit-Level Operational Training Range

The MEB-level operational training range supports the set of offensive and defensive tactics and operations associated with small-scale contingency expeditionary MAGTF forces against hostile or potentially hostile forces. It supports all types of aircraft, weapons, special operations forces, landing forces, and ground forces that will be employed in concerted crisis response military efforts that are characterized by high-density, high-risk operations.

## Marine Corps Range Attributes

The unit-level operational training range supports the set of small-unit offensive and defensive tactics and operations associated with expeditionary MAGTF forces against hostile or potentially hostile forces. It also supports all types of aircraft, weapons, special operations forces, landing forces, and ground forces employed in concerted military efforts. These efforts include operational maneuver from the sea (OMFTS) and The required capabilities for the Marine Corps training range infrastructure are measured using common attributes; specifically, operational elements, system of system characteristics, and IERs and interoperability.

## Operational Elements System Of Systems Characteristics

The Marine Corps range infrastructure includes a system of systems composed of six major components discussed in the following paragraphs.

The Marine Corps training range infrastructure includes three operational elements: airspace, sea space, and land area.

## Scheduling System Airspace

The scheduling system includes all necessary components and elements of a common range management system endorsed and fielded by headquarters Marine Corps. These elements include software applications. This system is used by range personnel and users to determine its capability, availability, and assignment for use. It also helps range management personnel to measure the range's usage.

## Communications System

Airspace refers to any one of several types of controlled and uncontrolled airspace required to support range operations. Types of airspace could include restricted areas, warning areas, military operating areas, and air traffic control assigned airspace. Airspace is defined by horizontal, area, vertical, and temporal measurements wherein activities must be confined because of their nature or wherein limitations may be imposed on nonparticipating aircraft. The horizontal and area measurements are in nautical miles and square nautical miles, respectively. The vertical measurement is a linear measure described in feet, measured upward from the surface of the earth to some altitude above mean sea level. The temporal measurement is in days, hours, and minutes.

## Sea Space

The communications system includes all necessary components and elements used by range personnel to establish and maintain secure and nonsecure, two-way, point-to-point, surface-tosurface (S/S), and A/G communications with range operators, range maintainers, and range users. It could also include interrange communications not covered by IERs and interoperability, radio transmitters, receivers, transceivers, communications antennas, interface devices, and cryptology equipment.

## Meteorological System

Sea space is an operating area defined by horizontal, area, and temporal measurements. The horizontal and area measurements are in nautical miles and square nautical miles, respectively. The temporal measurement is in days, hours, and minutes.

## Land Area

The meteorological (MET) system includes all necessary components and elements used by range personnel and users for determining and displaying current weather conditions. This system includes weather observing equipment, weather data transmission systems, and weather information storage and display systems.

## Target System

Land area is also an operating area defined by horizontal, area, and temporal measurements. The horizontal and area measurements are in feet or miles and square miles/acres, respectively. MOUT training imposes special considerations associated with land area as it will also include a vertical dimension because of the requirement to accommodate both above- and below-street level training. The temporal measurement is in days, hours, and minutes.

The target system comprises all necessary components and elements associated with presenting and controlling fixed and mobile land and air targets, target body, active and passive emitters and augmentation mounted on the

 Armored vehicles and their crews.  Combat and support ground personnel.  Radar and electro-optical tracking equipment.  Weapons systems, performance models created
by the M&S system, and tactics associated with any of the five preceding bullets.
 Fixed or mobile targets.  An electronic combat capability.
target to provide performance feedback to shooters, and target control systems. The target system could also include virtual targets generated by elements of the instrumentation system. Some typical targets are fixed and mobile targets and their associated ranges, such as bulls-eye, strafe, nontactical, tactical, and time-critical targets that support A/G, NSFS, artillery, mortar, antiarmor, and small arms tactics training and weapons expenditure.

 The command and control element that allows
the OPFOR to perform as a proactive or reactive enemy.

## Instrumentation System

The instrumentation system includes all necessary components and elements associated with event tracking, range control (RC), exercise control and coordination (EC&C), modeling and simulation (M&S), scoring, and debriefing/after action review (AAR). It also comprises elements such as radar, optical, global positioning, and tracking systems; data processing and display systems; threat and weapons system simulators, emulators, and employment models; automated and visual scoring systems; and recording, reconstruction, replay, and display equipment and facilities.

Electronic combat is one of the elements of an OPFOR that can be characterized quantitatively by frequency regardless of the location where the component is employed. An OPFOR may employ either offensive electronic attack or defensive electronic protection forms of electronic combat. The employment of the electronic combat weapons by the OPFOR creates a characteristic radio frequency (RF) signature that is referred to as an electronic order of battle (EOB). The capability of a range to recreate an EOB requires that the range be able to simulate the basic elements of electronic combat, which include

 Search, acquisition, and tracking radars.

## Opposition Force System

 Antiaircraft artillery systems.  Surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems.  S/S missile and artillery systems.  RF (including optical) signatures related to
weapons guidance systems.
 RF and optical jamming.
Electronic combat threats are characterized by levels according to the complexity or degree of integration. The four electronic combat threat levels are
The opposition force (OPFOR) system includes all necessary live and virtual components and elements associated with presenting friendly event participants engaged in force-on-force and live fire training with a proactive and reactive enemy. The OPFOR is the key component of a training environment that replicates, to the greatest extent practical, the expected enemy order of battle in the planned area of operations.

In many instances, the OPFOR will not be assigned to the range that is supporting the required range function; however, the OPFOR represents an integral and essential part of any range's ability to create a meaningful training experience. A typical OPFOR might be composed of any or all of the following elements:

 Aircraft and aircrew.
 Level one represents a limited number (12) of
threat weapon system emitters used primarily for threat signal recognition. Its systems generate signals with sufficient realism and fidelity to stimulate friendly platforms' signal recognition, processing, and display systems.
 Artillery and artillery crews.
 Level two includes sufficient electronic combat emitters to provide multiple coordinated threats with accurate threat replication. Its systems support friendly sensor/countermeasures employment and targeting.
 Level three includes a high-density, multi-axis,
coordinated threat environment of various types and capabilities throughout the exercise area. Its systems replicate the signal characteristics, geographic placement, operational doctrine, and command and control associated with coordinated threat operations.
 Level four includes a high-density, multi-axis,
coordinated threat environment of various types and capabilities throughout the exercise area. Unlike electronic combat threat level
three, it provides reactive, coordinated threats from all axes and operators highly proficient in coordinated threat operations and tactics.

## Information Exchange Requirements And Interoperability

The Marine Corps range infrastructure IERs reflect the information needs of both the rangerelated and nonrange-related systems supported. The IERs are the basis for ensuring the interoperability of the Marine Corps range infrastructure with other Services' ranges, systems, units, and forces in order to be able to operate together effectively.

## Chapter 5 Range Infrastructure

This publication establishes a common set of range operational elements and range-related systems and subsystems used to describe the required capabilities of a range infrastructure. These elements include a complex mix of geography and equipment to support numerous range users and range operations. The suite of ranges, as listed in appendix A, defines the specific range requirements for each level of training. The suite outlines the maneuver/ training area, impact areas, live fire ranges, aviation ranges, and MOUT complexes required to conduct training events as delegated in Marine Corps orders specifying ITS and promulgating T&R manuals. Where applicable, each individual range or training area is directly linked to a defined Deputy Commandant for Installations and Logistics (DC I&L) facility category code and RTA description or definition. Appendix A also includes the live fire range threshold land area requirements, by dimensions and total area for the various live fire ranges. The appendix is intended to provide the baseline requirement for each level of training. Specific complex requirements, such as number and type of ranges for each complex, is dependent upon a complex or installation's defined mission, units to be supported, capacity, throughput, and the commander's discretion. The following paragraphs provide information on the five general types of ranges contained in appendix A, to include sources for dimensional and area attributes where available. Appendix B provides a list of additional range assets that are also essential to range infrastructure.

## Maneuver/Training Areas

Maneuver/training areas and live fire and maneuver training area/ranges are defined by the level in which they support training: individual, unit, and MAGTF. Doctrinally-defined requirements outlined by Marine Corps ITS and T&R requirements or doctrinally-accepted US Army-defined training land requirements outlined in Training Circular (TC) 25-1, *Training Land*, are used to determine specific dimensions and overall area. Surface danger zones are used in determining the dimensions and area for the live fire and maneuver training area or ranges pursuant to Marine Corps Order (MCO) 3570.1B, Range Safety, and Department of the Army (DA) Pamphlet 385-63, *Range Safety*.

## Impact Areas

There are three types of impact areas used as a baseline requirement at each training level duded, nondudded, and temporarily dudded:

 A
dudded,
dedicated
impact
area
has
permanently delineated boundaries normally used to contain nonsensitive, high explosive, military munitions. A high hazard impact area is a permanently designated impact area used to contain sensitive, high explosive military munitions and is normally delineated within a dedicated impact area where access is restricted due to explosive safety hazards.
 A nondudded impact area has designated
boundaries used to contain nonexplosive
military munitions. These areas are primarily
composed of small arms range safety fans and are available for maneuver when not used for military munitions training.
 A temporarily dudded impact area is primarily
used to contain nonexplosive military munitions that may be temporarily used to
contain nonsensitive, high explosive, military munitions. A temporarily dudded impact area should be capable of being cleared for maneuver. Impact area descriptions are delineated per the DC I&L facility category codes, Naval Facilities Engineering Command P-Publication P-72, Department of the Navy Facility Category Codes. This code listing is
contained within DOD Instruction 4165.3, Department of Defense Facility Classes and Construction Categories.
Specific dimensions and area requirements for impact areas are not defined. These attributes are strictly determined by the types and frequency of fire support and aviation ordnance used at each individual range or complex.

## Live Fire Ranges

Live fire range listings will differ through each level of training. Dimension and area calculations are derived from baseline attributes outlined in TC 25-8, *Training Ranges*. Individual range descriptions and baseline characteristics are defined by the appropriate facility category code.

## Aviation Ranges

The required aviation range attributes are based upon the six functional areas of Marine aviation:

 Offensive air support (OAS).
 Close air support.  Deep air support.
 AAW.
 Offensive antiair warfare.  Air defense.
 Assault support.  Air reconnaissance.  Electronic combat.  Control of aircraft and missiles.
Dimensional and area attributes are directly derived from doctrinal ITS and T&R requirements. Training requirements for control of aircraft and missiles do not directly correlate to specific range requirements.

## Military Operations On Urbanized Terrain Training Facilities/Complexes

The attributes of MOUT facilities or complexes are defined and listed in four categories: MOUT facility (small), MOUT facility (large), MAGTF- level MOUT facility, and military operations on urbanized terrain assault course (MAC). Description and characteristics of each type of facility are defined by facility category code.

## Chapter 6 Common Marine Corps Range Requirements And Attributes

and data among all range organizations, onand off-range participants, and designated observers.

There are six common Marine Corps range requirements and attributes: high-level required capabilities, IERs and interoperability, suitability, the scheduling system, the MET system, and the instrumentation system. The specific required capabilities associated with these common requirements and attributes are detailed in the following paragraphs.

 An instrumentation system, independent of a
fixed geographic location, that provides realtime observation; post-mission reconstruction; replay and debrief of participants' time, space, and position information (TSPI); and monitoring of weapon system status, employment, performance, and "kill" determination.

## High-Level Required Capabilities

 A robust data collection, processing, and
communications capability and capacity for depicting real-time force dispositions and maneuvering, key combat systems data, EC&C, and virtual range activities.
The following high-level required capabilities, representing both thresholds and objectives, are applicable to all classes of ranges and all levels of training:

 For
designated
Joint
National
Training
Capability (JNTC) ranges, compatibility with the JNTC concept, which includes a JNTC- compatible architecture for the exchange of low-latency live, virtual, or constructive data and information.
 Adequate airspace with absolute volume,
clearances, and authorizations to allow the use of long-range platform sensors, tactics, and weapons associated with detection, classification, identification, and neutralization of hostile threats.

## Information Exchange Requirements And Interoperability

 The use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)
technology for hardware and software applications.

## Information Exchange Requirements

 A threat environment representative of the
potential real-world area of operations.
 Sufficient (and usable) RF bandwidth for
employing onboard sensors, communications,
and intelligence collection and distribution systems.
An IER characterizes the information exchanges to be performed by and with a proposed system of systems. A top-level IER identifies who exchanges what information with whom, why the information is necessary, and how the information exchange should occur. The top-level training range IERs identify the training range information that is exchanged to support training

 A communications system that includes RC,
exercise control, and datalink circuits that allow the unimpeded exchange of secure and nonsecure intra- and inter-range information
range-related tasks. They also identify where the information exchange may occur between two or more training range information exchange nodes or between training range information exchange nodes and nontraining range information exchange nodes. The following information exchange nodes are included in the top-level training range IERs:

 Officer conducting the exercise (OCE)the
individual or set of individuals, who may be ashore or afloat, responsible for evaluating the performance of range participants for purposes of determining the participants' combat readiness.
 Participanta friendly or OPFOR aircraft,
ship, ground vehicle, personnel, or a command and control element and its on-board sensors and systems.
 RCthe facilities and equipment that provide
real-time monitoring and control of on-range events and the range resources that support those events.
 Range scheduling (RS)the facilities and
equipment that are used to reserve a specific range period and assign specific range resources to support an on-range event.
 Range tracking (RT)the facilities and
equipment that are not associated with a specific range resource OPFOR weapon system but do provide TSPI of all on-range participant activities. The RT may include dedicated training range tracking systems, such as radar, optical, identification friend and foe, and instrumentation. It may also include offrange tracking systems, such as a fleet area control and surveillance facility radar or an air station approach control radar.
The top-level training range IERs, which are universal across all levels of training, are presented in table 6-1. Critical IERs necessitate information exchange or the training in the indicated MCT will be impacted adversely.



 Range electronic warfare (REW)the groundbased facilities and equipment that generate RF signals to simulate or replicate an OPFOR EOB.
 Range targetsthe facilities, equipment, and
materials against which participants execute attacks and employ weapons. Targets, which could be air, ground, surface, or subsurface, also include the imbedded and remote scoring systems associated with them.
 Range Data Collection and Processing System
(RDCPS)the local and remote facilities and equipment that collect and correlate real-time information related to participant TSPI, RT, REW, targets, and range simulation (see table 6-1) activities. The RDCPS also includes the facilities and equipment used to perform realtime assessment of weapons engagements, including the probability of kill (PK) against both live and virtual targets.
 Range simulationthe facilities and equipment used to generate a virtual threat environment and virtual targets. The simulation could be a stand-alone system or within another system, such as targets or RDCPS.
 Range debriefing (RD)the facilities and
equipment used by participants and the OCE to view on-range events in real-time and to conduct post-mission review/AAR of on-range events. The RD facilities and equipment may be located at the range or at remote locations, either ashore or afloat.

| MCT                          | Event/Action            |
|------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Information                  |                         |
| Characterization             |                         |
| Sending                      |                         |
| Node                         |                         |
| Receiving                    |                         |
| Node                         |                         |
| Critical                     |                         |
| (Y/N)                        | Notes                   |
| Participant                  |                         |
| OCE                          |                         |
| RS                           |                         |
| RC                           |                         |
| Y                            | MCT 5                   |
| period                       |                         |
| Command & Control            |                         |
| User ID, type and number     |                         |
| of participants, training    |                         |
| event name and number,       |                         |
| range, time, ordnance        |                         |
| planned, range support       |                         |
| required                     |                         |
| RS                           | Participant             |
| OCE                          |                         |
| RC                           |                         |
| MCT 5                        | Range schedule          |
| confirmation                 |                         |
| Command & Control            |                         |
| User ID, range ID, time      |                         |
| scheduled, exceptions to     |                         |
| requested range support      |                         |
| Participant                  |                         |
| Targets                      |                         |
| REW                          |                         |
| MCT 5                        | Range check-in          |
| Participant ID, TSPI, avail- |                         |
| able weapon systems          |                         |
| information                  |                         |
| Participant                  |                         |
| maneuver                     |                         |
| Situational Awareness        |                         |
| Participant ID, TSPI         |                         |
| Participant                  |                         |
| Targets                      |                         |
| RT                           |                         |
| MCT 1                        |                         |
| MCT 1.3.1.1                  |                         |
| MCT 1.3.2                    |                         |
| MCT 1.3.2.3                  |                         |
| MCT 1.3.4                    |                         |
| MCT 1.4.1                    |                         |
| MCT 1.5                      |                         |
| MCT 1.6.1                    |                         |
| MCT 1.6.2                    |                         |
| MCT 1.6.6.1                  |                         |
| N/A                          | Generation of a         |
| virtual target or            |                         |
| threat simulation            |                         |
| Situational Awareness        |                         |
| Target track data, EW,       |                         |
| threat signal data           |                         |
| SIM                          | Participants RDCPS      |
| Remote RDCPS                 |                         |
| RD                           |                         |
| OCE                          |                         |
| Participant                  |                         |
| SIM                          |                         |
| REW                          |                         |
| Weapon systems               |                         |
| employment                   |                         |
| Targeting                    |                         |
| Detection, targeting,        |                         |
| tracking, weapon             |                         |
| type, number of              |                         |
| weapons, weapon              |                         |
| release                      |                         |
| MCT 1.3.1.1                  |                         |
| MCT 1.3.2                    |                         |
| MCT 1.3.2.3                  |                         |
| MCT 1.3.4                    |                         |
| MCT 1.4.1                    |                         |
| MCT 1.5                      |                         |
| MCT 1.6.1                    |                         |
| MCT 1.6.2                    |                         |
| MCT 1.6.4                    |                         |
| MCT 1.6.6.1                  |                         |
| All range-related            |                         |
| MCTs                         |                         |
| Data processing              |                         |
| and correlation              |                         |
| Situational Awareness        |                         |
| All available range data     |                         |
| RDCPS                        | Remote RDCPS            |
| JNTC Enterprise              |                         |
| Y                            |                         |
| Engagement                   |                         |
| outcome                      |                         |
| Targeting                    |                         |
| PK and "kill" notification   |                         |
| RDCPS                        | Participant             |
| OCE                          |                         |
| RD                           |                         |
| MCT 3.2                      |                         |
| MCT 3.2.2.1                  |                         |
| MCT 3.2.2.4                  |                         |
| MCT 3.2.3.1.1                |                         |
| MCT 3.2.3.1.2.1              |                         |
| MCT 3.2.3.2                  |                         |
| MCT 3.2.3.2.1                |                         |
| Y                            |                         |
| Y                            | RC                      |
| REW                          |                         |
| Targets                      |                         |
| RD                           |                         |
| RDCPS                        |                         |
| Y                            | RDCPS                   |
| RD                           |                         |
| RC                           |                         |
| OCE                          |                         |
| N                            | If JNTC event, would be |
| distributed to JNTC          |                         |
| enterprise                   |                         |
| RDCPS                        |                         |
| RD                           |                         |
| Participant                  |                         |
| OCE                          |                         |
| Y                            | Weapons fired by or     |
| against participant, live or |                         |
| virtual targets, or REW;     |                         |
| includes all available       |                         |
| sensor and weapons           |                         |
| system data                  |                         |
| Real timeY                  |                         |
| Post missionY               |                         |
| Applies to simulated         |                         |
| weapons employment;          |                         |
| requires weapons M&S         |                         |
| MCT                      | Event/Action    |
|--------------------------|-----------------|
| Information              |                 |
| Characterization         |                 |
| Sending                  |                 |
| Node                     |                 |
| Receiving                |                 |
| Node                     |                 |
| Critical                 |                 |
| (Y/N)                    | Notes           |
| Weapons scoring          | Targeting       |
| Weapons impact, weapon   |                 |
| miss distance            |                 |
| Targets                  | Participant     |
| RC                       |                 |
| OCE                      |                 |
| RD                       |                 |
| MCT 3.2                  |                 |
| MCT 3.2.2.1              |                 |
| MCT 3.2.2.4              |                 |
| MCT 3.2.3.1.1            |                 |
| MCT 3.2.3.1.2.1          |                 |
| MCT 3.2.3.2              |                 |
| MCT 3.2.3.2.1            |                 |
| All range-related        |                 |
| MCTs                     |                 |
| Event monitoring         |                 |
| and control              |                 |
| Situational Awareness    |                 |
| All processed range data |                 |
| information              |                 |
| RDCPS                    | RC              |
| OCE                      |                 |
| RD                       |                 |
| JNTC Enterprise          |                 |
| Coordinated range        |                 |
| operations               |                 |
| Tracking                 |                 |
| All processed training   |                 |
| range data and           |                 |
| information              |                 |
| RDCPS                    | JNTC Enterprise |
| Remote RDCPS             |                 |
| JNTC                     |                 |
| rangesY                 |                 |
|                          |                 |
| Non-JNTC                 |                 |
| rangesN                 |                 |
| MCT 1.3.1.1              |                 |
| MCT 1.3.2                |                 |
| MCT 3.2.1.3              |                 |
| MCT 3.2.3.1.1            |                 |
| MCT 4.1.2.4.1            |                 |
| MCT 4.2                  |                 |
| MCT 4.3.4                |                 |
| MCT 4.3.6                |                 |
| MCT 4.4                  |                 |
| MCT 5.3.1                |                 |
| MCT 5.3.1.2              |                 |
| All range-related        |                 |
| MCTs                     |                 |
| Training event           |                 |
| debrief/AAR              |                 |
| Situational Awareness    |                 |
| All processed range      |                 |
| data information         |                 |
| RDCPS                    | RD              |
| OCE                      |                 |
| JNTC Enterprise          |                 |
| ID=identification        |                 |
| SIM=simulation           |                 |

## Interoperability Key Performance Parameter

The top-level training range IERs are the basis for measuring the achievement of training range interoperability. The threshold for training range interoperability is the achievement of all critical top-level IERs, while the objective for training range interoperability is the achievement of all top-level IERs.

## Suitability

Table 6-2 presents range suitability characteristics for the entire system of systems at any range. Threshold and objective are met concurrently in this table. These characteristics are applicable to all range classes and all levels of training.

Real timeN Post missionY
Y
Event monitoring and control may be at the range (local) or at a remote location
Transfer of data from one range to another to enable coordinated operations between remote range facilities
Y
Debrief may be conducted
at the host range (local) or at a remote location

## Scheduling System

The scheduling system for ranges should allow potential range users access to a web-enabled database of descriptive information with individual range resources for the entire Marine Corps range infrastructure and the ability to submit a future schedule request for a range or training area. The objective for the scheduling system should be an interactive, web-enabled database through which ITS are interfaced with aircraft, surface combatant, subsurface combatant, and ground element training requirements. This objective, as required by T&R manuals, is described in the following paragraphs.

| Characteristic                             | Threshold   | Objective   |
|--------------------------------------------|-------------|-------------|
| Operational availability*                  | 0.82%       | 0.85%       |
| Mean time to repair                        | <7.0 hours  |             |
| 6.5 hours                                  |             |             |
| Mean time between failure*                 | 100.0 hours | 120.0 hours |
| Mean time between mission critical failure | 125.0 hours | 150.0 hours |
| Built-in test fault detection rate         | 80.0%       | 90.0%       |
| *Indicates a KPP.                          |             |             |

## Pre-Event Module

users. Upon notification of a cancellation, it should broadcast a range cancellation or availability notification to all interested subscribers to allow the greatest opportunity for the newly released range period to be rescheduled, rather than have the related range resources go unused.

## Real-Time Event Module

The pre-event module for a range scheduling system should be capable of supporting unit-level queries based upon the type of training and the size of the unit to be trained. Based upon the query, the pre-event module should be capable of searching a database of the entire Marine Corps range infrastructure to identify and display which ranges or range complexes posses the specific training resources required to support the identified training event. The pre-event module should also be capable of indicating which of the qualified ranges have open range periods.

The real-time event module should allow the range controller to enter into the scheduling system all event-related data prior to, during, and after the event. This data includes, but is not limited to, differences between requested range resources and actual range resources available at the start of the event; event start and stop times; number and types of participants; airspace, sea space, land area, and targets used; type and number of ordnance expended; and scoring.

## Post-Event Module

It should also identify competing requests for the same range period or range resources to affected range facility schedulers. Range schedulers would be responsible for adjudicating these conflicts and notifying requesting units of the results of their adjudication. The module should automatically generate a confirmation to the requesting unit confirming the scheduled period, training event to be supported, and list of range resources scheduled. This notification should identify any required resources that are not available for the scheduled range period.

The post-event module should interface with all other post-event reports and generate a summary of data collected by pre-event and real-time event modules. It should also automatically generate required range utilization reports in required formats, such as the report increment of the Range Facilities Management Support System.

The pre-event module should be flexible and responsive to late cancellations by scheduled

## Meteorological System

The MET system should collect and report present weather conditions, such as temperature, barometric pressure, cloud height, visibility, wind speed, wind direction, and sea state. Although present weather conditions at a range complex may result in an event cancellation due to target obscuration, the inability to employ some existing target designation/weapon guidance systems, or the anticipated impact of the weather conditions on environmental compliance requirements, it is reasonable to assume that future weapon systems capabilities associated with target detection and weapon guidance will prevent the need for on-site MET systems.

## Instrumentation System

The instrumentation system at any range complex may exist as a stand-alone, dedicated system, or as a distributed set of capabilities that are embedded within other existing or stand-alone systems and subsystems. Regardless of the physical structure, range instrumentation will consist of the following six major elements that contribute to the training range environment at the individual, unit, MEB, and MEU levels.

## Tracking

Tracking provides event participants with TSPI. High fidelity TSPI, which is characterized by high update rates, mobile COTS-based display systems, and positional accuracy, is required by tactical aircraft, unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), and instrumented exercise weapons such as missiles. Low fidelity TSPI, which is characterized by lower update rates and positional accuracy, is typically useful only for nontactical aircraft, personnel, and ground units such as air cushion, armored, amphibious, or mechanized vehicles. These are ground-based display systems that are not dependent upon specific equipment suites or fixed facilities. The TSPI tracking systems should operate in an environment where the ground-based reception/ display segments of the TSPI tracking systems are not tied to any fixed geographical position or facility. Rather, the ground-based reception/display segments of the TSPI tracking systems should be transportable to allow participant TSPI data to be received and displayed at any desired location, including shipboard. The required capability for TSPI at any level of training will be indicated by the required maximum number of high fidelity and low fidelity TSPI tracks to be provided. The number of high fidelity and low fidelity TSPI tracks was derived from training requirements included in applicable training manuals, fleet exercise publications, and exercise scenarios associated with MCTs and expeditionary operations.

## Range Control

Range control refers to the ability of range operations personnel to observe on-range event activities in real-time and provide directions to event participants or make the event-related data available to other observers. The required capability for RC at any level of training will be indicated as YES or NO for two separate display criteria: two-dimensional (2-D) and threedimensional (3-D).

## Exercise Control And Coordination

Exercise control and coordination refers to the ability of the exercise controlling authority to observe and control exercise event activities in real-time, provide directions to event participants, input flexibility into exercise scenarios, and make event-related data available to other observers in both real-time and post exercise situations. The required capability for EC&C at any level of training will be indicated as YES or NO for three separate criteria: 2-D, 3-D for exercise controllers, and whether there is the potential to interface with the JNTC enterprise.

## Modeling And Simulation

notification (RTKN). The type of scoring is categorized as automatic or manual, the latter requiring human intervention to report the results of the weapons employment. If feedback is necessary, the required capability will stipulate whether that feedback should be provided in real time, post mission, or both. Finally, where a required capability for RTKN exists, the requirement will stipulate whether the RTKN should be reported automatically or by voice, the latter requiring a human observer intervention.

## Event Debrief/After Action Review

Modeling and simulation provides detailed system and equipment performance capability, such as search patterns, pointing angles, weapons fly-out profiles, lethality curves, RF and infrared spectral signatures, and PK for both friendly and OPFOR weapon systems. It also can simulate a system's RF characteristics to stimulate a weapon system's receiver, processing, and display systems. The M&S objective allows the range to recreate a virtual operational environment that emulates the intended area of operations, allowing event participants to experience the geographical details of the expected area of operations. The required capability for M&S for any level of training will be indicated as YES or NO for the following types of training scenarios: air to air (A/A), A/G, surface to air (S/A), and S/S, including ground operations.

## Scoring

Event debrief/AAR allows the system to take tracking, M&S, and scoring data from a given event and provide a detailed, post-event, interactive environment for event participants and observers to review, replay, assess, and critique the participants' performance. The required capability for event debrief/AAR at any level of training will stipulate whether the capability should be available locally at the host range, remotely at another range or location, or both. Remote event debrief/AAR should not require instrumentation system-specific equipment or a dedicated debrief facility; rather, it should be available to participants via wireless or broadband connection in a format compatible for display on personal computer/laptop technology at any location, ashore or afloat.

Scoring refers to the ability to detect and report the success or PK of live or virtual training weapons employed on the range. The required capability for scoring at any level of training is stipulated by type, feedback, and real time kill

## Chapter 7 Required Individual-Level Training Range Capabilities Individual-Level Training

systems, and Marines assigned to individual and crew-served weapons within a MEF's operational and support units. The ITS associated with these GCE assets are described in formal curricula and outlined in each occupational field's T&R manual.

## Logistics Combat Element

Marine Corps individual-level training reinforces the basic combat infantry skills and supports personnel and platform training requirements associated with the Marine Corps ITS at the individual and progressive levels of training. The ITS describe the required essential core and core plus skills (1000- and 2000-level T&R events) for the basic building blocks required of Marines of the ACE, GCE, and LCE.

## Aviation Combat Element

The individual-level training range supports individual vehicle and equipment crews, including trucks, refuelers, and expeditionary airfield refueling systems. The ITS associated with these platforms and the individual Marine skills are outlined in each occupational field's T&R manual.

## Operational Concept

The operational concept for individual-level range requirements is assessed based on a comprehensive training scenario derived from the UJTL and directly linked to the MCTL. The MCTL then drives the individual T&R requirements as defined in ITS. The following operations and events from the operations list of the UJTL and their associated mission-essential tasks form the basis for assessment of the required range attributes:

 Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition.
The individual-level training range supports crews of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft that will deploy as part of the Marine expeditionary force (MEF). The fixed-wing ACE platforms include fighter, attack, electronic warning/
electronic attack, and support aircraft. The rotary-wing ACE platforms include both transport and attack helicopters and vertical/
short takeoff and landing aircraft (V/STOL). The ITS associated with these fixed- and rotarywing aircraft platforms and individual Marine skills are described in the individual platform T&R manuals. There is also a ground support element within the ACE whose individual range requirements are very similar to that of the LCE. All LCE individual range requirements should be applied to ACE ground support element requirements.

 Command and control warfare.  Information operations.

## Ground Combat Element

 Suppression of enemy air defenses.  Joint interdiction.  AAW.  Forcible entry/expeditionary assault.
The individual-level training range supports the combat vehicle crews for tanks and amphibious and armored vehicles, artillery crews including those staffing battlefield rocket-launching

 Movement to contact.
 Attack.  Pursuit.  Exploitation.  Rear area security.  Defensive AAW.  Area defense.  Mobile operations.  Delay.  Withdrawal.  Combat tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel.  Deployment.  Counterterrorism.  Antiterrorism.

## Individual-Level Suite Of Ranges

The suite of ranges described in table 7-1 provides the baseline range requirements for each MAGTF element for individual level training.

GCE Suite
Maneuver/training area Dedicated impact areadudded Impact areanondudded Impact areatemporarily dudded Basic 10m30m zero firing range Automated field-fire (AFF) range Rifle known-distance (KD) range Automated sniper field-fire range Pistol KD range Automated multi-purpose machine gun (MPMG) range Automated grenade launcher range 40mm (grenade) machine gun qualification range
ACE Suite
Dedicated impact areadudded Impact areanondudded Impact areatemporarily dudded OAS range

## Lce Suite

 Dedicated impact areadudded
Impact areanondudded Impact areatemporarily dudded Basic 10m30m zero firing range AFF range Rifle KD range

## Required Capabilities Operational Elements

The Marine Corps range infrastructure's operational elements are composed of airspace, sea space, and land area and are described at the individual training level.

## Airspace

The airspace threshold is achieved for ACE A/G training with a 20 nm x 20 nm range extending from the surface to 25,000 ft. The airspace objective is achieved by the following GCE, ACE, and LCE training:

 Training for GCE and LCE requires a 12-hour,
day/night period on a range with airspace that extends from the surface to 25,000 ft above ground level (AGL) to support the use of live fire mortars, artillery, and direct fire weapons.

Automated anti-armor tracking and live-fire range Tank/fighting vehicle stationary gunnery range Indirect fire range Automated multi-purpose training range Fire and movement range Automated infantry squad battle course Live hand grenade range Nonstandardized engineer qualification range Light demolition range MAC MOUT collective training facility (small) Breacher range
EW/combat range Basic 10m30m zero firing range Rifle KD range Pistol KD range
Pistol KD range Automated MPMG range 40mm (grenade) machine gun qualification range Nonstandardized engineer qualification range Light demolition range

The horizontal limits of the airspace should extend to 10 nm on either side of the training range land area

 Training for ACE requires the following:
location. The objective and threshold for fixedand rotary-wing day/night shipboard qualification ACE training are met with a 60-minute day/night period in a designated operational area extending from surface to 20,000 ft AGL.

## Land Area

 The OAS range requires a 30-minute period
on a 25 nm x 25 nm range with airspace that extends from the ocean's surface to 30,000 ft AGL. The area should be cleared for use of A/G gunnery, free-fall and guided A/G munitions, laser designating devices, and the expenditure of chaff and flares.
The land area threshold is achieved for ACE with land area dimensions of 10 nm x 10 nm. The land area objective is achieved by the following criteria for GCE, ACE, and LCE training:

 The AAW range requires a 30-minute period
on a 20 nm x 50 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft AGL. The airspace must allow supersonic flight.
 Training for the GCE requires a 12 hour period
on a day/night area. Specific land area training has the following requirements:
 The assault support range requires a 30-
minute period on a 20 nm x 50 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 25,000 ft AGL. The airspace must overlie a land area with significant topographical features. Area should be cleared for A/G gunnery, laser devices, and the expenditure of chaff and flares.
 Maneuver training requires a dedicated area
of at least 68 mi2 (176 km2) or 43,520 acres.
These dimensions must also support amphibious training requirements that require a dedicated beachfront and are derived from the required area to support armor offense/threat situational training exercise and maneuver/land navigation (MCO 3500.100, Tank Training and Readiness Manual, MCO 3500.16, Light
Armor Reconnaissance Training and Readiness Manual, and TC 25-1).
 The air reconnaissance range requires a 30-
minute period on a 20 nm x 50 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft AGL. The airspace must overlie a land area with significant topographical features. The airspace should allow supersonic flight.
 The EW range requires a 45-minute period
in an area 30 nm x 60 nm, from surface to 30,000 ft AGL and must allow the use of chaff and flares.

## Sea Space

 Suite of live fire ranges require an estimated
16 mi2 area (41.44 km2) or 10,240 acres, to
accommodate the defined list of individuallevel ranges and their associated surface danger zones (SDZs). Land area requirements may be reduced dependent upon mission, type of units supported, and quantity of ranges needed based upon capacity and throughput.
 Training for LCE is the same as GCE except
that live fire ranges require an estimated land
area of 5 mi2 (12.11 km2) or 2,992 acres to
accommodate the defined list of individuallevel live fire ranges to include all SDZs.
The sea space objective and threshold are achieved concurrently by the following criteria for GCE and LCE training: a day/night period of up to 12-hours in a 300 nm2 area that is at least
10 nm wide, contiguous to the beachfront, capable of supporting amphibious vehicle and landing craft training, and that extends seaward to the simulated amphibious ready group (ARG)/ expeditionary strike group (ESG) element

 Training for ACE requires a 30-minute period
on a 20 nm x 20 nm range with significant topographical features. Land area should be cleared for the use of live or inert and live A/G
gunnery, precision and nonprecision, inert and live A/G munitions (up to 2,000 lbs). Land area should allow the use of chaff and flares, and be cleared for use of laser targeting and designating devices. Portions of the land area should be cleared for use as a designated landing zone (LZ) and/or drop zone (DZ). Live fire ranges require an estimated land area of 30 nm2 (5 nm x 6 nm) to accommodate the defined list of individual-level live fire ranges to include all SDZs.

## System Of Systems

A system of systems supports the individual training range level and comprises communications, target system, instrumentation system, and OPFOR systems. The following descriptions include thresholds and objectives of the required capabilities.

## Communications System

The communications system includes all necessary components and elements used by range personnel to establish and maintain secure and nonsecure, two-way, point-to-point, S/S, and A/G communications. These communications may include interrange communications not covered by IERs and interoperability, such as radio transmitters, receivers, transceivers, communications antennas, interface devices, and cryptology equipment. The threshold is met with at least one dedicated RC circuit and one dedicated exercise control circuit. The communications system's objective for the three training elements is met with two dedicated RC circuits and at least two dedicated exercise control circuits.

## Target System

The threshold for ACE is met by having at least one target complex with at least one separate weapons target site that allows the use of live fire inert and live ordnance. The target system objective for GCE, ACE, and LCE training is met by the following criteria:

 For GCE training, target sites can be composed
of fixed, mobile, hard, and soft targets. They vary in size and composition to support live fire and indirect and direct fire weapon systems, and include small arms and armor/ antiarmor. They should provide a shoot back capability and automated scoring. There should be static, moving, and pop-up targets arranged at fixed and variable distances and configured to represent various military operations, units, and capabilities. Moving target speed requirements are 2, 4, 6, and 9 mph with the ability to move 22 ft across frontage for engagement times. Targets should be of sufficient number and type to satisfy all basiclevel ITS requirements for each Marine Corps individual infantry weapon system.
 Training for LCE is the same as GCE training,
except targets should also support mine clearing operations, both deliberate and instride, and counter barrier operations.
 ACE training consists of at least one target
complex with at least two separate weapons target sites that allow the use of live fire inert and live ordnance. The targets should be composed of scored, raked, and strafe ranges and representative CAS targets, and should include mobile land targets that can be engaged on any heading (180-degree engagement profile minimum). Each target site should include a minimum of four targets to support strike planning and execution, with a minimum of four desired mean points of impact (DMPIs) per target.

## Instrumentation System

Table 7-2 describes the concurrent objective and threshold for the instrumentation system at the individual training level. Its elements correspond to the instrumentation system discussion on page 7-5.

## Opposition Force System

The OPFOR system for the GCE and LCE training threshold requires fixed and moving targets, at least some of which must be reactive.

 Training for LCE requires a live, virtual, or
constructive squad-sized ground force, at least a fire-team of which must be firing live rounds, and fixed and moving targets, at least some of which must be reactive.
For ACE training, the threshold must have no more than two live, fixed-wing, supersoniccapable threat aircraft. The OPFOR system objective for the three MAGTF elements is achieved through the following criteria, which includes the system's key performance parameters for all electronic combat required capabilities:

 For ACE training, there can be up to four live
fixed-wing, supersonic capable threat aircraft with antiaircraft (A/A) gun and active A/A missile capability. All threat aircraft must be able to operate from the surface to the upper limit of the range airspace.
 Training for GCE requires a live, virtual, or
constructive squad-sized ground force, at least a fire-team of which must be firing live rounds, and fixed and moving targets, at least some of which must be reactive.

| Element                                        | GCE Training   | ACE Training   | LCE Training   |
|------------------------------------------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|
| Tracking Time, Space, and Position Information |                |                |                |
| High Fidelity                                  | Not Required   | 6*             | Not Required   |
| Low Fidelity                                   | Not Required   | Not Required   | Not Required   |
| Range Control                                  |                |                |                |
| 2-Dimension                                    | Yes            | Yes            | Yes            |
| 3-Dimension                                    | No             | Yes            | No             |
| Exercise Control and Coordination              |                |                |                |
| 2-Dimension                                    | Yes            | Yes            | Yes            |
| 3-Dimension                                    | No             | Yes            | No             |
| JNTC                                           | No             | No             | No             |
| Modeling and Simulation                        |                |                |                |
| A/A                                            | No             | Yes            | No             |
| A/G                                            | No             | Yes            | No             |
| S/A                                            | No             | Yes            | No             |
| S/S                                            | Yes            | No             | Yes            |
| Scoring                                        |                |                |                |
| Type                                           | Auto or Manual | Auto           | Manual or Auto |
| Feedback                                       | Real Time      | Real Time      | Real Time      |
| RTKN                                           | Voice or Auto  | Voice or Auto  | Voice or Auto  |
| Debrief/After Action Review                    |                |                |                |
| Type                                           | Both           | Both           | Both           |

*Includes 2 friendly and 4 OPFOR fixed-wing aircraft for air combat training and coordinated opposed strike training.

## Chapter 8 Required Unit-Level Training Range Capabilities Logistics Combat Element Unit-Level Training

Marine Corps unit-level training supports personnel and platform core and core plus skills and capabilities associated with the basic Marine Corps fighting units. Unit-level training also incorporates T&R requirements for each element of the MAGTF. Accordingly, the Marine Corps unit-level training includes the training associated with the individual fighting unit elements of an ACE, GCE, and LCE.

The unit-level training range supports the ITS and individual T&R requirements associated with the smallest LCE that could be expected to be deployed into a hostile environment. The unitlevel LCE is presumed to include a communications detachment, a transportation support detachment (TSD), a landing support detachment (LSD), an engineer platoon, a maintenance platoon, a health services detachment, a military police (MP) detachment, and task-organized units conducting convoy operations.

## Aviation Combat Element Operational Concept

The unit-level training range supports the basic ACE fighting unit. A squadron of similar type/ model/series fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft is considered the basic fighting unit within the ACE. Squadron-level training supports the ITS and T&R requirements necessary to achieve a core-capable squadron. The ground support element within the ACE has unit range requirements similar to that of the LCE. All LCE unit range requirements should be applied to ACE ground support element requirements.

## Ground Combat Element

The operational concept for unit-level range requirements are assessed based on a comprehensive training scenario derived from the UJTL and directly linked to the MCTL. The requirements will be further informed by emerging operational lessons in counterinsurgency and urban operations from current campaigns. The following operations and events from the operations list of the UJTL and their associated mission-essential tasks form the basis for assessment of the required range attributes:

 Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target
acquisition.
 Exploitation.  Rear area security.  Command and control warfare.  Defensive AAW.  Information operations.  Area defense.  Suppression of enemy air defenses.
The unit-level training range supports the ITS and individual T&R requirements associated with the smallest GCE that could be expected to be deployed into a hostile environment. The unitlevel GCE is presumed to include a Marine infantry company, a tank platoon, an amphibious vehicle platoon, a light armored vehicle platoon, an engineer platoon, and an artillery battery. The infantry company may or may not be reinforced with amphibious vehicles, tanks, engineers, or artillery liaison officers.

 Mobile operations.
 Delay.  Joint interdiction.  Withdrawal.  AAW.
extends from surface to 10,000 ft AGL, allowing for shoulder-fired SAM training. The horizontal limits of the airspace should extend to 10 nm on either side of the applicable training range land area.

 Combat tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel.
 Training for ACE requires the following:
 Forcible entry/expeditionary assault.  Deployment.  Counterterrorism.  Movement to contact.  Antiterrorism.  Attack.  Pursuit.
 The OAS range requires a 30-minute period
on a 25 nm x 50 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 40,000 ft AGL. Area should be cleared for use of A/G gunnery, free-fall and guided A/G munitions, laser designating devices, and the expenditure of chaff and flares.
 Combined arms breaching.

## Unit-Level Suite Of Ranges

The suite of ranges described in table 8-1 provides the baseline range requirements for the MAGTF elements for unit-level training.

## Required Capabilities

This paragraph identifies the required capabilities for the operational elements and system of systems for Marine Corps unit-level training ranges.

 The AAW range requires a 30-minute period
on a 40 nm x 60 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft AGL. The range must support supersonic operations. Some portion of the airspace should overlay land area with significant topography. It is important to replicate, to the greatest degree practical, the topography of the planned area of operations. This required topographical fidelity could be achieved through the physical geographic location of the range or through a high-fidelity virtual environment generated and up-linked from a range subsystem or generated autonomously by on-board aircraft systems.

## Operational Elements

The Marine Corps range infrastructure operational elements are composed of airspace, sea space, and land area.

## Airspace

 The assault support range requires a 30-
minute period on a 20 nm x 50 nm range with airspace that extends from surface to 50,000 ft AGL. The area should be cleared for A/G gunnery, laser devices, and the expenditure of chaff and flares. The airspace must overlie a land area with significant topographical features.
For the ACE, airspace threshold is met for A/A training with a 25 nm x 25 nm range that extends up to 45,000 ft AGL. For A/G training, that threshold is a 20 nm x 50 nm range that extends up to 35,000 ft AGL. The airspace objective is met by the following criteria for GCE, LCE, and ACE training:

 The air reconnaissance range requires 30-
minute period on a 20 nm x 50 nm range with airspace that extends from surface to 50,000 ft AGL. The airspace should allow supersonic flight. The airspace must overlie a land area with significant topographical features.
 Training for GCE and LCE requires 24-hour,
day/night period on a range with airspace that
 The EW range requires a 45-minute period
in an area 30 nm x 60 nm, from surface to
30,000 ft AGL and must allow the use of chaff and flares.

## Sea Space

The sea space objective and threshold for GCE, ACE, and LCE are met concurrently with a day/ night period of up to 12 hours duration within a
300 nm2 area that is at least 10 nm wide, is contiguous to the beachfront, is capable of supporting amphibious vehicle and landing craft training, and extends seaward to the simulated ARG/ESG element location. Meeting these criteria supports amphibious and amphibioussupport training elements.

GCE Suite Maneuver/training area Unit-level instrumented live fire and maneuver training area/range
Dedicated impact areadudded Impact areanondudded Impact areatemporarily dudded Nonstandard small arms range Basic 10m25m small arms range Automated field-fire (AFF) range Rifle known-distance (KD) range Automated sniper field-fire range Pistol KD range Automated combat pistol/MP firearms qualification course
Automated multi-purpose machine gun (MPMG) range
ACE Suite Dedicated impact areadudded Impact areanondudded Impact areatemporarily dudded OAS range LCE Suite Dedicated impact areadudded Impact areanondudded Impact areatemporarily dudded Maneuver/training area Basic 10m30m zero firing range AFF range

## Land Area

The land area threshold is achieved with land area of 10 nm x 10 nm. The objective is achieved by the following criteria:

 Training for GCE requires a 24-hour period for
maneuver, live fire and maneuver, and MOUT training. Specific land area training has the following requirements:  Maneuver training requires a dedicated area
of at least 144 mi2 (373 km2) or 92,160 acres.
The land area should include a dedicated beachfront for amphibious operations training. These dimensions are derived from 6 km x 24 km maneuver box requirement to

Breaching range 40mm (grenade) machine gun qualification range Automated anti-armor tracking and live fire range Field artillery direct fire range Tank/fighting vehicle stationary gunnery range Indirect fire range Field artillery direct fire range Automated multi-purpose training range Automated tank/fighting vehicle multi-purpose range complex
Fire and movement range Squad defense range Automated squad battle course Automated platoon battle course
EW/combat range Basic 10m30m zero firing range Rifle KD range Pistol KD range Rifle KD range Pistol KD range Automated MPMG range 40mm (grenade) machine gun qualification range Nonstandardized engineer qualification range Light demolition range

ground based artillery. Per FM 3-06.11, Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain, one city block equals 175 m company frontage for MOUT.

support nonlive fire mechanized infantry company maneuver training. The land area requirement may be reduced dependent upon mission, types of units supported, and quantity of ranges needed based upon capacity and throughput.

 Live fire and maneuver training requires the
threshold and objective to be at least 260 mi2
 Suite of live fire ranges has an estimated
land area requirement to accommodate the defined list of unit-level, live fire ranges to
include all SDZs of 26 mi2 (67.34 km2) or
16,640 acres.
 Training for LCE is the same as for the GCE
except that the suite of live fire ranges has an
estimated land area requirement of 5 mi2
(12.11 km2) or 2,992 acres to accommodate the
defined list of unit-level, live fire ranges to include all SDZs.
(672 km2) or 166,054 acres. The land area
should include a dedicated beachfront for amphibious operations training and some or all of the land area should be cleared for the use of live indirect and direct fire weapons. Land area requirements may be reduced dependent upon mission, types of units supported, and quantity of ranges needed, which is based upon capacity and throughput. These dimensions are derived from a nominal 16 km x 24 km maneuver box requirement to support mechanized infantry company live fire and maneuver training.
 The MOUT training requires a dedicated
MOUT facility, encompassing at least 7 mi2,
that combines a central urban area of at least
0.01 mi2 (1 block x 1 block), an outlying suburban/residential area of at least .63 mi2
 Training for ACE requires a 30-minute range
period on a dedicated land area with dimensions of 20 nm x 20 nm. The land area should be cleared for the use of live or inert A/G gunnery, inert precision or nonprecision A/G munitions up to 2,000 lbs, and live precision or nonprecision munitions (including cluster munitions) up to 1,000 lbs. The land area should be cleared for use of laser targeting and designating devices. Land area should have significant topographical features and multiple designated LZ/DZ areas. Suite of live fire ranges has an estimated land area requirement to accommodate the defined list of unit-level,
live fire ranges to include all SDZs of 175 nm2
(14 nm x 12.5 nm).

## System Of Systems

A system of systems supports the unit training range level and is composed of communications, target, instrumentation, and OPFOR systems. The following descriptions of these components include the threshold and objective of the required capabilities.

## Communications System

(that extends at least .35 mi beyond the central urban area), and outlying facilities or villages of at least .8 square miles (that extend at least .2 mi beyond the outlying suburban area). The MOUT facility should also include a live fire training area of at least 3 mi2 that includes a SDZ for ground and aviation direct and indirect weapon systems. The MOUT should include major avenues of approach connecting the suburbs and outlying villages with the central urban area. Outlying and suburban areas should simulate the local noncombatant populace and infrastructure. The live fire area of the MOUT should consist of a moderately developed urban area configured to support a coordinated live fire MOUT assault that employs individual, crew-served, and indirect-fire infantry weapons and precision use of indirect fire from airborne CAS and For unit-level training, the communications system includes all the necessary components and elements used by range personnel to establish and support ground fire and maneuver operations. Targets should be of sufficient number and type to satisfy ITS requirements for individual, crew-served, and indirect-fire infantry weapons; 120mm and 25mm weapon systems; demolitions and explosives; and all wheeled/ tracked vehicle-mounted systems associated with GCE units.

maintain secure or nonsecure, two-way, point-topoint, S/S, and A/G communications with range operators, range maintainers, and range users. The communications system could also include transmitters, receivers, transceivers,communications antennas, interface devices, and cryptology equipment. All range-related, two-way voice and data communications between range personnel and event participants can be classified into one of three types of communications circuits or networks: RC, exercise communications, and data link. It is assumed that the requirement for any specific circuit also includes a requirement for sufficient assigned frequencies for that circuit.

 Training for LCE requires a range complex
with at least two target sites composed of fixed, mobile, hard, and soft targets of varying size and composition, which will support indirect and direct fire weapon systems, to include small arms live fire. There should be static and pop-up targets, configured to represent various military operations, units, and capabilities.
 Training for ACE requires the following:
The communications system threshold for the MAGTF elements is achieved with one dedicated RC circuit and two dedicated EC&C circuits. The objective is achieved with two dedicated RC circuits, at least one of which must support secure communications; at least three dedicated EC&C circuits, at least one of which must support secure communications; and EC&C circuits that must support communications with all airborne and ground participants.

## Target System

The threshold for GCE and LCE training contains at least one target site. For ACE A/G training, it must contain one weapon site. The target system objective is achieved by the following criteria:

 Training for GCE consists of land-based
fortified defenses, distributed throughout the range complex. At least two target sites
composed of fixed, mobile, hard, and soft targets of varying type, size, and composition, which will support indirect and direct fire weapon systems to include small arms live fire.
There should be static and pop-up targets configured to represent varying military operations, units, and capabilities. Structural and urban targets should require event participants to discriminate between valid and invalid targets in order to practice minimizing collateral damage. Urban targets must also
 The OAS and air reconnaissance targets
require at least one range complex with at least two separate live/inert weapons target sites composed of raked and strafe ranges, structural targets, mobile targets, and targets located in revetments. Some of the structural targets should replicate congested urban areas, requiring event participants to discriminate between valid and invalid targets in order to practice minimizing collateral damage. Tactical target complexes should provide a minimum of four targets with four Impish per target, as well as present target identification and discrimination challenges to the aircrew. This does not apply to raked and strafe ranges. Tactical targets should possess visual, radar, and spectral signatures representing threat systems. Building structures, reverted targets, and moving targets must replicate, to the greatest degree practical, the physical characteristics and spectral signatures of the type of targets expected to be encountered in the projected area of operations. At least one target site must allow the use of inert weapons up to 2,000 lbs and live weapons (including cluster munitions) up to 1,000 lbs. At least some of
the targets should allow the use of laser designators.

GCE (TSPI) with low fidelity 3 and for LCE (TSPI) with low fidelity 2. The system objective is achieved by the criteria in table 8-2. Its elements correspond to the instrumentation system discussion on page 8-7.

## Opposition Force System

 The AAW targets require gunnery banners
or darts, which are subsonic and supersonic Sass that can operate from surface to 50,000 ft AGL. These UASs should be capable of being augmented to replicate the radar and spectral signature of anticipated threat aircraft and anti-ship and/or A/G missiles.
For the GCE and LCE threshold, there must be a live, virtual, or constructive platoon-sized ground force. The OPFOR system objective for the three MAGTF elements is achieved by the following criteria:

 EW range tactical target complexes should
present target identification and discrimination challenges to the aircrew. This does not apply to raked and strafe ranges. Tactical targets should possess visual, radar, and spectral signatures representative of threat systems. Building structures and revetted and moving targets must replicate, to the greatest degree practical, the physical characteristics and spectral signatures of the type of targets expected to be encountered in the projected area of operations.
 GCE training requires a live, virtual, or constructive company-sized ground force, at least a platoon of which must be firing live rounds; a live, virtual, or constructive platoon-sized armored and/or mechanized vehicle force, at least a squad of which must be firing live rounds; and fixed and moving targets, at least some of which must be reactive. The electronic combat threat level is two.

## Instrumentation System

 LCE training requires a live, virtual, or constructive company-sized ground force, at least a platoon of which must be firing live rounds. Requirements include fixed and moving targets, at least some of which must be reactive. The electronic combat threat level is two.
Range instrumentation describes the collection of facilities, equipment, software, and implementation methodologies used to schedule, monitor, deconflict, create, or reconstruct the training range environment and on-range events. The instrumentation enterprise at any range or range complex may exist as a stand-alone, dedicated system or as a distributed set of capabilities that are embedded within other existing or standalone systems and subsystems. The required capabilities in table 8-2 are applicable to maneuver, fire and maneuver, and MOUT training. The threshold is achieved for

 ACE training requires up to two live, rotarywing threat aircraft with A/A missile capability
and up to four live, fixed-wing, supersoniccapable threat aircraft with A/A gun and active A/A missile capability. All fixed-wing threat aircraft must be able to operate from the surface to the upper limit of the airspace. Requirements include fixed, moving, and time critical targets, at least some of which must be reactive. The electronic combat threat level is two.

| Element                                        | GCE Training   | ACE Training   | LCE Training   |
|------------------------------------------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|
| Tracking Time, Space, and Position Information |                |                |                |
| High Fidelity                                  | Not Required   | 8              |                |
| 2                                              |                |                |                |
| Not Required                                   |                |                |                |
| Low Fidelity                                   | 6              |                |                |
| 1                                              |                |                |                |
| 2                                              |                |                |                |
| 3                                              |                |                |                |
| 4                                              |                |                |                |
| 4                                              |                |                |                |
| Range Control                                  |                |                |                |
| 2-Dimension                                    | Yes            | Yes            | Yes            |
| 3-Dimension                                    | No             | Yes            | No             |
| Exercise Control and Coordination              |                |                |                |
| 2-Dimension                                    | Yes            | Yes            | Yes            |
| 3-Dimension                                    | No             | Yes            | No             |
| JNTC                                           | No             | No             | No             |
| Modeling and Simulation                        |                |                |                |
| A/A                                            | No             | Yes            | No             |
| A/G                                            | No             | Yes            | No             |
| S/A                                            | Yes            | Yes            | Yes            |
| S/S                                            | Yes            | No             | Yes            |
| Scoring                                        |                |                |                |
| Type                                           | Auto           | Auto           | Auto           |
| Feedback                                       | Both           | Both           | Both           |
| RTKN                                           | Voice or Auto  | Voice or Auto  | Voice or Auto  |
| Debrief/After Action Review                    |                |                |                |
| Type                                           | Both           | Both           | Both           |

1Provides for up to 6 platoons during coordinated live fire and maneuver training.

2Provides for up to 4 friendly and 4 OPFOR threat aircraft.

3Provides for up to 2 support (e.g., tanker/airborne early warning) aircraft.

4Provides for up to 2 convoys and 2 OPFOR threats.

## Chapter 9 Required Meu-Level Training Range Capabilities Meu-Level Training Operational Concept

Marine Corps MEU-level training supports personnel and platforms of a MEU-sized MAGTF
or its individual elements and T&R requirements for each element of the MEU. Accordingly, MEU-level training supports the training associated with ACE, GCE, and LCE units.

## Aviation Combat Element

The operational concept for MEU-level range requirements is assessed based on a comprehensive training scenario derived from the UJTL and directly linked to the MCTL. The following operations and events from the UJTL's operations list and its associated mission-essential tasks from the MCTL form the basis for assessment of the required range attributes:

 Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition.
 Command and control warfare.  Information operations.  Suppression of enemy air defenses.
The MEU-level training range supports the T&R requirements associated with the complete aviation component of the MEU. A typical MEU ACE would include up to 6 fixed-wing attack aircraft, 2024 attack and support helicopters, and an air support control element.

 Joint interdiction.  AAW.

## Ground Combat Element

 Forcible entry/expeditionary assault.  Mobile operations.  Delay.  Movement to contact.  Withdrawal.  Attack.  Combat tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel.  Pursuit.
The MEU-level training range supports the T&R requirements associated with the complete ground component of the MEU. A typical MEU GCE would include an infantry battalion, a tank platoon, an artillery battery, a light armored vehicle platoon, an amphibious vehicle platoon, an armored vehicle platoon, and a combat engineer platoon.

 Deployment.

## Logistics Combat Element

 Exploitation.  Counterterrorism.  Rear area security.  Defensive AAW.  Area defense.  Antiterrorism.
The MEU-level training range supports the T&R requirements associated with the complete combat service support components of a MEU. A typical MEU LCE would include a TSD/LSD, an engineer detachment, a maintenance detachment, an MP detachment, a communications detachment, and a health services detachment.

## Meu-Level Suite Of Ranges

The suite of ranges described in table 9-1 provides the baseline range requirements for MEU-level training. These ranges can be augmented based upon mission, type of units supported, training capacity, and throughput.

## Required Capabilities

The required capabilities for the operational elements and system of systems for MEU-level training ranges are defined in terms of objective and threshold requirements.

## Operational Elements

The Marine Corps range infrastructure's operational elements of airspace, sea space, and land area are described in this section at the MEU training level.

## Airspace

The airspace threshold is achieved by a 50 nm x 50 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 45,000 ft AGL. The objective is achieved by at least a 24-hour day/night period on a 50 nm x 80 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft AGL. The airspace must allow supersonic operations and at least some portion of the airspace should overlay land area with significant topography and significant LZ/DZ. Where the airspace overlays the training range land area, the horizontal limits of

MEU-level maneuver/training area MEU-level instrumented live fire and maneuver training area/range Dedicated impact areadudded Impact areanondudded Impact areatemporarily dudded Field artillery indirect fire range Nonstandardized engineer qualification range Light demolition range

the airspace should extend at least 10 nm beyond the horizontal limits of the land area. The required length of the time in the airspace range will increase to 5 days (120 hours) to support large-scale operations such as the special operations capable (SOC) exercise or ARG exercise. It is important to replicate, to the greatest degree practical, the topography of the planned area of operations. This required topographical fidelity could be achieved through the physical geographic location of the range or through a high fidelity virtual environment generated and up-linked from a range subsystem or generated autonomously by on-board aircraft systems. Deconfliction between artillery and air operations must be affected through range control and the direct air support center (DASC) or fire support coordination center (FSCC). All airspace should be scheduled in 30-minute blocks.

## Sea Space

The sea space objective and threshold are achieved concurrently through at least a 24-hour, day/night period in a 7,500 nm2 area including an area at least 15 nm wide, contiguous to the beachfront, capable of supporting amphibious vehicle and landing craft training, extending seaward to the ARG/ESG element location, and supporting ocean-based training elements. The required time period in the sea space will increase to 5 to 7 days to support large-scale operations such as the SOC, ESG, or ARG exercises. The cumulative requirement for large-scale MEU operations is a 5 to 7 day period (both day and nighttime periods). The requirement includes a

OAS range AAW range Assault support range Air reconnaissance range EW range MOUT collective training facility (large) MEU-level MOUT collective training facility

MEU-sized live fire and maneuver operations using service ammunition and associated SDZs (see US Army TC 25-1 and MCO 3570.1B).

cumulative total of 36,000 nm2 littoral sea space and an area at least 15 nm wide that is contiguous to the beachfront. This area must be capable of supporting amphibious vehicle and landing craft training and extend seaward to the simulated ARG/ESG element location.

## Land Area

MOUT. The land area should include a MOUT
facility, encompassing at least 15 mi2, that combines a large central urban area of at least
.1 mi2 (3 blocks x 3 blocks), an outlying suburban/residential area of at least 6.3 mi2 (that extends at least 1.1 mi beyond the central urban area), and outlying facilities or villages of at least
8 mi2 (that extend at least .485 mi beyond the outlying suburban area). The MOUT facility should also include a live fire training area of at least 3 mi2 that includes an SDZ for ground and aviation direct and indirect weapon systems.

The land area objective and threshold are achieved concurrently with at least a 24-hour, day/night period to support maneuver or live fire and maneuver and MOUT training. The required length of the time on the land area will increase to 5 days (120 hours) to support large-scale operations such as the SOC or ARG exercise. Land area requirement may be reduced or increased dependent upon mission, type of units supported, and quantity of ranges needed based upon capacity and throughput.

Maneuver. Threshold and objective requirements should include at least 150 mi2 (96,000 acres) that covers a dedicated beachfront for amphibious operations training. Minimum land area requirements are derived from a nominal maneuver area of 5 mi x 30 mi (8 km x 48 km) to support a contiguous MEU-sized maneuver operation (see US Army TC 25-1).

The MOUT should include major avenues of approach connecting the suburbs and outlying villages with the central urban area. Outlying areas should include a nonoperational airfield with tower and hangers and a port/industrial complex that includes warehouses, power plants, and other industrial structures. Suburban area structures should simulate the local noncombatant populace and infrastructure. The live fire area of the MOUT (which should be incorporated within the central urban area, suburban area, or outlying area) should consist of a moderately-developed urban area configured to support a coordinated live fire MOUT assault that employs individual, crew-served, urban breaching (to include demolition charges), and indirect-fire infantry weapons and precision use of indirect fire from airborne CAS and groundbased artillery. Per FM 3-06.11, one city block equals 175 m company frontage for MOUT. A 3-block x 3-block area equals 525 m x 525 m. The live fire area includes a 300 m x 300 m urban area surrounded by a 7,000 m radius SDZ.

## System Of Systems

A system of systems supports MEU training ranges and is composed of communications, target, instrumentation, and OPFOR systems. Descriptions of these components include thresholds and objectives of the required capabilities.

Live Fire and Maneuver. The threshold requirement is at least 739 mi2 (1,914 km2) or 472,960 acres.

The objective requirement is 985 mi2 (2,552 km2)
or 630,613 acres. Both should include a dedicated beachfront for amphibious operations training. Some or all of the land area should be cleared for use of live NSFS, A/G, naval special warfare, indirect, and direct fire weapons for both service and training practice ammunition. Minimum land area requirements are derived from a nominal maneuver area of 18 mi x 41 mi (29 km x 66 km) to support a contiguous MEU-sized live fire and maneuver operation using training ammunition and associated SDZs. Maximum requirements derived from a nominal maneuver area of 18 mi x 55 mi (29 km x 88 km) to support a contiguous

## Communications System

The communications system includes all necessary components and elements used by range personnel to establish and maintain secure and nonsecure, two-way, point-to-point, S/S, and A/G communications. This communication could also include interrange communications not covered by IERs and interoperability, which comprises radio transmitters, receivers, transceivers, communications antennas, interface devices, and cryptology equipment. The communications system threshold for the three MAGTF elements is achieved with three RC circuits and five EC&C circuits. The objective is achieved by the following criteria:

 There must be five RC circuits, at least three of
which must support secure A/G, ship-to-shore,
and point-to-point communications.
 At least five exercise communications circuits
are needed to support communication with ground, airborne, service support, surface participants, and exercise evaluators/controllers.
 At least three of the circuits should support
secure communications.

## Target System

The threshold is achieved by having at least three separate A/G target sites. At least one target site must allow the use of heavy precision and nonprecision weapons. The target system objective is achieved by the following criteria:

 There should be exposed beach obstacles and
fortified beach defenses and NSFS targets. All targets should be cleared for engagement with live fire inert weapons and at least some of the targets should be cleared for engagement with live fire live ordnance, including NSFS weapons.
 There should be land-based fortified defenses
distributed throughout the range complex.
 There should be target sites composed of fixed
and mobile, hard and soft targets in varying size and composition that are representative of varying military operations, units, and capabil-
ities. The target sets should support live fire, air- and surface-launched indirect and direct fire weapon systems, to include small arms live fire. At least some targets should be pop-up and reactive in nature and provide scoring feedback. All targets should possess representative visual, radar, and spectral signatures.

 Ground targets should be of sufficient number
and type to satisfy ITS requirements for individual, crew served, and indirect-fire infantry weapons; 120mm and 25mm weapon systems; demolitions and explosives; and all wheeled/ tracked vehicle-mounted systems associated with MEU-level MAGTF units.
 There should be at least six separate target sites
to accommodate live fire inert and live A/G weapons, with at least four targets per site, composed of representative threat targets to include vehicles, structural targets, targets in revetments, and moving targets. There should be a minimum of four DMPIs per target.
 Structural and urban targets should require
event participants to discriminate between valid and invalid targets to practice minimizing collateral damage. Urban targets must also support ground fire and maneuver operations.
 At least two target sites must allow the use of
heavy precision and nonprecision weapons. These targets must allow the use of live fire inert weapons up to 2,000 lbs, live fire live weapons (including cluster munitions) up to 1,000 lbs, and laser targeting devices.

## Instrumentation System

The required capabilities in table 9-2 are applicable to maneuver, fire and maneuver, and MOUT training. Range instrumentation describes the collection of facilities, equipment, software, and implementation methodologies used to schedule, monitor, deconflict, create, or reconstruct the training range environment and onrange events. The instrumentation enterprise at any range or range complex may exist as a standalone, dedicated system or as a distributed set of capabilities that are embedded within other existing or stand-alone systems and subsystems.

The system's objective and threshold for the instrumentation system are achieved concurrently by the criteria in table 9-2, its elements corresponding to the instrumentation system.

## Opposition Force System

The OPFOR objective and threshold are achieved concurrently by a live, virtual, or constructive battalion-sized ground force, at least a company of which must be firing live rounds; a live, virtual, or constructive company-sized armored or mechanized vehicle force, at least a platoon of which must be firing live rounds; and up to four fixed- or rotary-wing threat aircraft, at least two of which must be firing live rounds. All threat aircraft must have A/A missile capability. Fixedwing threat aircraft must have A/A gun and active A/A missile capability and be capable of supersonic flight and operating to the upper limit of the airspace. There must be fixed, moving, and time-critical targets, at least some of which must be reactive, and the electronic combat threat level is three.

|  Attribute                                     | MAGTF MEU-Level Training Range   |
|------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Tracking Time, Space, and Position Information |                                  |
| High Fidelity                                  |                                  |
| 26                                             |                                  |
| 1                                              |                                  |
| Low Fidelity                                   |                                  |
| 24                                             |                                  |
| 2                                              |                                  |
| Range Control                                  |                                  |
| 2-Dimension                                    | Yes                              |
| 3-Dimension                                    | Yes                              |
| Exercise Control and Coordination              |                                  |
| 2-Dimension                                    | Yes                              |
| 3-Dimension                                    | Yes                              |
| JNTC                                           | Yes                              |
| Modeling and Simulation                        |                                  |
| A/A                                            | Yes                              |
| A/G                                            | Yes                              |
| S/A                                            | Yes                              |
| S/S                                            | Yes                              |
| Scoring                                        |                                  |
| Type                                           | Manual or Auto                   |
| Feedback                                       | Both                             |
| RTKN                                           | Voice or Auto                    |
| Debrief/After Action Review                    |                                  |
| Type                                           | Both                             |

1 Will support up to 22 friendly air assets (up to 12 assault support aircraft and
10 fixed-wing aircraft) and 4 OPFOR air assets.

2 Assumes a platoon (of ground forces or vehicles) is the smallest unit for which TSPI is required.

## Chapter 10 Required Meb-Level Training Range Capabilities Logistics Combat Element Meb-Level Training

The MEB-level training range supports the T&R requirements associated with the individual and complete combat service support components of a MEB LCE. A typical MEB LCE is composed of a brigade service support group that includes a communications platoon, a TSD/LSD company, an engineer company, a maintenance company, a health services company, and an MP company.

This large-scale training supports not only the personnel and platform core capabilities associated with the individual elements of a MEB, but also the combined T&R requirements of the fully integrated MEB. Accordingly, MEB- level training supports MEB ACE, GCE, and LCE units.

## Aviation Combat Element Operational Concept

The operational concept for MEB-level range requirements are assessed based on a comprehensive training scenario derived from the UJTL and directly linked to the MCTL. The following operations/events from the UJTL's operations list and its associated mission-essential tasks from the MCTL, form the basis for assessment of the required range attributes:
The MEB-level training range supports the T&R requirements associated with the individual fixedand rotary-wing platforms, portions of or complete fixed- and rotary-wing squadrons, and the complete aviation component of a MEB, such as a Marine aircraft group (MAG). The MAG fixedwing elements include fighter, attack, electronic warning/electronic attack, and support aircraft. The MAG rotary-wing elements include transport and attack aircraft and V/STOL platforms.

## Ground Combat Element

 Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition.
 Command and control warfare.  Information operations.  Suppression of enemy air defenses.  Joint interdiction.  Defensive AAW.  AAW.  Area defense.  Forcible entry/expeditionary assault.  Mobile operations.  Delay.
The MEB-level training range supports the training requirements associated with the individual and overall ground warfighting components of a MEB GCE. A typical MEB GCE is composed of a regimental combat team (RCT)/regimental landing team (RLT). The RCT/RLT will include three Marine infantry battalions, a tank company, an amphibious vehicle company, an armored vehicle company, a combat engineer company, and an artillery battalion.

 Movement to contact.
space, and land area are described at the MEB training level.

 Withdrawal.  Attack.

## Airspace

 Combat tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel.  Pursuit.  Deployment.  Exploitation.  Counterterrorism.  Relief in place.  Passage of lines.  Rear area security.  Antiterrorism.  River crossing.

## Meb-Level Suite Of Ranges

The airspace threshold is achieved with a 50 nm x 50 nm range with airspace extending from the surface to 45,000 ft. For GCE, ACE, and LCE training, the airspace objective is achieved by a 24-hour, day/night period on a 50 nm x 80 nm range with airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft AGL. At least some portion of the airspace should allow supersonic operations and should also overlay land area with significant topography. Its horizontal limits should extend at least 10 nm beyond the horizontal limits of the land area. The airspace should be scheduled in 30-minute blocks and the required length of the time in the range airspace may increase to 10 days (240 hours) to support large-scale combined arms exercises and operations.

The suite of ranges described in table 10-1 provides the baseline requirement for MEB-level training. The suite of ranges can be augmented based upon mission, type of units supported, training capacity, and throughput.

## Required Capabilities

It is important to replicate, to the greatest degree practical, the topography of the planned area of operations. This required topographical fidelity could be achieved through the physical geographic location of the range or through a high fidelity virtual environment generated and up-linked from a range subsystem or generated autonomously by on-board aircraft systems. Deconfliction between artillery and air operations must be effected through the DASC or FSCC.

The following required capabilities for the operational elements and system of systems for MEB-level training ranges are defined in terms of objective and threshold requirements.

## Sea Space Operational Elements

The sea space objective and threshold are achieved concurrently by at least a 24-hour, day/night period The following Marine Corps range infrastructure's operational elements of airspace, sea

MEU-level maneuver/training area
AAW range
MEU-level instrumented live fire and maneuver training area/range
Assault support range
Dedicated impact areadudded
Air reconnaissance range
Impact areanondudded
EW range
Impact areatemporarily dudded
MOUT collective training facility (large)
Field artillery indirect fire range
MEB-level MOUT collective training facility
Nonstandardized engineer qualification range Light demolition range

in a 10,000 nm2 area at least 15 nm wide, contiguous to the beachfront, capable of supporting amphibious vehicle and landing craft training, that extends seaward to the ARG/ESG element location, and supports ocean-based training elements. The required time in the sea space will increase to 7 to 10 days to support large-scale operations such as the joint task force exercise. The cumulative requirement for large scale MEB operations is 7 to 10 days (both day and nighttime)
that includes a cumulative total of 36,000 nm2
littoral sea space at least 15 nm wide and contiguous to the beachfront. This space should also be capable of supporting amphibious vehicle and landing craft training and extend seaward to the simulated ARG/ESG element location.

## Land Area

central urban area, and an outlying facilities or villages area of at least 80 mi2 that extends at least 2 mi beyond the suburban/residential area. The outlying areas should include a nonoperational airfield with tower and hangers and a port/ industrial complex that includes warehouses, power plants, and other industrial structures. Suburban area structures should represent the local noncombatant populace and infrastructure. The MOUT should include major avenues of approach connecting the suburbs and outlying villages with the central urban area. The MOUT complex should also include a ground and aviation live fire training area of at least 3 mi2. This area should consist of a moderately developed urban area that will accommodate a coordinated combined arms, live fire MOUT assault. The live fire training area should accommodate the employment of individual, crew-served, and indirect-fire infantry weapons, as well as the use of precision indirect fire from airborne CAS and ground-based artillery.

Land area requirement may be reduced or increased dependent upon mission, type of units supported, and quantity of ranges needed based upon capacity and throughput. The land area objective and threshold are achieved concurrently by at least a 24-hour, day/night period in an area to support maneuver or live fire and maneuver and MOUT training.

Maneuver. Threshold and objective requirements are at least 300 mi2 (192,000 acres) and include a beachfront for amphibious operations training.

Live Fire and Maneuver. Threshold requirement is at least 892 mi2 (2,310 km2) or 570,813 acres.

Objective requirement is 1,189 mi2 (3,080 km2)
or 761,085 acres. Both should include a beachfront for amphibious operations training. Some or all of the land area should be cleared for live fire NSFS, A/G, naval special warfare, indirect, and direct fire weapons with both service and training practice ammunition.

MOUT. There should be a dedicated 150 mi2
The required length of the time in the land area may increase to 10 days (240 hours) to support large-scale combined arms exercises and operations. Minimum land area requirements are derived from a nominal maneuver area of 10 mi x 30 mi (16 km x 48 km) to support a contiguous MEB-sized, nonfiring maneuver operation (see US Army TC 25-1). Maximum land area requirements are derived from a nominal maneuver area of 22 mi x 41 mi (35 km x 66 km) to support a contiguous MEB-sized, live fire and maneuver operation using training ammunition and associated SDZs. Maximum requirement derived from a 22-mi x 55-mi (35 km x 88 km) maneuver area to support a contiguous MEB- sized, live fire and maneuver operation using service ammunition and associated SDZs (see US Army TC 25-1 and MCO 3570.1B). According to FM 3-06.11, the MOUT frontage for a single infantry company is one city block. The live fire area includes a 300 m by 300 m urban area surrounded by a 7,000 m radius SDZ.

MOUT facility that combines a large central urban area of at least 1 mi2 (9 blocks x 9 blocks), an outlying suburban/residential area of at least
63 mi2 that extends at least 3.5 mi beyond the

## System Of Systems Communications System

The communications system includes all necessary components and elements used by range personnel to establish and maintain secure and nonsecure, two-way, point-to-point, S/S, and A/G communications. This communication could also include interrange communications not covered by IERs and interoperability, which comprises radio transmitters, receivers, transceivers, communications antennas, interface devices, and cryptology equipment. The communications system threshold for the three MAGTF elements is achieved with three RC circuits and five EC&C circuits. The objective is achieved by the following criteria:

 There must be five RC circuits, at least three of
which must support secure A/G, ship-to-shore,
and point-to-point communications.
 At least five exercise communications circuits
are needed to support communication with ground, airborne, service support, surface participants, and exercise evaluators/controllers.
 At least three of the circuits should support
secure communications.

## Target System

The threshold is achieved with at least four separate A/G target sites. At least three target sites must support heavy precision and nonprecision weapons. Two targets must allow the use of inert weapons up to 2,000 lbs. The target system objective is achieved by the following criteria:

 There should be exposed beach obstacles and
fortified beach defenses and NSFS targets. All targets should be cleared for engagement with live fire inert weapons and at least some of the targets should be cleared for engagement with live fire live ordnance, including NSFS weapons. These criteria support ocean-based training elements.
 There should be land-based fortified defenses
distributed throughout the range complex.
 There should be target sites composed of fixed
and mobile, hard and soft targets in varying size and composition that are representative of varying military operations, units, and capabilities. The target sets should support live fire, air- and surface-launched indirect and direct fire weapon systems, to include small arms live fire. At least some targets should be pop-up and reactive in nature and provide scoring feedback. All targets should possess representative visual, radar, and spectral signatures.
 Ground targets should be of sufficient number
and type to satisfy ITS requirements for individual, crew-served, and indirect-fire infantry weapons; 120mm and 25mm weapon systems; demolitions and explosives; and all wheeled/ tracked vehicle-mounted systems associated with MEU-level units.
 There should be at least eight separate live fire
inert and live A/G weapons target sites, with at least four targets per site, composed of representative threat targets to include vehicles, structural targets, revetted targets, and moving targets. There should be at least four DMPIs per target.
 Structural and urban targets should require
event participants to discriminate between valid and invalid targets to practice minimizing collateral damage. Urban targets must also support ground fire and maneuver operations.
 At least four target sites must allow the use of
heavy precision and nonprecision weapons. These targets must allow the use of live fire inert weapons up to 2,000 lbs, live fire live weapons (including cluster munitions) up to 1,000 lbs, and laser targeting devices.

## Instrumentation System

Range instrumentation describes the collection of facilities, equipment, software, and implementation methodologies used to schedule, monitor, deconflict, create, or reconstruct the training range environment and on-range events. The instrumentation enterprise at any range or range complex may exist as a stand-alone, dedicated system or as a distributed set of capabilities that are embedded within other existing or standalone systems and subsystems. The threshold for tracking (TSPI) mandates high fidelity at 56. The system's objective is achieved by the criteria in table 10-2. Its elements correspond to the instrumentation system discussion on page 10-6.

## Opposition Force System

battalion of which must be firing live rounds; a live, virtual, or constructive battalion-sized armored or mechanized vehicle force, at least a company of which must be firing live rounds; up to eight fixed- or rotary-wing threat aircraft, at least four of which must be firing live rounds. All threat aircraft must have A/A missile capability. Fixed-wing threat aircraft must have A/A gun and active A/A missile capability, be capable of supersonic flight, and be operational to the upper limits of the airspace. There must be fixed, moving, and time critical targets, at least some of which are reactive. The electronic combat threat level is four.

The OPFOR system objective and threshold are achieved concurrently by a live, virtual, or constructive brigade-sized ground force, at least a

 Attribute
MAGTF MEB-Level
Training Range
 Tracking Time, Space, and Position Information
High Fidelity
721
Low Fidelity
1002
Range Control
2-Dimension
Yes
3-Dimension
Yes
Exercise Control and Coordination
2-Dimension
Yes
3-Dimension
Yes
JNTC
Yes
Modeling and Simulation
A/A
Yes
A/G
Yes
S/A
Yes
S/S
Yes
Scoring
Type
Manual or Auto
Feedback
Both
RTKN
Voice or Auto
Debrief/After Action Review
Type
Both

1 Will support up to 48 friendly air assets (24 assault support aircraft and
 24 fixed-wing aircraft) and 16 OPFOR aircraft.
2 Assumes a platoon (of ground forces or vehicles) is the smallest unit for which
 TSPI is required.

## Chapter 11 Joint National Training Capability Joint National Training Capability Concept

environment, the support and involvement of combatant command, Service, and components nominated and selected training programs will be required. The JNTC will work collaboratively with combatant commands, Services, and components to identify and accredit programs that can plan and execute joint training. Accreditation is a process to determine that a combatant command, Service, or component training program or organization has the capability to conduct training on joint tasks. The process will serve as the vehicle to provide oversight and evaluation of existing joint context capabilities and the ability of training programs to provide a realistic joint training environment.

## Site And System Certification

Joint training integrates more than one Service into a military force operating under a single combatant commander. In 2002, the DOD initiated a Training Transformation [T2] program to develop and implement the concepts and infrastructure that are essential elements in preparing US forces to conduct future joint effects-based operations. Focusing on collective training, the JNTC helps to prepare forces by providing units and command staffs with an integrated live, virtual, and constructive training environment with appropriate joint context that allows accurate, timely, and relevant training in support of specific operational needs. It can be used to train forces against a general threat, to conduct mission rehearsal against a specific threat, or to experiment with new doctrine, tactics, techniques, procedures, joint operations concepts, and equipment. The goal of the JNTC is to create and sustain an environment in which units and individuals receive joint operations training at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels, and, using a global network of joint training facilities and facilitators, combine existing military exercise elements with live forces to create a more realistic and valuable training experience.

## Joint National Training Capability Process Training Program Accreditation

To maximize training audience exposure and help ensure consistency of a realistic joint training As part of the JNTC concept, sites and systems will be required to create a realistic joint environment for training/mission rehearsal of joint tasks. These sites and systems will require certification of their capability to support their joint training role. Like accreditation, this certification process is conducted by the Joint Warfighting Center in collaboration with TECOM. The purpose of certification is to ensure that all the technical elements required to create a realistic environment to train joint tasks are sufficient, available, operational, and interoperable. Certification deals with sites and systems, and is event independent, but is related to joint task requirements. Certification standards are derived from specified joint tasks and current and emerging DOD technical guidelines, policy, and JNTC standards. They vary depending on the many systems and sites.

## The Test And Training Enabling Architecture

The JNTC will use the test and training enabling architecture (TENA) as the foundation for JNTC- certified test and training range instrumentation. Test and training enabling architecture will provide the software architecture and applications to enable interoperability among

 Range systems.  Facilities.  Simulations.  Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance.
 Reconnaissance systems.
The end-state TENA will allow event-related, real-time, and post-event information to be shared between both TENA-compliant and non- TENA-compliant range infrastructures. There will be three key components of the end-state TENA architecture:

 TENA Middleware will provide the high performance, real-time, low-latency communications infrastructure.
 TENA Repository will contain all the information relative to TENA that is not specific to a given logical range.
 TENA Logical Range Data Archive will store
and provide for the retrieval of all of the information associated with a specific logical range event.

## Logical Range

A logical range is a suite of TENA resources, sharing a common object model, that works together for a given range event. A logical range for any JNTC event may include geographically separated ranges or range complexes, simulators, command centers, or data collection and distribution centers.

## Required Joint National Training Capability Range Capabilities

The Services maintain training ranges and operating areas necessary to satisfy core Service training requirements. The Services' maintenance of training ranges and operating areas frequently results in the development and fielding of unique instrumentation for the operating platforms and a wide variety of infrastructure necessary to create the training environment, capture "ground truth," assess activity and performance, and provide feedback to the training audience in a timely manner. Examples include position information collection systems, weapons scoring, threat emitters, OPFOR equipment, communications, and exercise surveillance and support systems. Providing and modernizing such training functionality and capabilities are the responsibilities of the Services. These established capabilities form the baseline of a modern range infrastructure. It is this baseline that forms the foundation of the JNTC, from which investments will selectively expand and connect Service training ranges and instrumentation systems to create joint capabilities. An example of creating joint capabilities is adding the systems for fixed-wing aircraft tracking and weapon-engagement scoring to the infrastructure at an Army range to enable accredited, joint training events. Occasionally, modifications will be required to service training support systems to incorporate joint functionality. The overall intent is a future interoperability end state where Service and joint integrated live, virtual, and constructive training systems are routinely interconnected to support joint training and mission rehearsal events. It includes a global infrastructure capability, which enables distributed joint training across DOD sites, simulation centers, and RTAs.

## Appendix A Marine Corps Suite Of Ranges

Table A-1 contains the Marine Corps suite of ranges and training areas. Range and training area facility codes, as applicable, are listed or indicated as pending (XXXX). The dimensions and land areas listed in table A-2
are for the nominal makeup of live fire ranges as listed in TC 25-8 and used in the calculation of the threshold land area requirement. These dimensions do not account for capacity or throughput considerations and are general in nature. Also, these dimensions do not necessarily fully account for the unmitigated SDZs of the weapons associated with these ranges.

Individual
Level
Unit
Level
MEU
Level
MEB
Level
Maneuver/Training Area
Maneuver/training area
(XXXX)
X
X
MAGTF-level maneuver/training area
(XXXX)
X
X
Unit-level instrumented live fire and
 maneuver training area/range
(XXXX)
X
MAGTF-level instrumented live fire
and maneuver training area/range
(XXXX)
X
X
Impact Area
Dedicated impact areadudded
(XXXX)
X
X
X
X
Impact areadudded
(17430)
X
X
X
X
Impact areanondudded
(17431)
X
X
X
X
 Live Fire Ranges
Nonstandard small arms range
(17502)
X
Basic 10m25m zero firing range
(17510)
X
X
Automated field-fire range
(17520)
X
X
Rifle known-distance (KD) range
(17550)
X
X
Automated sniper field-fire range
(17561)
X
X
Pistol KD range
(17570)
X
X
Automated combat pistol/
MP firearms qualification course
(17572)
X
X
Individual
Level
Unit
Level
MEU
Level
MEB
Level
 Live Fire Ranges
Automated multi-purpose
machine gun (MPMG) range
(17582)
X
X
40mm (grenade) machine gun qualification range
(17620)
X
X
Automated anti-armor tracking and live fire range
(17641)
X
X
Field artillery direct fire range
(17650)
X
Task/fighting vehicle stationary gunnery range
(17660)
X
X
Mortar range
(17670)
X
X
Field artillery indirect fire range
(17671)
X
X
X
Automated multi-purpose training range
(17711)
X
X
Automated tank/fighting vehicle
multi-purpose range complex
(17722)
X
Fire and movement range
(17730)
X
X
Squad defense range
(17740)
X
Automated infantry squad battle course
(17751)
X
X
Automated infantry platoon battle course
(17753)
X
Live hand grenade range
(17810)
X
X
Engineer explosive training range
(17820) (17821) (17830)
X
X
X
X
Aviation Ranges
Offensive air support range
(XXXX)
X
X
X
X
AAW range
(XXXX)
X
X
X
X
Assault support range
(XXXX)
X
X
X
X
Air reconnaissance range
(XXXX)
X
EW range
(XXXX)
X
X
Individual
Level
Unit
Level
MEU
Level
MEB
Level
MOUT
Facilities/Complexes
MOUT assault course
(17760)
X
X
MOUT collective training facility (small)
(17962)
X
X
MOUT collective training facility (large)
 (17963)
X
X
MAGTF-level MOUT collective training facility
(XXXX)
X
X
Live Fire Range
Dimension
(m)
Area
(km2)
Nonstandard small arms range
200 x 5,000
1
Basic 10m25m zero firing range
200 x 2,000
.4
Automated field-fire range
520 x 5,000
2.6
Rifle known-distance (KD) range
500 x 2,000
1
Automated sniper field-fire range
600 x 5,000
3
Pistol KD range
120 x 1,000
.12
Automated combat pistol/MP firearms qualification course
120 x 1,000
.12
Automated multi-purpose machine gun (MPMG) range
1,200 x 5,200
6.24
Automated grenade launcher range
500 x 2,500
1.25
40mm (grenade) machine gun qualification range
500 x 2,500
1.25
Automated anti-armor tracking and live fire range
1,000 x 5,000
5
Field artillery direct fire
1,000 x 5,000
5
Tank/fighting vehicle stationary gunnery range
1,000 x 4,000
4
Indirect fire range - mortars (not including 120mm rifled bore mortar)
2,000 x 6,000
12
Indirect fire range - field artillery (including 120mm rifled bore mortar)
12,500 x 25,000
312.5*
Automated multi-purpose training range
1,000 x 4,000
4
Automated heavy tank/fighting vehicle multi-purpose range complex
1,500 x 6,000
9
Fire and movement range
500 x 1,000
.5
Squad defense range
100 x 1,000
.1
Automated infantry squad battle course
1,000 x 2,000
2
Automated infantry platoons battle course
1,500 x 5,000
7.5
Live hand grenade range
80 x 30
.0024
Nonstandardized engineer qualification range
500 x 500
.25
Light demolition range
500 x 500
.25
MAC
300 x 1,500
.45

*Estimate based upon rectangular shape.

## Appendix B Additional Training Infrastructure

Individual
Level
Unit
Level
MEU
Level
MEB
Level
Additional Training Infrastructure
Gas chamber
(17230)
X
X
Land navigation course
(17412)
X
X
Personnel equipment drop zone
(17440)
X
X
X
Mine warfare area
(17905)
X


Wheeled vehicle drivers course
(17906)
X
X


Tracked vehicle drivers course
(17907)
 X


Amphibious vehicle training area
(17908)
X


Air transport mockup
(17911)
X

Rappelling training area
(17917)
X
X
Road/airfield construction training site
(17918)
X

Floating bridge site
(17922)

X
Water supply training area
(17924)

X
Medium heavy equipment training area
(17931)

X
Decontamination training site
(17932)
X
X

Petroleum, oil, and lubricant training site
(17933)

X
Firefighting and rescue training areas
(17951)
X
X

## Appendix C Glossary Part I: Acronyms And Abbreviations

km . . . . . . . . kilometer KPP  . . . . . . . . key performance parameter lb . . . . . . . . pound LCE. . . . . . . . . logistics command element LSD  . . . . . . . . landing support detachment LZ . . . . . . . .landing zone
A/A . . . . . . . . air to air AAR . . . . . . . . after action review AAW  . . . . . . . . antiair warfare ACE . . . . . . . . aviation combat element A/G . . . . . . . .air to ground AGL  . . . . . . . .above ground level ARG . . . . . . . .amphibious ready group BLM . . . . . . . .Bureau of Land Management CAS  . . . . . . . . close air support COTS  . . . . . . . . commercial off-the-shelf DA. . . . . . . . . Department of Army DASC . . . . . . . . direct air support center DC I&L  . . . . . . . . Deputy Commandant for
 . . . . . . . . Installations and Logistics
DMPI . . . . . . . .desired mean point of impact DOD . . . . . . . . Department of Defense DZ  . . . . . . . . drop zone EC&C . . . . . . . exercise control and coordination EOB . . . . . . . . electronic order of battle ESG  . . . . . . . . expeditionary strike group EW  . . . . . . . .electronic warfare FSCC  . . . . . . . .fire support coordination center ft . . . . . . . . foot/feet GCE . . . . . . . . ground combat element
m . . . . . . . .meters M&S . . . . . . . . modeling and simulation MAC  . . . . . . . . military operations on
 . . . . . . . .urbanized terrain assault course
MAG . . . . . . . . Marine aircraft group MAGTF . . . . . . . . Marine air-ground task force MCAS  . . . . . . . .Marine Corps air station MCB . . . . . . . . Marine Corps base MCLB  . . . . . . . .Marine Corps logistics base MCO . . . . . . . . Marine Corps order MCT . . . . . . . . Marine Corps task MCTL  . . . . . . . . Marine Corps Task List MEB . . . . . . . . Marine expeditionary brigade MEF  . . . . . . . . Marine expeditionary force MET . . . . . . . . meteorological MEU . . . . . . . . Marine expeditionary unit MEU(SOC) . . . . . . . .Marine expeditionary
 . . . . . . . . unit (special operations capable)
mi  . . . . . . . . mile MOS . . . . . . . . military occupational specialty MOUT  . . . . . . . . military operations on
 . . . . . . . . urbanized terrain
MP  . . . . . . . . military police
mph . . . . . . . . miles per hour
IER . . . . . . . . information exchange requirement ITS . . . . . . . . individual training standards
nm  . . . . . . . .nautical mile
NSFS  . . . . . . . .naval surface fire support
JNTC  . . . . . .  Joint National Training Capability JTT . . . . . . . . joint tactical task
OAS . . . . . . . . offensive air support OCE . . . . . . . . officer conducting the exercise OMFTS  . . . . operational maneuver from the sea OPFOR . . . . . . . . opposition force PK . . . . . . . . probability of kill RC  . . . . . . . . range control RCT  . . . . . . . .regimental combat team RD  . . . . . . . . range debriefing RDCPS . . . . . . . . Range Data Collection
 . . . . . . . .and Processing System
REW . . . . . . . .range electronic warfare RF . . . . . . . . radio frequency RLT  . . . . . . . .regimental landing team RS . . . . . . . . range scheduling RT  . . . . . . . .range tracking RTA  . . . . . . . . range training area RTKN . . . . . . . . real time kill notification S/A  . . . . . . . .surface to air
SAM . . . . . . . . surface-to-air missile
SDZ  . . . . . . . . surface danger zone SOC. . . . . . . . . special operations capable S/S. . . . . . . . . surface to surface
STOM  . . . . . . . . ship-to-objective maneuver
2-D . . . . . . . .two-dimensional 3-D . . . . . . . .three-dimensional T&R . . . . . . . . training and readiness TC . . . . . . . . training circular
TECOM  . . . . Training and Education Command TENA . . . . test and training enabling architecture
TSD  . . . . . . . .transportation support detachment TSPI . . . . . time, space, and position information UAS  . . . . . . . . unmanned aircraft system UJTL  . . . . . . . . Universal Joint Task List UNTL . . . . . . . . Universal Naval Task List US  . . . . . . . . United States USJFCOM . . . . . . . . United States Joint
 . . . . . . . . Forces Command
V/STOL . . . . . . . . vertical and/or short
 . . . . . . . . takeoff and landing aircraft

## Part Ii: Terms And Definitions

air reconnaissanceThe acquisition of information by employing visual observation and/or sensors in air vehicles. (JP 1-02)
close air supportAir action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces. Also called CAS. (JP 1-02) combat readinessSynonymous with operational readiness, with respect to missions or functions performed in combat. (JP 1-02)
antiair warfareThat action required to destroy or reduce to an acceptable level the enemy air and missile threat. Antiair warfare integrates all offensive and defensive actions against enemy aircraft, surface-to-air weapons, and theater missiles into a singular, indivisible set of operations. It is one of the six functions of Marine aviation. Also called AAW. (MCRP 5-12C) assault supportThe use of aircraft to provide tactical mobility and logistic support for the Marine air-ground task force, the movement of high priority cargo and personnel within the immediate area of operations, in-flight refueling, and the evacuation of personnel and cargo. Assault support is one of the six functions of Marine aviation. (MCRP 5-12C)
combat service supportThe essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within the national and theater logistic systems, it includes but is not limited to that support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply, maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required by aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their missions in combat. Combat service support encompasses those activities at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on the battlefield. Also called CSS. (JP 1-02) command and controlThe exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. (JP 1-02)
aviation combat elementThe core element of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) that is task-organized to conduct aviation operations. The aviation combat element (ACE) provides all or a portion of the six functions of Marine aviation necessary to accomplish the MAGTF's mission. These functions are antiair warfare, offensive air support, assault support, electronic warfare, air reconnaissance, and control of aircraft and missiles. The ACE is usually composed of an aviation unit headquarters and various other aviation units or their detachments. It can vary in size from a small aviation detachment of specifically required aircraft to one or more Marine aircraft wings. In a joint or multinational environment, the ACE may contain other Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. The ACE
itself is not a formal command. Also called ACE. (MCRP 5-12C)
constructive training event/componentA
training event/component involving simulated people and simulated systems that can take place as a stand-alone event or be integrated with a live or virtual training event/component.

environment for event participants and observers to review, replay, assess, and critique the participants' performance. Also called event debrief/ AAR instrumentation.

datalink circuitA circuit that provides encrypted or unencrypted two-way data communication between or among range systems. See also **range communications system**.

exercise communications circuitA circuit that provides encrypted or unencrypted two-way communication between or among exercise control personnel, range event participants, evaluators, and headquarters personnel via wireless, acoustic, or radio frequency relay technologies.

deep air supportAir action against enemy targets at such a distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each mission with fire and movement of friendly forces is not required.

Deep air support missions are flown on either side of the fire support coordination line; the lack of a requirement for close coordination with the fire and movement of friendly forces is the qualifying factor. Also called DAS. (MCRP 5-12C)
exercise control and coordination instrumentationDevices that provide real-time observation and post-mission reconstruction or major exercises through data set collection, storage, processing, and sharing. Exercise control and coordination instrumentation may also provide live targets and target control. Also called EC&C
instrumentation.

direct air support centerThe principal air control agency of the US Marine air command and control system responsible for the direction and control of air operations directly supporting the ground combat element. It processes and coordinates requests for immediate air support and coordinates air missions requiring integration with ground forces and other supporting arms. It normally collocates with the senior fire support coordination center within the ground combat element and is subordinate to the tactical air command center. Also called **DASC**. (JP 1-02)
doctrineFundamental principles by which the military forces or elements thereof guide their actions in support of national objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment in application. (JP 1-02)
ground combat elementThe core element of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) that is task-organized to conduct ground operations. It is usually constructed around an infantry organization but can vary in size from a small ground unit of any type, to one or more Marine divisions that can be independently maneuvered under the direction of the MAGTF commander. It includes appropriate ground combat and combat support forces, and in a joint or multinational environment, it may also contain other Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. The ground combat element itself is not a formal command. Also called GCE. (MCRP 5-12C)
electronic warfareMilitary action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Electronic warfare consists of three divisions: electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. Also called EW. (JP 1-02)
hostile environmentOperational environment in which hostile forces have control as well as the intent and capability to effectively oppose or react to the operations a unit intends to conduct. (JP 1-02)
event debrief/after action review instrumentationDevices that recreate exercise control and coordination, tracking, modeling and simulation, and scoring data from a given event to a degree that will allow a detailed, post-event, interactive infantry battalionA ground combat organization consisting of a headquarters and service company, a weapons company, and three or four rifle companies. It is the basic tactical unit within combat element, a ground combat element, and a logistics combat element. The four core elements are categories of forces, not formal commands. The basic structure of the MAGTF never varies, though the number, size, and type of Marine Corps units comprising each of its four elements will always be mission dependent. The flexibility of the organizational structure allows for one or more subordinate MAGTFs to be assigned. In a joint or multinational environment, other Service or multinational forces may be assigned or attached. Also called **MAGTF**. (MCRP 5-12C)
the Marine Corps and is organized and structured to plan, conduct, and control ground operations to include the integration and terminal direction of aviation support of the ground battle. When required, rifle companies can be reinforced with tank, light armored, assault amphibian, and/or combat engineer units. Infantry battalions fight the battle as subordinate organizations of the infantry regiment or as the ground combat element of a Marine expeditionary unit. The battalion is foot mobile unless reinforced. To perform its role in combat, it requires air defense and aviation support from Marine aviation and service support from a combat service support organization. (MCRP 5-12C)
Marine Corps Task Lista comprehensive list of Marine Corps tasks, doctrinally based, designed to support current and future missionessential task list development. (MCRP 5-12C)
live training event/componentA training event/component involving real people and real systems in a real/natural environment that can be augmented with virtual or constructive training events/components.

Marine expeditionary brigadeA Marine airground task force (MAGTF) that is constructed around a reinforced infantry regiment, a composite Marine aircraft group, and a combat logistics regiment. The Marine expeditionary brigade (MEB), commanded by a general officer, is taskorganized to meet the requirements of a specific situation. It can function as part of a joint task force, as the lead echelon of the Marine expeditionary force (MEF), or alone. It varies in size and composition and is larger than a Marine expeditionary unit but smaller than a MEF. The MEB is capable of conducting missions across the full range of military operations. In a joint or multinational environment, it may also contain other Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. Also called MEB. (MCRP 5-12C)
logistics combat elementThe core element of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) that is task-organized to provide the combat service support necessary to accomplish the MAGTF's mission. The logistics combat element varies in size from a small detachment to one or more Marine logistics groups. It provides supply, maintenance, transportation, general engineering, health services, and a variety of other services to the MAGTF. In a joint or multinational environment, it may also contain other Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. The logistics combat element itself is not a formal command. Also called LCE. (MCRP 5-12C) Marine air-ground task force The Marine Corps' principal organization for all missions across the range of military operations, composed of forces task-organized under a single commander capable of responding rapidly to a contingency anywhere in the world. The types of forces in the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) are functionally grouped into four core elements: a command element, an aviation Marine expeditionary forceThe largest Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) and the Marine Corps' principal warfighting organization, particularly for larger crises or contingencies. It is task-organized around a permanent command element and normally contains one or more Marine divisions, Marine aircraft wings, and Marine logistics groups. The Marine expeditionary force is capable of missions across the range of military operations, including amphibimodeling and simulation instrumentation Devices that create an artificial training operational environment, replicating to the greatest degree possible the expected area of operations. Also called **M&S instrumentation**.

ous assault and sustained operations ashore in any environment. It can operate from a sea base, a land base, or both. In a joint or multinational environment, it may also contain other Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. Also called MEF. (MCRP 5-12C)
objectiveThe desired level of performance of a range-related system or subsystem. An objective must be equal to or greater than the threshold. offensive air supportThose air operations conducted against enemy installations, facilities, and personnel to directly assist the attainment of MAGTF objectives by the destruction of enemy resources or the isolation of the enemy's military forces. Offensive air support is one of the six functions of Marine aviation. Also called OAS. (MCRP 5-12C)
Marine expeditionary unit A Marine airground task force (MAGTF) that is constructed around an infantry battalion reinforced, a helicopter squadron reinforced, and a task-organized logistics combat element. It normally fulfills Marine Corps' forward sea-based deployment requirements. The Marine expeditionary unit provides an immediate reaction capability for crisis response and is capable of limited combat operations. In a joint or multinational environment, it may contain other Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. Also called MEU. (MCRP 5-12C)
operational environmentA composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. (JP 1-02) operational trainingTraining that develops, maintains, or improves the operational readiness of individuals or units. (JP 1-02) range1. The distance between any given point and an object or target. 2. Extent or distance limiting the operation or action of something, such as the range of an aircraft, ship, or gun. 3. The distance that can be covered over a hard surface by a ground vehicle, with its rated payload, using the fuel in its tank and its cans normally carried as part of the ground vehicle equipment. 4. Area equipped for practice in shooting at targets. In this meaning, also called target range. (JP 1-02)
Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable)The Marine Corps' standard, forwarddeployed, sea-based expeditionary organization. The Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable (MEU[SOC]) is a Marine expeditionary unit, augmented with selected personnel and equipment, that is trained and equipped with an enhanced capability to conduct amphibious operations and a variety of specialized missions of limited scope and duration. These capabilities include specialized demolition, clandestine reconnaissance and surveillance, raids, in extremis hostage recovery, and enabling operations for follow-on forces. The MEU(SOC) is not a special operations force but, when directed by the President and/or Secretary of Defense, the combatant commander, and/or other operational commander, may conduct limited special operations in extremis, when other forces are inappropriate or unavailable. In a joint or multinational environment, it may also contain other Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the Marine air-ground task force. Also called MEU(SOC). (MCRP 5-12C)
range communications systemA two-way voice and data communications system used between or among range personnel and range event participants. A range communications system is classified into one of three types of communications circuit: range control, exercise communications, or datalink. See also datalink circuit; exercise communications circuit; range control circuit.

ational purposes, research and development, testing and evaluation of military munitions and explosives, other ordnance or weapon systems, and instruction of military personnel in their employment.

range control circuitA circuit that provides two-way communication among range personnel via wireless point-to-point, landline, or webbased technology. These circuits are typically not encrypted. Also called **RC circuit**.

range upgradeInvestments that improve a range's ability to support existing training requirements.

range control instrumentationDevices that support the range scheduling, operations, and safety functions by providing range operations personnel with the ability to schedule range events, make modification to a scheduled range event, ensure range activities are consistent with range clearances, provide real-time range deconfliction, and observe and collect real-time data related to on-range event activities. Also called RC instrumentation.

readinessThe ability of US military forces to fight and meet the demands of the national military strategy. Readiness is the synthesis of two distinct but interrelated levels. a. unit readinessThe ability to provide capabilities required by the combatant commanders to execute their assigned missions. This is derived from the ability of each unit to deliver the outputs for which it was designed. b. **joint readiness**The combatant commander's ability to integrate and synchronize ready combat and support forces to execute his or her assigned missions. (JP 1-02) scoring instrumentationDevices that detect and report the success or projected lethality of live or virtual training weapons employed on the range.

range instrumentation systemThe collection of facilities, equipment, software, and implementation methodologies used to schedule, monitor, deconflict, create, or reconstruct the training range environment and on-range events. See also event debrief/after action review instrumentation; exercise control and coordination instrumentation; modeling and simulation instrumentation; range control instrumentation; scoring instrumentation.

range trackingA system that detects friendly force and opposing force event participants' location and movement on the range and develops a position history of those movements.

stability operationsAn overarching term encompassing various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. (JP 1-02)
range modernizationInvestments that will allow the Marine Corps to train for tomorrow's requirements.

surface danger zoneExclusion areas identified to protect personnel from weapons firing during training. Also called SDZ.

range sustainmentInvestments that allow the Marine Corps to continue to support its existing training requirements.

thresholdThe minimum acceptable operational performance value of a range-related system or subsystem.

range and training areaA designated government facility or land, water, and airspace set aside, managed, and used for training and recre-
Universal Joint Task ListA menu of capabilities (mission-derived tasks with associated condiperformed by a naval force, describes the variables in the environment that can affect the performance of a given task, and provides measures of performance that can be applied by a commander to set a standard of expected performance. (MCRP 5-12C)
tions and standards, i.e., the tools) that may be selected by a joint force commander to accomplish the assigned mission. Once identified as essential to mission accomplishment, the tasks are reflected within the command joint mission essential task list. Also called **UJTL**. (JP 1-02)
virtual training event/componentA training event/component that involves real people and simulated systems, typically in a real/natural environment.

Universal Naval Task ListA combination of the Navy Tactical Task List and the Marine Corps Task List that contains a comprehensive hierarchical listing of the tasks that can be

## Appendix D References Army Field Manual (Fm)

3.06-11
Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain

## Army Training Circulars (Tc)

| 25-1   | Training Land   |
|--------|-----------------|
| 25-8   | Training Ranges |

## Department Of Defense Instruction (Dodi)

4165.3
Department of Defense Facility Classes and Construction Categories

## Department Of The Army Pamphlet (Da Pam)

385-63
Range Safety

## Marine Corps Orders (Mcos)

| 3500.16   | Light Armor Reconnaissance Training and Readiness Manual   |
|-----------|------------------------------------------------------------|
| 3500.100  | Tank Training and Readiness Manual                         |
| 3570.1B   | Range Safety                                               |

## Naval Facilities Engineering Command P-Publications (Navfac P-Pub)

P-72
Department of the Navy Facility Category Codes

## To Our Readers

Changes: Readers of this publication are encouraged to submit suggestions and changes to Doctrine Control Branch via e-mail: doctrine@usmc.mil. Suggestions and changes must include the following information:

- Location of change
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